taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DA87B1EC112A189C90ABE4C4E13C94.taxon	type_taxon	Type – genus: Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838: 226.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A189C90ABE4C4E13C94.taxon	description	The tribe Pterinoxylini was established by Hennemann et al. (2016: 28) to contain solely the genus Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838. These authors have presented a detailed description, a slightly adapted version of which is here reproduced as the generic description. While the presence of sensory areas on the probasisternum and profurcasternum are shared with Hesperophasmatini and support a sister-group relationship with this tribe, the presence of a stridulatory organ in the basal portion of the costal region of the alae is an autapomorphy of Pterinoxylini. Moreover, the anal fan of the alae in Pterinoxylini has a convex contour with the outer margin arched downwards when the wing is opened. Another autapomorphy of Pterinoxylini is represented bv the morphology of the eggs, which are characteristic for the elongate, alveolar capsule that has a peripheral polar excrescence and an operculum that bears a huge, hollow peripheral or crest-like excrescence on the outer margin. Furthermore, Pterinoxylini have a well-developed gula, which is reduced in members of Hesperophasmatini. Thus, based exclusively on morphological characters, Hennemann et al. (2016) were prompted to introduce an individual tribe for Pterinoxylus, suggested that the tribe Haplopodini might possibly be the sister-group of Pterinoxylini + Hesperophasmatini and hypothesized that these three tribes form a separate lineage within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato (see Hennemann et al., 2016: 181, fig. 409). The monophyly of this clade that comprises the aforementioned taxa was supported by a molecular approach by Simon et al. (2019), which beyond that showed this Neotropical clade not to belong to the exceptionally New World Occidophasmata but to the Old World Oriophasmata. This result is in concordance with two recent and more comprehensive molecular approaches by Bank & Bradler (2022) and Forni et al. (2022), which both render the clade as monophyletic and as a lineage of Old World Phasmatodea. There are however discrepancies between the morphological approach by Hennemann et al. (2016), which places Haplopodini as sister to Hesperophasmatini + Pterinoxylini, and subsequent molecular approaches. Bank & Bradler (2022) and Forni et al. (2022) agree in that Pterinoxylus forms a well-supported clade together with two Central American genera of Hesperophasmatini (i. e. Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908 and Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908), but in both trees Pterinoxylus results as nested within Hesperophasmatini and not as sister to the all sampled Hesperophasmatini-genera. Although basically in accordance, the topologies between these two molecular studies slightly differ from each other: (Hypocyrtus + Rhynchacris) + Pterinoxylus according to Bank & Bradler (2022) and Hypocyrtus + (Rhynchacris + Pterinoxylus) according to Forni et al. (2022). These and other discrepancies between the results of morphological and molecular approaches certainly deserve more detailed evaluation and should be explicitly addressed by forthcoming studies.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	type_taxon	Type – species: Pterinoxylus difformipes Serville, 1838: 227 (= Haplopus eucnemis Burmeister, 1838: 577), by original monotypy.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	description	Description: ♀♀ / ♂♂. Medium sized to large (body lengths: ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 116.0 – 196.0 mm, ♂♂ 82.0 – 118.0 mm), elongate and moderately slender, stick-like Cladomorphinae with very prominent sexual dimorphism. ♂♂ with scale-like tegmina and alae exceeding abdominal tergum IV. ♀♀ much larger and much stockier, brachypterous but alae projecting over posterior margin of median segment. Alae with a tympanal area (= stridulatory organ) in the basal portion of the costal region, that is positioned between the radial and medial veins (Figs. 20 A – B); radial vein notably thickened, domed and with rough dorsal texture. Body of ♂♂ cylindrical, of ♀♀ subcylindrical. Entire body surface ± prominently rugulose and wrinkled, thorax partly granulose, tuberculose or spinose. Head longer than wide, dorsoventrally flattened and ± parallel-sided. Vertex with ± prominent tubercles or spines and occasionally convex. No ocelli. A slender and transverse gula present. Antennae moderately robust and not reaching (♀♀) or slightly projecting over posterior margin of mesothorax; consisting of 27 – 33 segments. Scapus dorsoventrally flattened and ± roundly deflexed laterally, pedicellus subcylindrical. Following antennomeres with a longitudinal median keel or bulge ventrally. Pronotum rectangular and distinctly longer than wide. Probasisternum with two rough sensory areas near lateral excavations of procoxae (Figs. 1 B – C); profurcasternum with a raised, oval central sensory area (Figs. 1 B, 1 D). Mesothorax elongate, at least 3 x longer than pronotum (comparatively longer in relation in ♂♂), parallelsided. Metanotum quadrate to slightly transverse. Meso- and metasternum as well as pleurae simple; granulose, rugulose and / or tuberculose. Tegmina ovate and scale-like with a rounded central hump; slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Anal region of alae dark grey to black with ± distinct transparent spots, markings or radially arranged stripes; in ♀♀ of a conspicuous convex contour when opened. Abdomen longer than head and thorax combined. Median segment about 2 x longer than metanotum. Segments II – VI parallel-sided and either more than 2 x longer than wide (♂♂) or just indistinctly longer than wide (♀♀). Tergum VII parallel-sided to ± laterally deflexed and sometimes with a lateral lobe (♀♀ in particular). VIII – X slightly narrower (♀♀) or a little broader than previous segments (♂♂). Praeopercular organ of ♀♀ indistinct and usually formed by a median tubercle close to posterior margin of sternum VII. Anal segment quadrate to slightly transverse, the posterior margin rounded with a small median indentation (♂♂) or broadly emarginated (♀♀). Epiproct small and with a longitudinal median carina, mostly concealed by anal segment in ♂♂. Vomer of ♂♂ well developed, sclerotized and broadly triangular with a single, fairly short, upcurved terminal hook (Figs. 21 A – F). Cerci very small, compressed laterally, ± carinate dorsally and ventrally and slightly incurved. Gonapophyses VIII of ♀♀ not considerably elongated or extending beyond anal segment but notably longer than gonaphophyses IX (Fig. 1 A). No gonoplacs. Gonangulum present. Subgenital plate of ♀♀ elongate, irregularly naviculate or spatulate and distinctly projecting over apex of anal segment; longitudinally keeled basally but broadened and flattened towards a rounded to angular apex. Poculum (= subgenital plate) of ♂♂ gently convex, cup-like and with a median carina; posterior margin notched medially. Legs short and robust (♀♀ in particular) with more or less prominently expanded or lobed carinae. Tibiae notably shorter than corresponding femora. Protibiae with broad foliaceous lobes and lamellate expansions (♀♀ in particular). Meso- and metafemora and corresponding tibiae with a ± distinct sub-apical dorsal lobe or tooth. Profemora shorter than mesothorax, metafemora at best reaching half way along abdominal tergum IV. Profemora compressed and curved basally and distinctly triangular in cross-section with the anterodorsal carina conspicuously raised and ± lamellate; medioventral carina indistinct and slightly displaced towards anteroventral carina. Meso- and metafemora and all tibiae trapezoidal in cross-section, the two anterior carinae strongly approaching each other. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora indistinct and unarmed or at best with a few minute spinules. Meso- and metatibiae shorter than corresponding femora. Tibiae without an area apicalis. Medioventral carina of meso- and metatibiae conspicuously displaced towards the anteroventral carina in the median portion. Tarsi short and stout, probasitarsus with a distinct rounded dorsal lobe, that is formed by the melted dorsal carinae. Meso- and metabasitarsi simple, furcate dorsally with the two dorsal carinae strongly approaching each other but well separated, and no longer than following two tarsomeres combined. Eggs (Figs. 22 A – H): Large to very large (overall length> 6.0 mm), alveolar, at least 3 x longer than wide and cylindrical to oval in cross-section. Entire capsule surface minutely punctured and strongly sculptured, with prominent raised ridges and wrinkles. Polar-area with a more or less prominent, hollow peripheral extension. Operculum circular and with a peripheral extension on outer margin similar to that of the polar-area. Micropylar plate elongate, oval and pointed anteriorly; covering about one-quarter of capsule length. Micropylar cup distinct. Internal micropylar plate open with a wide, triangular posteromedian gap. No median line.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	discussion	Comments: The genus Pterinoxylus was originally established by Serville (1838: 227) for his Pterinoxylus difformipes, described from a ♀ from “ Amérique méridionale ” (= South America). As this was the only species included in the genus when it was described, P. difformipes Serville is the type-species of Pterinoxylus by original monotypy. Shortly before in the same year, Burmeister (1838: 577) described Haplopus eucnemis based on a ♀ from the State of Pará, Brazil. Westwood (1859: 89) was correct in recognizing that these two taxa were conspecific and synonymised P. eucnemis with P. difformipes. This author also provided a beautiful figure of Burmeisters's holotype as well as a redescription in his famous 1859 catalogue (Westwood, 1859, plate 36: 1). However, as Burmeister's publication predates that of Serville, P. difformipes must be regarded a synonym of P. eucnemis. Haan (1842: 127) erroneously treated Pterinoxylus as a synonym of Haplopus Burmeister, 1838. A third species, Pterinoxylus crassus, was described by Kirby (1889: 502) based on a ♀ from Dominica, one of the Lesser Antillean islands. Redtenbacher (1908: 428) described a fourth species, Pterinoxylus spinulosus, based on a ♂ and nymph from Panama and provided a description of the ♂ of Burmeister's P. eucnemis. A fifth but generically misplaced species, Haplopus perarmatus Redtenbacher, 1908 from Nicaragua was transferred to Pterinoxylus by Zompro (2005: 275). Rehn (1957) briefly discussed the genus and supplied a description and illustration of the so far unknown ♀♀ of P. spinulosus Redtenbacher. The egg of P. spinulosus was described by Zompro (1997: 180) from material collected in Costa Rica and erroneously identified as P. difformipes Serville, 1838. Langlois et al. (2000), Lelong et al. (2003) and Lelong & Langlois (2005) provided descriptions and illustrations of both sexes and the eggs of P. crassus Kirby, 1889 along with notes on the habitats and biology in Dominica and Martinique. Robinson (1970) presented information on camouflage and active defensive behaviour of P. spinulosus.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Figs. 31 – 33): Central America, northern South America and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Martinique & Saint Lucia).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	synonymic_list	Species included: 1. Pterinoxylus cocoense n. sp.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Costa Rica (Isla del Coco).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	synonymic_list	2. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: 502.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Martinique & Saint Lucia).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	synonymic_list	3. Pterinoxylus eucnemis Burmeister, 1838: 577. = Pterinoxylus difformipes Serville, 1838: 227.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: NE – Brazil, French Guiana & Suriname.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	synonymic_list	4. Pterinoxylus perarmatus Redtenbacher, 1908: 431.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica & Panama.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	synonymic_list	5. Pterinoxylus speciosus n. sp.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Costa Rica.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	synonymic_list	6. Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908: 428, pl. 20: 3.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC112A149C90AD4FC3493CD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Belize, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia & NW – Ecuador.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1D2A129C90AC8AC54E38AE.taxon	description	Figs. 2 – 3, 21 A, 29 C – D, 30 A – B, 31 HT, ♀: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, P. N. Isla del Coco, Bahía Chatan, 1 – 100 m, Oct 1994, J. F. Quesada, Long: - 87: 03: 20 _ Lat: 5: 32: 40 # 47945; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI 002 575708; Especímens en Atta A. Lépiz 16.4.2008 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♀, + 1 egg (ex ovipositor): Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, P. N. Isla del Coco, Bahía Chatan, 1 – 100 m, Oct 1994, J. F. Quesada, Long: - 87: 03: 20 _ Lat: 5: 32: 40 # 47945; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI 002 575707 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♀: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Puntarenas, P. N. Isla del Coco, Bahía Wafer, 0 – 100 m, 06 JUN 2013, J. A. Azofeifa, Colecta Libre, - 87: 03: 30 05: 32: 40, # 107147 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Puntarenas, P. N. Isla del Coco, Bahía Wafer, 0 – 100 m, 16 ABR 2013, J. A. Azofeifa, C. Víquez, Colecta Libre, - 87: 03: 30 05: 32: 40, # 107146 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Bahía Chatan, P. N. Isla del Coco, Prov. Punt., Costa Rica, 5 a 9 feb 1993, F. A. Quesada, L – S – 0, 0; Costa Rica MNCR – A CRI 001 851974 [MNCR-A]. PT, 2 ♂♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, P. N. Isla del Coco, Cerro Yglesias, 600 m, 16 21 MAR 2002, R. Hernandez, malaise, Long: 87: 04: 47 Lat: 05: 31: 32, # 67306 [MNCR-A]. PT, 2 ♂♂ (penultimate instar), 1 nymph n 4, 1 nymph n 3, 1 nymph n 2: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Isla del Cioco, Bahía Yglesias, A la Catarata Yglesias por el Sendero, 20 m, 21 DIC 1997, F. Ulate, C. Flores, Long: 87: 04: 12 _ Lat: 5: 31: 06, # 49467 [MNCR-A].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1D2A129C90AC8AC54E38AE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This new species differs from all other representatives of the genus by the small size and comparatively shorter alae of both sexes, which do not reach the posterior margin of the median segment in ♀♀ and hardly project over posterior margin of abdominal tergum IV in ♂♂. Females resemble those of P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908, but in addition to the features mentioned differ by the relatively longer, slenderer legs and considerably less lamellate, just weakly undulate carinae of the fore legs. Males are readily distinguished from all other species in the genus by the flattened and unarmed head, weakly and very sparsely tuberculose mesonotum as well as the slender legs that are destitute of enlarged teeth or lobes. The eggs differ from all other known eggs of the genus by their smaller dimensions as well as the densely tuberculose and rugulose capsule surface.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1D2A129C90AC8AC54E38AE.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after the type-locality Isla del Coco (Cocos Island), a small oceanic island some 550 km off the Costa Rican Pacific coast and a World Heritage Site.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1D2A129C90AC8AC54E38AE.taxon	description	Description: ♀♀ (Fig. 2). The smallest representative of the genus (body length including subgenital plate 103.0 – 140.0 mm), form twig – like and fairly slender with the body surface partly, variably and unevenly sculptured, short alae (length 9.5 – 11.0 mm) and a moderately long subgenital plate. Colouration variably greyish mid to dark brown and sometimes with a slight greenish wash; mostly almost plain but may be faintly and irregularly flecked with paler brown. The legs often with irregular dull green mottling. Frons with two washed black markings. Antennae dark greyish brown and somewhat darker ventrally, the terminal segment cream. Tegmina and costal region of alae roughly of same colour as body and sometimes with very faint mottling; the basal portion of costal region of alae that is covered by the tegmina dull red and dull red ventrally. Anal region of alae slightly transparent grey with all anal veins boldly marked with black (Fig. 2 A). Lobes and excrescences of the head, body and extremities may be green (Figs. 29 C – D, 30 A – B) Head: Ovoid and oval in cross-section, about 1.6 x longer than wide. Between the eyes with a low transverse swelling, that is indented medially. Vertex very gently rounded with a distinct, impressed coronal fissure, surface unevenly tuberculose; in centre with a pair of somewhat enlarged obtuse swellings and a further pair of enlarged tubercles at posterior margin; the central pair of swellings may be strongly enlarged to form large, very irregularly crenulate auriform lobes (Fig. 29 D), the tubercles nearby strongly enlarged and spiniform and the posterior pair of tubercles represented as short spines (Fig. 2 E). Genae with a longitudinal row of 3 – 4 nodes. Eyes almost circular in outline and their diameter contained about 2 x in that of genae; strongly projecting. Antennae almost reaching tip of protarsi and laid back somewhat projecting over posterior margin of metanotum; consisting of about 32 antennomeres. Scapus flattened dorsoventrally, narrowed basally, strongly deflexed laterally and with lateral margins distinctly rounded. Pedicellus subcylindrical and almost two-thirds the length of scapus. Third antennomere slightly longer but considerably narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum longer and but slightly narrower than head, sub-rectangular with the lateral margins gently concave; transverse median sulcus short, C-shaped, moderately distinct and almost lateral margins of segment. Median line slightly impressed over entire length of segment and the surface unevenly set with several granules and small tubercles; four somewhat enlarged tubercles on anterior margin and occasionally one or two pairs of enlarged and obtusely spiniform tubercles near posterior margin (Fig. 2 E). Sometimes also a somewhat enlarged obtuse lateral tubercle in anterior portion and two such tubercles at lateral margin in posterior portion. Mesothorax moderately long and slender, about 3.3 x the length of pronotum and gently narrowed anteriorly. Mesonotum with a distinct but irregularly shaped longitudinal median carina, surface texturing very variable and unevenly rugulose and / or tuberculose; sometimes set with several rugulose and irregularly crenulate swelling of variable sizes (paratype with collection number 575708, Fig. 2 E). Mesopleurae unevenly rugulose and more or less distinctly but sparsely tuberculose; metapleurae set with several ± spiniform tubercles. Sensory areas at lateral margins of prosternum weakly developed and indistinct; the central sensory area of probasitsternum large and anteriorly expanding over entire width of notum. Meso- and metasternum irregularly rugulose and granulose (Fig. 2 D); the rugulae most distinct and numerous in anterior portion of mesosternum and some of the rugulae raised to form node-like structures (sculpturing less pronounced on metasternum). Tegmina sub-oval, narrowed basally scale – like and rather flattened; notably projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae short and just not reaching to posterior margin of median segment. Abdomen: Median segment about 1.6 x longer than metanotum and about equal in length to abdominal segment II; almost 1.6 x longer than wide, smooth and with lateral margins gently concave. Segments II – IV slightly increasing, V – VII decreasing in length; II and III somewhat widening IV – VII very slightly gradually narrowing, sub-rectangular in shape and on average 1.4 – 1.5 x longer than wide. Tergum VII with lateral margins in posterior half deflexed to form a prominent, bluntly angular but irregularly shaped lobe, which may extend laterally by as much as two-thirds of the body width. Complete surface of all terga unevenly rugulose and granulose; all with a closely placed pair of fine but irregular longitudinal carinae that vary in emphasis and usually terminate in a nodule, small swelling or spiniform, laterally compressed process posteriorly on each tergum. The rugulae forming a further irregular sinuate lateral carina, which posteriorly may terminate in a more or less distinct, sometimes crenulate to foliaceous or bi- to trifid lobe on II and V; the size and shape of these lobes very variable. Lateral margins of II – VI sometimes with 2 – 3 irregular small lobes posteriorly (paratype with collection number 575708). Sterna II – VII unevenly granulose and with a pair of short rugulae near posterior margin. Sternum VII with two very prominent irregularly shaped and obtuse longitudinal carinae; praeopercular organ formed by two small conspicuously node-like posteromedian tubercles. Terga VIII and IX with a small, irregularly foliaceous posterolateral lobe; VIII constricted medially and about three-quarters the length of VII, IX shorter and rectangular. Anal segment somewhat shorter than IX with lateral margins somewhat deflexed and widening towards the posterior; the posterior portion narrowed and the posterior margin with a deep, angular median excavation and the outer portions irregularly rounded. Epiproct small shield-shaped and very slightly extending beyond posterior margin of anal segment; with an acute longitudinal median carina dorsally. Cerci very small, compressed laterally, tapered towards the tip and just reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Subgenital plate variable in length (compare Figs. 2 F and 2 G) and shape and extending over apex of abdomen by at least the length of the two terminal terga combined; carinate longitudinally, narrowly scaphiform with the lateral margins ± sub-parallel in dorsal aspect and the apex ± triangular (Figs. 2 H – I). Legs: All moderately short but slender for the genus; profemora a little more than three-quarters and mesofemora about two-thirds the length of mesothrax, hind legs reaching about half way along abdominal segment VII. Anterodorsal carina of profemora strongly raised, deflexed and unevenly undulate; occasionally a few small lobules present on posterodorsal carina. Posteroventral carina just slightly dilated with margin wavy and with a few tooth-like nodes in compressed basal portion of femur. Both dorsal carinae of protibiae unevenly deflexed and with several rounded du bluntly angular lobes; the posteroventral carina prominently dilated, lamellate irregularly undulate and slightly gradually lowering towards apex of tibia. Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a large and broad, semi-circular to apically toothed sub-apical lobe and several unevenly shaped and sized much smaller lobes to triangular and tooth-like expansions in the basal two-thirds; armature of anterordorsal carina similar but less pronounced. Antero- and posteroventral carinae supplied with a prominent and obtusely triangular tooth-like expansion pre-apically and a somewhat smaller tooth-like expansion post-medially, otherwise with about four smaller teeth, two in the basal portion, one between the two larger expansions and one close to apex of femur. Armature of metafemora principally similar but less pronounced. The medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora fairly distinct and supplied with obtuse granules. Ventral carinae of meso – and metatibiae smooth and just very weakly wavy; the anterodorsal carina with a closely placed pair of rounded to triangular and tooth-like lobes subbasally a fairly prominent expansion sub-apically and about 3 – 4 smaller teeth in between. Probasitarsus with dorsal carina distinctly raised and forming a roundly triangular lobe; second tarsomere with a similar but much smaller dorsal lobe. Meso- and metabasitarsus hardly longer than following tarsomere and with the dorsal carina just gently raised and rounded. ♂♂ (Fig. 3). Smallest representative of the genus (body length 79.5 – 82.5 mm), form stick – like and fairly stocky for the genus, with comparatively short alae (length 29.0 – 29.5 mm), just very weakly and indistinctly tuberculose mesothorax and unarmed legs. General colouration ranging from fairly plain drab or ochre to yellowish mid brown. The largest cephalad and thoracic tubercles tipped with pale cream. Tegmina of same colour as body and often with anterior margin broadly white except for the very basal portion. Costal region of alae with a reddish hue and dull red ventrally, the anterior margin broadly marked with white in the basal one-thirds. Anal region transparent greyish brown with several variably sized transparent patches; all anal veins dark brown with interruptions at the transparent patches (Figs. 3 A – C). Antennae dull ochre to mid brown dorsally and in the median portion dark brown to black ventrally; the terminal antennomere dull cream. Head: Shape generally as in ♀♀, central portion of vertex more flattened and eyes much more prominent and projecting hemispherically from head capsule, their diameter contained only 1.6 x in length of genae. Vertex just sparsely supplied with low granules and small nodules, the genae with a longitudinal row of 3 – 4 small nodules. Antennae long and slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment II, with 31 – 32 segments. Scapus less prominently dilated than in ♀♀. Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀ and notably longer than head, sparsely supplied with scattered low granules and nodules; usually one pair of somewhat more pronounced nodes near posterior margin. Mesothorax elongate, slender and 3.7 x longer than pronotum; complete surface densely but unevenly granulose. Mesonotum with a faint longitudinal median carina, that becomes increasingly obsolete behind the mid of segment; surface otherwise set with a few low and obtuse paired tubercles in anterior half and 5 – 7 nodes along lateral margins in anterior half of segment. Meso- and metapleurae granulose and with a few small nodes. Meso- and metasternum set with a few scattered nodes and some longitudinally directed rugulae (Fig. 3 C). Tegmina roughly oval on outline, slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum and with a very indistinct, weakly rounded central hump. Alae reaching about one third along abdominal tergum V. Abdomen: Median segment 1.25 x longer than metanotum, almost 2.6 x longer than wide and smooth. Segment II very slightly longer than median segment, II – IV roughly equal in length, V – VII very slightly decreasing in length; II – IV about 2.4 x, VII only 2.2 x longer than wide. II – VI parallel-sided and of uniform width, VII a little narrowed. Terga II – IX with a pair of closely placed fine longitudinal median carinae, that are faint on II – IV but become increasingly pronounced on the following terga; surface otherwise very weakly rugulose und granulose; V – IX with a further somewhat more pronounced lateral carina. All sterna weakly rugulose and sparsely granulose; the rugulae roughly forming two irregular longitudinal carinae in posterior portion of each sternum. Tergum VIII a little more than three-quarters the length of VII and somewhat widening towards the posterior. IX three-quarters the length of VIII, about 1.2 x longer than wide and rectangular. Anal segment three-quarters the length of IX, sub – rectangular in dorsal aspect, slightly narrowed at anterior margin and very gently widening towards the posterior; the posterior margin with a shallow median indention and the outer portions broadly and weakly rounded (Fig. 3 E); ventral surface of outer portions of posterior margins armed with a few small denticles. Epiproct very small, transverse and fully hidden under anal segment. Cerci small, moderately compressed laterally, oval in cross-section and the apex very slightly club-shaped; somewhat projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 3 D – E). Vomer broad and roundly triangular in shape with the lateral margins gently rounded, the ventral surface almost flat and the short terminal hook strongly upcurved (Fig. 20 A). Poculum strongly convex with a bluntly conical central hump and slightly projecting over posterior margin of tergum IX (Fig. 3 D); the posterior half carinate longitudinally and the posterior margin narrowly bi – lobed with a deep median incision (Fig. 3 F). Legs: Relatively longer and slenderer than in ♀♀ and destitute of armature with the exception of two small and flat sub-apical teeth on two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora. Profemora roughly equal in length to mesothorax, mesofemora four-fifths the length of mesothorax and hind legs reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VII. Anterodorsal of profemora and protibiae very slightly deflexed with margin weakly wavy. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora well pronounced and supplied with small granules. Probasitarsus elongate, slightly longer than following two tarsomeres combined and with dorsal carina gradually raising towards the apex. Meso- and metabasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined, slender. Variability: As for the other species in the genus, the three available ♀♀ show there is considerable variability relating to several morphological characters. In general, all the body and leg sculpturing and armature is much more pronounced in the paratype with collection number 575708 (Figs. 2 B – D) and live ♀ observed by Juan G. Abarca Alvarado (Figs. 29 C – D, 30 A – B) than in the other two specimens. The latter ♀ for instance has the cephalic horns noticeably larger and forming two auriform lobes (Fig. 2 E), whereas these are only represented by a pair of blunt tubercles in the holotype and second paratype. Furthermore, in this specimen some of the mesonotal tubercles are bi- or trifid, the posterior pair of projections on abdominal terga II – V form multi-dentate lobes and all the lobes of the legs are much more foliaceous. The ♂♂ at hand are much more consistent morphologically and do not exhibit any noteworthy variability. Eggs (Fig. 3 G): Only one egg is available, which unfortunately is damaged and lacks the operculum. Thus, only a brief description is provided here. Small for the genus. Capsule moderately elongate, ovoid, sub-circular in cross-section and with the dorsal surface more convex than ventral surface. Entire capsule surface strongly tuberculose and rugulose, the rugulae forming a blunt keel that in some distance surrounds the micropylar plate. A very broad and blunt longitudinal bulge running from the micropylar plate to the polar area; laterally accompanied by a tuberculose ridge. Peripheral polar excrescence very short. Micropylar plate just slightly longer than wide with anterior end fairly blunt. General colour reddish mid to dark brown, the micropylar plate blackish brown. Measurements [mm]: Length 5.4, width 2.4, height 2.6, length of micropylar plate 1.4.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1D2A129C90AC8AC54E38AE.taxon	discussion	Comments: This new species is the smallest known representative of the genus. It is the so far only known stick insect from the Isla del Coco (Cocos Island) and hence of great interest geographically. Cocos Island lacks permanent inhabitants and is positioned about 550 km southwest of the Costa Rican mainland in the Pacific Ocean. It is almost rectangular in shape, measuring only about 8 x 3 km and having an area of approximately 23,85 km 2. Most of the area is covered in rainforest and after becoming a Costa Rican National Park in 1978 the island was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. A life ♀ was observed by Juan G. Abarca Alvarado (Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica) on April 14 th 2022 in the cloud forest close to Cerro Pelón at an altitude of 560 metres (Figs. 29 C – D, 30 A – B). The specimen was found about one metre off the ground during the day among vegetation mainly consisting of ferns and grasses (Fig. 30 B).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1D2A129C90AC8AC54E38AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 31): Costa Rica (Prov. Puntarenas, Isla del Coco). Endemic.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1B2A099C90AC0AC0563E06.taxon	description	Figs. 4 – 6, 21 B, 22 A – B, 23, 24 A, 31	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1B2A099C90AC0AC0563E06.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (35 ♂♂, 36 ♀♀, 3 nymphs, eggs): DOMINICA: 1 ♀: Domenica, 89 – 99 [NHMUK]. SAINT LUCIA: 1 ♂: St. Lucia, Mtn. Forest, 12. I. 1936, H. E. Box.; Pres. By Com. Inst. Ent. B. M. 1952 – 302; Diapherodes gigantea (Drury) det. Moxey 1972 [NHMUK]; 1 ♀: Pterinoxylus crassus, Millet Forest Trail, 01. XI. 2003, Alt. 230 – 260 m, Sainte – Lucie, SL 03 – 095; Collection ASPER, Col. E. Dorel, F. Langlois & P. Lelong [MNHN]; 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 25 eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, Herkunft: Saint Lucia [coll. FH, No's 0588 – 25 to 31, E 2]. MARTINIQUE: 1 ♀: Montane du Vauclin, 7. XI. 1998, réf. MAR 98 – 017 [MNHN, coll. ASPER]; 1 ♂: Morne Aca, 6. XI. 1998, réf. MAR 98 – 014 [MNHN, coll. ASPER]; 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂ (nymphs), 4 ♀♀ (nymphs), eggs: Ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, urspr.: Martinique, 2006 – 2007 [coll. FH, No's 0588 – 1 to 11 & E 1]; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: Ex Zucht: R. Krijns (Maastricht) 2008, Herkunft: Martinique (PSG No. 281) [coll. FH, No's 0588 – 12, 14, 18, 21]; 1 ♂: Ex Zucht: R. Galunder (Nümbrecht) 2008, Herkunft: Martinique, PSG No. 281 [coll. FH, No. 0588 – 15]; 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀: Ex Zucht: I. Morisse 2009, Herkunft: Martinique, Montagne de Vauclin (PSG No. 281) [coll. FH, No's 0588 – 16, 17, 19, 20, 22 – 24]; 21 ♂♂, 22 ♀♀: Ex Zucht O. Conle 2004 – 2005, PSG 281, Martinique: Montagne de Vauclin, leg. ASPER Team 11.1998 [coll. OC, No's 0279 – 1 to 47].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1B2A099C90AC0AC0563E06.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Females are similar to the Central American P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) with which they share the strongly convex basal portion of the subgenital plate (Fig. 6 A). They are however readily distinguished by the more flattened head and lack of the prominent pair of auriform cephalic lobes seen in P. perarmatus as well as having the anal region of the alae irregularly tessellated instead of striped radially. Furthermore, the subgenital plate is shorter and projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by noticeably less than the combined length of abdominal terga VIII – X. Males are most similar to those of P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908 but readily differ by the more convex and more prominently spinose vertex (Fig. 6 H), less spinose mesonotum, slender protibiae and lack the characteristic, dentate dorsal apical lobe of the meso- and metatibiae seen in P. spinulosus. The eggs of P. crassus differ from those of all other species in the genus by the very prominently raised ridges of the capsule as well as the open and net-like polar and opercular excrescences (Figs. 22 A – B)	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1B2A099C90AC0AC0563E06.taxon	description	Description. The colouration is described mostly from colour photographs of numerous live wild and captive reared specimens. ♀♀ (Figs. 4, 6 A – C, 6 G, 23 A, 23 C): Medium sized to large for the genus (body length incl. subgenital plate 131.0 – 170.5 mm), form twig – like and moderately stocky with a rather short and broad, basally convex subgenital plate. General colouration different shades of reddish or greyish mid to dark brown with irregular paler speckles and markings. Often with an elongate central whitish marking on mesonotum and a large whitish marking on abdominal tergum V. Sometimes body with several longitudinal dark markings that vaguely indicate dark longitudinal streaks or lines (e. g. ♀ from Saint Lucia in MNHN, Fig. 4 B). Head usually with a white marking between the eyes, which has two black spots in its centre. Occasionally with further whitish markings on body and legs. Antennae pale brown, the antennomeres with a blackish dorsal spot at apical margin. Eyes yellowish brown with darker speckles. Tegmina plain mid to dark brown, occasionally with the anterior margin blackish. Costal region of alae reddish mid brown with paler spots and a pale reddish tympanal area sub-basally. Anal region transparent pale brown with irregular dark brown or black markings; the markings darkest along the anal veins. Head: Oval in cross-section, parallel-sided and about 1.4 x longer than wide. Between the eyes with two low transverse humps. Vertex somewhat raised in centre and with two pairs of distinct blunt spines, which are surrounded by various smaller spines or spiniform tubercles (Fig. 6 G); a further pair of prominent spines at posterior margin. Vertex and genae otherwise irregularly tuberculose. Eyes of moderate size, circular and convex; their diameter contained 2.2 x in length of genae. Antennae reaching about two-thirds along mesothorax, consisting of 25 – 27 segments. Scapus indistinctly longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, deflexed laterally and broadly oval in dorsal aspect. Pedicellus subcylindrical and about half the length of scapus. Third antennomere 1.5 x longer and narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum about as long but slightly narrower than head, 1.5 x longer than wide, rectangular and gently constricted medially. Median transverse sulcus distinct, gently curved and reaching lateral margins of segment; anterior half with a slightly impressed median line. Surface otherwise irregularly set with small, spine-like tubercles and granules, a ± enlarged and spiniform pair of tubercles near posterior margin and slightly enlarged pair at anterior margin (Fig. 6 G). Mesothorax moderately slender and about 4 x longer than pronotum; sometimes slightly swollen pre-medially. Mesonotum with a very fine longitudinal median carina and complete surface irregularly rugulose and rather sparsely set with obtuse tubercles of variable sizes; sometimes with a small hump or cluster of spiniform tubercles pre – medially. Meso- and metapleurae and mesosternum irregularly set with longitudinally directed rugulae, some of which are partially raised to form tubercle-like humps. Metasternum sparsely granulose and with a few scattered nodes. Tegmina broadly oval with a small, rounded central hump and reaching about halfway along median segment. Alae variable in length and at best reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergum II. Abdomen: Median segment 1.5 x longer than metanotum, rectangular, longer than wide and smooth. Complete surface of remaining terga to a variable degree rugulose and aerially granulose; II – IX with a pair of closely placed, irregular longitudinal median carinae. These usually terminating in a small tubercle at posterior margin (often a spiniform projection on VII – IX). A further, irregularly shaped lateral carina present, which in some specimens terminates in a ± distinct spiniform projecting at posterior margin (e. g. ♀ from Saint Lucia in MNHN, Fig. 4 B). Segments II, VI and VII roughly equal in length and somewhat shorter than III – V; II – III increasing in width, IV – VII gradually decreasing in width; all longer than wide. Tergum VII with lateral margins moderately deflexed to form an irregularly sub-angular lobe in posterior half; the lobe laterally projecting by less than width of segment (Fig. 6 B). Sterna II – VII with a pair of short but notably raised carinae or ridges near posterior margin; otherwise unevenly rugulose. Praeopercular organ formed by a distinct, peg-like median tubercle near posterior margin of sternum VII (Fig. 6 C). Terga VIII – X narrower than all previous and roughly uniform in width. VIII about 3 / 5 the length of VII strongly convex, slightly constricted medially and about 1.3 x longer than wide. Anal segment as long as IX, flattened and gently narrowed towards the apex; posterior margin with a small but distinct median indention. Epiproct very small, roughly triangular, transverse and with a distinct dorsal keel (Fig. 6 B). Cerci very small, subcylindrical, somewhat tapered towards the tip and just reaching posterior margin of anal segment. Subgenital plate of moderate length for the genus and extending beyond apex of abdomen by more than the length of the anal segment; basal half strongly convex, obtusely keeled and boat-shaped, then angled upwards post-medially and from there on increasingly flattened and scoop-like with the apex rounded to obtusely triangular (Figs. 6 A – B). Legs: All relatively short and stocky; profemora two-thirds the length of mesothorax, mesofemora somewhat more than half the length of mesothorax and hind legs reaching to posterior of abdominal tergum VI. Profemora with anterodorsal carina raised and forming 4 – 5 large and obtuse tooth – like lobes, the posteroventral carina just weakly expanded, unarmed and merely with a broad, roughly triangular lobe sub-apically (Fig. 6 G). Anterodorsal carina of protibiae moderately deflexed and forming four obtusely triangular lobes; the most apical one being largest. Posteroventral carina lamellate and increasing in width until just slightly before the apex, then abruptly narrowing; slightly wavy but unarmed. Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a prominent, rounded sub-apical lobe and 2 – 3 much smaller, occasionally toothed lobules or teeth in basal half; anterodorsal carina smooth except or a prominent, rounded sub-apical lobe. Antero- and posteroventral carinae with an enlarged, triangular tooth-like lobe sub-apically and usually three smaller teeth in basal half. Dorsal carinae of metafemora smooth or with three very indistinct tooth-like swellings in basal half and a prominent, triangular sub-apical lobe on posterodorsal carina. Antero- and posteroventral carinae with 4 – 9 indistinct, obtuse teeth which increase in size towards the apex of femur and may become almost obsolete towards the base. Medioventral carina of meso – and metafemora indistinct. Ventral carinae of meso- and metatibiae smooth, the anterodorsal carina with a prominent toothed lobe near the apex and a small, rounded sub-basal lobe; the latter less distinct on metatibiae. Probasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined; dorsal carina strongly raised and forming a distinct foliaceous lobe; a smaller dorsal lobe present on tarsomeres II and III. Meso- and metabasitarsus slightly longer than following tarsomere and with a small, triangular (sometimes bi-dentate) dorsal lobe. ♂♂ (Figs. 5, 6 D – F, 6 H, 21 B, 24 A). Of average size for the genus (body length 94.0 – 106.5 mm), form moderately slender and stick-like with well-developed alae (length 43.0 – 54.0 mm) and rather slender protibiae. General colouration of body different shades of mid to dark or almost blackish brown, sometimes with a slight reddish wash. Head with a pair of small black markings between the eyes. The largest cephalad and thoracic tubercles and spines usually buffy to reddish brown. Tegmina of same colour as body and often with a distinctive white diagonal streak in interior half, which forms a V-shaped white marking when the wings are closed. Costal region of alae with a reddish hue and dull red ventrally. Anal region dark grey with numerous smaller and larger transparent patches; all anal veins dark greyish brown with interruptions at the transparent patches. Antennae dull ochre to mid brown dorsally and black ventrally. Head: Basically as in ♀♀, central portion of vertex more strongly convex (Fig. 6 H) and eyes more prominent and projecting hemispherically from head capsule, their diameter contained only 1.4 x in length of genae. Entire cephalad armature much more pronounced, with all tubercles rather spiniform and acutely pointed; the largest cephalad pair occasionally with a bifid apex. Tubercles of genae however much less developed to obsolete. Antennae reaching posterior margin of tegmina and with 29 – 30 segments; otherwise as in ♀♀ but scapus less prominently dilated. Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀ but tubercles less pronounced; a more prominent pair of spiniform tubercles present near posterior margin (Fig. 6 H). Mesothorax elongate, slender, cylindrical and 4.5 x longer than pronotum; complete surface very slightly and unevenly rugulose. Mesonotum with a faint longitudinal median carina and set with a variable number of distinct spiniform tubercles of variable sizes (Fig. 6 H); these gradually decreasing in size towards posterior of mesonotum. Meso- and metapleurae with a longitudinal row of nodes. Meso- and metasternum set with a variable number of scattered nodes or obtuse tubercles. Tegmina sub-oval on outline, slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum and with a fairly flat, gently rounded central hump. Alae reaching about half way along abdominal tergum V. Abdomen: Median segment 1.2 x longer than metanotum, almost 3 x longer than wide and smooth. Segment II very slightly longer than median segment, II to VII slightly decreasing in length; II about 3 x, VII only 2.6 x longer than wide. II – VII parallel-sided and of uniform width. Terga II – IX with a pair of closely placed fine longitudinal median carinae, surface otherwise very weakly rugulose; V – IX with a further more pronounced lateral carina. All sterna rugulose and sparsely granulose; the rugulae roughly forming two irregular longitudinal carinae. Tergum VIII three-quarters the length of VII, strongly convex and very slightly widening towards the posterior. IX three-quarters the length of VIII, almost 2 x longer than wide and parallel-sided. Anal segment two-thirds the length of IX, subrectangular in dorsal aspect but slightly narrowed in posterior portion; the posterior margin with a shallow median indention and the outer portions broadly and weakly rounded (Fig. 6 E); ventral surface of outer portions of posterior margins armed with a few small denticles. Epiproct very small, transverse and almost fully hidden under anal segment. Cerci small, strongly compressed basally and the apex slightly club-shaped; somewhat projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment. Vomer broadly triangular in shape, the terminal hook slightly dextrad-directed, acutely pointed and strongly upcurved (Fig. 20 B). Poculum strongly convex with a bluntly conical basal hump and slightly projecting over posterior margin of tergum IX (Fig. 6 D); the posterior half carinate longitudinally (Fig. 6 F) and the posterior margin bi-lobed with a deep median incision (Fig. 21 B). Legs: Relatively longer and slenderer than in ♀♀; profemora almost equal in length to mesothorax, mesofemora three-quarters the length of mesothorax and hind legs reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal and posteroventral carina of profemora moderately lamellate, the former gently wavy and usually forming about four tooth-like lobules, the latter with a variable number of small teeth (Fig. 6 H). Anterodorsal carina of protibiae slightly deflexed and irregularly undulate, the posteroventral carina somewhat more distinctly lamellate with the margin sometimes forming an indistinct, rounded lobe sub-apically. Armature of mid and hind legs generally as in ♀♀ but much less pronounced. Probasitarsus as long as following two tarsomeres combined and with a distinct roundly triangular dorsal lobe; second tarsomere with a much smaller dorsal lobe (Fig. 6 H). Meso- and metabasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined, dorsal carina slightly raised and rounded. Nymphs (Fig. 23 B): Newly hatched nymphs have a body length of about 30.0 mm and are ochraceous mid brown with the frons greyish and a distinctive pale grey transverse sub – basal band on the meso – and metatibiae. The sex can be determined from 2 nd instar onwards. Later instars have the leg armature much more strongly developed than the adult insects with the legs in general being much stockier in relation to the body. Female nymphs often exhibit attractive white markings on the mesonotum, median segment and abdominal tergum V (Fig. 22 B), whilst a pale marking is only present on abdominal tergum V in ♂♂. Variability: Both sexes show notable variability in colouration, size as well as the head and thoracic armature. Whilst some degree of variability is seen within the individual island populations, some variations appear to be peculiar to each of these populations. P. crassus has so far been recorded from the islands of Dominica, Martinique and Saint Lucia. Specimens from Dominica and Saint Lucia are considerably larger than specimens from Martinique (♀♀ 151.0 – 170.5 mm compared to 131.0 – 144.0 mm; see table 2 below) and are slightly stockier in shape. The Dominican specimens differ from the other two populations by having the alae slightly longer with the anal region more conspicuously tessellated with hyaline markings. The population from Martinique has the cephalic armature more pronounced than specimens from either Dominica or Saint Lucia. Whilst ♂♂ from Martinique mostly have a distinctive white diagonal stripe on the inner portion of the tegmina, this is very rarely seen in specimens from Saint Lucia. Unfortunately, no ♂♂ are so far known from the type-locality Dominica. Eggs (Figs. 22 A – B): Very large, alveolar, capsule slightly more than 3 x longer than wide, almost cylindrical in cross-section. Surface of capsule minutely granulose, distinctly pitted and with several irregular, longitudinal raised ridges. Polar-area with a hollow, crest- and net-like excrescence; the outer margin irregularly crenate. Micropylar plate small, covering less than one-quarter of capsule, oval and gently tapered towards anterior end. Medially with two longitudinal, parallel ridges and a central, longitudinal impression in between. Micropylar cup distinct, cup-like and at posterior margin of plate; dark brown. Outer margin faint and darker brown than capsule. Median line protruded as a distinct longitudinal keel which almost reaches the posterior end of capsule. Operculum almost circular, with a high and slender central spine and outer margin with a prominent, hollow crest-like excrescence which has the anterior margin irregularly crenate; anterior two-thirds open and of net – like structure. Height of operculum about two-fifths the length of capsule. General colouration plain dull beige to dark brown, micropylar plate slightly darker. Measurements [mm]: Overall length 9.3 – 9.6, capsule length 7.8 – 8.2, width 2.6 – 2.8, height 2.8 – 3.0, length of micropylar plate 1.7 – 1.8, height of operculum 1.9 – 2.0.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1B2A099C90AC0AC0563E06.taxon	discussion	Comments: Kirby (1889: 502) originally described Pterinoxylus crassus based on a single ♀ from Dominica in the collection of NHMUK (Fig. 4 A). In addition to the holotype there is another ♀ from Dominica in the NHMUK collection, which appears to have been collected along with the holotype possibly from same locality. Like the holotype it seems to have been provisionally preserved in spirits. It is slightly shorter, bears the same data label and is mounted on the same kind of pin. Certainly, this second ♀ was overlooked by Kirby when he described P. crassus. P. crassus is successfully cultured in Europe from stocks originating from Martinique and imported in 1998 as well as from Saint Lucia imported in 2003. The insects develop well in moderately humid conditions with good ventilation and plenty of fresh food. In captivity the following alternative food plants are accepted to a variable degree: oak (Quercus robur & Q. petraea, Fagaceae), bramble (Rubus fruticosus, Rosaceae), raspberry (Rubus idaeus, Rosaceae), hypericum (Hypericum patulum & H. calycinum, Hypericaceae), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus gunnii, Myrtaceae) and guava (Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae). In the wild Langlois, Lelong, Rastel, Polidori, & Dorel, (2000: 51), Lelong, Langlois, Rastel & Dorel (2003: 75) and Lelong & Langlois (2005: 47) reported P. crassus feeding on guava, Coccoloba sp. (Polygonaceae) and Hibiscus elatus (Malvaceae). Hatching rates of the eggs are high (80 – 95 %) and the mortality of the newly hatched nymphs very low. The duration of incubation for the eggs is between 6 – 9 months and nymphs grow fairly slow, taking 5 – 6 months to reach maturity.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC1B2A099C90AC0AC0563E06.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 31): Lesser Antilles. Dominica (La Plume). Martinique (Montane de Vauclin & Morne Aca). Saint Lucia (Mountain forest; Edmond Forest Reserve 472 – 579 m; Forestiere 183 – 305 m; Millet Forest Trail 229 – 259 m).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC032A009C90AAC5C3863E22.taxon	description	Figs. 7 – 9, 21 C, 22 C – D, 28, 29 A – B, 32	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC032A009C90AAC5C3863E22.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (15 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, 5 nymphs, eggs): BRAZIL: 2 ♀♀: Brazil: Para, A. Miles Moss Coll., B. M. 1947 – 453 [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Obidos, s / data, Diversos 1 [MZUSP]; 1 ♀: Manaos, Brazil, II – III. 43 [AMNH]. FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♂: Guyane Francaise, Nouveau Chantier, Collection Le Moult [MNHN]; 1 ♂: Guyane Francaise, St – Jean du Maroni, Collection Le Moult, Mai, Museum Paris, Collection Lucien Chopard, 1914 [MNHN]; 1 ♀: Guyane Francaise, St – Jean du Maroni, Collection Le Moult [MNHN]; 1 nymph (n 3): Guyane, Febrere, Roubaud rec. [MNHN]; 2 nymphs (n 3): Guyane, A 1 53 N 1, 10. VII. 93, Roubaud rec. [MNHN]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux, RN 2 PK 22, 4 ° 44 ' 56 " N – 52 ° 26 ' 28 " W, alt. 75 m, S. E. A. G [coll. OC, No. 0269 – 1]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Mana Laussat (Ouest), 05 ° 28 ' 31.6 N – 053 ° 35 ' 07.3 W, P 3 Sable Blanc [coll. OC, No. 0269 – 2]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Régina, Nouragues, Saut Pararé, 4 ° 02 ' N – 52 ° 41 ' W, S. E. A. G [coll. OC, No. 0269 – 3]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Mana Laussat (westlich), 05 ° 28 ' 31.6 N – 053 ° 35 ' 07.3 W, P 3 Sable Blanc [coll. OC., No. 0269 – 4]; 2 ♂♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux, RN 2 PK 22, 4 ° 44 ' 56 " N – 52 ° 26 ' 28 " W, alt. 75 m, S. E. A. G [coll. OC., No. 0269 – 5 to 6)]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Camopi, Bergmassiv Sommet Tabulaire, Mount Itoupé, N 03 ° 01 ’ 23 ’’ W 053 ° 05 ’ 44 ’’, 600 m, Pente ouest, S. E. A. G [coll. OC, No. 0269 – 7]; 3 ♂♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux, RN 2 PK 22, 4 ° 44 ' 56 " N – 52 ° 26 ' 28 " W, alt. 75 m, S. E. A. G, Lichtfang [coll. OC, No’s. 0269 – 8 to 10]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux, RN 2 PK 22, 4 ° 44 ' 56 " N – 52 ° 26 ' 28 " W, alt. 75 m, S. E. A. G, Malaise – trap [coll. OC, No. 0269 – 11]. SURINAME: 1 ♂: Coll. Br. v. W., Surinam?, Deyrolle; det. Br. v. W. Pterinoxylus difformipes, 46.; 6371, 6371 [NHMW, No. 824]; 1 ♀ (penultimate instar): Suriname, Coeroeni – Eiland, 17. IX. 1959, St. Legoni [RMNH]; 1 ♀ (nymph): Suriname, Coeroeni Eiland, 3 – X – 1959, D. C. Geyskes [RMNH]. BOLIVIA: 1 ♀: Bolivia, Mamon River, A. E. Mc. Dougall, B. M. 1922 – 351 [NHMUK]. NO / WRONG DATA: 1 ♀: Amboina, Phasma Angustata [RMNH – possibly from Suriname].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC032A009C90AAC5C3863E22.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Females are very similar to those of P. spinulosus (Redtenbacher, 1908), with which they share the flattened basal portion of the subgenital plate and distinct dorsal apical lobe of the meso- and metatibiae. They can however be distinguished by: on average more pronounced cephalic tubercles; more broadened subgenital plate, which has the lateral margins more prominently deflexed and arcuate over the entire length of the plate and the apex obtusely rounded to very gently biconcave (more decidedly tri-dentate in spinulosus); more prominent praeopercular organ, as well as the much more prominently deflexed and unevenly lobate / undulate posteroventral carina of the protibiae (Fig. 9 G) and notably more distinct sub-basal dorsal lobe of the mesotibiae. Males differ from those of P. spinulosus by: the somewhat more robust body, relatively shorter mesothorax; prominent lateral lobes of abdominal tergum VII (Figs. 9 E – F); lack of spines on the mesonotum; considerably more prominent cephalic tubercles; more developed and broader lobes of the protibiae and generally more distinct armature of the extremities as well as the paler grey anal region of the alae. Also the eggs (Figs. 22 C – D) strongly resemble those of P. spinulosus and may only differentiated by the more distinct posterior constriction just above the polar extension.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC032A009C90AAC5C3863E22.taxon	description	Description: In addition to preserved specimens, the colouration is described from pictures of a live individual from French Guiana taken by Philippe Lelong (France). ♀♀ (Figs. 7, 9 A – C, 28, 29 A – B). Medium to large for the genus (body length including subgenital plate 142.0 – 174.0 mm), form twig – like and moderately stocky with the body surface partly and unevenly sculptured, the anterior legs very strongly undulate and lobate. General colouration variable and ranging from almost blackish brown over various shades of greyish or ochraceous mid brown to buff; either almost plain but more often irregularly flecked with combinations of these colours and / or with lichenose areas. Abdominal tergum VIII usually with an ocelliform black spot anterolaterally and terga II – VI with an aggregation of dark spots in posterior portion. Legs in particular irregularly mottled with paler and darker tones of brown. Head with two conspicuous triangular, sharply defined black markings between the eyes. Antennae ochre to dull straw with all antennomeres brown apically. Tegmina and costal region of alae roughly of same colour as body; alae generally paler although. Basal portion of costal region of alae with an oval, sub – basal, slightly pinkish area. Anal region of alae slightly transparent dark brown to dark grey with all anal veins boldly marked with deep black (figs. 7 A, 26). Head: Oval in cross-section, parallel-sided and about 1.6 x longer than wide. Between the eyes with two transverse swellings. Vertex with two bluntly conical swellings in centre that each bear two to three low tubercles; a further pair of more distinct, conical tubercles at posterior margin. Otherwise sparsely granulose. Eyes circular in outline and their diameter contained about 2.3 x in that of genae. Antennae almost reaching to tip of protarsi and laid back about reaching two-thirds the way along mesothorax; consisting of 22 – 23 antennomeres. Scapus flattened dorsoventrally, strongly deflexed laterally and sub-circular in outline with the base narrowed. Pedicellus subcylindrical and about three-fifths the length of scapus. Third antennomere slightly longer but considerably narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum about as long but slightly narrower than head, almost rectangular and with a slight constriction medially; transverse median sulcus distinct, gently curved and expanding over entire width of segment. Median line slightly impressed in anterior portion; the surface set with several granules and small tubercles. Mesothorax about 3.8 x longer than pronotum, oval in cross-section and very slightly swollen pre-medially. Mesonotum with a fine but irregularly median carina, surface irregularly tuberculose to nodose and about one-thirds off the anterior margin with two more or less prominent knots or swellings of irregularly strumose rugulae. Meso- and metapleurae rugulose and tuberculose. Prosternum with a small, rough anterolateral sensory area at lateral margins; a further much larger and oval central sensory area on probasitsternum. Meso- and metasternum irregularly and to a variable degree set with small nodes or tubercles. Tegmina sub-oval with texture similar to that of body and with a fairly prominent, rounded hump in centre; slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae slightly projecting over posterior margin of median segment. Abdomen: Median segment almost 2 x longer than metanotum and notably longer than abdominal segment II; 1.5 x longer than wide and smooth. Segments II – VII almost uniform in length; on average 1.4 x longer than wide and sub-rectangular. Segments II and III very slightly widening, IV and V widest segment, VI narrower than preceding. Tergum VII with lateral margins in posterior half of segment dilated into a prominent, bluntly angular or foliaceous, somewhat dorsal directed lobe which laterally extends by at least half of the body width; surface of lobe strongly wrinkled and rugulose (Fig. 9 B – C). Terga VIII – X considerably narrower than all preceding and roughly uniform in width. Complete surface of all terga rugulose and granulose; all with a fine longitudinal carina and two irregular, sub-parallel rugulae. These rugulae posteriorly terminating in a more or less crenulate or foliaceous lobe on tergum III. The median carina terminating in an obtuse posterior swelling on VII – IX. Sterna II – VII unevenly rugulose and each with a pair of short, obtuse, converging ridges near posterior margin. Sternum VII with praeopercular organ formed by a small posteromedian hump (Fig. 9 C). VIII almost two-thirds the length of VII strongly convex and almost 2 x longer than wide; IX three-quarters the length of VIII, rectangular, slightly tectiform and about 1.5 x longer than wide. Anal segment notably shorter than IX, flattened and slightly narrowed in posterior portion; posterior margin sub – truncate with an almost semi-circular median excavation and the outer angles bluntly rounded and somewhat labiate (Fig. 9 B). Epiproct sub-truncate, shield-shaped and extending beyond posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 9 B). Cerci very small, subcylindrical, tapered towards a fairly pointed tip and just reaching posterior margin of anal segment. Subgenital plate extending over apex of abdomen by at least the length of the two terminal terga combined; uniformly canaliculate longitudinally, scaphiform in dorsal aspect with the lateral margins strongly arcuate but gradually lowering towards the bluntly sub-truncate posterior margin (Figs. 9 A – C). Legs: All relatively short and stocky; profemora two-thirds the length of mesothorax, mesofemora shorter than metathorax and hind legs reaching about halfway along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal carina of profemora strongly raised, deflexed and undulate. Posteroventral carina slightly dilated and forming two or three rounded lobes; the terminal one being the largest and somewhat foliaceous. Medioventral carina indistinct. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae with several large, rounded to bluntly triangular and tooth-like foliaceous lobes of variable sizes; the posteroventral carina very prominently dilated and lamellate with the margin very irregularly and unevenly undulate; anteroventral carina less distinctly dilated and gently wavy (Fig. 9 G). Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a prominent, rounded sub-apical lobe and 2 – 3 much smaller, occasionally toothed lobes in basal half; anterodorsal carina smooth except or a prominent, rounded sub-apical lobe. Antero- and posteroventral carinae sparsely and minutely denticulate, with a slight rounded expansion post-medially and an enlarged, triangular tooth sub-apically. Dorsal carinae of metafemora each with a prominent, obtusely triangular sub – apical lobe, which is notably more pronounced on the posterior carina; antero- and posteroventral carinae with 4 – 9 indistinct, blunt teeth which gradually increase in size towards the apex of femur. The medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora very indistinct. Ventral carinae of meso- and metatibiae smooth; the anterodorsal carina with a prominent toothed lobe near the apex and a narrower, rounded lobe sub-basally; the latter much less pronounced on metatibiae. Probasitarsus with dorsal carina strongly raised and bearing a distinct denticulate or crenulate lobe; posteroventral carina somewhat rounded; second tarsomere with a similar but much smaller dorsal lobe. Meso- and metabasitarsus slightly longer than following tarsomere and only with a small triangular, bi-dentate dorsal lobe. ♂♂ (Figs. 8, 9 D – F, 9 H, 21 G). Medium sized for the genus (body length 89.3 – 105.5 mm), form moderately slender and stick-like with well-developed alae (length 50.7 – 51.8 mm) and distinctly undulate protibiae. General colouration of body different shades of straw over grey and mid to dark or almost blackish brown; usually irregularly flecked with combinations of these tones and occasionally lichenose. Head with a pair of conspicuous, triangular black markings between the eyes. Pronotum in anterior half with a bold back longitudinal median streak and often with two black spots at posterior margin. Anterior margin of mesonotum sometimes with a small V-shaped black marking. Abdominal terga II – IV with two minute black spots in posterior third of segment. The largest cephalad and thoracic nodes and tubercles often buff, brown or ochre. Tegmina and costal region of same colour as body; in lighter brown specimens the alae with several irregular dark brown to black markings along the longitudinal veins. Anal region of alae translucent grey with numerous smaller and larger transparent patches; all anal veins dark greyish brown with interruptions at the transparent patches. Antennae straw to reddish pale brown. Head: Generally as in ♀♀, but eyes more prominent and projecting hemispherically from head capsule with their diameter contained less than 2 x in length of genae. All tubercles smaller but more defined and node-like. Antennae reaching posterior margin of tegmina and with 28 – 30 segments; otherwise as in ♀♀ but scapus less prominently dilated. Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀ but tubercles less prominent; a prominent pair of spiniform tubercles present near posterior margin and the lateral margins with a deep but narrow semi-circular excavation pre-medially. Mesothorax elongate, slender, cylindrical and 4 x longer than pronotum; complete surface slightly and unevenly rugulose. Mesonotum with a faint longitudinal median carina and set with a variable number of distinct nodes to spiniform tubercles, mostly in anterior two-thirds; one pre-medial pair usually larger than all others. Meso- and metapleurae with a longitudinal row of small nodes. Mesosternum with prominent longitudinal median rugulae in anterior half; metasternum with two irregular and partly interrupted, sub-parallel longitudinal median carinae and a few small nodules. Tegmina sub-oval in outline, slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum and strongly convex with a prominent, rounded central hump. Alae reaching about one third to half way along abdominal tergum VI. Abdomen: Median segment 1.5 x longer than metanotum, 3 x longer than wide and smooth. Segment II shorter than median segment, II to VII slightly decreasing in length; II about 4 x, VII only 3 x longer than wide. All with a faint longitudinal median carina; II – VI parallel-sided and of uniform width. Tergum VII with lateral margins in posterior half dilated into a gently rounded lobe, that laterally extends by about one-thirds the width of segment (Figs. 9 E – F). Terga II – IV smooth, V – VII and all sterna rugulose; sterna II – VIII sparsely nodose and each with an irregular longitudinal lateral carina. Tergum VIII three-quarters the length of VII, strongly convex and very slightly widening towards the posterior. IX three-quarters the length of VIII, almost 2 x longer than wide and parallel-sided; both with a blunt longitudinal median carina. Anal segment two-thirds the length of IX, sub-rectangular in dorsal aspect, slightly narrowed and weakly tectinate in posterior portion; the posterior margin with a slight median indention and the outer portions broadly rounded; ventral surface of outer portions of posterior margins armed with a few small denticles. Epiproct very small and rounded. Cerci small, distinctly oval in cross-section, gradually tapered towards an obtuse apex and slightly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment; the apical portion slightly incurved. Vomer triangular in shape, somewhat longer than breadth of base, the terminal hook posterior directed, short but acutely triangular and strongly upcurved (Fig. 20 C). Poculum weakly convex with a bluntly conical basal hump and roughly reaching to posterior of abdominal tergum IX (Fig. 9 D), the posterior half carinate longitudinally (Fig. 9 F) and the posterior margin broadly bi-lobed with a fairly small median indention (Fig. 20 C). Legs: Relatively longer and slenderer than in ♀♀; profemora about as long as mesothorax, mesofemora threequarters the length of mesothorax and hind legs reaching about half way along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal and posteroventral carina of profemora moderately lamellate, the former irregularly lobate with the lobes bluntly triangular, the latter slightly wavy with a few small teeth, the most apical ones of which are largest. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae raised and irregularly undulate, occasionally with a prominent rounded lobe near the apex; posteroventral carina strongly lamellate with the margin gently wavy to undulate. Armature of mid and hind legs generally as in ♀♀ but much less pronounced. Probasitarsus as long as following two tarsomeres combined and with a distinct (sometimes dentate) triangular dorsal lobe; second tarsomere with a much smaller triangular dorsal lobe. Meso- and metabasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined, dorsal carina slightly raised and rounded. Eggs (Figs. 22 G – H): Very large, alveolar, capsule more than 3 x longer than wide, almost cylindrical in crosssection. Dorsal surface more convex than ventral and lateral surfaces. Capsule surface minutely but very densely granulose, distinctly pitted and with several irregular and obtusely raised longitudinal ridges. A distinct, obtuse, longitudinal swelling below micropylar plate. Polar-area with a hollow, crest-like and slightly lamellar excrescence; the outer margin irregularly crenate. Micropylar plate small, covering less than one-thirds of capsule, ovoid to spear-shaped in outline and narrowed towards anterior end. Micropylar cup small and near posterior margin of plate. Operculum almost circular and with a minute central tubercle. Outer margin with a prominent, hollow crest-like protuberance, which has the anterior margin irregularly crenate; height over one-quarter of capsule length (not fully developed or artificially deformed in the illustrated example, Figs. 22 G – H). General colour plain chestnut brown. A second example from Réserve Naturelle Nationale de la Trinité examined from photographs is considerably darker brown in colour and shows and much more pronounced posterior constriction of the capsule just above the polar extensions (seen in the ovipositor, Fig. 9 B). Measurements [mm]: Overall length 11.8, capsule length 10.0, width 3.3, height 3.5, length of micropylar plate 2.6, height of operculum 1.8.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC032A009C90AAC5C3863E22.taxon	discussion	Comments: Burmeister (1838: 577) described Haplopus eucnemis based on a ♀ from “ Aus dem Innern Brasiliens ” (= Inner Brazil) in the collection of MNHU (Fig. 7 A). A full-sized figure and redescription of the specimen were presented by Westwood (1859: 90, pl. 36: 1). The original description of P. difformipes was based on a single ♀ specimen from “ Amérique méridionale ” (= South America) which Serville had bought from the collection of P. A. Latreille. As the holotype has since not been traced and due to great parts of Latreille's collection being housed in MNHN, extensive investigation to locate Serville's type – specimen was conducted by the authors in 2002. This revealed a strongly mutilated, but certainly very old ♀ specimen without collecting data but with an old green determination label stating “ P. difformipes Serville ”. The green label is typical for specimens of that author and indicates the possible type-status of the concerned specimen. It lacks the complete head, pro- and mesothorax as well as the fore and mid legs as well as parts of the subgenital plate. Nevertheless, it is quite certainly Serville's holotype of P. difformipes. Westwood (1859: 90) synonymised Haplopus eucnemis Burmeister with P. difformipes Serville. Although this synonymy is correct in the aspect that these two taxa are conspecific, Westwood used the wrong name. Serville's work was published in late December 1838 (often erroneously cited as 1839) while Burmeister’s “ Handbuch der Entomologie ” part 2 section 1 was published earlier in 1838 (Bragg, 2001: 620). Hence, Burmeister's publication pre – dates Serville's work and P. difformipes Serville must be regarded a junior synonym, with H. eucnemis Burmeister being the senior name. The ♂ was subsequently described by Redtenbacher (1908: 428) based on a specimen from Surinam in the collection of NHMW. Zompro (1997: 180, figs. 2 a & b) described and figured the egg of what the author believed to be P. difformipes, based on an example which was extracted from the ovipositor of a ♀ from Costa Rica in ZMUH. Examination of the specimen however clearly shows this to be misidentified and to represent P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908 (à see below). P. eucnemis appears to be widely distributed in the northern half of South America, although only rarely encountered. Redtenbacher (1908: 428) recorded it from Brazil and Surinam but also from Guatemala and Costa Rica. The last two Central American records however are based on misidentified material which represents P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) and P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908. Chopard (1911: 348) recorded two ♂♂ from French Guiana in MNHN but obviously overlooked a ♀ also from French Guiana and contained in the collection of Le Moult in MNHN (Figs. 7 B – C). The collection of NHMUK contains a ♀ from as far south as the Mamoré River in NE – Bolivia, which is far away from all other currently known records of P. eucnemis. As the record is unique and no further specimens have been recorded from nearby localities subsequently it must currently be regarded doubtful.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC032A009C90AAC5C3863E22.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 32): NE – Brazil (Est. Pará: Óbidos; Manaos). French Guiana (Nouveau Chantier; St. Jean du Maroni & Rue Nationale 1; Réserve Naturelle Nationale de la Trinité (Bellanger, Lelong & Jourdan, 2018: 274); Commune de Roura, Montagne de Chevaux; Commune de Mana Laussat, Sable Blanc; Commune de Régina, Nourages, Saut Pararé; Commune de Camopi, Sommet Tabulaire, Mount Itoupé). Suriname (Sipaliwini District, Res. Coeroeni). NE – Bolivia (Est. Beni, Río Mamoré).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC312A369C90AF09C3523D12.taxon	description	Figs. 13 – 16, 20 A, 20 B, 21 E, 32 HT, ♀: Estac. Cacao, 1000 – 1400 m, Swside Volcan Cacao, Guanac. Pr. Costa Rica, Set. 1989, URCG R. Blanco & C. Chavez. 323300, 375700; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI 000 042809; Especímens en Atta A. Lépiz 16.4.2008 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♀: 2 km N. Colonia Blanca, 800 m, P. N. Rincon de la Vieja, Prov. Alajuela, Costa Rica, 13 a 28 jun 1992, III curso Paratax- on. L – N 308800, 397800; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI 000 695860 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Estac. Cacao, 1000 – 1400 m, SWside Volcan Cacao, Guanac. pr. Costa Rica, Jul 1988, Janzen & Hallwachs, 323300, 375700 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Est. Cacao, lado SO Vol. Cacao, P. N. Guanacaste, Guanacaste, Prov. Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 800 – 1600 m, Jul 1993, J. F. Quesada, L S 323300 _ 375700 # 2218; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI 001 953736 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Guanacaste, A. C. G., Santa Cruz, P. N. Guanacaste, Cerro El Hacha, Casa Est. Forestal. 400 m, 4 EB 1988, Solís. Manual, L _ N _ 320000 _ 364000 # 5275; INB 0003357975 MNCR-ACRI Costa Rica [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Heredia, Z. P., La Selva, Sarapiqui, Estacion El Ceibo, 400 – 500 m, 25 MAY 2005, I. Chavez, Libre, L _ N _ 256500 _ 52770 # 80877; INB 0003959512 MNCR-ACRI Costa Rica [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Estac. Mengo, 1100 m, SWside Volcan Cacao, Guanac. Pr., Costa Rica, 7 MAY 1988, Janzen & Hallwachs, W 85 28 ' 10 '', N 10 56 ' 48 ''; Costa Rica MNCR – A CRI 001 011372 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Buen Amigo, San Luis Monteverde, Prov. Punta., Costa Rica, 1000 – 1350 m, 20 MAR – 14 – ABR 1995, M. Segura, 250850 442250, # 4410 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Costa Rica, Tilaran, 800 m, Guanacaste, V. 1932; F. Nevermann leg., Eing. Nr. 104, 1932; PHA 74, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC312A369C90AF09C3523D12.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This new species is easily recognised by the shortened and heavily spinose mesothorax, which is less than 4 x the length of the pronotum and strongly swollen medially in ♀♀ (Fig. 16 E). Females furthermore differ from all other species in the genus by the extremely long subgenital plate, which projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by considerably more than the combined length of abdominal terga VIII – X (Figs. 16 A – D). The shape of the subgenital plate resembles P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) in being strongly convex and bulgy in the basal portion (Figs. 16 A – B) but in addition to the characteristic shape of the mesothorax, the more flattened vertex and lack of prominent cephalic horns (Fig. 16 E) as well as the strongly deflexed abdominal tergum VII and tessellated anala fan of the alae (striped radially in perarmatus) readily distinguish ♀♀ of this new species. Males resemble those of P. perarmatus, in having a spinose mesonotum, green longitudinal stripe along the tegmina and costal region of the alae as well as the green legs with brown apices of the femora and tibiae. But in addition to the very prominent mesothoracic armature (Fig. 15 G), relatively shorter mesothorax and more stocky habitus ♂♂ of this new species differ by the less prominent cephalic horns (Fig. 15 G), laterally deflexed abdominal tergum VII (Figs. 15 E – F) and less numerous but more defined translucent spots in the anal region of the alae.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC312A369C90AF09C3523D12.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name (speciosus lat. = magnificent) refers to the very large size, stocky habitus and prominent armature of the mesothorax of this impressive new species.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC312A369C90AF09C3523D12.taxon	description	Description: ♀♀ (Figs. 13, 16, 20 A). Large to very large for the genus (body length incl. subgenital plate 179.0 – 196.0 mm), form twig – like and very stocky with a strongly swollen and heavily spinose mesothorax an extremely long and lanceolate, basally convex subgenital plate. General colouration ranging from reddish mid brown (holotype; possibly discoloured due to provisional storage in spirits) to pale greyish brown with a slight greenish wash (paratype). Tegmina and costal region of alae with faint paler mottling and with the anterior margin pale cream and then with a washed mid to dark green longitudinal streak; basal portion and ventral surface of costal region of alae dull red. Anal region of alae somewhat unevenly transparent grey with numerous black longitudinal markings along the anal veins (Fig. 20 A). All of the larger tubercles and spines of the head and thorax as well as the lobes and teeth of the extremities dull reddish and often tipped with black. Antennae greyish brown dorsally and dark blackish brown ventrally; the terminal segment pale cream. Head: Ovoid, indistinctly longer than wide, the vertex moderately convex, rounded and with a distinct impressed longitudinal median fissure. Between the eyes with a pair of low, rounded swellings. Vertex set with several low nodes and blunt tubercles of variables sizes, two of the central ones somewhat larger than all the others; a further pair of prominent blunt tubercles near posterior margin (Fig. 16 E). Genae smooth except for 2 – 3 small nodes. Eyes fairly small, circular and convex; their diameter contained about 2.4 x in length of genae. Antennae long and roughly reaching to posterior margin of metanotum, consisting of 29 – 32 segments. Scapus slender, 2 x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally with only the outer lateral margin gently deflexed in apical half. Pedicellus subcylindrical and about half the length of scapus. Third antennomere somewhat longer and narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum about as long but very slightly narrower than head, about 1.4 x longer than wide, rectangular and with the lateral margins gently concave. Median transverse sulcus moderately pronounced, gently curved and expanding over entire width of segment; longitudinal median line distinctly impressed in anterior half of segment. Surface very minutely granulose, a small pair of tubercles in front of transverse median sulcus, a small pair of nodes just behind the sulcus and four prominent conical spines arranged in a transverse row just before posterior margin (Fig. 16 E). Mesothorax broad and about 3.7 x longer than pronotum, distinctly swollen pre – medially (Fig. 16 E) and with anterior portion somewhat constricted and narrower than posterior margin. Mesonotum with a well pronounced longitudinal median fissure, the median portion swollen and gently gibbose; all over heavily armed with prominent conical spines of variable sizes, these somewhat clustered and more numerous in the swollen median portion of the disc. Mesopleurae armed with a longitudinal row of prominent conical spines, the metapleurae set with about seven smaller blunt spines, the pre-coxal one being the largest. Mesosternum sparsely set with medium – sized conical spines, that become smaller and less numerous towards the posterior; metasternum with two pairs of fairly prominent spiniform tubercles in anterior half and a few additional smaller tubercles. Tegmina fairly slender and oval in shape with the central hump weakly pronounced and reaching about one-thirds the way along median segment. Alae reaching two-thirds along abdominal tergum II. Abdomen: Median segment 1.3 x longer than metanotum and 1.4 x wider than long, smooth and almost equal in length to segment II. Segments III – V equal in length and somewhat longer than II, VI and VII; on average only about 1.2 x longer than wide; II widening towards the posterior, III broadest segment and IV – VI very slightly narrowing. Terga II – VII unevenly but distinctly multi-carinate and with a pair of closely placed irregular median longitudinal carinae, which are somewhat more raised at posterior margin of each tergum. Tergum VII prominently deflexed laterally with the lateral margins broadly rounded and widest in posterior half of segment; wider than all preceding segments (Figs. 16 C – D). Sterna II – VII with four irregular longitudinal carinae. Praeopercular organ a distinct, node-like swelling close to posterior margin of sternum VII, that is formed by the two medio-longitudinal carinae (Fig. 16 D). Terga VIII – X very much narrower than all preceding; VIII strongly narrowed medially, about two-thirds the length of VII, about 1.5 x longer than wide, strongly convex and with two very pronounced longitudinal median carinae. IX much shorter and rectangular. Anal segment about as long as IX and narrowed at posterior, the posterior margin with a very wide and shallow emargination and the outer portions angulate. Epiproct fairly large, shield – shaped, roundly triangular and with a distinct median keel; projecting considerably over posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 16 C). Cerci very small, compressed laterally at the base and with the apex somewhat club-like and incurved; roughly reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Subgenital plate very long (Figs. 16 A – D), distinctly keeled longitudinally with the basal portion convex and boat shaped (Figs. 16 A – B); lanceolate in shaped and in dorsal aspect unevenly narrowing towards a blunt apex (Fig. 16 C); extending over apex of abdomen by considerably more than the length of terga VIII – X taken together. Legs: All short and stocky; profemora slightly shorter than mesothorax, mesofemora as long as metathorax and hind legs reaching about halfway along abdominal segment VI. Profemora with anterodorsal carina distinctly raised and very gently wavy, the posteroventral carina with about 8 – 10 small teeth. Medioventral carina with a few small tubercles. Protibiae with anterodorsal carina moderately deflexed, lamellate and gently wavy; the posteroventral carinae strongly lamellate and expanded with the margin unevenly undulate. Meso- and metafemora swollen with the two outer lower carinae somewhat rounded and deflexed sub-basally; this portion of both carinae armed with four strong spines; two tooth-like spines on these carinae sub-apically. Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a large and broadly triangular sub-apical lobe and 2 – 3 medium spines in basal portion (Fig. 16 E); anterodorsal carina alike but armature much less pronounced. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora fairly distinct, obtuse and armed with 4 – 5 fairly prominent spines, the median ones of which are the largest. Ventral carinae of meso- and metatibiae roundly deflexed sub-basally and otherwise set with a few rather small dentations. Anterodorsal carina with a distinct rounded lobe sub-basally and a somewhat smaller and rather tooth-like lobe near the apex. Probasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined; dorsal carina forming an almost semi-circular lobe; a much smaller dorsal lobe present on tarsomeres II and III. Meso – and metabasitarsus slightly longer than following tarsomere and with dorsal carina just very gently raised. ♂♂ (Figs. 14, 15, 20 C). Large and stocky for the genus (body length 93.0 – 107.0 mm) with a fairly short and heavily spinose mesothorax, well-developed alae (length 51.5 – 59.0 mm) and distinctive brown and green colouration. General colouration of head and body greyish to greenish mid brown, the mesothorax and metasternum with a green wash and most of metapleurae yellowish green. Most of ventral body surface as well as the thoracic pleurae with lichenose whitish mottling and speckles, the abdominal sterna in particular. Thoracic armature mostly dull reddish. Tegmina dark brown with a slight greenish wash, the anterior margin in the median portion broadly pale cream to white and followed by a washed green longitudinal streak; often with a white marking or indistinct median streak near posterior margin. The costal region of the alae mostly dark brown with a reddish wash and with a bold, washed green streak along basal half of anterior margin; the extreme outer border of the anterior margin pale cream basally; dull red ventrally. Anal region of alae translucent dark grey with numerous small, rounded transparent patches; all anal veins slightly marked with darker grey and with interruptions at the transparent patches (Fig. 20 C). All femora pale to mid green with the apical quarter dark brown; the tibiae green with the apical and basal portions brown. Antennae reddish mid brown to dull orange with the basal half dark brown ventrally; the terminal antennomere pale cream. Head: Generally as in ♀♀, but vertex less convex, the cephalic armature considerably less pronounced and sparse and the two swellings on frons somewhat more distinct (Fig. 15 G). The eyes relatively larger and projecting more than hemispherically from head capsule with their diameter contained only about 1.4 x in length of genae. Antennae slightly projecting over posterior margin of median segment and usually with 28 segments; otherwise as in ♀♀. Thorax: Pronotum generally as in ♀♀, but surface less granulose (Fig. 15 G). Mesothorax fairly short and only about 3.3 x longer than pronotum; very gently swollen medially. Mesonotum with a fine longitudinal median carina and heavily armed with a variable number of very prominent, conical and fairly blunt spines of variable sizes; usually one notably enlarged, massive pair pre-medially (Fig. 15 G). The mesopleurae with a median longitudinal row of spiniform tubercles, the metapleurae only with a marginal row of about seven very small tubercles. Mesosternum irregularly set with medium spiniform tubercles, the metasternum with a medium pair of low conical spines and otherwise only with a very few scattered small tubercles. Tegmina oval in outline and somewhat narrowed in the apical portion, slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum and strongly convex with a fairly prominent, rounded central hump. Alae ± reaching to posterior margin abdominal tergum VI. Abdomen: Median segment notably longer than metanotum, about 2.2 x longer than wide and smooth. Segments II to VII very slightly decreasing in length and on average about 3.2 x longer than wide; II – VI roughly uniform in width. Terga V – VIII with a closely placed pair of longitudinal median carinae and a further notably more pronounced lateral carina; these carinae very indistinct to obsolete on II – IV. VII with lateral margins in posterior half strongly deflexed to form a prominent, rounded lobe that laterally extends by as much as half of the width of segment (Figs. 15 E – F). Sterna II – VII with four irregular but acute longitudinal carinae, the inner pair roundly raised just before posterior margin of each sternum. Tergum VIII about three-quarters the length of VII and distinctly narrowed medially, the posterolateral angles somewhat expanded; IX three-quarters the length of VIII and gently narrowed medially. Anal segment about two-thirds the length of IX with lateral margins somewhat convex and the base slightly narrowed; posterior margin broadly bi-lobed with a small and shallow indention medially (Fig. 15 E); ventral surface of outer portions of posterior margins armed with a few small denticles. Epiproct very small and fully concealed by anal segment. Cerci small, compressed laterally with the apex obtusely scoop-shaped; notably projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Vomer triangular in shape, slightly longer than breadth of base with the terminal hook narrowed, acutely pointed, very slightly dextrad-directed and upcurved (Fig. 20 E). Poculum convex and cup-shaped in basal portion a distinct conical projection at the angle (Fig. 15 D), the apical half increasingly flattened, carinate longitudinally and slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX; the posterior margin distinctly bi-lobed with a deep triangular median excavation (Fig. 15 F). Legs: Relatively longer and slenderer than in ♀♀; profemora about equal in length and mesofemora slightly shorter than mesothorax, hind legs reaching roughly half way along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal and posteroventral carina of profemora just weakly expanded, the former smooth and the latter set with a few small dentations. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae moderately raised, gently wavy forming a small, ± distinctly rounded lobe sub-apically; the posteroventral carina moderately lamellate with the margin almust uniform. Armature of mid and hind legs generally as in ♀♀, but with the exception of the distinct sub-apical dorsal triangular lobe of the meso- and metafemora, less pronounced. The meso- and mertafemora muchh less widened sub – basally. Probasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined and with a large obtusely angular dorsal lobe; second and third tarsomere with a much smaller angular dorsal lobe (Fig. 15 G). Meso- and metabasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined, dorsal carina just moderately raised and roundly triangular. Variability: The two ♀♀ at hand show slight differences in size, colouration, armature of the mesothorax and length of the subgenital plate. While the holotype is almost plain reddish mid brown (perhaps due to provisional storage in spirits, Figs. 13 A – C) the paratype is greyish to ochraceous brown with a slight greenish hue and has a washed, dull green longitudinal median streal on the tegmina and costal region of the alae (Figs. 13 D – E. The available ♂♂ are fairly constant in colouration and merely show slight variation in the size and shape of the mesothoracic spines.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC312A369C90AF09C3523D12.taxon	discussion	Comments: This beautiful new species is the largest and most stocky representative of the genus and appears to be closely related to P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908). A reasoning is given in the discussion section below. Eggs unknown.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC312A369C90AF09C3523D12.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 32): Costa Rica (Prov. Guanacaste: Volcan Cacao 1000 – 1400 m; Cerro el Hacha 400 m; Tilarán 800 m; Prov. Heredia: Sarapiqui, Estacion El Ceibo 400 – 500 m; Prov. Alajuela: Parque Nacional Rincon de la Vieja nr. Colonia Blanca 800 m).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC3E2A299C90A99CC03138DA.taxon	description	Figs. 17 – 19, 20 B, 21 F, 22 G – H, 26 – 27, 33	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC3E2A299C90A99CC03138DA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (35 ♂♂, 46 ♀♀, 8 nymphs, eggs): PANAMA: 1 ♀: Barro Colorado Isl., Panama, July 29 1933, J. D. and H. Hood; Rehn 1957 figured; Measured specimen Rehn 1957; Pterinoxylus spinulosus Det. Rehn 1957 A. N. S. P. [ANSP]; 1 ♀: Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., Panama, I. 12.1956, Berthe Ruud; Measured specimen Rehn 1957; Pterinoxylus spinulosus Det. Rehn 1957 A. N. S. P. [ANSP]; 1 ♀: Bruja Point, Canal Zone, Panama, X. 21.1929 (J. Zetek); Measured specimen Rehn 1957; Pterinoxylus spinulosus Det. Rehn 1957 A. N. S. P. [ANSP]; 1 ♂: Pan. - Barro Col. Is. C. Z. – coll. Rettmeyer, VI. - VIII. 1957 [ANSP]; 1 ♀: Barro Colo Is; CZ, VI. 1939; Jas Zetek, No 4997; Lot No 39 – 15883 [USNM]; 1 ♀: Panama, Pearl Is, San Jose; Morrison JPE, Feb. 18.1944 [USNM]; 1 ♂: Muséum Paris, Barro Colorado, Z. Gregoire, 1954; 214; Pterinoxylus difformipes Serv. [MNHN]; 3 nymphs: V. de Chiriqui, below 4000 ft., Champion; Pterinoxylus difformipes Serv., Godman – Salvin Coll. 1908. – 168. [NHMUK]; 2 eggs: Laid 11 / 67 Balboas; Panama; Pterinoxylus spinulosus, Brit. Mus. 1974 – 118 [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Gamboa, Ex. - Z. Rov. Pmá, Colón, 3 Feb 1980, col. R. Angulo, Victor Leon [MIUP]; 1 ♂: Panama: Panamá Pr., Arraijun, 20 – Jun – 2001, W. I. Louiza [MIUP]; 1 ♀: Panamá, Colón, Cerro Botija, 23 julio 2012, col. David Correa [MIUP]; 1 ♀: Panama: Los Santos, R. F. La Tronosá, El Cortezo, 6 may 2006, A. Santos [MIUP]; 1 ♀: Panama: El Valle de Anton, IV – 30 – 1945, T. Patiño [AMNH]. COSTA RICA: 1 ♀, 1 egg (ex ovipositor): Costa Rica, Farm Hamburg, a. Reventazon 28.10.1927 a. Madero negro. Eing. 1928 No. 1, Ferd. Nevermann leg. [ZMUH]; 1 ♂: Costa Rica, Guapiles 30.5.33, Eing. Nr. 69, 1936; PHA 73 Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH]; 1 ♀ (nymph): Turrialba, Costa Rica; Coll. Schild & Burgdorf [ANSP]; 1 ♀ (nymphs): Tucurrique, Costa Rica; Coll. Schild & Burgdorf; Pterinoxylus eucnemis (Burm.)? Det. Rehn [USNM]; 1 ♀: 26 – 53; 15 – 11 – 53, I. I. CA, Turrialba, C. R.; Viale; Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redt., det. A. B. Gurney 1961 [USNM]; 1 ♀: Cachi, C. R., C. H. L. [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Limón, Veragua Rainforest, Restaurant, 400 – 440 m, 7 SEP 2008, J. Mara, Colecta Libre, L _ N _ 212220 _ 625230 # 94928; MNCR – A 004170413 MNCR-ACRI Costa Rica [MNCR-A]; 1 ♀: Est. Sirena, 0 – 100 m, P. N. Corcovado, Prov. Punt., Costa Rica, G. Fonseca, May 1991, L – S – 270500, 508300; Costa Rica MNCR – A CRI 000 598337 [MNCR-A]; 1 ♀: Est. Pistilla, 700 m, 9 km S Sta. Cocilla, Prov. Guan., Costa Rica, P. Ríos & C. Moraga, Oct 1990, L – N – 830200, 880200; Costa Rica, MNCR-A CRI 000 226284 [MNCR-A]; 1 ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Heredia, Sarapiqui, Z. P. La Selva, El Ceibo, 500 – 600 m, 19 AGO 2005, M. Ballestero, I. Chavez, Colecta Libre, L _ N _ 256615 _ 527735, # 94220; INB 004154644, MNCR-ACRI Costa Rica [MNCR-A]; 1 ♀: Terraba (Pacifique) H. Pittier, Oa Kúnjiga = expulgadera del diablo; Pterinoxylus difformipes Serv. [MHNG]. GUATEMALA: 1 ♀: Polochic River, Guatemala, Oct. 07 A. P. Coll.; Pterinoxylus eucnemis Burm. ♀, A. N. C. [USNM]; 1 ♀ (nymph, n 3): Chacoj, R. Polochic, Guatemala, Champion, 91, B. C. A. Orth. II, Pterinoxylus difformipes Serv. [NHMUK]. BELIZE: 1 ♀: ex Zucht: M. Rotter; Belize, Green Hills nr. Belmopan 2020 [coll. FH, No. 1238 – 1]; 2 ♀♀, 1 ♀ n 4, 42 eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann; Belize, Green Hills nr. Belmopan 2020 [coll. FH, No. 1238 – 2 to 4, E 2]; 1 ♀, 4 ♂♂: Ex Zucht: B. Kneubühler 2018, F 1. Belize: Belmopan, Green Hills Butterfly Ranch, leg. J. Meerman 08.2016 [coll. OC, No. 0291 – 2 to 6]. 14 ♀♀, 16 ♂♂, 11 eggs: Ex Zucht: B. Kneubühler 2019, F 2. Belize: Belmopan, Green Hills Butterfly Ranch, leg. J. Meerman 08.2016 [coll. OC, No. 0291 – 7 to 37]. HONDURAS: 1 ♀: Honduras 1923, Rio Paulaya: Barranco, IV. 16, 407; T. H. Hubbell; Pterinoxylus sp. cf. spinulosus Redt. ♀ Det. T. H. Hubbell 1949; Pterinoxylus sp. near spinulosus; UMMZI – 178790 [UMMZ]; 1 ♂: Honduras 1923, Tela: V – 5 Guaimas district, 529 T. H. Hubbell; Pterinoxylus sp. near spinulosus Redt. ♂ Det. T. H. Hubbell 1949; Pterinoxylus sp. near spinulosus; UMMZI – 178789 [UMMZ]. COLOMBIA: 1 ♀: Colombia, Andagoya, R. Condoto, Choco, H. G. F. Spurrell, 1916 – 273 [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: fecha: I – 05 / 69; loc: Anserma, Hosp: Maleza, Col: J. G. B. [UCA]; 1 ♂: Orden: Phasmatodea, Familia: Phasmatidae, Localidad: SJ. Putm., Fecha: [...] 2005 [MHN-UC]; 1 ♂: Colombia, Valle, Punta Soldado, En. 15 / 2001, leg. Salazar, F. V. ♂; Colombia, Universidad Caldas – Centro de Museo Historia Natura, CI – 01 – 044 – [MHN-UC]; 1 ♀: Colombia, Valle, Punta Soldado, En. 28 / 2001, leg. Salazar, J. C. Vargas ♀; Colombia, Universidad Caldas – Centro de Museo Historia Natura, CI – 01 – 044 – [MHN-UC]; 1 ♀ (penultimate instar nymph): Colombia, Valle, Punta Soldado, Dic. 30 / 2000, leg. Salazar, J. C. Vargas ♂; Colombia, Universidad Caldas – Centro de Museo Historia Natura, CI – 01 – 044 – 6 [MHNUC]; 1 ♂: CO 05. San Luis, Vereda La Tebaida, Intradomita, Techo, 3 – III – 2005, CEUA [CEUA]; 1 ♂: Colombia: Antioquia, Porce Lat. N 6 ° 54 ' 38 '' Long. W 75 ° 4 ' 49 '' Alt. m. s. n. m. 1500, Maleza, Enero 1983; Raúl Vélez; MEFLG N. C. 12013 [MEFLG]; 1 ♀: Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Buenaventura, Bajo Calima, Noviembre 1961, Francisco Gallego; MEFLG N. C. 14464 [MEFLG]; 1 ♂: Kolumbien: Dept. Tolima, Hamburgo, Río Magdalena, 800, Ex ZMHB [coll. OC, No. 0291 – 1]. ECUADOR: 1 ♂: ECUADOR – Esmeraldas Montalvo, La Mayronga 95 m 14 / 17. XI. 2004, N 00 º 53 ' 27.2 '' W 079 º 13 ' 02.5 '', leg. F. M. Buzzetti & G. Carotti [coll. OC, No. 0291 – 38].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC3E2A299C90A99CC03138DA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Females are very similar to those of the type – species P. eucnemis (Burmeister, 1838), with which they share the flattened basal portion of the subgenital plate and distinct dorsal apical lobe of the meso – and metatibiae. They are however easily distinguished by: the averaging smaller and more obtuse cephalic tubercles; more slender subgenital plate, which has the lateral margins less distinctly deflexed and narrowing towards the apex (Fig. 19 A) and the apex more or less distinctly tri – dentate (obtusely angular to slightly biconcave in eucnemis); less distinct praeopercular organ, as well as the less prominently deflexed and more even and less lobate / undulate carinae of the protibiae that is more or less gradually widening towards the apex of the tibia (Fig. 19 K) and much less notable to obsolete sub-basal dorsal lobe of the mesotibiae (Fig. 19 L). Males differ from those of P. spinulosus by: the somewhat slenderer body, relatively longer mesothorax; parallel-sided abdominal tergum VII (Fig. 19 G); spinose mesonotum (Figs. 19 I – J); considerably less pronounced and obtuse cephalic tubercles; notably less deflexed carinae of the protibiae and generally less distinct armature of the extremities as well as the darker grey anal region of the alae. The eggs are very similar and almost indistinguishable from those of P. eucnemis. They may only be differentiated by the on average less elongate overall shape and less distinct posterior constriction of the capsule.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC3E2A299C90A99CC03138DA.taxon	description	Description: ♀♀ (Figs. 17, 19 A – E, 19 K – L, 26 A, 27). Medium to large for the genus (body length including subgenital plate 137.0 – 189.0 mm), form twig – like and fairly slender (maximum body width at mesothorax 7.0 – 8.5 mm) with the body surface partly and unevenly sculptured, the anterior legs strongly undulate and lobate. Colouration very variable and ranging from dark brown over various shades of greyish or ochraceous mid brown to buff; either almost plain but more often irregularly flecked with combinations of these colours and / or with lichenose white or creamy white areas. Abdominal tergum VIII with an ocelliform black spot anterolaterally (sometimes also present on tergum IX). Legs like body irregularly mottled with paler and darker tones of brown. Head with two blackish markings between the eyes. The larger cephalad and thoracic tubercles may be ochre to dull orange. Antennae ranging from greyish ochre to reddish mid brown. Tegmina and costal region of alae roughly of same colour as body; the basal portion of costal region of alae that is covered by the tegmina contrastingly red. Anal region of alae slightly transparent dark brown to dark grey with all anal veins boldly marked with deep black. Head: Oval in cross-section, parallel-sided and about 1.6 x longer than wide. Between the eyes with a low transverse swelling, that is indented medially. Vertex gently rounded and unevenly tuberculose, usually with two pairs of rounded swellings in centre and a further pair of enlarged, obtuse tubercles at posterior margin. Eyes circular in outline and their diameter contained about 2.3 x in that of genae; strongly projecting. Antennae almost reaching tip of protarsi and laid back about three-quarters the way along mesothorax; consisting of 28 – 29 antennomeres. Scapus flattened dorsoventrally, strongly deflexed laterally and strongly narrowed basally. Pedicellus subcylindrical and almost three-quarters the length of scapus. Third antennomere slightly longer but considerably narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum longer and slightly narrower than head, sub – rectangular with anterior somewhat narrower than posterior margin; transverse median sulcus U-shaped, moderately distinct and not reaching lateral margins of segment. Median line slightly impressed in anterior portion; the surface set with several granules and small tubercles. Occasionally there is a conspicuously enlarged pair of spiniform tubercles near posterior margin. Mesothorax variable in shape and length, ranging from 3.7 x to 4.3 x the length of pronotum and ranging from fully parallel-sided to being slightly swollen pre-medially. Mesonotum with a fine but irregularly median carina, surface texturing very variable and ranging from irregularly rugulose over sparsely nodose to prominently tuberculose; about one-thirds off the anterior margin with two more or less prominent knots or swellings of irregularly strumose rugulae or blunt tubercles. Meso- and metapleurae rugulose and more or less prominently tuberculose. Sensory areas at lateral margins of prosternum weakly developed and indistinct; the central sensory area of probasitsternum distinct and notably swollen. Meso- and metasternum irregularly and to a variable degree set with small nodes or tubercles. Tegmina sub-oval with texture similar to that of body and with a moderately prominent, rounded hump in centre; slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae at least reaching one-thirds the way along abdominal segment II. Abdomen: Median segment almost 2 x longer than metanotum and considerably longer than abdominal segment II; 1.6 x longer than wide and smooth. Segments II – VII almost uniform in length; on average 1.5 – 1.8 x longer than wide and sub-rectangular. Segments II widening towards the posterior, III widest and the following in general very slightly gradually narrowing with VIII – X almost uniform in width and narrowest segments. Tergum VII with lateral margins in posterior half of segment dilated into a prominent, bluntly angular but irregularly shaped lobe, which laterally extends by at least one-thirds of the body width (Figs. 19 B – E). Complete surface of all terga rugulose and granulose; all with a closely placed pair of fine longitudinal carinae that vary in emphasis and usually terminate in a nodule or small swelling posteriorly on each tergum. Surface furthermore with two irregular, sub-parallel and sinuate rugulae, which posteriorly terminate in a more or less crenulate, bi- or trifid lobe on III and IV; the size and shape of these lobes very variable. Sterna II – VII unevenly rugulose with the rugulae longitudinally directed and each with a pair of short, obtuse, converging ridges near posterior margin; otherwise sparsely granulose. Sternum VII with praeopercular organ formed by a small conspicuously node-like posteromedian swelling (Fig. 19 D – E). Tergum VIII widened anteriorly, narrowed pre-medially and almost two-thirds the length of VII; strongly convex and almost 2 x longer than wide. IX about three-quarters the length of VIII, rectangular and about 1.5 x longer than wide. Anal segment somewhat shorter than IX, flattened and slightly narrowed in posterior portion; the posterior margin sub-truncate with a wide, slightly angular median excavation and the outer angles bluntly triangular. Epiproct small shieldshaped and extending beyond posterior margin of anal segment; with an acute longitudinal median carina dorsally (Figs. 19 B – C). Cerci very small, oval in cross – section, compressed laterally, tapered towards a fairly pointed tip and just reaching posterior margin of anal segment; the apex somewhat incurved. Subgenital plate variable in length and extending over apex of abdomen by at least the length of the two terminal terga combined; uniformly canaliculate longitudinally (Fig. 19 A), narrowly scaphiform in dorsal aspect with the lateral margins sub-parallel, more or less arcuate and gradually lowering towards the sub-truncate and roughly tri-dentate posterior margin (Figs. 19 B – E). Legs: All relatively short and stocky; profemora two-thirds the length of mesothorax, mesofemora shorter than metathorax and hind legs reaching about half way along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal carina of profemora strongly raised, deflexed and undulate. Posteroventral carina much dilated with margin wavy and with a large, roughly triangular lobe sub-apically. Medioventral carina indistinct. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae with several roundly triangular teeth-like lobes and a somewhat enlarged, denticulate lobe apically; the posteroventral carina more or less gradually dilated and lamellate towards the apex of tibia with the margin somewhat undulate; the apical portion usually somewhat arched towards the anterior and forming a more or less distinct sub-trigonal lobe (Fig. 19 K). Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a prominent, almost semi-circular sub-apical lobe (Fig. 19 L) and 2 – 3 much smaller, occasionally toothed lobes in median portion; armature of anterordorsal carina similar but less pronounced. Antero- and posteroventral carinae very sparsely and minutely denticulate, supplied with a tooth-like expansion post-medially and an enlarged, triangular tooth sub-apically. Posterodorsal carina of metafemora with a very prominent, upright and narrow triangular sub-apical lobe, which has the apical margin dentate; antero- and posteroventral carinae supplied with several small teeth and notably enlarged, flat but broad tooth sub-apically. The medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora very indistinct. Ventral carinae of meso- and metatibiae smooth; the anterodorsal carina with a fairly small tooth sub-basally and a prominent more or less rounded and toothed lobe in the apical portion (Fig. 19 L). Probasitarsus with dorsal carina strongly raised and bearing a distinct denticulate, roughly triangular lobe; second tarsomere with a similar but much smaller dorsal lobe. Meso- and metabasitarsus hardly longer than following tarsomere and with the dorsal carina just slightly raised and rounded. ♂♂ (Figs. 18, 19 F – J, 19 M, 21 F). Medium sized to large (body length 96.0 – 104.8 mm), form slender and stick-like with well-developed alae (length 39.5 – 46.0 mm) and a distinct apical dorsal lobe on all tibiae. General colouration of body different shades of ochre, grey or mid to dark brown more rarely with a greenish hue especially on thoracic segments and front legs; usually irregularly flecked with combinations of these tones. Head with a pair of small blackish markings between the eyes (Fig. 19 J). The largest thoracic tubercles and spines ochre to yellowish straw. Metapleurae often greenish. Tegmina and costal region of same colour as body; the tegmina often with a white diagonal stripe in posterior half, forming a white V-shaped marking when the tegmina are closed; the costal region of the alae with the portion posterior to the radial vein more or less distinctly red. Anal region of alae translucent greyish brown with numerous smaller and larger transparent patches; all anal veins marked with darker greyish brown and with interruptions at the transparent patches. Antennae dark straw to reddish pale brown; apex of all segments brown. Head: Generally as in ♀♀, but eyes more prominent and projecting hemispherically from head capsule with their diameter contained a little less than 2 x in length of genae. All cephalad tubercles and tubercles averaging more prominent, more pointed and spiniform (Figs. 19 I – J). Antennae almost reaching posterior margin of median segment and with about 30 segments; otherwise as in ♀♀ but with scapus less prominently dilated. Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀ but somewhat longer in relation; near posterior margin with a prominent pair of spiniform tubercles or spines and the lateral margins distinctly concave (Figs. 19 I – J). Mesothorax elongate, slen- der, cylindrical and somewhat more than 4 x longer than pronotum; complete surface very sparsely and unevenly granulose. Mesonotum with a very faint longitudinal median carina and all over set with a very variable number of spiniform tubercles to spines of variable sizes (Fig. 19 I), which range from obtuse to slender and more or less acutely pointed in shape; size and number of spines decreasing towards the posterior. A marginal row of smaller tubercles along lateral margins. Meso- and metapleurae with a longitudinal row of nodes. Meso- and metasternum with some irregularly placed nodes; the mesosternum with some irregular rugulae in anterior portion. Tegmina oval in outline, slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum and moderately convex with a fairly prominent, rounded central hump. Alae ± reaching to posterior margin abdominal tergum VI. Abdomen: Median segment 1.6 x longer than metanotum, 2.8 x longer than wide and smooth. Segment II longer than median segment, II to VII slightly gradually decreasing in length; II about 4.3 x and VII only 3.3 x longer than wide. All terga with a fine pair of closely placed parallel longitudinal median carinae, which often are raised posteriorly and may terminate in a pair of curved ridges on III – V; a further lateral carina present on VI – VIII. Surface of terga II – VII otherwise sparsely and faintly rugulose and granulose. II – VII parallel-sided and roughly uniform in width. Sterna II – VIII very sparsely nodose and each with a pair of very obtuse and low longitudinal carinae, which are somewhat more raised at posterior margin of each sternum. Tergum VIII almost three-quarters the length of VII, strongly convex and very slightly widening towards the posterior; IX ¾ the length of VIII and indistinctly longer than wide and narrowing towards posterior margin; both trapezoidal in dorsal aspect. Anal segment two-thirds the length of IX, sub-rectangular in dorsal aspect and slightly narrowing towards posterior, weakly tectinate; the posterior margin with a small median indention and the outer portions broadly rounded (Fig. 19 G); ventral surface of outer portions of posterior margins armed with a few small denticles. Epiproct very small, rounded and fully hidden under anal segment. Cerci small, distinctly oval in cross-section, laterally compressed at base and somewhat tapering towards a fairly obtuse apex; slightly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Vomer broadly triangular in shape, somewhat wider than long with the terminal hook narrowed, posterior directed, short but acutely pointed and upcurved (Fig. 20 F). Poculum moderately convex in basal portion (Fig. 19 F) with the apical half gradually flattening and roughly reaching to posterior of abdominal tergum IX, the posterior half carinate longitudinally and the posterior margin with a wide, concave median excavation (Fig. 19 H). Legs: Relatively longer and slenderer than in ♀♀; profemora a little longer than mesothorax, mesofemora almost three-quarters the length of mesothorax and hind legs reaching about half way along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal and posteroventral carina of profemora moderately lamellate, the former forming some obtuse, broad tooth-like lobes and the latter with a few obtuse dentations. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae moderately raised and lamellate, usually forming a ± distinct (sometimes bifid) lobe apically; posteroventral carina just very slightly deflexed and slightly wavy. Armature of mid and hind legs generally as in ♀♀ but less pronounced (Fig. 19 M). Probasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined and with a large (sometimes dentate) dorsal lobe; second tarsomere with a much smaller triangular (sometimes bifid) dorsal lobe (Fig. 19 J). Meso- and metabasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined, dorsal carina slightly raised and rounded. Nymphs: Newly hatched nymphs have a body length of about 20 mm and are mostly dark brown with the lateral portions of the body of a somewhat paler brown or ochre. The meso- and metatibiae bear a conspicuous white transverse median band and the terminal three antennomeres are contrasting white. There are also two distinctive pinkish markings on the frons between the eyes. The head bears the characteristic cephalic tubercles, which are however much more pronounced than in the adults insects and the meso- and metatibiae already bear the characteristic dorsal apical lobe. Later instars are various shades of ochre, grey and brown and in general have the legs more stocky and the armature of the extrimities more distinct than the adult insects. Females have the lateral lobes of abdominal tergum VII much larger than adults. Variability: Both sexes, but ♀♀ in particular, show considerable intraspecific variability relating to several morphological characters. These include overall size, colour, armature of the head, pronotum and mesothorax, length of the alae as well as size and shape of the teeth and lobes of the extremities. In ♀♀ the shape and size of the pair of posterior projections on abdominal terga II – IV as well as the length and shape of the subgenital plate are fairly variable. While the latter has the posterior margin always obtusely tri-dentate, the projections of abdominal terga II – IV may either be almost obsolete or protruded into bi- or trifid spiniform projections, that are always most pronounced on III. The most noteworthy variability however is seen in the shape and armature of the mesonotum. While this is almost parallel – sided and irregularly tuberculose to rugulose in specimens from Costa Rica and Panama, several of the Colombian examples have the mesonotum slightly swollen pre-medially and set with numerous fairly prominent, obtusely spiniform tubercles (most pronounced in the ♀ from Andagoya in the NHMUK collection (Fig. 17 E) and ♀ from Valle de Cauca in MEFLG). The ♀ from Andagoya is also stockier than all other specimens at hand and has the mesothorax only 3.7 x longer than the prothorax (4.0 – 4.3 x longer in specimens from Panama and Costa Rica). Similar variability can be observed in the mesothoracic armature of ♂♂, which ranges from obtuse tubercles to slender and acute spines. In ♀♀ the alae show considerably variability in length, mostly reaching no more than half way along abdominal segment II but in the specimen from Guatemala in the collection of USNM reaching as far back as to the posterior margin of that segment. While ♂♂ from Panama and Costa Rica are various shades of grey and brown, greenish colourations of the thorax and fore legs in particular are sometimes seen in specimens from Colombia. Furthermore it is noteworthy, that in general Colombian specimens of both sexes have the two outer ventral carinae of the meso – and metafemora more distinctly denticulate than examples from Panama, Costa Rica or Belize. Eggs: (Figs. 22 G – H): The following description is based on two eggs laid by a ♀ from Balboa, Panama in the collection of NHMUK, an egg that was extracted from the ovipositor of the ♀ from Reventazon, Costa Rica in the ZMUH collection and eggs of the culture stock from Greenhills, Belize, Very large, alveolar, capsule more than 3 x longer than wide, almost cylindrical in cross-section; very slightly curved in lateral aspect and dorsal surface somewhat more convex than ventral and lateral surfaces. Surface of capsule very minutely but densely granulose, distinctly pitted and with several irregular, longitudinal but fairly low and indistinct ridges. Polar-area with a hollow, crest-like and slightly lamellar excrescence; the outer margin irregularly crenate. Micropylar plate small, covering less than one-thirds of capsule, spear-shaped in outline. Micropylar cup small and at posterior margin of plate. Outer margin slightly raised and darker brown than capsule. Operculum almost circular and with a minute central tubercle. Outer margin with a prominent, hollow crest-like protuberance which has the anterior margin with five conspicuous crown-like teeth; height almost one-thirds of capsule length. General colour plain reddish mid brown (examples from Panama and Costa Rica) or dark ochraceous brown (examples from Belize). Some variability is seen in the length-diameter ratio, with some eggs being notably more elongate in general appearance than others. Measurements [mm]: Overall length 12.4 – 12.7, capsule length 9.3 – 9.6, width 2.8 – 3.2, height 3.1 – 3.0, length of micropylar plate 2.7 – 2.9, height of operculum 3.0 – 3.2.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC3E2A299C90A99CC03138DA.taxon	discussion	Comments: Redtenbacher (1908: 428) decribed P. spinulosus based on a ♂ in the collection of NHMW and a ♂ nymph in the NHMUK collection both from Valle del Chiriquí in NE-Panama and provided an illustration of the NHMW specimen (Plate 20, Figure 3) which has been designated as the lectotype by Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez (2011: 64). The ♂ penultimate instar nymph (paralectotype) in NHMUK is not the same species but represents P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908). This is evident by the large pair of cephalic lobes and strongly spinose mesonotum. Rehn (1957) presented a very detailed description of the ♀ based on three examples from the Canal Zone of Panama in ANSP and provided notes on the stridulation observed in ♀♀. The ♀ and egg from Reventazon, Costa Rica in ZMUH referred to as P. difformipes Serville, 1838 by Zompro (1997: 180) are clearly misidentified and represent P. spinulosus (Fig. 17 D). The ♀ from Balboa (now part of Panama City), which laid the two eggs in NHMUK that served for the description here presented, is not traced. Clark – Sellick (1998: 221, fig. 30 h, i) briefly described and figured the internal micropylar plate of the egg. After a storm in 2016 Jan Meerman (Belize) collected a ♀ on the area of his butterfly farm “ Green Hills ” near Belmopan, Belize. The specimen was found on a fallen over tree of Coccoloba belizensis (Polygonaceae) and kept alive for some time in captivity. Since leaves of this tree were frequently eaten it is very like to be a host plant of P. spinulosus in Belize. Eggs were sent to Bruno Kneubühler (Zürich, Switzerland), who first successfully reared this species in captivity. It has proven not difficult to culture and accepts Salal (Gaultheria shallon, Ericaceae) and bramble (Rubus spp., Rosaceae) as alternative food plants. Eggs take some 4 – 6 months to hatch at average temperatures of 20 ° C and nymphs are fairly slow growing.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
03DA87B1EC3E2A299C90A99CC03138DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 33): Panama: (Prov. Colón, Canal Zone, Parque Nacional Soberanía: Barro Colorado Island; Balboas; Bruja Point; Gamboa; Prov. Colón: Valle de Antón; Prov. Colón: Distrito Donoso, Cerro Botija; Prov. Panamá: Islas Perlas, Isla San José; Prov. Panamá: Arraijun; Prov. Los Santos: Reserva Forestal Tronosá, El Cortezo; Prov. Chiriquí: Valle del Chiriquí). Costa Rica: (Prov. Limón: Veragua Rainforest, Restaurant, 400 – 440 m; Guápiles; Prov. Puntarenas: Osa Peninsula, Corcovado National Park, Est. Sirena 0 – 100 m; Térraba; Prov. Guanacastae: Est. Pistilla 700 m; Prov. Cartago: Tucurrique & Turrialba; Prov. Heredia: Sarapiqui, Estacion El Ceibo 500 – 600 m; Prov. Puntarenas: Río Térraba; Cachi & Madero Negro, Reventazón). Honduras: Dept. Atlántida (Guaimas district, Tela); Dept. Colón (Río Paulaya, Barranco). E-Guatemala: Polochic River (Chacoj). Belize: (Cayo, Green Hills nr. Belmopan). Colombia: (Dept. Chocó: Rio Condoto, Andagoya; Dept. Caldas: Anserma; Dept. Antioquia: Porce, 1500 m; Dept. Quindío: San Luis, Vereda La Tebaida, Intradomita). Ecuador (Prov. Esmeraldas, Montalvo, La Mayronga).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo, Nishida, Kenji (2022): Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini). Zootaxa 5208 (1): 1-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
