taxonID	type	description	language	source
8B2187D2B737F346FEC30261DF9CFB0C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Southern Asia " (domesticated stock).	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC30261DF9CFB0C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly N. W. Algeria, adjacent Morocco and Tunisia; Egypt; perhaps Arabia; N. E. Sudan; survives only in N. E. Ethiopia and N. Somalia; domesticated worldwide.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC30261DF9CFB0C.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Ansell, 1974, Part 14: 6, recommended africanus replace asinus, because domesticated stock was used for the type material; also see Corbet, 1978: 195.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC30261DF9CFB0C.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: U. S. ESA - Endangered as E. africanus (= asinus).	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC00596DF99F90F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa, Bechuanaland, Little Klibbolikhoni Fontein.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC00596DF99F90F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Blue Nile to Orange River, including S. W. Somalia and S. W. Ethiopia, to S. Africa to S. E. Zaire and S. and E. Angola.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC00596DF99F90F.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Does not include the extinct species, quagga; see Bennett, 1980, Syst. Zool., 29: 272 - 287; Groves and Willoughby, 1981, Mammalia, 45: 321 - 354. Many previous workers regarded quagga and burchelli as conspecific; see Rau, 1978, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 77. At least 21 synonyms of burchelli exist, most based on variations in stripe pattern. Cabrera, 1936, J. Mamm., 17: 89 - 112, synonymized most forms and demonstrated a cline in stripe pattern. Reviewed by Grubb, 1981, Mamm. Species, 157: 1 - 9.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC10797D88CF613.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Norway (domesticated stock).	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC10797D88CF613.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Domesticated worldwide; wild population survived (at least until recently) in S. W. Mongolia and adjacent Kansu, Sinkiang and Inner Mongolia (China) (SW). West to Poland before the 19 th Century, in steppe zone.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC10797D88CF613.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Groves, 1971, Bull. Zool. Nomenci., 27: 269 - 272., and Corbet, 1978: 194, have proposed that ferus replace caballus, objecting to use of domesticated stock for type material. Includes przewalskii; despite different chromosome numbers (Benirschke et al., 1972, Science, 148: 382 - 383), the fundamental chromosome number of Przewalski and domestic horses is the same and matings produce fertile offspring; therefore, DKB and IUK consider them conspecific. Gromov and Baranova, 1981: 333 - 334, recognized the two as separate species and used the names gmelini and przewalskii. See Sokolov and Orlov, 1980: 249 for discussion of Mongolian and Chinese wild stocks.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEC10797D88CF613.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I and U. S. ESA - Endangered as Equus przewalskii only.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F346FEE803D9DF9CFC95.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Recent and fossil forms revised by Bennett, 1980, Syst. Zool., 29: 272 - 287; subgenera reviewed by Groves and Willoughby, 1981, Mammalia, 45: 321 - 354.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F347FEC1089BDF3FFD9A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Ethiopia (= Abyssinian desert), Galla Country.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F347FEC1089BDF3FFD9A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Dry desert regions of N. Kenya; S. Somalia; S. and E. Ethiopia.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F347FEC1089BDF3FFD9A.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: More different synonymous subgenera (at least five) have been erected to accommodate this monotypic species and its close fossil relatives than any other Equus species (DKB); see also Groves and Willoughby, 1981, Mammalia, 45: 321 - 354. Threatened with extinction, except in Kenya (CPG).	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B737F347FEC1089BDF3FFD9A.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I and U. S. ESA - Threatened.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF230361DF3CFBEA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: U. S. S. R., Transbaikalia, S. Chitinsk. Obi., Tarei-Nor, 50 ° N, 115 ° E.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF230361DF3CFBEA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly much of Mongolia, north to Transbaikalia (U. S. S. R.); east to N. E. Inner Mongolia (China) and possibly W. Manchuria (China); west to Dzhungarian Gate. Survives in S. W. and S. C. Mongolia and adjacent China; see Sokolov and Orlov, 1980: 248.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF230361DF3CFBEA.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Includes luteus (E) KB). Groves and Mazak, 1967, Z. Saugetierk., 32: 321 - 355, Corbet, 1978: 194, and Gromov and Baranova, 1981: 335, included onager in this species, but Bennett, 1980, Syst. Zool., 29: 272 - 287, considered it a distinct species. See Sokolov and Orlov, 1980: 248 for discussion of Mongolian and Chinese stocks.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF230361DF3CFBEA.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II and U. S. ESA - Endangered as E. hemionus. CITES - Appendix I as E. h. hemionus subspecies only.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF230530DDB8FA31.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: India, Kashmir, Ladakh.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF230530DDB8FA31.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Populations exist in dry, intermontane basins of Ladakh (India); Tibet, Tsinghai, Szechwan (China) and adjacent Nepal and Sikkim.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF230530DDB8FA31.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Groves and Mazak, 1967, Z. Saugetierk., 32: 321 - 355; Corbet, 1978: 195; and Bennett, 1980, Syst. Zool., 29: 272 - 287, recommended separating kiang from hemionus.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2904FBD9A3F828.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: N. W. Persia (= Iran), Kasbin, near Caspian.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2904FBD9A3F828.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly much of Central Asian republics (U. S. S. R.) north to upper Irtysh and Ural Rivers; westward north of the Caucasus and Black Sea at least to Dniestr River; and S. E. of Caspian Sea, Anatolia, N. Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan to Thar Desert of N. W. India; survives as isolated populations in Rann of Kutch (India), Badkhys Preserve, Turkmenia (U. S. S. R.); and central Iran; also reestablished on Barsa-khelmes Isl. (Aral Sea) (U. S. S. R.).	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2904FBD9A3F828.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Includes hemippus, khur, and kulan (DKB); most previous workers regarded onager as a synonym of hemionus, but Bennett, 1980, Syst. Zool., 29: 272 - 287, considered it a distinct species; see comments under hemionus.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2904FBD9A3F828.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as E. hemionus khur subspecies only.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2906F5DD89F7C9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2906F5DD89F7C9.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, south of the Vaal River.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2906F5DD89F7C9.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Extinct; last specimen, a captive, died in 1872. See also comments under burchelli.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2909D2DF03F5F2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa, S. W. Cape Prov., Paardeburg, near Malmesbury.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2909D2DF03F5F2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly in S. Angola; Namibia; S. W. and S. C. Cape Prov. (South Africa).	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2909D2DF03F5F2.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: E. z. zebra is nearly extinct in the wild; recent counts indicate fewer than 70 alive in their habitat within remote mountain basins of the Cape Province, South Africa.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B736F347FF2909D2DF03F5F2.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I and U. S. ESA - Endangered as E. z. zebra subspecies only. CITES - Appendix II as E. z. hartmannae subspecies only.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FEC20919DFBBF701.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FEE80629DFBBF7AB.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE980369D8B3FC6F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Panama, Isthmus of Panama.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE980369D8B3FC6F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S. Veracruz and S. Oaxaca (Mexico) east of Isthmus of Tehuantepec to Colombia west of the Rio Cauca and Equador west of the Andes to the Gulf of Guayaquil.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE980369D8B3FC6F.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Revised by Hershkovitz, 1954, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 103: 465 - 496. Type locality restricted by Hershkovitz, 1954, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 103: 465 - 496, to Canal Zone.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE980369D8B3FC6F.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I and U. S. ESA - Endangered.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9802B4DFB5FAB5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Malaysia, Malay Peninsula.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9802B4DFB5FAB5.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Burma and Thailand south of 18 ° N., south through Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. Formerly, S. China, and probably parts of Kampuchea, Laos, and Vietnam.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9802B4DFB5FAB5.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I and U. S. ESA - Endangered.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9B0441DFBAF9AE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Cundinamarca, Paramo de Sumapaz.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9B0441DFBAF9AE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Andes of Colombia; Ecuador; perhaps W. Venezuela and N. Peru.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9B0441DFBAF9AE.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Revised by Hershkovitz, 1954, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 103: 465 - 496.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9B0441DFBAF9AE.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I and U. S. ESA - Endangered.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9B0774DFBAF8FA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pernambuco.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9B0774DFBAF8FA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela and Colombia south to S. Brazil, N. Argentina and Paraguay, mostly east of the Andes.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9B0774DFBAF8FA.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Revised by Hershkovitz, 1954, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 103: 465 - 496.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F344FE9B0774DFBAF8FA.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II and U. S. ESA - Endangered.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F345FE9C098DDF31FE15.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Botswana, Makuba Range, Chue Spring (about 26 ° 15 ' S, 23 ° 10 ' E).	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F345FE9C098DDF31FE15.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly much of N. W. Africa; Nile Valley; C. Africa between Lake Chad and White Nile River; perhaps portions of E. Africa; S. Africa south of the Zambezi River (except in W. Zambia, where it perhaps occurred between the Mashi and Zambezia rivers), south to Orange River, and west to E. Namibia. Survives mostly as scattered populations in reserves in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Uganda, Zaire, and S. Sudan. Extinct in N. W. Africa and lower Nile Valley.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F345FE9C098DDF31FE15.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Reviewed by Groves, 1972, Mamm. Species, 8: 1 - 6. Revised by Groves, 1975, Saugetierk. Mitt., 23: 200 - 212.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B735F345FE9C098DDF31FE15.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae. CITES - Appendix I and U. S. ESA - Endangered as C. s. cottoni subspecies only.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF3E0084D82AFD19.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Didermocerus Brookes, 1828, has been rejected, and Dicerorhinus validated; Bull. Zool. Nomenci., 34: 21 - 24.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF3E0084D82AFD19.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF1903E2D96BFB17.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Sumatra, Bencoolen (= Bintuhan) Dist., Fort Marlborough.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF1903E2D96BFB17.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly Assam (India), Chittagong Hills (Bangladesh), Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam south through Malay Peninsula to Sumatra; probably also S. China, Laos, and Cambodia (Kampuchea); Borneo; Mergui Isl. Survives in Tenasserim Range (Thailand-Burma), Petchabun Range (Thailand); and other scattered localities in Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF1903E2D96BFB17.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Reviewed by Groves and Kurt, 1972, Mamm. Species, 21: 1 - 6. Revised by Groves, 1967, Saugetierk. Mitt., 15: 221 - 237.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF1903E2D96BFB17.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae and U. S. ESA - Endangered as Dicerorhinus (= Didermocerus) sumatrensis.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF190437DF31F90D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa, Cape Prov. (= " India ").	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF190437DF31F90D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly in suitable open habitats in Africa south of about 10 ° N. from Chad, S. Sudan and N. Somalia, and from Angola, south to Cape Province (South Africa). Survives in reserves and relatively undisturbed areas in much of the northern three-quarters of its historic range, and in places, to South Africa.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF190437DF31F90D.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae and U. S. ESA - Endangered.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF3C0585DF31FAEC.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF3F07BFDF31F8E5.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF160631DF31F763.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Probably Java (Indonesia).	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF160631DF31F763.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Vietnam, and probably S. China through Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Java. Survives in Ujung Kulon (W. Java), and perhaps in small areas of Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF160631DF31F763.taxon	discussion	COMMENT: Revised by Groves, 1967, Saugetierk. Mitt., 15: 221 - 237.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF160631DF31F763.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae and U. S. ESA - Endangered,	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF1609A8DF30F5AF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: India, Assam, Terai.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF1609A8DF30F5AF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly Indus Valley, Gangetic Plain, Brahmaputra Valley, and Himalayan foothills from Pakistan to Assam (India). Survives in reserves in Nepal and Assam; perhaps Bangladesh.	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
8B2187D2B734F345FF1609A8DF30F5AF.taxon	conservation	PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Rhinocerotidae and U. S. ESA - Endangered,	en	James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Perissodactyla. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 308-311, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353013
