taxonID	type	description	language	source
41263629C329747CFF15F8C5FBCD11E7.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis lagopus Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1956 a; Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF15F8C5FBCD11E7.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Bobrinskii et al. (1965) considered Alopex a subgenus of Vulpes; Van Gelder (1978) considered it a subgenus of Canis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF3BF9E0FD701C2F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " alpibus Lapponicis, Sibiria, " restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Sweden (Lapland). "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF3BF9E0FD701C2F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Circumpolar, entire tundra zone of the Holarctic, including most of the Arctic islands.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF3BF9E0FD701C2F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Viable hybrids have been recorded between Alopex lagopus and Vulpes vulpes (Chiarelli, 1975).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF12F410FBB41CD2.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis microtis Sclater, 1883, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF12F410FBB41CD2.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: See comments under Dusicyon. Placed in Atelocynus by Cabrera (1931, 1958), Langguth (1975), Stains (1975), and Berta (1985, 1986, 1988). Van Gelder (1978) considered Atelocynus a subgenus of Canis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF39F52DF8F21EA5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Amazons, " restricted by Hershkovitz (1957 a) to " south bank of the Rio Amazonas, Parâ, Brazil. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF39F52DF8F21EA5.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Amazonian Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia; perhaps Bolivia, and a second, allopatric population in S Brazil, Paraguay and N Argentina (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF39F52DF8F21EA5.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF39F52DF8F21EA5.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Hershkovitz (1961 a) and Berta (1986, Mammalian Species, 256).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF13FF40F9D110E0.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Conservation status and distribution reviewed by Ginsberg and Macdonald (1990). Reviewed by Langguth (1975) and Stains (1975). Revisions by Langguth (1969), Clutton-Brock et al. (1976), Van Gelder (1978), Berta (1987, 1988), Wayne and O'Brien (1987), and Wayne et al. (1987 a, b, 1989) gave little support to the subfamilies recognized by Simpson (1945); therefore, no subfamilies are recognized here. Van Gelder's (1977 b) hybridization criteria for generic classification resulted in the recognition of only a few genera, including some paraphyletic groups.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C329747CFF10FDEFFB7B177F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Recent studies on family level relationships have agreed in several key areas, among which are: (1) The sister group to the Carnivora is the + Creodonta. (2) The Recent Carnivora are organized into two monophyletic groups; Suborder Feliformia: felids, herpestids, hyaenids and viverrids; and Suborder Caniformia: canids, ursids, mustelids, odobenids, otariids, phocids, and procyonids. (3) The pinnipeds (otariids, odobenids, and phocids) are included within the suborder Caniformia; placing them in a separate Order would make the Carnivora paraphyletic (Flynn et al., 1988; Tedford, 1976; Wozencraft, 1989 a; Berta, 1991).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFEDBFE4FFCD11022.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Caffraria Interiore "; listed as " Magaliesberg " [South Africa] by Sclater (1900).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFEDBFE4FFCD11022.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Open woodland and semi-arid grassland from Senegal to Ethiopia, south to N Namibia, N Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and N South Africa. The W African population is largely " unknown " (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFEDAF817FCEA1310.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " oriente ", restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Bennd Mts., Laristan, S. Persia " [Iran].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFEDAF817FCEA1310.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N and E Africa, south to Senegal, Nigeria, and Tanzania; SW Asia; SE Europe; Transcaucasia; C Asia; Iran; Afghanistan; S Asia to Thailand, including Sri Lanka.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFEDAF817FCEA1310.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFEDCFB67FE251E6B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Engineer cantonment " reported at " latitude 41 ° 25 ' N, and longitude.,. 95 ° 47 ' 30 ' W " (p. XVIII, vol. 2). Reported in Honacki et al. (1982) as " U. S. A., Nebraska, Washington Co., Engineer Cantonment, about 12 mi. (19.2 km) S. E. Blair ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFEDCFB67FE251E6B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Originally may have occurred west of the Mississippi R., north to about 55 ° N, and south to Mexico City. Has extended its range north to N Alaska (USA), Northwest Territories, and Hudson Bay (Canada), approximately to 70 ° N, south to Costa Rica to approximately 10 ° N, and east to the Atlantic coast. Introduced in Florida and Georgia (Bekoff, 1977).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFEDCFB67FE251E6B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Young (1951), and reviewed by Bekoff (1977, Mammalian Species, 79).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFF35FD09F9521677.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 (= Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) by Linnean tautonomy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747DFF35FD09F9521677.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Van Gelder (1978) included Alopex, Atelocynus, Cerdocyon, Pseudalopex, Lycalopex, Dusicyon, and Vulpes as subgenera. However, this arrangement is not currently employed by most mammalogists (Berta, 1987, 1988; Corbet, 1978 c; Corbet and Hill, 1980; Gromov and Baranova, 1981; Hall, 1981; Wozencraft, 1989 b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747EFEDFF663FAFD1211.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Europae sylvis, etjam frigidioribus ", restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Sweden ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747EFEDFF663FAFD1211.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the N hemisphere: North America south to 20 ° N in Oaxaca (Mexico); Europe; Asia, including the Arabian Peninsula and Japan, excluding Indochina and S India. Extirpated from most of the continental USA, Europe, and SE China and Indochina (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747EFEDFF663FAFD1211.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I (Indian, Pakistan, Bhutan, and Nepal populations); otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA - Endangered in the USA (48 conterminous States, except Minnesota) and Mexico; Threatened in Minnesota (USA). IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C328747EFEDFF663FAFD1211.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Meeh (1974, Mammalian Species, 37). C. familiaris has page priority over C. lupus in Linnaeus (1758), but both were published simultaneously, and C. lupus has been universally used for this species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32B747EFF31FA6AFA9E13D6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung " [South Africa, Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32B747EFF31FA6AFA9E13D6.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Africa, south of the tropical rain-forest in the west and as far north as Ethiopia and Sudan in the east; two populations, (1) Angola across to mid­Mozambique and south; and (2) Ethiopia to Tanzania and northern most Zimbabwe east of Zaire (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32B747EFF31F430FCFC1EFB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Restricted by Goldman (1937) to " 15 miles west of Austin, Texas " [USA], based on accounts from Audubon and Bachman (1851).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32B747EFF31F430FCFC1EFB.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: SE and SC USA, from Florida to C Texas and north to S Indiana and Missouri.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32B747EFF31F430FCFC1EFB.taxon	conservation	STATUS: U. S. ESA - Endangered (except Dare, Tyrrell, Hyde, and Washington Counties, North Carolina, which have a nonessential experimental population); IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32B747EFF31F430FCFC1EFB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed and recognized by Paradiso and Nowak (1972, Mammalian Species, 22); also recognized by Paradiso (1968), Atkins and Dillion (1971), and Nowak (1979). The widely used name C. niger is invalid (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957 «). The validity of rufus as a full species was questioned by Clutton-Brock et al. (1976), due to the existence of natural hybrids with lupus and latrans. Natural hybridization may be a consequence of habitat disruption by man (Paradiso and Nowak, 1971). Nowak (1979) provided evidence for specific distinctness. All specimens examined by Wayne and Jenks (1991) had either a lupus or latrans mtDNA genotype.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFEC6FD0EFABB167B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Wir beobachteten diesen wolfsartigen Hund in den Bergen von Simen ... " [Ethiopia, mountains of Simen].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFEC6FD0EFABB167B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: C Ethiopia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFEC6FD0EFABB167B.taxon	conservation	STATUS: U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFEC6FD0EFABB167B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Sometimes placed in subgenus Simenia Gray, 1868.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFF33FE40FC6416D6.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis azarae Wied, 1824 (= Cam’s Thous Linnaeus, 1766) by subsequent designation (Thomas, 1914 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFED9FF2DFC3211AF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Surinamo " [Surinam].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFED9FF2DFC3211AF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Uruguay and N Argentina to lowlands of Bolivia, Venezuela; Colombia and Guyanas; Brazil except Amazonia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFED9FF2DFC3211AF.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFED9FF2DFC3211AF.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Berta (1982, Mammalian Species, 186). Placed in Cerdocyon by Langguth (1975), Stains (1975), and Berta (1982); placed in subgenus Canis (Cerdocyon) by Van Gelder (1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFED8FA55FB3013CD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Listed by Cabrera (1958) as " los esteros del Paraguay ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFED8FA55FB3013CD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: NE Argentina; Paraguay; lowlands of Bolivia; Brazil from Rio Grande do Sul to Minas Gerais, Goiâs and Mato Grosso.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFED8FA55FB3013CD.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFED8FA55FB3013CD.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: See Dietz (1985, Mammalian Species, 234).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFF32F992FE1F127D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis jubatus Desmarest, 1820 (= Canis brachyurus liliger, 1815).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFF32F992FE1F127D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Recognized by Langguth (1975), Stains (1975), Van Gelder (1978), and Berta (1988).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFEDAF4F4FA661EC8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Udskoi Ostrog "; reported in Honacki et al. (1982) as " U. S. S. R., Amurskaya Obi., Udskii-Ostrog. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFEDAF4F4FA661EC8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Java; Sumatra; Malaysia; montane forest areas of the Indian peninsula and N Pakistan through Tibet and Xinjiang (Tian Shan and Altai — extinct); Indochina and China to Korea and Ussuri region (Russia), and mountains of S Siberia and N Mongolia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFEDAF4F4FA661EC8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFEDAF4F4FA661EC8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Cohen (1978, Mammalian Species, 100).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFF34F431FD901C80.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Cam’s primaevus Hodgson, 1838, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32A747FFF34F431FD901C80.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in subfamily Simocyoninae Dawkins, 1868, by Simpson (1945) and Stains (1975).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3DFF5BFB141080.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " America and Falkland islands. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3DFF5BFB141080.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Falkland Islands.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3DFF5BFB141080.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Extinct.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3DFF5BFB141080.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Dusicyon by Cabrera (1931) and Berta (1987, 1988), and considered as a subgenus separate from other " foxes " (i. e., culpaeus, griseus, gymnocercus, and sechurae) by Langguth (1975) and Van Gelder (1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF17FD11FA761764.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Cam's antarcticus Bechstein, 1799 (= C. australis Kerr, 1792), by subsequent designation by Cabrera (1931).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF17FD11FA761764.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: There has been general disagreement as to generic classification of the South American canids, with most of the disagreement centered on the species australis, culpaeus, griseus, gymnocercus, microtis, sechurae, thous, and vetulus. Van Gelder (1978) proposed placing these taxa into Canis and giving only subgeneric recognition. The other extreme is best represented by Cabrera (1931) who recognized 5 genera for this group. Langguth (1969) first followed Cabrera's classification, but later (1975) decided to group most taxa into Canis, because he felt differences were not sufficient to warrant generic distinctions. The phenetic approaches of Clutton-Brock et al. (1976) and Wayne and O'Brien (1987) confirmed the close similarities of these taxa. Berta's (1987, 1988) phylogenetic hypothesis is followed here.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF16F8E3F8E81150.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Lycaon tricolor Brookes, 1827 (= Hyaena pietà Temminck, 1820) by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF16F8E3F8E81150.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Simocyoninae Dawkins, 1868, by Simpson (1945) and Stains (1975).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3CF9A8FDBF1C71.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " à la côte de Mosambique " [Mozambique].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3CF9A8FDBF1C71.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Subsaharan Africa, except in the desert area of the north and the tropical rain-forest of the west. See Ginsberg and Macdonald (1990, fig. 6) for present status of population.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3CF9A8FDBF1C71.taxon	conservation	STATUS: U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3DF4CCFA081E3C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Unknown; restricted to " vicinity of Canton, China " by Allen (1938).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3DF4CCFA081E3C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Ussuri region (Russia), Korea, China, Japan, and N Indochina.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF3DF4CCFA081E3C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: See Ward and Wurster-Hill (1990, Mammalian Species, 358).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF16F4B3F98A1CF3.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis viverrinus Temminck, 1839 (= Canis procyonoides Gray, 1834).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32D7478FF14F600FCDD1E94.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Otocyon caffer Müller, 1836 (= Canis megalotis Desmarest, 1822), by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FED7FD0DF970167B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " le Cap de Bonne-Espérance " (South Africa, Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FED7FD0DF970167B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Allopatric south (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa) and east (Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania) African popultions (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF02FEBFF98F1030.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis magellanicus Gray, 1836 (= Canis culpaeus Molina, 1782), by subsequent designation by Cabrera (1931).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF02FEBFF98F1030.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: See comments under Dusicyon. Although combining taxa included here with Dusicyon would not be in conflict with Berta (1987, 1988), her analyses suggested that other genera, now extinct, are more closely related to Dusicyon. Berta (1987, 1988) presented derived features that would support a single origin for those taxa recognized here in Pseudalopex (which would also agree with Cabrera, 1958 and Stains, 1975). A detailed comparative morphological study by Langguth (1969) caused him to conclude (1975: 193) that Pseudalopex merited generic rank.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF28F807FCB4127C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Chili " restricted by Cabrera (1931) to " the Santiago Province. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF28F807FCB4127C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: From Tierra del Fuego through the Andes of Chile and Argentina to the highlands of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF28F807FCB4127C.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF28F807FCB4127C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pseudalopex by Berta (1987, 1988); and in Dusicyon by Cabrera (1958). Considered in Canis (Pseudalopex) by Langguth (1975), Clutton-Brock et al. (1976), and Van Gelder (1978). Includes culpaeolus (part) and inca (part), mismatched skin and skull (Langguth, 1967).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF2BFA54FB761CA6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Magellan ", listed in Cabrera (1958) as " Costa del Estrecho de Magallanes " [Chile].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF2BFA54FB761CA6.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Atacama (Chile) and Santiago del Estero (Argentina) south to Tierra del Fuego.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF2BFA54FB761CA6.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF2BFA54FB761CA6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pseudalopex by Berta (1988) and Dusicyon by Cabrera (1958). Considered in Canis (Pseudalopex) by Langguth (1975, and Van Gelder (1978). Cabrera (1958) and Osgood (1943) considered Vulpes fulvipes distinct, however, Langguth (1969) presented data to support its inclusion.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF2AF49EF9531E10.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Paraguay ", restricted by Cabrera (1958) to " a los alrededores de Asunción. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF2AF49EF9531E10.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, north of Rio Negro; Paraguay; Uruguay; S Brazil; E Bolivia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF2AF49EF9531E10.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C7479FF2AF49EF9531E10.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pseudalopex by Berta (1988) and in Dusicyon by Cabrera (1958). Considered in Canis (Pseudalopex) by Langguth (1975) and Van Gelder (1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C747AFF2DF669F9481551.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Desert of Sechura, N. W. Peru ... Sullana ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C747AFF2DF669F9481551.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: NW Peru and SW Ecuador.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C747AFF2DF669F9481551.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32C747AFF2DF669F9481551.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pseudalopex by Berta (1988) and in Dusicyon by Cabrera (1958). Considered in Canis (Pseudalopex) by Langguth (1975) and Van Gelder (1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF3BFDA8FBDB1719.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Listed by Cabrera (1958) as " Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais " [Brazil].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF3BFDA8FBDB1719.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: C Brazilian Highlands in the States of Mato Grosso, Goiâs, Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Sâo Paulo.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF3BFDA8FBDB1719.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF3BFDA8FBDB1719.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pseudalopex by Berta (1987, 1988); in Dusicyon (Lycalopex) by Cabrera (1958) (and implied by Stains, 1975); in Lycalopex by Langguth (1975); and considered in Canis (Lycalopex) by Van Gelder (1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF15FF5CFBAC1029.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Speothos pacivorus Lund, 1839 (extinct).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF15FF5CFBAC1029.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Berta and Marshall (1978) included lcticyon. Placed in Simocyoninae Dawkins, 1868, by Simpson (1945) and Stains (1975).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF3BF81FF9D31138.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Lagoa Santa " [Minas Gerais, Brazil].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF3BF81FF9D31138.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Forested areas of Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil (except the semiarid NE); E Peru; Ecuador; Colombia; Venezuela; Guyana; French Guiana; Surinam; Panama.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF3BF81FF9D31138.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF12F97AF9FD11C6.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis virginianus Schreber, 1775 (= Canis cinereo argenteus Schreber, 1775) by subsequent designation (Elliot, 1901; Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF12F97AF9FD11C6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Considered a subgenus of Vulpes by Clutton-Brock et al. (1976).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF39FA3FFDF71CE6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sein Vaterland ist Carolina und die Wärmeren Gegenden von Nordamerica, vielleicht auch Surinam. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF39FA3FFDF71CE6.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: North America from Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado in the West and the USA-Canadian border in the East through Central America to N Colombia and Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF39FA3FFDF71CE6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Fritzell and Haroldson (1982, Mammalian Species, 189). Placed in Canis (Vulpes) by Van Gelder (1978); Clutton-Brock et al. (1976) placed it in Vulpes (Urocyon).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF39F4E0FCEE1E7C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " island of San Miguel, on the coast of California. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF39F4E0FCEE1E7C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Islands off the Pacific coast of S California (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF39F4E0FCEE1E7C.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Rare.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747AFF39F4E0FCEE1E7C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Canis (Vulpes) by Van Gelder (1978); Clutton-Brock et al. (1976) placed it in Vulpes (Urocyon). May be conspecific with U. cinereoargenteus (Stains, 1975; Van Gelder, 1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747BFF13F6BEF9C9167E.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis vulpes Linnaeus, 1758, by designation under the plenary powers (Melville and Smith, 1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32F747BFF13F6BEF9C9167E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Although Frisch (1774 (1775]) has been ruled a rejected work for nomenclatural purposes, Vulpes has been retained (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1979). Considered a subgenus of Canis by Van Gelder (1978); however, this arrangement is not currently employed by most mammalogists (Corbet, 1978 c; Corbet and Hill, 1980; Gromov and Baranova, 1981; Hall, 1981; Wozencraft, 1989 b). Includes Fennecus; see comments under V. zerda and Urocyon.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFEDEFE56FB53174E.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Bengal. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFEDEFE56FB53174E.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: India, Pakistan, S Nepal.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFEDEFE56FB53174E.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India); IUCN - Indeterminate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFEDEFF46FAF51032.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Gwadar, Baluchistan ", [Pakistan].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFEDEFF46FAF51032.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, NE Iran, Pakistan.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFEDEFF46FAF51032.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED1F80AF960112D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Namaqualand and the country on both sides of the Orange river " [Namibia]; fixed by Shortridge (1942) as " Port Nolloth, Little Namaqualand. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED1F80AF960112D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Southern Africa, S Angola, and S of Zambia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED1F923FCFC12A0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in campis magi deserti ab Jaco fluvio verus Irtim "; listed by Honacki et al. (1982) as " U. S. S. R., N. Kazakhstan, steppes between Ural and Irtysh rivers, near Petropavlovsk. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED1F923FCFC12A0.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Kazakhstan, Russia, C Asia, Mongolia, Transbaikalia, NE China, N Afghanistan.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED1F923FCFC12A0.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED1FA98FA94130C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " brought from Lassa " [Tibet, China].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED1FA98FA94130C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: China: Tibet, Tsinghai, Kansu, and Yunnan; Nepal.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED0FB03FACC1CA9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Kordofan " [Sudan].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED0FB03FACC1CA9.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Semiarid sahelian region of Africa from Senegal through Nigeria, Cameroon, and Sudan to Somalia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED0FB03FACC1CA9.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED3F4A0FA9F1DEF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Vatherland Dongola ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED3F4A0FA9F1DEF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Arid areas of N Africa from Morocco to Somalia; Egypt; Sinai; Arabia; Iran; parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E747BFED3F4A0FA9F1DEF.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E7474FED3F5E9FD6B1765.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " camp on the river Platte, at the fording place of the Pawnee Indians, twenty-seven miles below the confluence of the North and South, or Paduca Forks. " [Camp on 20 June 1820 reported to be at 40 ° 59 ' 15 ' N (vol. 2)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E7474FED3F5E9FD6B1765.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: C North America from SE British Columbia, SC Alberta and SW Saskatchewan (Canada) to NW Texas (panhandle) and E New Mexico, east of Rockies (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E7474FED3F5E9FD6B1765.taxon	conservation	STATUS: U. S. ESA - Endangered as V. v. hebes (Canada populations) and as V. macrotis mutica.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C32E7474FED3F5E9FD6B1765.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Egoscue (1979, Mammalian Species, 122) and McGrew (1979, Mammalian Species, 123, as V. macrotis). Revised by Waithman and Roest (1977) and Dragoo et al. (1990). Blair et al. (1968), Lechleitner (1969), Bueler (1973), and Dragoo et al. (1990) considered macrotis and velox conspecific. Packard and Bowers (1970), Rohwer and Kilgore (1973), and Thornton and Creel (1975) (who found hybrids between velox and macrotis but concluded they were of reduced viability) retained both as species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3217474FED5FF5DFE361D37.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Europa, Asia, Africa, antrafodiens, " restricted by Thomas (1911 a), to " Sweden (Upsala). "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3217474FED5FF5DFE361D37.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Europe and continental Asia except the tundra; N India and peninsular Indochina; Japan; Palearctic Africa; N America as far south as Texas and New Mexico (USA), but absent in part of the Central Plains and the Arctic. Introduced to Australia; see Corbet and Hill (1980: 93).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3217474FED5FF5DFE361D37.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India) as V. v. griffithi, V. v. montana, and V. v. pusilla (= leucopus).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3217474FED5F50EFBAA1E89.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Es bewohnt die Soara und andere Theile von Nordafrika hinter den Atlas, der Ritter Bruce behauptet, man fände es auch in tripolitanischen. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3217474FED5F50EFBAA1E89.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Morocco to Arabia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3217474FED5F50EFBAA1E89.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3217474FED5F50EFBAA1E89.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in fennecus by Stains (1975).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FF26FEE9FB911705.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Acinonyx Brookes, 1828.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FF3BFF68FB3F1061.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Acinonyx Venator Brookes, 1828 (= Felis jubata Schreber, 1775), by monotypy (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1956 «; Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FEC0F858FAC21350.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " südliche Afrika; man bekömmt die Felle vom Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung " [South Africa, Cape Province, Cape of Good Hope).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FEC0F858FAC21350.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tadzhikistan, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Now restricted to N Iran and Subsaharan Africa, except rain forest and some areas in the south.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FEC0F858FAC21350.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Endangered as A. j. venaticus, otherwise Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FEC0F858FAC21350.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Acinonyx by Pocock (1917), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Krâl and Zima (1980), Kratochvfl (1982 c), and Groves (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FF3CF413FC311C88.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Caracal melanotis Gray, 1843 (= Felis caracal Schreber, 1776), by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FF39FD0FF8BF1686.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1917, 1951), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kräl and Zima (1980), Kratochvfl (1982 c), Groves (1982 a), and Collier and O'Brien (1985). Some (Honacki et al., 1982; Van Gelder, 1977 b) have followed Simpson (1945) and placed the majority of taxa in Felis, except for the large cats (Panthera and Acinonyx); however, this is not well supported by primary systematic studies and only poorly represents relationships below the family level. Although taxonomic disagreements appear at first to be considerable, most revolve around the recognition of categories at the generic versus the subgeneric level and interpretations of degrees of similarity.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207475FF3AFB93FBD51C2F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Felis Linnaeus, 1758.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207476FEC2F481FB0D16B0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung ", restricted by Allen (1924: 281) to " Table Mountain, near Cape Town, South Africa ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207476FEC2F481FB0D16B0.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Aden, Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Arabia, Botswana, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Kuwait, Libya, Malawi, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Pakistan, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. See Stuart (1984) for distribution and status information.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207476FEC2F481FB0D16B0.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Felis caracal (Asian population); otherwise, Appendix II; IUCN - Rare as F. c. michaelis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3207476FEC2F481FB0D16B0.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Allen (1924) discussed the authority and the type locality. Several recent studies (Groves, 1982 a; Krâl and Zima, 1980) emphasized the closeness of this taxon to Felis and the separation of it from Lynx (sensu Simpson, 1945). Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Werdelin (1981), placed caracal in the monotypic Caracal (= Urolynchus of Kratochvll, 1982 c) followed here.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FED9FFB7FD541086.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Borneo, Sarawak " [Malaysia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FED9FFB7FD541086.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FED9FFB7FD541086.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Rare.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FED9FFB7FD541086.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: This poorly known species was placed in Catopuma by Hemmer (1978) and Groves (1982 a). Placed in the monotypic Badiofelis by Pocock (1932 d: 749), followed by Weigel (1961).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FF33FEF3FC61175F.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis moortnensis Hodgson, 1831 (= Felis temminckii Vigors and Horsfield, 1827), by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FED8F8FDFDEF12A3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sumatra " [Indonesia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FED8F8FDFDEF12A3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bangladesh, Burma, China (from Shaanxi and Jiangxi to the south), Indonesia (Sumatra), India, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FED8F8FDFDEF12A3.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Indeterminate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FED8F8FDFDEF12A3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Catopuma by Hemmer (1978) and Groves (1982 a). Placed in Profelis by Pocock (1932 d), followed by Weigel (1961), Krâl and Zima (1980), and Kratochvll (1982 c).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FEDBFBF5F9151D10.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Batang â Tatsien-Lou ", restricted by Pousargues (1898: 358) to " environ de Tongolo et de Ta-tsien-lou " [China, Sichuan].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FEDBFBF5F9151D10.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to the dry steppe from the eastern flanks of the Tibetan plateau in C China north to Nei Monggol; perhaps to Mongolia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FEDBFBF5F9151D10.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FEDBFBF5F9151D10.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Haltenorth (1953) suggested chutuchta and vellerosa belonged in sylvestris.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FF34FA87F941139E.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 (= Felis silvestris Schreber, 1775), by Linnean tautonymy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237476FF34FA87F941139E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Schwangart (1943), Pocock (1951), and Haltenorth (1953).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237477FEDBF56AFA86160B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " wohnt in den sumpfigen mit Schilf bewachsenen oder bewaldeten Gegenden der Steppen um das kaspische Meer, und die in selbiges fallenden Flüse. Auf der Nordseite des Terekflusses und der Festung Kislar ... desto Hünfiger aber bey der Mündung der Kur ... ". Listed in Honacki et al. (1982) as " U. S. S. R., Dagestan, Terek River, N. of the Caucasus ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237477FEDBF56AFA86160B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Algeria, Arabia, Benin, Burma, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Syria, Thailand, republics of the former USSR, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237477FEDBF56AFA86160B.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3237477FEDBF56AFA86160B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: F. chaus Goldenstädt, 1776, is invalid (Allen, 1920).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227477FED8FE02FAD51076.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " environs de Négonca (Sahara) " (Algeria].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227477FED8FE02FAD51076.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Deserts in Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Libya, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudia Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227477FED8FE02FAD51076.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered as F. margarita scheffeli.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227477FED8FE02FAD51076.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Schauenberg (1974) and Hemmer et al. (1976). F. marginata Gray, 1867, is an incorrect subsequent spelling. Pocock (1951) and Schauenberg (1974) included Eremaelurus thinobia, which was recognized as separate by Haltenorth (1953) and Weigel (1961), but see discussion by Hemmer et al. (1976). Krâl and Zima (1980) suggested this species was closely related to O. manul.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227477FEDBF84EF8E31192.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Burchell (1824: 509) implied the country of the " Bachapins ", presumably in the capital, " the town of Litäkun (Letârkoon) ... 27 °. 6 '. 44 ". [S] ... 24 °. 39 '. 27 " [E] " (South Africa].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227477FEDBF84EF8E31192.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227477FEDBF84EF8E31192.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227477FEDBF84EF8E31192.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Krâl and Zima (1980) noted a distinctly different karotype from other Felis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227470FEDAF9EBFB181771.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Fixed by Haltenorth (1953) as " vielleicht Nordfrankreich ". Listed by Pocock (1951) as " Germany ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227470FEDAF9EBFB181771.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Arabia, Botswana, Chad, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Guinea, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Pakistan, Poland, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia, Türkistan, United Kingdom, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Introduced to: Australia, Brazil, Canada, and Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227470FEDAF9EBFB181771.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II (the domestic cat, Felis catus, is specifically excluded from protection).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3227470FEDAF9EBFB181771.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Ragni and Randi (1986), who included libyca, and by Haltenorth (1953), who included chutuchta, libyca, and vellerosa; however, chutuchta and vellerosa were placed in bieti in Pocock's (1951) revision, provisionally followed here. Includes F. catus (worldwide), which was domesticated from this species (Corbet, 1978 c: 181). Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) argued that lybica Foster, 1780, was a lapsus for libyca; however, there is no clear internal evidence that the name was misspelled (Meester et al., 1986). Rosevear (1974), Ansell (1978), Smithers (1983), and Meester et al. (1986) retained lybica as separate from silvestris.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257470FF00FFB4FAFF17F3.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis yaguarondi Lacépède, 1809, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257470FF29FFCCFC7012A4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Paraguay ", restricted by Hershkovitz (1951) to " Cayenne, French Guiana ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257470FF29FFCCFC7012A4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Mexico, Surinam, USA (Arizona and Texas), Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257470FF29FFCCFC7012A4.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I (North and Central American populations); otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA - Endangered as F. y. cacomitli, F. y. fossato, F. y. panamensis, and F. y. tolteca; IUCN - Indeterminate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257470FF29FFCCFC7012A4.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Others have used yagouaroundi É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803, or yaguarondi Desmarest, 1816, however, the former was never officially published (see Appendix I) and the latter is a junior synonym. Placed in Herpailurus by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvll (1982 c).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257470FF03FA85FADF1C27.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Leopardus griseus Gray, 1842 (= Felis pardalis Linnaeus, 1758), by subsequent designation by Pocock (19166: 316).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257470FF03FA85FADF1C27.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Allen (1919 a) and Pocock (19416). Considered at the subgeneric level by Cabrera (1958), who also included Oncifelis geoffroyi and O. guigna (but not O. colocolo). Hemmer (1978) placed tigrinus in Oncifelis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257471FF29F41DFD2F154A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " America ", restricted to " Mexico ", by Thomas (1911 a: 136), further restricted by Allen (1919 a: 345) to " State of Vera Cruz ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257471FF29F41DFD2F154A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Argentinia, Belize, E Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, E Peru, Surinam, Trinidad, USA (Arizona and Texas), Uruguay, Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257471FF29F41DFD2F154A.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3257471FF29F41DFD2F154A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Leopardus by Allen (1919 a: 345), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvfl (1982 c).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FEDDFD40FA001037.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " südlichen Amerika ", restricted by Allen (1919 a: 356), to " Cayenne " [French Guiana].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FEDDFD40FA001037.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FEDDFD40FA001037.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FEDDFD40FA001037.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Leopardus by Allen (1919 a: 345), Weigel (1961), and Kratochvfl (1982 c); placed in Ondfelis (with O. guigna and O. geoffroyi) by Hemmer (1978). L. tigrinus shares a derived chromosomal number with pardalis and wiedii (Wurster-Hill, 1973). Includes Felis pardinoides (Cabrera, 1958: 286); Allen (1919 a: 345) and Weigel (1961) considered pardinoides as distinct, but closely related to tigrinus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FEDCF80EFBC0135D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Brasilien ", restricted by Allen (1919 a: 357) to " northern Espirito Santo, Brazil ", and further restricted by Cabrera (1958: 290), to " Brasil, restringida al Morro de Ararâ, sobre el rio Mucurf, estado de Baia ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FEDCF80EFBC0135D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, USA (Texas), Uruguay, Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FEDCF80EFBC0135D.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered (from Mexico southward); IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FEDCF80EFBC0135D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Leopardus by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvfl (1982 c). Allen (1919 a) and Weigel (1961) suggested that wiedii (in part) may be conspecific with tigrinus; however, Hemmer (1978) considered differences between wiedii and tigrinus to warrant generic distinction.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247471FF09FB9EFB2213DE.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis serval Schreber, 1776, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247472FEDFF437FA97159A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Ostindien und Tibet in gebirgegen Gegenden, vielleicht auch am Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung und dem heissem Afrika "; restricted by Allen (1924) to the " Cape region of South Africa ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247472FEDFF437FA97159A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, N Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; formerly in Morocco.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247472FEDFF437FA97159A.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; U. S. ESA - Endangered as F. s. constantina.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3247472FEDFF437FA97159A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Leptailurus by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvfl (1982 c); Groves (1982 a) considered Leptailurus a subgenus of Felis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDBFF7AFC341096.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Canada "; listed in Miller (1912 b) as " Eastern Canada ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDBFF7AFC341096.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Taiga zone of North America, south to C Utah and SW Colorado, NE Nebraska, S Indiana, and West Virginia (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDBFF7AFC341096.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDBFF7AFC341096.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Considered distinct from L. lynx by Kurtén and Anderson (1980), Matyushkin (1979), Werdelin (1981), and Garcfa-Perea (1992). Weigel (1961) and Tumlison (1987) considered these taxa conspecific.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FF32FDDCFCD61703.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis lynx Linnaeus, 1758; type species by absolute tautonymy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FF32FDDCFCD61703.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Matyushkin (1979), Werdelin (1981), and Garcfa-Perea (1992), who recognized the generic status of Lynx; Groves (1982 a) and Hemmer (1978) considered Lynx a subgenus of Felis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDAF8EDF9DB13EE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Europae sylvis and desertis ", subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911 a: 136) to " Wennersborg, S. Sweden ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDAF8EDF9DB13EE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Taiga forests from Scandinavia through E Siberia and Sakhalin; from China (Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, and Sichuan) through montane Europe (formerly widespread, now restricted to Balkans, Carpathians, Pyreneans [French side], and Alps; reintroduced to French Vosges and Jura Mt., Swiss Alps, Austria, and Yugoslavia).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDAF8EDF9DB13EE.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDAF8EDF9DB13EE.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Does not include L. canadensis or L. pardina, following Matyushkin (1979), Garcfa-Perea (1992), and Werdelin (1981). Includes isabellina (Gao, in Gao, 1987: 336). Reviewed by Tumlison (1987, Mammalian Species, 269, as Felis lynx).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDDFBE6FDBF1D57.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Portugal, puisque le commerce reçoit des peaux préparées de Lisbonne, et que M. le baron de Vionénil tua, en 1818, sur les bords du Tage, à dix lieues de Lisbonne ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDDFBE6FDBF1D57.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: SW Spain and Portugal.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDDFBE6FDBF1D57.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277472FEDDFBE6FDBF1D57.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Given specific status by Matyushkin (1979), Garcfa-Perea (1992), and Werdelin (1981); however Weigel (1961) and Tumlison (1987) considered pardinus conspecific with L. lynx.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277473FEDAF5AFFD62154B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Provinz New York in Amerika ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277473FEDAF5AFFD62154B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S British Columbia to Nova Scotia (Canada), south to Oaxaca (Mexico).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3277473FEDAF5AFFD62154B.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II. U. S. ESA - Endangered as Felis rufus escuinapae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF29FF76FB42114A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " che abitano i boschi del Chili ", restricted by Osgood (1943) to " Province of Valparaiso " [Chile].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF29FF76FB42114A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF29FF76FB42114A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The validity of colocolo was questioned by Osgood (1943), with the next available name that of pajeros Desmarest, 1816 (used by Weigel, 1961; Hemmer, 1978; Krâl and Zima, 1980; and Kratochvll, 1982 c). However, Wolffsohn (1908) and Cabrera (1940, 1958) defended the original description.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF28F942FC46135D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " des rives du Rio Negro, en Patagonie ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF28F942FC46135D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Andean Bolivia, S Paraguay, S Brazil, Uruguay.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF28F942FC46135D.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF28F942FC46135D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (19406) and reviewed by Ximenez (1975, Mammalian Species, 54, as Felis geoffroyi). Placed in Oncifelis by Allen (1919 a), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Krâl and Zima (1980), and Kratochvll (1982 c). Ximenez (1975) followed Cabrera (1958), and placed geoffroyi in subgenus Leopardus of Felts. Includes F. pardoides (Cabrera, 1958: 280).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF2BFBB3FC0C1CF9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Chili ", restricted by Thomas (1903: 240) to " Valdivia " [Chile].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF2BFBB3FC0C1CF9.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina and Chile.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF2BFBB3FC0C1CF9.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF2BFBB3FC0C1CF9.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Oncifelis by Weigel (1961) and Hemmer (1978). Placed in subgenus Leopardus of Felis by Cabrera (1958).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF00FDACFD11171D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis geoffroyi d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1842, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF00FDACFD11171D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Although there is general agreement as to the monophyletic nature of this genus, some have chosen to emphasize the distinctiveness of O. colocolo and placed it in monotypic Lynchailurus. Cabrera (1958) suggested that O. geoffroyi and O. guigna were more closely related to taxa considered here under Leopardus rather than to O. colocolo, which he placed in a separate subgenus. Hemmer (1978) also included L. tigrinus in this genus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF05F53CFA631D7B.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis jacobita Cornalia, 1865, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF2BF554F9BD1E97.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Bolivia, circa Potosi et Humacuaca in montibus sat elevatis "; further clarified by Cabrera (1958: 297) as " Sur del departamento boliviano de Potosi, cerca de la frontera argentina, entre Potosi y Humahuaca ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF2BF554F9BD1E97.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: NW Argentina, SE Bolivia, NE Chile, S Peru.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF2BF554F9BD1E97.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Rare.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3267473FF2BF554F9BD1E97.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Oreailurus by Cabrera (1940), Weigel (1961), and Hemmer (1978). Later, Cabrera (1958: 297) reconsidered Oreailurus as a subgenus of Felis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF19FD2AFB14161A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis manul Pallas, 1776, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF19FD2AFB14161A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Palmer (1904: 487) and Allen (1938) believed that Otocolobus Severtzov, 1858, was a junior homonym of Otocolobus Brandt, 1844, a subgenus of Sciuridae, and suggested using Trichaelurus Satunin, 1905. Brandt apparently reassigned the generic name in 1844 after his initial use for a felid in 1842.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF2FFE71FE0A1037.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Frequens in rupestribus, apricis totius Tatariae Mongoliaeque desertae ". Listed in Honacki et al. (1982) as " U. S. S. R., S. W. Transbaikalia, Buryat. Mongolsk. A. S. S. R.; S. of Lake Baikal, Kulusutai ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF2FFE71FE0A1037.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Steppe and semidesert from Caspian Sea to Kashmir, Transbaikalia, Mongolia, and C China, north to Inner Mongolia and east to Hopei.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF2FFE71FE0A1037.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF2FFE71FE0A1037.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1907), Birula (1913, 1916), Ognev (1935), and Schwangart (1936).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF21F998F9581DBD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Bengal " [India].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF21F998F9581DBD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan (Tsushima and Iriomote Isis), Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippine Isis, Taiwan, Thailand, republics of the former USSR, and Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF21F998F9581DBD.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as Felis bengalensis bengalensis (except for Chinese population); otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Endangered as F. iriomotensis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF21F998F9581DBD.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Prionailurus by Pocock (1917), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Groves (1982 a), and Kratochvfl (1982 c). Includes euptilura following Allen (1939) and Gao (in Gao, 1987). Heptner (1971) and Gromov and Baranova (1981), considered euptilura a distinct species; however, Gao (in Gao, 1987) pointed out that Heptner compared Russian specimens with those from Southeast Asia, whereas when intervening Chinese populations are included, his distinctions do not hold. Includes minuta following Chasen (1940). Imaizumi (1967) described Mayailurus iriomotensis, but his key characters are polymorphic in bengalensis (Glass and Todd, 1977; Petzsch, 1970). Groves (1982 a) believed that iriomotensis warranted species level recognition.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF21F594FD2F1E8D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sumatra " [Indonesia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF21F594FD2F1E8D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia; Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF21F594FD2F1E8D.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Indeterminate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF21F594FD2F1E8D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Prionailurus by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvfl (1982 c), and Groves (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF1BF87BFC2E11A1.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis pardochrous Hodgson, 1844 (= Felis bengalensis Kerr, 1792), by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C339746CFF1BF87BFC2E11A1.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Although there is little dispute that these four taxa are distinct and represent a single monophyletic group, some have chosen to emphasize their distinctiveness by placing them in monotypic genera.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC5FD33FD0A1687.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " bois de lataniers qui couvrent une hauteur voisine de Pondichéry " [India, Pondicherry].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC5FD33FD0A1687.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: India and Sri Lanka (see Chakraborty, 1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC5FD33FD0A1687.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I (Indian population), otherwise Appendix II; IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC5FD33FD0A1687.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Prionailurus by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvfl (1982 c), and Groves (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC5FEFDFD091019.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " from the continent of India ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC5FEFDFD091019.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bangladesh, Burma, S China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC5FEFDFD091019.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC5FEFDFD091019.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Prionailurus by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvfl (1982 c), and Groves (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC4F8C9FC55133B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Nous ne savons pas au juste dans quelle partie du globe a été trouvé "; fixed by Van Mensch and Van Bree (1969) to " probably the coastal region of Lower Guinea (Between Cross River and River Congo ...) ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC4F8C9FC55133B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uganda, S Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC4F8C9FC55133B.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFEC4F8C9FC55133B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Van Mensch and Van Bree (1969). Placed in Profelis by Pocock (1917), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvfl (1982 c), and Groves (1982 a). Kräl and Zima (1980) placed in Felis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFF31F85AFDA410F0.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis celidogaster Temminck, 1827 (= Felis aurata Temminck, 1827), by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746DFF31FB7EFA6913BC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis concolor Jardine, 1834, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746EFEC7FB93F91A1639.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Brassilia ", restricted by Goldman (in Young and Goldman, 1946: 200); to " Cayenne region, French Guiana ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746EFEC7FB93F91A1639.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, USA, Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746EFEC7FB93F91A1639.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as F. c. coryi, F. c. costaricensis, and F. c. couguar; otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA - Endangered as F. c. coryi, F. c. costaricensis, and F. c. couguar. IUCN - Endangered as F. c. coryi and F. c. cougar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C338746EFEC7FB93F91A1639.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Currier, 1983 (Mammalian Species, 200, as Felis concolor). Placed in Puma by Pocock (1917), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvil (1982 c).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF1BFED0FC571793.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis macrocelis Horsfield, 1825 (= Felis nebulosa Griffith, 1821), by subsequent designation by Pocock (1917: 343).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF1BFED0FC571793.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pantherinae by Hemmer (1978) and Weigel (1961). Placed in Neofelinae by Kratochvfl (1982 c).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF21FFEBFAFA1166.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " brought from Canton " [China, Guangdong: Guangzhou].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF21FFEBFAFA1166.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF21FFEBFAFA1166.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF21FFEBFAFA1166.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Neofelis by Pocock (1917), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvfl (1982 c). Groves (1982 a) placed in Panthera.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF20FAE6FAA41E33.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Africa ", restricted by Allen (1924: 222) to " the Barbary coast region of Africa, or, more explicity, Constantine, Algeria ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF20FAE6FAA41E33.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Present (except in tropical rain forests) in Botswana, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Formerly present but now extinct in Algeria, Arabia, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Libya, Morocco, Pakistan, and Tunisia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF20FAE6FAA41E33.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as P. I. persica; otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered as P. I. persica.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF20FAE6FAA41E33.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1930 c). Placed in Panthera by Pocock (1930 c), Weigel (1961), Kratochvil (1982 c), Hemmer (1978), and Groves (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF1AF949FD7F12EF.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis pardus Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation by Allen (1902: 378).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF1AF949FD7F12EF.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Hemmer (1966, 1968, 1974). Panthera Oken, 1816, has been ruled available (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1985 c). Includes Tigris following Pocock (1916 b). Van Gelder (1977 b: 13) included Panthera as a synonym of Felis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746EFF19FE7AFBCB16ED.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Panthera Oken, 1816. Pocock's (1917) original classification for this subfamily placed Neofelis in the Felinae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746FFF2EF60AFA021000.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " America meridionali ", fixed by Thomas (1911 a: 136) to " Pernambuco " [Brazil].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746FFF2EF60AFA021000.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, S Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela; formerly in USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746FFF2EF60AFA021000.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered (from Mexico southward); IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33B746FFF2EF60AFA021000.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Nelson and Goldman (1933) and Pocock (19396). Placed in Panthera by Pocock (19396), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvil (1982 c), and Groves (1982 a). Reviewed by Seymour (1989, Mammalian Species, 340).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33A746FFEC4F878F9BC1D2E.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Indiis ", fixed by Thomas (1911 a: 135), as " Egypt "; see discussion by Pocock (1930 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33A746FFEC4F878F9BC1D2E.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Arabia, Botswana, Burma, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, India, Indonesia (Java), Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Korea, Liberia, Laos, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, republics of the former USSR, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33A746FFEC4F878F9BC1D2E.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered (except in Africa, in the wild, south of, and including Gabon, Congo, Zaire, Uganda, and Kenya, where this species is Threatened). IUCN - Threatened.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33A746FFEC4F878F9BC1D2E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1930 a, 6, 1932 c). Placed in Panthera by Pocock (1930 a), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvil (1982 c), and Groves (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33A7468FEC6F525FCB7162E.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Asia ", fixed by Thomas (1911 a: 135) as " Bengal " [India].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33A7468FEC6F525FCB7162E.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, Laos, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, and republics of the former USSR. Formerly found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, and Indonesia (Java and Bali).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33A7468FEC6F525FCB7162E.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33A7468FEC6F525FCB7162E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1929), and Mazäk (1979, 1981 [Mammalian Species, 152]). Placed in Panthera by Pocock (1929), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvfl (1982 c), and Groves (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF27F5EEFD351E58.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Madagascar ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF27F5EEFD351E58.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF11F555FA1E1D95.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Galidia elegans I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF10F42CFDD01CCB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Herpestes liliger, 1811 (Melville and Smith, 1987). For separation of taxa included here from Viverridae (after Simpson, 1945), see comments under Viverridae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF26FF59FE13111E.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Java or Sumatra " [Indonesia], restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1919 a: 261), to " Sumatra ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF26FF59FE13111E.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N India and Nepal to Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo; S China.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF26FF59FE13111E.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Indeterminate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF26FF59FE13111E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (19324). Placed in Pardofelis by Pocock (19324), Weigel (1961), Krâl and Zima (1980), Kratochvfl (1982 c), Hemmer (1978), and Groves (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF13FE11FBC7177F.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis marmorata Martin, 1837, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF13FE11FBC7177F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: There is considerable cotroversy over the correct placement of this genus. Hemmer (1978), Kräl and Zima (1980), Groves (1982 a), and Kratochvfl (1982 c) suggested a close relationship with Panthera. Pocock (19324) and Weigel (1961) suggested a relationship with felines while recognizing similarities with Panthera. It is perhaps best considered incertae sedis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF11F962FC48122E.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Felis irbis Ehrenberg, 1830 (= Felis uncia Schreber, 1775), by subsequent designation (Palmer, 1904: 710).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF11F962FC48122E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (19166).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF27FA28FB8413C9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Barbarey, Persien, Ostindien, und China ", restricted by Pocock (19306: 332) to " Altai Mountains ". Ognev (1962 c: 221) disagreed and restricted the locality to " Kopet-Dagh Mountains ... the southern slopes of these mountains adjacent to Iran ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF27FA28FB8413C9.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, republics of the former USSR.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF27FA28FB8413C9.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33D7468FF27FA28FB8413C9.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (19306). Placed in Uncia by Pocock (1930 b), Weigel (1961), Kratochvfl (1980 c), and Heptner and Naumov (1967). Placed in Uncia and reviewed by Hemmer (1972, Mammalian Species, 20).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FF38F53BFBD01E7F.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Herpestes paludinosus G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1829, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FF38F53BFBD01E7F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Fredga's (1972) comparative chromosome study of mongooses suggested that recognition of Atilax as distinct from Herpestes would make Herpestes paraphyletic. However, allozyme data support Atilax as the first early offshoot of the main herpestine branch (Taylor et al., 1991).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FEC8FE30FAE3172A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Erroneously listed by Gmelin as " in India ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FEC8FE30FAE3172A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FEC8FE30FAE3172A.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Indeterminate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECBFF21FDED1039.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Madagascar ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECBFF21FDED1039.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the spiny desert of SW Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECBFF21FDED1039.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECBFF21FDED1039.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: G. grandidiensis Wozencraft, 1986 was emended to G. grandidieri by Wozencraft (1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FF22FD16FC8A15D8.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Mustela striata I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837 (= Viverra fasciata Gmelin, 1788) by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FF22FD16FC8A15D8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Gregory and Hellman (1939) separated Galidictis from other galidiines and placed it in the Viverridae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FF27FB60FD1F1CF5.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Herpestes liliger, 1811 (Melville and Smith, 1987). Thomas (1882) proposed a separate monotypic subfamily (Surcatinae) for Suricata. Wozencraft (1989 b) placed Crossarchus, Cynictis, Dologale, Helogale, Liberiictis, Mungos, Paracynictis, and Suricata in the Mungotinae but gave no supporting rationale. Fredga's (1972) analysis of chromosomes would support Wozencraft's Mungotinae (with the inclusion of Bdeogale and Ichneumia). The phylogenetic analysis of allozyme data by Taylor et al. (1991) also supported Cynictis, Suricata, and Helogale as a monophyletic group.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECCF894F99D1156.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " à la côte ouest de Madagascar " (pg. 84).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECCF894F99D1156.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECCF894F99D1156.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FF26F87CF93510BD.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Galidictis vittatus Gray, 1848 (= Galidia decemlineata Grandidier, 1867).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECDFA30F933131F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Madagascar ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECDFA30F933131F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECDFA30F933131F.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FECDFA30F933131F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1839) noted that his first listed species name, unicolor, was a typographical error and should have been concolor (Coetzee, 1977 b: 35).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C7469FF27F999FADF11D9.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Galidia concolor I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C746AFECEF658F97F16AF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " une grand des marais du Cap " [South Africa, Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33C746AFECEF658F97F16AF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Ruwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, and Zambia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF23F830FDBF11AA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Africa orient., Tette, Boror, 17 - 18 ° Lat. austr ". (pg. 82). Restricted by Moreau et al. (1946: 410) to " Tette " [Mozambique].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF23F830FDBF11AA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Kenya, Malawi, C Mozambique, Tanzania (incl. Zanzibar), S and E Zambia, NE Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF23F830FDBF11AA.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Endangered as B. c. omnivora.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF23F830FDBF11AA.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Taylor (1987, Mammalian Species, 294) and revised by Sale and Taylor (1970).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF22F9A1FC43133E.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Mianzini, Masailand, 8000 feet " (pg. 523). Restricted by Moreau et al. (1946: 410) to " Mianzini ... a few miles E. S. E. of Naivasha and on the southern end of the Kinangop Plateau ... 9000 ft " [Kenya].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF22F9A1FC43133E.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: C Kenya, SE Uganda.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF22F9A1FC43133E.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF22F9A1FC43133E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Rosevear (1974) placed jacksoni in Galeriscus. Kingdon (1977) considered jacksoni conspecific with nigripes; however, Rosevear (1974) and Coetzee (1977 b) noted skull and skin differences.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF25FB15FC431C0B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Gubon " [Gabon].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF25FB15FC431C0B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Nigeria to N Angola.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF25FB15FC431C0B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Rosevear (1974) placed nigripes in Galeriscus. Kingdon (1977) considered jacksoni conspecific with nigripes; however, Rosevear (1974) and Coetzee (19776) noted skull and skin differences.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF1CFE92FA8817D8.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Bdeogale crassicauda Peters, 1852; by subsequent designation by Thomas (1882) (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF1CFE92FA8817D8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Matschie (1895), Pocock (1916 «), Coetzee (19776), Kingdon (1977), and Meester et al. (1986) included Galeriscus Thomas, 1894. Rosevear (1974) believed that no one had advanced any " reasoned argument " for combining Galeriscus with Bdeogale, and followed Schouteden (1945) and Hill and Carter (1941) who considered them distinct; all have agreed that jacksoni and nigripes are sister groups.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF25F55EFCAC1E00.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " from Banzyville, Ubanghi " [= Mobayi, Zaire, 4 ° N, 21 ° 11 ' E (Goldman, 1984)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF25F55EFCAC1E00.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Central African Republic, Congo, Uganda, Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF1FF46DFA801D65.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Crossarchus obscurus F. G. Cuvier, 1825, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746AFF1FF46DFA801D65.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Goldman (1984). Placed in Mungos by Hill and Carter (1941). Van Rompaey and Colyn (1992) presented a key to the species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746BFF21F678F92F1575.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Dalia Tando " [= Angola, Ndala Tando, 9 ° 18 ' S, 14 ° 54 ' E (Goldman, 1984)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746BFF21F678F92F1575.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Angola, SE Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33F746BFF21F678F92F1575.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Van Rompaey and Colyn (1992, Mammalian Species, 402).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC0FD4FFAB81715.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " côtes occidentales de l'Afrique, et vraisemblablement des parties qui sont au midi de la Gambie " restricted by Cuvier (1829: 158) to " Sierra Leone ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC0FD4FFAB81715.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC0FD4FFAB81715.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Goldman (1984, 1987) separated central (C. platycephalus) from western (C. obscurus) African populations based on phenetic differences in skull proportions. Wozencraft (1989 b) argued for consideration of these populations as conspecific. Reviewed by Goldman (1987, Mammalian Species, 290).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFF3CFF59F8ED1799.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Cynictis steedmanni Ogilby, 1833 (= Herpestes penicillatus G. Cuvier, 1829).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC2FFF0FBE31141.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " du Cap ", restricted by Roberts (1951: 151) to " Uitenhage, C. P. " [South Africa].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC2FFF0FBE31141.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, SW Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC2FFF0FBE31141.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Lundholm (1955 b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC5FA40FA2F138C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Ubangi, Congo Beige ", restricted by Moreau et al. (1945: 410) to " on the Upper Kemo, a tributary to the north of the Ubangui, about 6 ° 17 ' N, 19 ° 12 ' E " [Central African Republic].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC5FA40FA2F138C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Central African Republic, S Sudan, W Uganda, NE Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC5FA40FA2F138C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Pousargues (1894) later redescribed the species in detail.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFF3FF9A5F9631248.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Crossarchus dybowskii Pousargues, 1893, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFF3FF9A5F9631248.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Hayman (1936). Although originally placed in Crossarchus, most since Hayman (1936) believed this genus to be the sister group to Helogale; Allen (1924) identified some specimens of this taxon as Helogale hirtula robusta.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC5F564FA701E88.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Benguella ", [Angola].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC5F564FA701E88.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S Angola, C and N Namibia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFEC5F564FA701E88.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Included in sanguinea by Taylor (1975). The form flavescens was not mentioned in Meester et al. (1986) or Watson and Dippenaar's (1987) revision; Crawford-Cabral (1989 a) considered nigratus conspecific with flavescens, the senior synonym. Meester et al. (1986) listed nigratus as a synonym of G. pulverulenta.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFF3FFBEFFAD11D6B.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Herpestes ochraceus Gray, 1849 (= Herpestes sanguineus Rüppell, 1836) by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C33E746BFF3FFBEFFAD11D6B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Lynch (1981), Watson and Dippenaar (1987), Watson (1990), and Taylor et al. (1991) who considered these taxa a monophyletic group. CrawfordCabral (1989 a: 2) regarded these taxa as a " superspecies with several allospecies. " These taxa are provisionally separated from Herpestes (sensu latu) following these revisions and reviews by Rosevear (1974), Ansell (1978), Smithers (1983), and Meester et al. (1986) (see discussion under Herpestes).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3AFD0BFBAF16D2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Kap " [Cape of Good Hope, South Africa].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3AFD0BFBAF16D2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, south of 27 ° S latitude (Bronner, 1990).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3AFD0BFBAF16D2.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Lynch (1981) and Watson and Dippenaar (1987), who removed annidata and shortridgei (considered here as incertae sedis) and nigrata (placed here in flavescens) from pulverulenta; although Meester et al. (1986) did not. Crawford-Cabral (1989 «) included these taxa with flavescens.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3DFF2AFB1F1D65.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Kordofan " [Sudan].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3DFF2AFB1F1D65.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde Isis, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritana, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3DFF2AFB1F1D65.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: This engimatic group, reviewed by Taylor (1975), is represented by several allopatric populations (A situation similar to the Genetta genetta complex where they are recognized as conspecific). Watson and Dippenaar (1987), in their revision, argued for the separation of nigratus Thomas, 1928 (= flavescens), and swalius Thomas, 1926, and considered swinnyi Roberts, 1913, as incertae sedis (included here), although their study did not include representative samples from NE and W Africa. It is believed that swinnyi has been extirpated from the type locality (Watson, in litt.). Taylor (1989) suggested that the allopatric ochraceus from Somalia warrants full specific status. Certainly, these studies suggests that a thorough revision, inclusive of all of the African forms of sanguinea is badly needed.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3BF55DF9CA1E2A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Great Brukaros Mountain, 3500 ' " [Namibia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3BF55DF9CA1E2A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S and C Namibia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317464FF3BF55DF9CA1E2A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Included in sanguinea by Meester et al. (1989) and Taylor (1975).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317465FF14F60DF953157D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Herpestes parvulus Sundevall, 1846, by subsequent designation by Thomas (1882) (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3317465FF14F60DF953157D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The number of taxa ascribed to this genus is provisional. Ellerman et al. (1953) recognized 7 species, Allen (1939) listed eleven. The acceptance here of two, follows Coetzee (1977 b). The range of H. hirtula is included within that of H. parvula.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307465FED7FD56FC13169B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Gabridehari, 60 mi West of Gerlogobi ", restricted by Moreau et al. (1946: 410) to " south-east Ethiopia (Ogaden) at about 7 ° 0 ' N, 45 ° 20 ' E ". Further restricted by Yalden et al. (1980) to " Gabridehari (= Gabredarre, Kebridar) 6 ° 45 ' N, 44 ° 17 ' E ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307465FED7FD56FC13169B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S Ethiopia, S and C Somalia, N and C Kenya.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307465FF29FEF1F9A710BA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Caffraria superiore, juxta tropicum ", restricted by Roberts (1951) to " Zoutpansberg " [South Africa].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307465FF29FEF1F9A710BA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307465FF02F8FDFC7E1CFC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra ichneumon Linnaeus, 1758, by absolute tautonomy, through the replaced name Ichneumon Lacépède, 1799 (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307465FF02F8FDFC7E1CFC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1919, 1937, 1941 a) and Bechthold (1939). Coetzee (1977 b), and Hayman (in Sanderson, 1940) included Xenogale (see discussion under naso). Allen (1924), considered only ichneumon in this genus and separated sanguineus and pulverulentus into Galerella; for support, he contrasted the large ichneumon with the smaller sanguineus-pulverulentus complex and reported proportional differences in measurements of skeleton and skull. His rationale has been repeated, in some cases verbatum, by Rosevear (1974), Ansell (1978), Smithers (1983), Meester et al. (1986), and Watson and Dippenaar (1987). Taylor et al. (1991) presented an allozyme analysis and argued for generic recognition, however, they did not include Asiatic Herpestes, and their consensus tree made the placement of the sanguineus / pulverulentus clade equivocal. Fredga's (1972) comparative chromosome analysis looked at variation including Asiatic and African Herpestes, and based on this, recognition of Galerella would make Herpestes paraphyletic. Comparison of measurements from Allen (1924), Rosevear (1974), and Smithers (1983) for African forms, and Bechthold (1939) and Pocock (1941 a) for Asiatic forms reveals that the large morphological gaps originally identified by Allen (1924), dissolve when Asiatic species are included. Ellerman et al. (1953) and Wozencraft (1989 b) suggested that differences between these taxa and other Herpestes are less than those found within Herpestes. Morphological criteria similar to that used by Allen (1924) have mostly been used at the specific level in other carnivores. Although the case is not strong, many recent authors have recognized Galerella and this is provisionally followed here (see comments under Galerella).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307466FF2AF4D2FA5B177F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Indian Islands ", restricted by Kloss (1917) to " Borneo ", however, Thomas (1921 c) believed it to be from " Malacca ". Pocock, in Chasen (1940), believed the type to be a " Malayan Race ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307466FF2AF4D2FA5B177F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S India, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippine Isis, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3307466FF2AF4D2FA5B177F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Bechthold (1939), followed here, included hosei and fusca, and listed characteristics suggesting that in some respects, semitorquatus was intermediate between brachyurus and urva; this was followed by Medway (1977). Bechthold (1939) believed that / usc « (sensu stricto) is most closely related to far-eastern brachyurus forms and considered them conspecific (both forms are short tailed mongooses); however, he gave features of the skull and pelage (used elsewhere at the specific level, i. e., edwardsii vs. javanicus) that distinguished the S India / Sri Lankan populations from those of SE Asia. Here they are provisionally treated as allopatric subspecies. Schwarz (1947) believed semitorcjuatus to be a red color morph of the dark brachyurus, although he did not address the most distinguishing feature of the collared mongoose - the collar - present in semitorquatus and absent in brachyurus. Medway (1977), followed by Payne et al. (1985), recognized hosei based on differences in the shape of the coronoid process of the mandible.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0DFF57FDAE11AD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Indes orientales ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0DFF57FDAE11AD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Bahrain, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kuwait, Malaya (introduced; Wells, 1989), Nepal, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, Sri Lanka. Populations believed to be introductions on Ryukyu Isis, Mauritus, and Reunion Isl (Corbet and Hill, 1980).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0DFF57FDAE11AD.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0CF9A3FA5E1C21.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in AEgypto ad ripas Nili, ... in India primario; mansuescit ", restricted by Thomas (1911 «) to " Egypt ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0CF9A3FA5E1C21.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Gibralter, Guinea, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Liberia, Lybia, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Portugal, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0DF419F8F01E43.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Java ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0DF419F8F01E43.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Cuba, Dominican Republic, Fiji Isis, Hawaiian Isis, Jamacia, Japan, Puerto Rico, Surinam, West Indies, and many other tropical regions.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0DF419F8F01E43.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India) as H. auropunctatus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337466FF0DF419F8F01E43.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Bechthold (1939), Pocock (1941 «), and Lekagul and McNeeley (1977) included Mangusta auropunctata. Wells (1989) discussed the situation for the morphotypes in Indochina. Reviewed by Nellis (1989, Mammalian Species, 342, as H. auropunctatus).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337467FF0DF6BBFC9716B2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Cameroon River, West Africa " [Cameroon].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337467FF0DF6BBFC9716B2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Niger, Tanzania, Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3337467FF0DF6BBFC9716B2.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Xenogale by Allen (1919 b), and followed by Rosevear (1974) and Ansell (1978). This taxon, and ichneumon, which is generally recognized as its sister taxon (Allen, 1919 b; Rosevear, 1974; Hayman, in Sanderson, 1940), can be distinguished principally by proportional differences of the interorbital region (Rosevear, 1974). Hayman (in Sanderson, 1940), Wenzel and Haltenorth (1972), and Coetzee (1977 b) did not feel these differences were sufficient to warrant generic distinction, as did Allen (1919 b), and Rosevear (1974). Recognition of Xenogale would make Herpestes paraphyletic.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED3FE89F8B017F8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Nalbani (c 8 km east of Calcutta), North Salt Lake, 24 - Parganas district, West Bengal, India ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED3FE89F8B017F8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: India: West Bengal.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED3FE89F8B017F8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Wenzel and Haltenorth (1972) speculated that this taxon may be conspecific with auropunctatus (= javanicus); whereas Ewer (1973), based on Ghose's observation that palustris can emit scent similiar to urva speculated on such a relationship to urva.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED2FFD1FE16113E.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Borneo " [Mainland opposite Labuan (= Brunei)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED2FFD1FE16113E.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia (Borneo and Sumatra).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED2FFD1FE16113E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Schwarz (1947) concluded that semitorquatus was a red color morph of the dark brachyurus, see comments under brachyurus. Placed in subgenus Urva by Bechthold (1939).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5F916FB5A125A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Thomas (1923) suggested that it was from the " Bombay Region " but this was questioned by Pocock (1937).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5F916FB5A125A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: India, Sri Lanka.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5F916FB5A125A.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5FAB2F987139F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Central and Northern Regions " [Nepal].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5FAB2F987139F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Burma, China, India, Laos, Malaysia (Wells and Francis, 1988), Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5FAB2F987139F.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5FBF6FAD71C90.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in forests about twenty miles inland from Kolun or Quilon, in the Travancore country " [India].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5FBF6FAD71C90.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S India, Sri Lanka.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FED5FBF6FAD71C90.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327467FF0FF4D4FBAC1D4A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Herpestes albicaudus G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1829, by designation of Geoffroy SaintHilaire (1839) (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327460FED5F542FAB0159F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " l'Afrique australe et le Sénégal ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327460FED5F542FAB0159F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3327460FED5F542FAB0159F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Taylor (1972, Mammalian Species, 12).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF6BFDE1FA421602.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Liberiictis kuhni Hayman, 1958, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF3EFE79F9B9173C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Kpeaplay, north-east Liberia, about 6 ° 36 ' N, 8 ° 30 ' W ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF3EFE79F9B9173C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Liberia and Ivory Coast (Taylor, in litt.).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF3EFE79F9B9173C.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF3EFE79F9B9173C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Goldman and Taylor (1990, Mammalian Species, 348).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF6DFF7FF9F917CB.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Not given; Viverra mungo Gmelin, 1788, designated by Muirhead (1819) (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF6DFF7FF9F917CB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Allen (1919 b) discussed the nomenclatural history of this name.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF33FFC4F9091059.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Gambia ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF33FFC4F9091059.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF33F8B1F9E112D2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Bengala, Persia, aliisque asiae ", restricted by Ogilby (1835: 101) to " Gambia ". However, Thomas (1882) believed it to be in the eastern part of South Africa, Cape Prov., as did Roberts (1929).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF33F8B1F9E112D2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF6CFB14FE29138B.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Cynictis selousi de Winton, 1896, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF33FB80F95F1C97.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " found on a grassy heap under a tree, EssexVale, Matabeleland ... near Bulawayo " [Zimbabwe].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF33FB80F95F1C97.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF30F54BFB591E6C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " from a ravine on the outskirts of the Otto Estate, near Mbweni, about 2 Vi miles west of Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory " [Tanzania] (pg. 79).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF30F54BFB591E6C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF6DF4DBFD2F1D70.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Rhinogale melleri Gray, 1865, by monotypy through the replaced name Rhinogale Gray, 1865.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3357460FF6AF64FFC101EC4.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Suricata capensis Desmarest, 1804 (= Viverra suricatta Erxleben, 1777), by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FED1F885FC3B137A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Guinea, Aethiopia, ad caput bonae spei in terrae rupiumque caueis ", restricted by Cabrera (1911: 95) to " Senegambia ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FED1F885FC3B137A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FED1F885FC3B137A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Matthews (1939).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FF08FFC2F978108D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis crocuta Erxleben, 1777, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FF08FFC2F978108D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Antedated by Crocuta Meigen, 1800 (an insect), but this name has been suppressed (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1962).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FF0DFBBDFCA01C61.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Canis hyaena Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FF0DFBBDFCA01C61.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1934 c). Hyaena Brisson, 1762, is unavailable (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1955). See comments under Parahyaena for exclusion of brunnea here.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FED3F458FA9F1EF8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " India ", restricted by Thomas (1911 a: 134) to " Benna Mts., Laristan, S. Persia ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FED3F458FA9F1EF8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, republics of the former USSR, Yemen.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FED3F458FA9F1EF8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered as H. h. barbara.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FED3F458FA9F1EF8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Rieger (1981, Mammalian Species, 150).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FF09FE97FA3B170B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Hyaena Briinnich, 1771, by original designation. Reviewed by Ronnefeld (1969) and revised by Werdelin and Solounias (1991).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FF09FF6BFAFE17FF.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Hyaena Briinnich, 1771, by original designation. Mivart (1882) was first to restrict the subfamily to taxa considered here.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FEDCFD11FA621654.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Listed as " Cape of Good Hope " by Meester et al. (1986), restricted by Thomas and Schwann (1905: 133) to " Deelfontein " [South Africa].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3347461FEDCFD11FA621654.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Namibia, South Africa, S Botswana.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF7CF576FD861E45.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Lutra concolor Rafinesque, 1832 (= Lutra cinerea liliger, 1815).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF7CF576FD861E45.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Osgood (1932), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Coetzee (19776), and Meester et al. (1986) considered Amblonyx Rafinesque, 1832, as congeneric with Aonyx; here separated based on Harris (1968), van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987), and Medway (1977).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF7DF448FAB31D33.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1941 «), van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987, 1991 «), and Pohle (1920). Reviewed by Harris (1968) and I. I. Sokolov (1973). Foster-Turley et al. (1990) reviewed the conservation status and distribution of otters.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF7DFBF5F9B51C68.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: For review of subfamily relationships, see Muizon (19826) and Wozencraft (1989 «). Conservation status of family reviewed by Schreiber et al. (1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF00FE22F96A17BD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Goda Hopps Udden; Södra Afrika " [South Africa, Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF00FE22F96A17BD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Orange Free State, South Africa, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF00FE22F96A17BD.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF00FE22F96A17BD.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Mills (1982, Mammalian Species, 194, as Hyaena brunnea).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF7DFD09FBD0162A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Hyaena brunnea Thunberg, 1820.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF7DFD09FBD0162A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Some have considered Hyaena to include brunnea, however, this would be a paraphyletic group among extant (Werdelin and Solounias, 1991) and / or fossil taxa (Galiano and Frailey, 1977; Hendey, 1974).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF03F96AF96613B4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: English translation (Sparrman, 1786) of original locality: " Agter-Bruntjes hoogte ... which takes in the upper part of Kleine Visch-rivier, and is separated from Camdebo by Bruntjes hoogtens ... "; listed in Allen (1939) as " Near Little Fish River, Somerset East, Cape Colony " [South Africa].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF03F96AF96613B4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF03F96AF96613B4.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Botswana).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF03F96AF96613B4.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Koehler and Richardson (1990, Mammalian Species, 363).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF7DF8FEFAD51113.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Proteles lalandii 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824 (= Viverra cristata Sparrman, 1783), by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377462FF7BFFFEFD5110BC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Proteles I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987). Ronnefeld (1969) and Meester et al. (1986) placed Proteles in a separate family.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377463FF05F6BDF9FA15D5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Batavia " [Indonesia, Java, Jakarta].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377463FF05F6BDF9FA15D5.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: India, Bangladesh, Burma, S China and Hainan Isl; Taiwan; Indochina to Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Borneo); Philippines (Palawan Isl).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3377463FF05F6BDF9FA15D5.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FED8FFB4FD27117C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Capischer otter ... Afrika " [South Africa, Cape Province].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FED8FFB4FD27117C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FED8FFB4FD27117C.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FED8F953F9CC12CE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Lower Congo. " [Zaire]	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FED8F953F9CC12CE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FED8F953F9CC12CE.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered as A. (Paraonyx) congica microdon.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FED8F953F9CC12CE.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Considered a distinct species by Pohle (1920) and van Zyll de Jong (1987). Perret and Aellen (1956) included Paraonyx philippsi Hinton, 1921, and Aonyx microdon Pohle, 1920; however, Harris (1968) listed these as distinct.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FF32FE17FBCE175B.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Aonyx Delalandi Lesson, 1827 (= Lutra capensis Schinz, 1821) by subsequent designation (Palmer, 1904).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FF32FE17FBCE175B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Osgood (1932), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and Coetzee (1977 b) considered Amblonyx Rafinesque, 1832, as congeneric; here separated based on Harris (1968), Medway (1977), and van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987). There is little question that capensis and congicus are sister species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FF30FB31F9AC13A5.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Mustela lutris Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FEC6FB9DFBC61DC8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Asia et America septentrionali, " restricted by Thomas (1911 a), to " Kamtchatka ", then by Roest (1973), to " the east central coast of Kamchatka, opposite the Commander Islands. " [Russia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FEC6FB9DFBC61DC8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Russia (Sakhalin Isl, Kurile Isis, Commander Isis, Kamchatka), Canada, USA (Aleutian Isis, and S Alaska to California). Formerly in Mexico (Baja California) and Japan (coastal Hokkaido).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FEC6FB9DFBC61DC8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as E. I. nereis; otherwise Appedix II. U. S. ESA - Threatened as E. I. nereis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3367463FEC6FB9DFBC61DC8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Roest (1973), Davis and Lidicker (1975), Wilson et al. (1991), and Estes (1980, Mammalian Species, 133).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C336745CFF3EF62CFDE41688.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Lutra canadensis Gray, 1843.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C336745CFF3EF62CFDE41688.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987, 1991 a) argued that the New World otters represent a single radiation and questioned whether Lutra (sensu stricto) or Aonyx was the closest sister group. There has been no published work to refute his hypothesis, although it has not received general acceptance. Hall (1981) chose not to question the monophyletic nature of the group, but to lower it to the subgeneric rank, feeling that the characters where not sufficient enough to warrant generic distinction. Regardless of the " morphological gap " between the monophyletic New World otters and the Old World otters, if Lutra (sensu stricto) is the closest sister group, then inclusion within Lutra could be maintained. However, if, as van Zyll de Jong (1987) suggested, Aonyx is the closest outgroup, then recognition at the generic level is necessary.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01FE80FBDB111F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Der Fischotter ... Europa überall gemein, ... Einwohner des nördlichen Theils von Asien, bis nach Kamatschatka hinaus, und ... Persian hinunter, und von Nordamerika. " Miller (1912 b: 113) listed the type locality as " Eastern Canada ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01FE80FBDB111F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Most of North America south to Arizona, Texas, and Florida.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01FE80FBDB111F.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01F976FAF21244.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Chili " [Chile].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01F976FAF21244.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: West coast of South America from N Peru to Straits of Magellan.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01F976FAF21244.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01F976FAF21244.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Lontra by van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01FABCF9F31D66.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Brasilien. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01FABCF9F31D66.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Mexico, Central America, W South America south to Peru, E South America south to Uruguay.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01FABCF9F31D66.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable as L. I. longicaudis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01FABCF9F31D66.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Van Zyll de Jong (1972) included annectens, enudris, incarum, mesopetes, and platensis; however, Pohle (1920), Cabrera (1958), and Harris (1968) recognized these taxa as distinct species. These taxa, often referred to as the annectens-group were chiefly distinguished by variation in the shape of the rhinarium; van Zyll de Jong's (1972) analysis suggested that these should be considered conspecific.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01F55EFB4C1E77.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " south of Lake Nahuel Huapi, Patagonia. " [Argentina]	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01F55EFB4C1E77.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Patagonia (C and S Chile, W Argentina).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01F55EFB4C1E77.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745CFF01F55EFB4C1E77.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Lontra by van Zyll de Jong (1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745DFF7DF6B9F9721685.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Mustela lutra Linnaeus, 1758.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C309745DFF7DF6B9F9721685.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Some have used Lutra Brisson, 1762, which was ruled unavailable (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1955). Pocock (1921 c, 1941 «) recognized Lutrogale Gray, 1865, and Hydrictis Pocock, 1921. Harris (1968) and van Zyll de Jong (1987; 1991 a) considered lutra, maculicollis, and sumatrana to represent a single monophyletic group; furthermore, van Zyll de Jong's analysis supported separation of perspicillata from other Lutra, which is followed here. Van Zyll de Jong (1972) referred New World otters to Lontra (see comment therein), and although this has not been followed by some recent checklists (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Hall, 1981; Honacki, et al., 1982), van Zyll de Jong's hypothesis has not been refuted.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECFFEFCFDFD1274.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Europae aquis dulcibus, fluviis, flagnis, piscinis, " subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Upsala " (Sweden).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECFFEFCFDFD1274.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Eurasia (excl. tundra and desert): Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Laos, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mongolia, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, Turkey, republics of the former USSR, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECFFEFCFDFD1274.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; IUCN - Vulnerable as L. I. lutra.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECFFEFCFDFD1274.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki (1989) considered Japanese otters a distinct species (L. nippon).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECFFA50FE191D74.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Kafferlandes am östlichen Abhange der Bambusberge. " Listed in Honacki et al. (1982) as " Namibia, Orange River, Bambusbergen " [According to US Board of Geographie Names gazetteer, Bamboesberg Mts are in South Africa, at 31 ° 30 ' S 26 ° 20 ' E).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECFFA50FE191D74.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Subsaharan Africa, except east coast and SW African deserts, including: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECFFA50FE191D74.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECFFA50FE191D74.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Pocock (1921 c) and Cabrera (1929) placed maculicollis in the monotypic Hydrictis; however, Ansell (1978) and Harris (1968) considered Hydrictis a subgenus (see comments under Lutra). Van Zyll de Jong (1987) placed as sister groups L. perspicillata and (L. lutra + L. sumatrana). Pohle (1920) placed maculicollis in subgenus Lutra.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECCF54AFCA91E45.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sumatra (Raffles); Malacca (B. M.), " restricted by Pocock (1941 a) to " Sumatra. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECCF54AFCA91E45.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo), Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C308745DFECCF54AFCA91E45.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF02F541FB611EE7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " dans les montagnes qui séparent le Boutan de l'Indoustan. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF02F541FB611EE7.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in China; ranges from Assam (India) and Burma to Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, and probably Perak in Malaya.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF7FF4A6FC6E1D49.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Arctonyx collaris F. G. Cuvier, 1825.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF7FF4A6FC6E1D49.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1940 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF78FD0AFA4315F5.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Not designated.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF78FD0AFA4315F5.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: See comments under Luira. Consideration here as a separate genus is consistent with Pohle (1920), Pocock (1941 a), and Van Zyll de Jong (1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF0EFDCDFD4A17CB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sumatra " [Indonesia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF0EFDCDFD4A17CB.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, and Borneo), Iraq, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF0EFDCDFD4A17CB.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF0EFDCDFD4A17CB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Pocock (1941 a), Davis (1978), and van Zyll de Jong (1972) placed perspicillata in the monotypic Lutrogale, considered a subgenus by Pohle (1920); see comments under Lutra. Van Zyll de Jong's (1987) analysis placed as sister groups L. maculicollis and (L. lutra + L. sumatrana).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF7BFAF8F9731C44.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Long (1978) and Long and Killingley (1983). Revised by Pocock (1921 b, d, 1941 a), Petter (1971), and Wozencraft (1989 a), who suggested that this may not be a monophyletic group. Pocock recognized as subfamilies, and Petter as tribes, four groups: (1) Meles, Arctonyx; (2) Melogale; (3) Mydaus; and (4) Taxidea. Pocock (1920 b), Long (1981), and Wozencraft (1989 b) argued for the separation of Taxidea into a monotypic subfamily, Taxidiinae, which would be consistent with the phylogenetic hypotheses refered to above and which will be followed here. Petter (1971), Radinsky (1973), and Schmidt-Kittler (1981) suggested that Mydaus may be the sister group to Mephitinae. Its placement in this subfamily is provisional.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF00F8F1FA3B12B8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in fluviis americae meridionalis "; Cabrera (1958: 274) restricted to " rió Sâo Francisco, en la orilla correspondiente al estado de Alagoas ", Brazil.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF00F8F1FA3B12B8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF00F8F1FA3B12B8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF00F8F1FA3B12B8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: See lengthly comments by Harris (1968) concerning the correct identity of the type, the confusion in published synonomies, and the type locality.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30B745EFF7AF82DFA8F109A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Pteronura sambachii Gray, 1837 (= Mustela brasilienesis Gmelin, 1788), by monotypy. (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFF3CFD0AFBF115AA.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: [UrsMs] Meles Linnaeus, 1758.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC2FDA1FC9A111D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Europa inter rimas rupium et lapidum, " restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Upsala " [Sweden].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC2FDA1FC9A111D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Scandinavia to S Siberia, south to Israel; Iraq; China, Korea, and Japan; and on Ireland, Britain, Crete, and Rhodes.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC2FDA1FC9A111D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Although Ognev (1931) considered leptorhynchus (including amurensis) a distinct species; most have considered meles and leptorhynchus conspecific (Allen, 1938; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Novikov, 1956; Stroganov, 1962; Long and Killingley, 1983). Baryshnikov and Potapova (1990) suggested that M. meles and M. anakuma are not conspecific.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC4FB28FE1F1C20.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Mount Kina Balu, N. Borneo, about 4000 ft. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC4FB28FE1F1C20.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC4FB28FE1F1C20.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC4FB28FE1F1C20.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Medway (1977) included everetti in orientalis; however, see comments under genus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFF3EF961FDC712D5.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Melogale personata I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFF3EF961FDC712D5.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: There is uncertainty as to the the total number of species in this genus. Most recent authors tend to consider everetii and / or orientalis as conspecific with personata; however, Pocock (1941 a), Everts (1968), Long (1978, 1981), and Long and Killingley (1983) supported the recognition of these populations as distinct. As Long and Killingley pointed out, there is no published information to refute Pocock's (1941 a) revision.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC4F417F9501D66.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " China, " restricted by Allen (1929) to " Canton, Kwangtung Province, South China, where the original specimen was secured by John Reeves. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC4F417F9501D66.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: India (Naga Hills near Manipur, Assam), to Taiwan; Hainan Isl, C and SE China, N Laos, and N Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC7F55FFAFA1EAF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " limited ... to ... south of Mountain Prahu, between the two prinicpal cones of the central part of Java, the Mountain Sumbing, and ... Teggal, ... Baggulen and Banyumas ... to Gowong in the east. " [Indonesia, Java].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC7F55FFAFA1EAF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Java (Indonesia).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30A745FFEC7F55FFAFA1EAF.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0CFBDAFC1A1E2D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung " [South Africa, Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0CFBDAFC1A1E2D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Savanna and steppe from Nepal, E India and Turkmenistan west to Lebanon, south of the Mediterranean to South Africa.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0CFBDAFC1A1E2D.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Ghana and Botswana).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF79FAC0FBED13E1.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra Ratei Sparrmann, 1778 (= Viverra capensis Schreber, 1776), by designation (Sclater, 1900); (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF65FA6BFDC212FE.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus Mellivora Storr, 1780. Wozencraft (1989 b) placed Mellivora in the Mustelinae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0DFD7EFC1D164B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " environs de Rangoun " (Burma).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0DFD7EFC1D164B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Nepal through India (Assam) and most of Indochina, including peninsular Thailand and Malaysia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF67FEAFF9B21029.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Mydaus meliceps F. G. Cuvier, 1821 (= Mephitis javanensis Desmarest, 1820).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF67FEAFF9B21029.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Lawrence (1939) believed that differences in dentition and pelage warranted separation of these taxa into separate, monotypic genera (i. e., Suillotaxus marchei, Mydaus javanensis). These differences parallel those found within the genus Melogale (Long and Killingley, 1983). This genus is provisionally placed in Melinae (see comments therein), its position may be better considered as incertae sedis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0CF822FE51113B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Tile de Java. " [Indonesia, Java).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0CF822FE51113B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra and the Natuna Isis) and Malaysia (Borneo).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0DF911FAF7120A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: ' Tile Palaouan " [Philippine Islands, Palawan).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0DF911FAF7120A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Philippine Isis (Palawan and Calamian Isis).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7458FF0DF911FAF7120A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Referred to the genus Suillotaxus by Lawrence (1939). Suillotaxus was considered a subgenus of Mydaus by Long (1978, 1981).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7459FF65F6B8F9AB163F.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Conepàtus humbóldtii Gray, 1837, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30D7459FF65F6B8F9AB163F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Kipp (1965), who studied an extensive series of southern South American specimens and could not recognize distinctive groups among them based on skull morphology, and only two groups based on pelage coloration.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDCFE19FC001038.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Chili, " restricted by Cabrera (1958) to " alrededores de Valparaiso. " [Chile].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDCFE19FC001038.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Chile, Peru, N Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, S Brazil.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDCFE19FC001038.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Kipp (1965) considered rex as conspecific; however, it was listed as separate by Osgood (1943) and Cabrera (1958).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDEF80EFDC01154.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Magellan Straits. " [Chile].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDEF80EFDC01154.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: NE Argentina and Paraguay south to the Straits of Magellan.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDEF80EFDC01154.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix IL	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDEF80EFDC01154.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Kipp (1965) considered castaneus as conspecific; Cabrera (1958) considered it separate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDEF9ABF9B712A3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " oberen Lauf des Rio Alvarado " [Mexico, Veracruz, Rio Alvarado].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDEF9ABF9B712A3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S Gulf coast of Texas (USA), south along coast to Vera Cruz (Mexico).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FEDEF9ABF9B712A3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Maybe only subspecifically distinct from mesoleucus (Hall, 1981).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FED1FA9CFAC21C6B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Gegend von Chico in Mexico " [Mexico, Hidalgo, near El Chico].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FED1FA9CFAC21C6B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Arizona, Colorado, Texas (USA), south to Nicaragua.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FED1FA9CFAC21C6B.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Indeterminate as C. m. telmalestes.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FED1FA9CFAC21C6B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: May be conspecific with leuconotus (Hall, 1981).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FED0F462FB831DFE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Mexico "; Cabrera (1958) listed the type locality as " Minas de Montuosa, cerca de Pamplona, departamento del norte de Santander, Colombia ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FED0F462FB831DFE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Veracruz, Tabasco, and Yucatan (Mexico) to Peru and E Brazil.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30C7459FF0CF5C2FAF01E57.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra mephitis Schreber, 1776.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF79F562FACF1E04.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Mustela barbara Linnaeus, 1758.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0EFD00FD7916A4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Gebirgs-Gegenden nordwestlich von der Stadt Mexico. " [Mexico, mountains NW of Mexico City].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0EFD00FD7916A4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S Arizona, S New Mexico, and W Texas (USA), through Mexico to Costa Rica.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FFE9BF98D10C4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Amerika ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FFE9BF98D10C4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: SW Northwest Territories to Hudson Bay and S Quebec (Canada), south to Florida (USA), N Tamaulipas, N Durango, and N Baja California (Mexico).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FFE9BF98D10C4.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Wade-Smith and Verts (1982, Mammalian Species, 173).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF79F927FC291194.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Mephitis interrupta Rafinesque, 1820 (= [Viverra] putorius Linnaeus, 1758) by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF79F927FC291194.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Van Gelder (1959).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FF9EBFAA61C31.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " America septentrionali " restricted by Thomas (1911 a), to " South Carolina. " [USA].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FF9EBFAA61C31.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: SW Canada east to Minnesota and S Pennsylvania (USA); south to Costa Rica.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FF9EBFAA61C31.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Mead (1968) argued that S. p. gracilis and " possibly " leucoparia are reproductively isolated from eastern populations and therefore should be considered distinct species; both were included by Van Gelder (1959).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FF40AFA041CF6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Rosario, Sinaloa, W. Mexico. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FF40AFA041CF6.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Sinaloa to Oaxaca (Mexico).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745AFF0FF40AFA041CF6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Ewer (1973) argued that pygmaea is conspecific with putorius.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745BFF0FF67BFAB116F4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Brasilia, " restricted by Lönnberg (1913) to " Pernambuco. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745BFF0FF67BFAB116F4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Sinaloa and Tamaulipas (Mexico), south to Argentina, including: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela, Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Surinam, and Trinidad.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745BFF0FF67BFAB116F4.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Honduras).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30F745BFF0FF67BFAB116F4.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Thomas (1900) and Lönnberg (1913).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFF36FF37FC6F17FB.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra vittata Schreber, 1776, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCFFD2FD9D114D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Chili " restricted by Thomas (1912) to " S. Chili (Temuco) "; Cabrera (1958) restricted the locality to " alrededores de Santiago " [Chile]. Honacki et al. (1982) listed the type locality for G. c. furax Thomas, 1912.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCFFD2FD9D114D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCF944FB641334.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Surinam ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCF944FB641334.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: San Luis Potosi and Veracruz (Mexico) to Peru and S Brazil, at lower elevations, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, Panama, and Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCF944FB641334.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Costa Rica).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCF944FB641334.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Krumbiegel (1942) included allamandi.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCF410FCE31E66.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " alpibus Lapponiae, Ruffiae, Sibiriae, sylvis vastissimis ", restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Lapland ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCF410FCE31E66.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic taiga and S tundra, south to 50 ° N (Eurasia) and 37 ° N (North America).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCF410FCE31E66.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFEDCF410FCE31E66.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Degerbol (1935) and Kurtén and Rausch (1959) demonstrated that gulo and luscus are conspecific.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFF36FB75FA3E1C39.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Gulo sibiricus Pallas, 1780 (= [Mustela] gulo Linnaeus, 1758), by absolute tautonymy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E745BFF36FB75FA3E1C39.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Corbet (1978 c) attributed Gulo to Storr, 1780. Gulo Frisch, 1775, is invalid (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 19546).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E7454FF08F648FE321738.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Ictonyx capensis Kaup, 1835 (= Bradypus striatus Perry, 1810) (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C30E7454FF08F648FE321738.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: There is considerable controversy over the correct name for this genus (Herschkovitz, 1955 b; Van Gelder, 1966). Zorilla Oken, 1816, is invalid (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1956 b). Zorilla Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826, was suppressed under the plenary powers for the purposes of the Principle of Priority (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1967). Rosevear (1974) strongly suggested, and Dekeyser (1955) and Niethammer (1987 a) argued that Poecilictis Thomas and Hinton, 1920, and Ictonyx are congeneric. The principal skull features used to erect the new genus by Thomas and Hinton (1920) could not be supported when a more extensive series of specimens was measured (Rosevear, 1974).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF39FF0EFA35107D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Libyae " [Libya].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF39FF0EFA35107D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Fringes of the Sahara Desert from Morocco and Egypt on the north, and from Mauretania and N Nigeria to Sudan on the south.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF38F856F92F129F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " South America ". This is clearly in error and Hollister (1915) fixed the type locality as " Cape of Good Hope ". [South Africa].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF38F856F92F129F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Senegal to SE Egypt and Ethiopia, south to South Africa, including: Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF12FAE2FBA91301.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Mustela patagonica Blainville, 1842.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF38FB79F8EF13C2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Listed in Cabrera (1958) as " cercanias del rio Negro. " [Argentina].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF38FB79F8EF13C2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina and S Chile.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF3BF4E8FA061EE6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " North America ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF3BF4E8FA061EE6.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Alaska and Canada south to N California, south in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mtns to 35 ° N.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF3BF4E8FA061EE6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: May be conspecific with martes, melampus, and zibellina (Anderson, 1970; Hagmeier, 1961). See Clark et al. (1987, Mammalian Species, 289).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3017454FF14F424FC421C90.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Martes domestica Pinel, 1792 (= Mustela foina Erxleben, 1777).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FEC8FD1EF9B916C0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given; fixed by Pocock (1941 a) as " Nepal ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FEC8FD1EF9B916C0.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Primorski Krai (Russia); Korea; China, west along Himalayan foothills to NW Pakistan; isolates in S India, SE Asia, Taiwan, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FEC8FD1EF9B916C0.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India); U. S. ESA - Endangered as M. f. chrysospila; IUCN - Indeterminate as M. f. chrysospila.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECAFF39FE121057.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Europa inque Persia ", listed by Miller (19126) as " Germany. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECAFF39FE121057.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: From Spain to S and C Europe, through Caucasus Mtns, to the Altai (Russia, Kazakhstan), Mongolia, and Himalayas; adjacent China; islands of Corfu, Crete and Rhodes.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECAFF39FE121057.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India) as M. f. intermedia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECDF8ACFB7A119A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Madras " [India].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECDF8ACFB7A119A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S India.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECDF8ACFB7A119A.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India); IUCN - Indeterminate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECDF8ACFB7A119A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Included in Martes flavigula by Honacki et al. (1982) and Corbet (1978 c); however, separated by Bonhote (19016), Pocock (1936 a, 1941 a), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and Anderson (1970).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCF9F1FD5F1336.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " sylvis antiquis ", restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Upsala " [Sweden].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCF9F1FD5F1336.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Britain and Ireland; N and W Europe to W Siberia, south to Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Elburz Mtns (Iran), and the Caucasus Mtns.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCF9F1FD5F1336.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: May be conspecific with americana, melampus, and zibellina (Anderson, 1970; Hagmeier, 1961).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCFB0DFCE51C51.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Japan ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCFB0DFCE51C51.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Tsushima, introduced on Sado Isl); Korea.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCFB0DFCE51C51.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Indeterminate as M. m. tsuensis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCFB0DFCE51C51.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: May be conspecific with americana, martes and zibellina (Anderson, 1970; Hagmeier, 1961). Heptner and Naumov (1967) included Japanese and Korean melampus in zibellina.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCF4A8FA7E1E25.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in America boreali, vulgaris victitans quadrupedibus minoribus. " Listed by Miller and Rehm (1901) as " Eastern Canada. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCF4A8FA7E1E25.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Yukon to E Quebec (Canada), NW USA, Sierra Nevadas, N Rocky Mtns, Great Lakes Region, New England, to North Carolina (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007455FECCF4A8FA7E1E25.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Powell (1981, Mammalian Species, 156).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007456FECFF61CFBB4166F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " asia septentrionali, " restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " N. Asia. " Restricted by Ognev (1935) to " Tobol'skuyu gub. v ee severnoi chasti " [" northern part of Tobol'sk Province " (1962 c translation)] [Russia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007456FECFF61CFBB4166F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Ural Mtns to Siberia, Kamchatka, Sakhalin (Russia); Mongolia; Sinkiang and NE China; N Korea; Hokkaido (Japan); originally west to N Scandanavia and W Poland.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3007456FECFF61CFBB4166F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Pavlinin (1966). May be conspecific with americana, martes, and melampus (Anderson, 1970; Hagmeier, 1961). Heptner and Naumov (1967) included Japanese and Korean melampus in zibellina.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF25F81CFC1E1140.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Africa ", type locality is in error, fixed by Cabrera (1958) as " arrabales de Belem, la antigua Parâ. " [Brazil]	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF25F81CFC1E1140.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Amazon Basin in Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF25F81CFC1E1140.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Youngman (1982) placed africana in subgenus Grammogale. Izor and de la Torre (1978) suggested that africana and felipei form a monophyletic group. Cabrera (1958) considered Grammogale a valid genus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF25F9B7FB1812D3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " qui alpes altaicas adibunt " [Altai Mtns].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF25F9B7FB1812D3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: E Kazakhstan, S and SE Siberia, Primorski Krai (Russia); Mongolia; Tibet, W and N China; Korea.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF25F9B7FB1812D3.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF25F9B7FB1812D3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Youngman (1982) placed altaica in the subgenus Mustela; however, Ognev (1935) considered sibirica and altaica closely related.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF24FB29FA5B1EAD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Europa and Asia frigidiore; hyeme praefertim in alpinis regionibus nivea ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF24FB29FA5B1EAD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Circumboreal, tundra and forested regions of Palearctic, south to the Pyrenees, alpine Slovenia, Alps, Caucasus, W Himalayas, and Xinjiang (China); N Mongolia, N China; and C Honshu (Japan); and, in the Nearctic south to C California, N New Mexico, N Iowa and Maryland (USA). Introduced to New Zealand.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF24FB29FA5B1EAD.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF24FB29FA5B1EAD.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Eger (1990). Reviewed by C. M. King (1983, Mammalian Species, 195). Youngman (1982) placed erminea in the subgenus Mustela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF1FFE52F8D51025.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: [Mwste / «] Putorius Linnaeus, 1758.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3037456FF1FFE52F8D51025.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Hall (1951) and Youngman (1982). Youngman (1982) recognized 5 subgenera: Putorius (putorius, eversmannii, nigripes); Lutreola (lutreola, sibirica, nudipes, lutreolina, and perhaps strigidorsa); Mustela (erminea, nivalis, altaica, frenata); Vison (vison); and Grammogaie (africana, felipei). Some have chosen to elevate these groupings to generic status; because of the lack of any comprehensive phylogenetic approach to this problem, they are provisionally recognized here as valid subgenera.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECDFD1EFD4A1749.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " trouvé ... entre Orembourg et Bukkara, " restricted by Stroganov (1962: 338) to " basseinu sredneyo techeniya r. Ileka, ... r. Bol'shoi Khobdy " [Russia, Orenburg Obi., S of Orenburg, mouth of Khobda River, a tributary of Ilek River.]	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECDFD1EFD4A1749.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Steppes and subdeserts of E Europe, and republics of the former USSR; Mongolia; W, C and NE China.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECDFD1EFD4A1749.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Rostro (1948), Heptner (in Heptner and Naumov, 1967), and Anderson (1977). Youngman (1982) placed eversmannii in the subgenus Putorius. Anderson (1977) and Kurtén and Anderson (1980) suggested that nigripes and eversmannii may be conspecific. Pocock (1936 b) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) considered eversmannii and putorius conspecific; however, Ognev (1931), Stroganov (1962), and Heptner (in Heptner and Naumov, 1967), recognized them as distinct species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECCFF41F93C1058.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Santa Marta, elevation 2,700 m, near San Agustin, Huila, Colombia ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECCFF41F93C1058.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: The type locality and Cauca, Colombia (two localities separated by 70 km, on opposite sides of Cordillera Central.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECCFF41F93C1058.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Izor and de la Torre (1978) suggested that africana and felipei form a monophyletic group. Youngman (1982) placed felipei in subgenus Grammogale.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECCF8B0FA3813FC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " der Nähe von Mexico ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECCF8B0FA3813FC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S Canada to Venezuela and Bolivia, excluding the SW deserts of the USA.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECCF8B0FA3813FC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Youngman (1982) placed frenata in the subgenus Mustela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECEFBD4FC7F1D25.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Kachar region " [Nepal].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECEFBD4FC7F1D25.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Himalayas from N Pakistan through Nepal to Burma; S and E China; Indochinese Peninsula.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027457FECEFBD4FC7F1D25.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027450FECEF51CF99615C3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Finlandiae aquolis ", restricted by Matschie (1912) to " Südwest-Finnland. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027450FECEF51CF99615C3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: NE Spain, France; throughout Europe to the Irtysh and Ob Rivers (Russia, Kazakhstan).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027450FECEF51CF99615C3.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3027450FECEF51CF99615C3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Youngman (1982) placed lutreola in subgenus Lutreola. Revised by Matschie (1912), Novikov (1939), and Youngman (1982; 1990, Mammalian Species, 362). Occasional hybrids occur between lutreola and putorius (Youngman, 1982).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF38FE3BF99A1758.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Tjibodas, West Java, 5500 ' "; identified by Van Bree and Boeadi (1978) as " 6 ° 44 ' S 107 ° 00 ' E ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF38FE3BF99A1758.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia (Java, Sumatra).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF38FE3BF99A1758.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF38FE3BF99A1758.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Van Bree and Boeadi (1978). Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) implied, and Novikov (1956) and Corbet (1978 c) believed lutreolina and sibirica conspecific; however this has not been supported by primary studies (Van Bree and Boeadi, 1978). Youngman (1982) placed lutreolina in the subgenus Lutreola.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3BFFAFFDD51176.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " lower waters of the Platte River ", restricted by Hayden (1863: 138) to " Fort Laramie " [Wyoming, USA].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3BFFAFFDD51176.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly, S Alberta and Saskatchewan (Canada) south to Arizona, Oklahoma, and NW Texas (USA). Viable populations now only in captivity.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3BFFAFFDD51176.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3BFFAFFDD51176.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Hillman and Clark (1980, Mammalian Species, 126) and Anderson (1977). Youngman (1982) placed nigripes in the subgenus Putorius. Anderson (1977) and Kurtén and Anderson (1980) suggested that nigripes and eversmannii may be conspecific.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3BF94EFD061CF0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Westrobothnia " [Sweden].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3BF94EFD061CF0.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: The Palearctic (excl. Ireland, the Arabian Peninsula, and Arctic Isis); Japan; the Nearctic in Alaska (USA), Canada, and USA, south to Wyoming and North Carolina. Introduced to New Zealand; see Corbet and Hill (1980).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3BF94EFD061CF0.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Reichstein (1957) and van Zyll de Jong (1992), who considered Putorius rixosus and Mustela nivalis conspecific. Youngman (1982) placed nivalis in the subgenus Mustela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3AF4C8FB741E37.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " L'lle de Java ". Locality is in error, fixed by Robinson and Kloss (1919 b) as " West Sumatra " [Indonesia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3AF4C8FB741E37.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Borneo).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057450FF3AF4C8FB741E37.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Pocock (1941 a) believed strigidorsa and nudipes to be closely related. Youngman (1982) placed nudipes in the subgenus Lutreola.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057451FF3BF60DFDF61716.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " inter Europae rupes et lapidum acervos ", restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Scania, S. Sweden. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057451FF3BF60DFDF61716.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Europe (excluding Ireland and most of Scandinavia), east to the Ural Mtns.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3057451FF3BF60DFDF61716.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Heptner (in Heptner and Naumov, 1967). Probable ancestor of domestic ferret, furo (Rempe, 1970; Volobuev, 1971). Youngman (1982) placed putorius in the subgenus Putorius. Pocock (19366) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) considered eversmannii and putorius conspecific; however, Ognev (1931), Stroganov (1962), and Heptner (in Heptner and Naumov, 1967), recognized them as distinct species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047451FEC7FF6EFD6112C8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sibiriae montanis, sylvis densissimis ", restricted by Pocock (1941 a) to " Vorposten Tigerazkoi, near Usstkomengorsk, W. Altai, " based on Pallas (1773: 570). Listed in Honaki et al. (1982) as " U. S. S. R., E. Kazakhstan, vic. of Ust-Kamenogorsk, Tigeretskoie. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047451FEC7FF6EFD6112C8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Russia (Tataria, Dalnevostochny Rayon), Ural Mtns, Siberia; Pakistan east to N Burma; N Thailand; Taiwan; China; Korea; Japan; introduced to Sakhalin, Russia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047451FEC7FF6EFD6112C8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047451FEC7FF6EFD6112C8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Youngman (1982) placed sibirica in the subgenus Lutreola. Ognev (1935) considered altaica and sibirica closely related. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) implied, and Novikov (1956) and Corbet (1978 c) believed lutreolina and sibirica conspecific; however this has not been supported by primary studies (Van Bree and Boeadi, 1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047451FEC6FAC0F8E513D7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Gray (1853) based the type description on a manuscript given to him by Hodgson. Horsfield (1855) later fixed the type locality as, " the Sikim Hills of Tarai. " [India, Sikkim].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047451FEC6FAC0F8E513D7.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Nepal east through Burma, Yunnan (China) and Thailand to Laos.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047451FEC6FAC0F8E513D7.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Youngman (1982) suggested that strigidorsa belonged in subgenus Lutreola.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047452FEC6F430FC341548.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Man findet das Vison in Canada un Pensilvanien ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047452FEC6F430FC341548.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: North America from Alaska and Canada through all of USA except SW deserts. Introduced to Iceland, NC Europe, British Isis, Norway, Belarussia, Baltic States, Spain, and Siberia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3047452FEC6F430FC341548.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Manville (1966) demonstrated that macrodon is conspecific, although Kurtén and Anderson (1980) recognized it as a distinct species. Hall (1951), Heptner and Yurgenson (1967), and Hollister (1913 a) considered vison closely related to lutreola, however analyses by Graphodatskii et al. (1976) and Youngman (1982) supported vison to be one of the earliest offshoots of the Mustela lineage. Youngman (1982) placed vison in the subgenus Vison.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF06F50BF9A11E02.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Trichecidae Gray, 1821 and Rosmaridae Gill, 1866 are invalid (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1959). Considered as a subfamily of Otariidae by Mitchell and Tedford (1973), Tedford (1976), Hall (1981), Berta and Deméré (1986), Barnes (1989), and Wozencraft (1989 a, b); however, Wyss (1987) and Berta (1991) contended that this would make the otariids paraphyletic.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF2CFDC3F8E316DC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " it was without any habitat ". Fixed by Coetzee (19776) as " Cape Colony ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF2CFDC3F8E316DC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF19FDABF94A15CB.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Zorilla albinucha Gray, 1864, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF2CFA84FA501D29.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Er wohnt in Labrador und um die Hudsonsbay, " restricted by Long (1972), to " Carman, Manitoba. " [Canada].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF2CFA84FA501D29.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: SW Canada, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatschewan, Manitoba, Ontario, to Baja California and Puebla (Mexico), east to Lake Ontario.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF2CFA84FA501D29.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Long (1972; 1973, Mammalian Species, 26).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF06F9C0FD0A128B.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Ursus Meles labradorius Gmelin, 1788 (= Ursus taxus Schreber, 1777), by original designation. (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF07F969FA6A11FB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Taxidea Waterhouse (1838). See comments under Melinae for rationale in separating this taxon from old world " badgers. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF04FF1EFB4F17B4.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Mustela sarmatica Pallas, 1771 (= Mustela peregusna Güldenstädt, 1770), by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF2AFF8BFB411107.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " habitat in campis apricis desertis Tanaicensibus ". Listed in Honacki et al. (1982) as " U. S. S. R., Rostov Obi., steppes at lower Don River. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF2AFF8BFB411107.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Steppes and deserts of SE Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Middle Asia; SW Asia (excl. Arabia); N China and S Mongolia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077452FF2AFF8BFB411107.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077453FF07F663FA001547.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Odobenus odobenus Brisson, 1762 (= Phoca rosmarus Linnaeus, 1758).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3077453FF07F663FA001547.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Although the names in Brisson (1762) are invalid, Odobenus has been retained (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957 e).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDAF991FB4813E3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Zimmermann (1783) based the name on the " Falkland Isle Seal " of Pennant (1781), however, he added that it " Wohnt um Juan Fernandez, und über haupt in dortigen Meeren. " [Falkland Isis, UK].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDAF991FB4813E3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Coasts of South America from Lima (Peru) to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil); Falkland Isis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDAF991FB4813E3.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDAF991FB4813E3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Scheffer (1958) included galapagoensis Heller, 1904; but this was not followed by Repenning et al. (1971) or J. E. King (1983).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FF34F8A1F8CE11BA.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: " Phoca ursina " (= Phoca pusilla Schreber, 1777; not Phoca ursina Linnaeus, 1758; Allen, 1905 discussed confusion in designation of type species).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FF34F8A1F8CE11BA.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by King (1954) and Repenning et al. (1971) who included Arctophoca Peters, 1867. Van Gelder (19776) considered Zalophus and Arctocephalus congeneric.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDDFBDBFCF81C9D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Scheffer (1958) restricted the type locality to " Dusky Sound, New Zealand. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDDFBDBFCF81C9D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand and nearby subantarctic isls; S and W Australia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDDFBDBFCF81C9D.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDDF4F4FCD71E3B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Wenman Island " [Ecuador, Galapagos Isis].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDDF4F4FCD71E3B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Specimens recorded only from Galapagos Isis [Ecuador].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDDF4F4FCD71E3B.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEDDF4F4FCD71E3B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Repenning et al. (1971) supported recognition at the specific level, followed by J. E. King (1983); however, Scheffer (1958) considered galapagoensis conspecific with australis, which would be the most closely related taxon. Reviewed by Clark (1975, Mammalian Species, 64).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEC6FDBFFAB816E3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " intra Zonam arcticam Europae, Asiae, Americae ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEC6FDBFFAB816E3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Arctic seas: south as far as New England (USA), Great Britain, Scandinavia, Pribilof Isis, and Honshu (Japan) at least occasionally.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEC6FDBFFAB816E3.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Canada); IUCN - Insufficiently known as O. r. laptevi.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FEC6FDBFFAB816E3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Fay (1985, Mammalian Species, 238).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3067453FF33FEC6FCB6105D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Allen (1880), Repenning et al. (1971), Mitchell and Tedford (1973), J. E. King (1983), Berta and Deméré (1986), and Barnes (1989). Does not include Odobenus, which was included in a monotypic subfamily (Odobeninae) by Mitchell and Tedford (1973), Tedford (1976), Hall (1981), Barnes (1989), and Wozencraft (1989 a, b); however, see Wyss (1987) and Berta (1991) who are followed here. Berta and Deméré (1986) separated Arctocephalus and Callorhinus into the Arctocephalinae. Repenning et al. (1971), Repenning and Tedford (1977), and others argued against the recognition of subfamilies.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C306744CFEDDF612FDFD16BF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " von Seehunden aus Kerguelenland ". Restriced by Scheffer (1958) to " Anse Betsy (49 ° 09 ' S, 70 ° 11 ' E). "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C306744CFEDDF612FDFD16BF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Islands south of Antarctic convergence (Kerguelen, S Sandwich, S Orkney, Heard, Bouver, S Georgia, S Shetland Isis).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C306744CFEDDF612FDFD16BF.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C306744CFEDDF612FDFD16BF.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by King (1959 a, b). Peters' (1875) original description, based on two specimens, was considered by Allen (1880) as invalid (nomen nudum). A year later Peters (1876) learned the second specimen came from St. Paul or Amsterdam Island and gave it the name Otaria (Arctophoca) elegans. Allen (1892) and King (1959 b) considered these as subspecific populations. Placed in Arctocephalus by Repenning et al. (1971).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF22FE98FB0217E5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Insel Juan Fernandez ". Listed by Scheffer (1958) as " Isla Mâs a Tierra, Islas Juan Fernândez, Chile ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF22FE98FB0217E5.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Specimens recorded from Juan Fernandez and San Felix Isis (Chile).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF22FE98FB0217E5.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25FFE0FA4A11FB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Unknown. " Diese Gattung findet sich in den levantischen, und nach dem Herrn Grafen von Büffon, im indischen Meere "; discussion of type locality in Allen (1880).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25FFE0FA4A11FB.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: SW Africa from Angola to Algoa Bay; SE Australia; Tasmania.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25FFE0FA4A11FB.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25FFE0FA4A11FB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Repenning et al. (1971) and J. E. King (1983) included doriferus Wood-Jones, 1925; however, Scheffer (1958) considered it a distinct species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25F9D3FB8E1320.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Guadalupe Island, off Lower California ... collected on the beach on west side of Guadalupe. " [Mexico]	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25F9D3FB8E1320.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Guadalupe Isl (Mexico), Channel Isis (California, USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25F9D3FB8E1320.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Threatened; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25F9D3FB8E1320.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Formerly included in Arctophoca; see Repenning et al. (1971). Considered conspecific with philippii by Scheffer (1958).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25FB18FCE11C63.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " North coast of Australia. " This is in error, fixed by King (1959 b) to " ' Australasian sea' ... to include the islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam as these are the islands nearest to Australia ... ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25FB18FCE11C63.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Islands north of Antarctic Convergence (Tristan, Gough, Marion, Crozet, Amsterdam, Macquarie Isis).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF25FB18FCE11C63.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF1CF446FDA41CDC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Arctocephalus ursinus Gray, 1859 (= Phoca ursina Linnaeus, 1758), by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF23F534FA4B1E03.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in Camschatcae maritimus inter Asiam and Americam proximam, primario in infula Beringri, " restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Bering Island. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744CFF23F534FA4B1E03.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: North Pacific, in Okhotsk and Bering Seas; Commander and Pribilof Isis (Russia), south to Japan, Shantung (China), and S California (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744DFF1DF667FAD11518.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: " Otaria californiana Lesson., = Arctocephalus monterienis Gray. " (= Phoca jubata Schreber, 1776).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C319744DFF1DF667FAD11518.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: For a discussion of the type, see Scheffer (1958).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDBFD70FB2116C1.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " ... Aufenthalt in dem nördlichen Theil des stillen Meeres ... westlichen Küste von Amerika ... östlichen von Kamtschatka ... Inseln ... Küsten unter dem 56 ten Grade der Breite liegen. " [N part of the Pacific. Russia, Commander and Bering Isis].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDBFD70FB2116C1.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Pacific, from Hokkaido (Japan) to S California (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDBFD70FB2116C1.taxon	conservation	STATUS: U. S. ESA - Threatened.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDBFD70FB2116C1.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Scheffer (1958) pointed out that jubata Forster, 1775, is invalid. Reviewed by Loughlin et al. (1987, Mammalian Species, 283).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDCF83EFBA7110D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " L'ile Decrès " [Australia, South Australia, Kangaroo Isl].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDCF83EFBA7110D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Houtmans Abrolhos (Western Australia) to Kangaroo Isl (South Australia).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDCF83EFBA7110D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Allen (1880: 203 - 204) questioned the validity of the type description. Reviewed by Ling (1992, Mammalian Species, 392).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFF36FF24FCA717C8.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Arctocephalus lobatus Gray, 1828 (= Otaria cinerea Péron, 1816).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFF36FF24FCA717C8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Sivertsen (1954) and Scheffer (1958) considered Neophoca congeneric with Phocarctos; however, it was retained as separate by J. E. King (1960, 1983), Rice (1977), and Barnes (1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDCF988FB371CD4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " the island of Tinian ... située à l'est des Philippines ou par le 15 ° de latitude méridionale et le 215 ° de long, méridionale de Greenwich. " This is an error, as there are no sea lions on these islands, fixed by Scheffer (1958) as " it probably came from the Strait of Magellan or Islas Juan Fernândez " based on Allen (1905) and Hamilton (1934).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDCF988FB371CD4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: South American coasts from Peru to Uruguay; Falkland Isl; occasionally north to coast of Brazil.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDCF988FB371CD4.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Phoca flavescens Shaw, 1800, was described based on a juvenile specimen in the Leverian Museum from the " Magellanic Straits " [Chile]. His description, as stated, does not fit any know otariid from this region (Allen, 1880, 1905). Cabrera (1940) believed that the description was sufficient to distinguish it from Arctocephalus, the only other possibility; based on the molting of young pups. King (1978) who reviewed the controversy, pointed out that at molting stage, the size of the pup would exclude it from Shaw's (1800) description.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFF36F970F9D311B0.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Otaria leonina Péron, 1816 (= Phoca byroni de Blainville, 1820).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDFF631FB751EF4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. " Locality in error; fixed by Clark (1873) as " Auckland Islands ... between 800 and 900 miles S. of Tasmania, in lat. 50 ° 48 ' S., long. 166 ° 42 ' E. " [New Zealand]	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFEDFF631FB751EF4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Subantarctic islands of New Zealand.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFF08F516FD271DDC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Otaria hookeri (Arctocephalus Hookeri Gray, 1844).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C318744DFF08F516FD271DDC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Sivertsen (1954) and Scheffer (1958) considered Phocarctos congeneric with Neophoca, however, it was retained as separate by J. E. King (1960, 1983), Rice (1977), and Barnes (1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF2EF9DFF9861303.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Habitat in Groenlandia australiori et Newfoundland ". [S Greenland and Newfoundland].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF2EF9DFF9861303.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Atlantic and Arctic oceans, from Newfoundland (Canada) to S Greenland, Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya (Russia); occasionally south to Portugal and Florida (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF2EF9DFF9861303.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Kovacs and Lavigne (1986, Mammalian Species, 258).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF18F971FC9711E8.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Cystophora borealis Nilsson, 1820 (= Phoca cristata Erxleben, 1777).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF18F971FC9711E8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by King (1966).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF2EFBFBFC2D1CC9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " ad Scotiam atque Groelandiam australiorem, vulgaris circa Islandiam " [North Atlantic, S Greenland].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF2EFBFBFC2D1CC9.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Circumpolar Arctic seas (Canada, Greenland, Japan, Norway, USA, republics of the former USSR), south to Hokkaido (Japan) and Newfoundland.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF18FB64F9C31385.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Phoca barbata Fabricius, 1791 (= Phoca barbata Erxleben, 1777).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF18F52BFD5C1D97.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Halichoerus griseus Nilsson, 1820 (= Phoca grypus Fabricius, 1791).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF18F52BFD5C1D97.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Mohr (1952) described successful mating in captivity between Phoca hispida and Halichoerus grypus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF19FF41FBFF110F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Chapskii (1955), Scheffer (1958), J. E. King (1966, 1983), Hendey (1972), Muizon (1982 a), and Wyss (1989). Muizon (1982 «), and Wyss's (1988) phylogenetic analyses agreed on three areas: 1) The monophyletic nature of two groups they refer to as the Lobodontini (Hydrurga, Leptonychotes, Lobodon, and Ommatophoca), and the Phocinae (Erignathus, Cystophora, Halichoerus, and Phoca), 2) The lobodonts, along with Monachus and Mirounga have been traditionally refered to as the Monachinae (kept by Muizon), however, they both suggested that this group may be paraphyletic, 3) Because of the " unsettled " nature of these taxa, no subfamilies are recognized at this time.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF2EFDE4FBEF177F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " les rochers dans le voisinage de la baie San-Francisco sont ordinairement couverts de lion marins. " [USA, California, San Francisco Bay].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF2EFDE4FBEF177F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Pacifie from near the Mexico-Guatemala border to British Columbia (Canada); Japan; Galapagos Isis (Gallo-Reynosa and Solorzano-Velasco, 1991).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF2EFDE4FBEF177F.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Extinct? as Z. c. japonicus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF18FD20F9D615EB.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: " Otaria Gilliespii Macbain ", 1858 (= Otaria californiana Lesson, 1828).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744EFF18FD20F9D615EB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Included in Arctocephalus by Van Gelder (1977 b). Mohr (1952) reported successful matings between Arctocephalus pusillus and Z. californianus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744FFF2FF5F1FC5115BC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Listed by Scheffer (1958) as " Greenland ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31B744FFF2FF5F1FC5115BC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Temperate and subarctic waters around Britain, Canada (Newfoundland area), Iceland, Greenland, Norway, Russia (Kola Peninsula), and Baltic Sea.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFF0AFDFEFD6F164B.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Phoca leptonyx de Blainville, 1820.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFF0AFDFEFD6F164B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Replacement name for preoccupied Stenorhinchus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, 1826.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED0FE42FCD41766.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " des environs des îles Falckland ou Malouines " [Falkland Isis (UK)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED0FE42FCD41766.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Circumpolar, in southern oceans (Antarctica, Australia, Chile, Kerguelen Islands, South Sandwich Isis, Falkland Isis, southern Africa, New Zealand).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFF0AFF48FD761036.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Otaria weddellii Lesson, 1826, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFF0AFF48FD761036.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Replacement name for Leptonyx Gray, 1837, which is preoccupied by Leptonyx Swainson, 1821.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED0F80BF93C117A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " sur les côtes des Orcades australes, situées sour 60 degrés 37 minutes de lat " [South Orkney Isl (Br. Antarct. Trust Terr.)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED0F80BF93C117A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Coastal fast ice areas of Antarctic continent and adjacent islands; occasionally north to South America, Australia, and New Zealand.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED0F80BF93C117A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Stirling (1971, Mammalian Species, 6) and Kooyman (1981).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED3F9D4FCB9131A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " capturé sur les glaces du Pole Sud, entre les îles Sandwich et les îles Powels, à 150 lieues de distance de chacune de ces îles. " [Scotia Sea (midway between South Orkney and South Sandwich Isis) (Br. Antarct. Trust Terr.)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED3F9D4FCB9131A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Antarctic seas, frequently on pack ice around Antarctic Continent, limited records from New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, and Argentina.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFF0CF9BDFAB711FC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Phoca carcinophaga Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED5FBC6F9F81CEA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " California " restricted by Poole and Schantz (1942) to " St. Bartholomews Bay, lower California, Mexico. " Clarified by Scheffer (1958) as " Bahia Tòrtola (= Bahia San Bartolomé) 27 ° 39 ' N, 114 ° 51 ' W, Baja California, Mexico ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED5FBC6F9F81CEA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: SE Alaska to California (USA) and Baja California (Mexico).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFF0FFB5AF8D413CE.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Phoca proboscidea Péron, 1816 (= Phoca leonina Linnaeus, 1758).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFF0FFB5AF8D413CE.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by King (1966). Ling and Bryden (1992) provided a key to the species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED2F4E2F9D11E54.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " ad polum Antarcticum " restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Juan Fernandez ", further restricted by Hamilton (1940) as " Isla Mas a Tierra " [Chile].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED2F4E2F9D11E54.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Subantarctic islands, including Macquarie, Kerguelen, S Georgia Isis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED2F4E2F9D11E54.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31A744FFED2F4E2F9D11E54.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Ling and Bryden (1992, Mammalian Species, 391).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF1BFD1EFE0515E8.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Phoca monachus Hermann, 1779.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF1BFD1EFE0515E8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by King (1956). Wyss (1988) suggested that this may be a paraphyletic group.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF21FDE2FD871707.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: King (1956) listed the locality as " captured in the autumn of 1777 in the Dalmation Sea at Ossero. " [Yugoslavia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF21FDE2FD871707.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean and Black Seas; NW Africa to Cape Blanc.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF21FDE2FD871707.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20FF7DFAB41020.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Laysan ist eine kleine Koralleinsel, nordwestlich der Sandwich-Inseln " [USA, Laysan Isl, 25 ° 50 ' N, 171 ° 50 ' W].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20FF7DFAB41020.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: NW Hawaiian Isis, from Nihoa to Kure.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20FF7DFAB41020.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F818FAF21165.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Jamaica " restricted by King (1956) to " Pedro Cays, 80 km. south of Jamaica ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F818FAF21165.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Caribbean Sea and Yucatan.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F818FAF21165.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered; IUCN - Extinct?.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F818FAF21165.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: " Extinct since the early 1950 ' s " (Kenyon, 1977).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF1BF948FAE811E8.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Ommatophoca Rossii Gray, 1844, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF21F9E0F96912AC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Antarctic ocean ", restricted by Barrett-Hamilton (1902) to " pack ice, north of Ross Sea 68 ° S, 176 ° E ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF21F9E0F96912AC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Circumpolar, Antarctic pack ice, particularly King Haakon VII Sea.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F47CFA5C1D20.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in mari, praesertim septentrionali, etiam Pacifico et Caspico " [Caspian Sea).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F47CFA5C1D20.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Caspian Sea.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F47CFA5C1D20.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pusa Scopoli, 1777, followed by Scheffer (1958).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F517FCA11E32.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Wohnt um die Kurdischen Inseln " [Russia, Kurile Isis].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F517FCA11E32.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Okhotsk, W Bering, Chukchiand Japan Seas.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF20F517FCA11E32.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Burns and Fay (1970). Placed in Histriophoca Gill, 1873 by Scheffer (1958) and Muizon (1982 a)	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF1AFA8EFD741C05.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758, by tautonomy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7448FF1AFA8EFD741C05.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Burns and Fay (1970), Rice (1977), McDermid and Bonner (1975), Gromov and Baranova (1981), J. E. King (1983), and Wyss (1988) considered Phoca, Pusa, Histriophoca, and Pagophilus a monophyletic group. However, Muizon (1982 a) suggested that Histricophoca and Pagophilus may be more closely related to Cystophora than to Phoca (sensu stricto). Burns and Fay (1970) and McDermid and Bonner (1975) argued that these differences should be recognized only at the subgeneric level which is followed here.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7449FF20F607FDF41595.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in Groenlandia et Newfoundland. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7449FF20F607FDF41595.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: N Atlantic and Arctic oceans from E Canada to the White Sea (Russia).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31D7449FF20F607FDF41595.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pagophilus Gray, 1844, followed by Scheffer (1958) and Muizon (1982 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEC6FDEFFDE517C0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Man fängt ihn auf den Küsten von Grönland und Labrader ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEC6FDEFFDE517C0.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Arctic Ocean, Okhotsk, Bering, and Baltic Seas; Finland (Saimaa Lake); Russia (Ladoga Lake); Canda (Nettilling Lake, Baffin Isl).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEC6FDEFFDE517C0.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Endangered as P. h. saimensis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEC6FDEFFDE517C0.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pusa Scopoli, 1777, followed by Scheffer (1958). Mohr (1952) described successful mating in captivity between Phoca hispida and Halichoerus grypus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FED8F839F9CC118A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " quam quod observetur tantum ad orientale littus Camtschatcae ", Shaughnessy and Fay (1977) listed as " Eastern coast of Kamchatka " [Russia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FED8F839F9CC118A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Associated with pack ice in coastal N Pacific, Bering and Okhotsk Seas, Aleutian Isis; south to Kiangsu (China) and Japan.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FED8F839F9CC118A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Scheffer (1958) considered largha as conspecific with vitulina; however, Shaughnessy and Fay (1977) and J. E. King (1983) separated the two.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEDBF982FBFF129A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Baikal et Orom " [Lake Baikal and Lake Oron (= Ozero Oron), U. S. S. R.].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEDBF982FBFF129A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Lake Baikal (Russia).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEDBF982FBFF129A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in Pusa Scopoli, 1777, followed by Scheffer (1958). Reviewed by Thomas et al. (1982, Mammalian Species, 188).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEDBFAF3FAF81D46.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in mari Europaeo " restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Mari Bothnico et Baltico ", however, presently it does not occur in the Gulf of Bothnia (Bobrinski et al., 1944).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEDBFAF3FAF81D46.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Kurile Isis and Kamchatka (Russia); south to Kiangsu (China); Alaska to Mexico; Greenland and E Canada to NE USA; Iceland; Britain and Europe; Seal Lakes, Ungava Peninsula (Canada); Iliamna Lake, Alaska (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEDBFAF3FAF81D46.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Vulnerable as P. v. stejnegeri.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FEDBFAF3FAF81D46.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The position of stejnegeri Allen, 1902, remains uncertain; Scheffer (1958) placed in largha Pallas, 1811; J. E. King (1983) placed in vitulina Linnaeus, 1758; and Shaughnessy and Fay (1977) suggested incertae sedis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31C7449FF35F5A8FD891E96.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Hollister (1915), Pocock (1921 a), Baskin (1982, 1989), and Decker and Wozencraft (1991). Does not include Ailurus or Ailuropoda, following information presented in Davis (1964), Todd and Pressman (1968), Sarich (1976), Ginsburg (1982), Wozencraft (19896), and Decker and Wozencraft (1991); however, Hollister (1915), Gregory (1936), Thenius (1979), and Flynn et al. (1988) considered Ailurus in the Procyonidae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFED6FEE1FDD817AD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sarayacu, on the Bobonasa river, Upper Pastasa river ", [Ecuador].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFED6FEE1FDD817AD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador east of the Andes, and Peru to Cuzco Prov.; Bolivia; possibly into Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFED6FFA5FA4D1046.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Bastrica woods, Essequibo River, British Guiana ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFED6FFA5FA4D1046.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Guyana, and possibly adjacent Venezuela and Brasil.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFED6FFA5FA4D1046.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: A renaming of alleni Sclater, 1895 (not Thomas, 1880). Cabrera (1958) erroneously listed Bassaricyon beddardi as Bassariscus beddardi.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF29F8BEFD1E1159.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Costa Rica, " restricted by Allen (1908) to " Talamanca ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF29F8BEFD1E1159.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: C Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF29F8BEFD1E1159.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Costa Rica).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF00FDF1FCB016E9.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Bassaricyon Gabbii J. A. Allen, 1876, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF00FDF1FCB016E9.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Poglayen-Neuwall (1965). Several workers have suggested that the several named forms of Bassaricyon are conspecific (Decker and Wozencraft, 1991; Ewer, 1973; Hall and Kelson, 1959; Stains, 1967; Wozencraft, 1989 b); but supporting systematic work is lacking.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF29F9AFFBBF121B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Estrella de Cartago, Costa Rica. This locality is six to eight miles south of Cartago near the source of the Rio Estrella, at an altitude of about 4,500 feet. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF29F9AFFBBF121B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF29FA72FBBF1335.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Between Rio Chiriqui Viejo and Rio Colorado, on a hill known locally as Cerro Pando, elevation 4800 feet, about ten miles from El Volcan, Province de Chiriqui, R. de Panama. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF29FA72FBBF1335.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF05FB76F91E13C1.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra caudivolvula Schreber, 1777 (= Lemur flavus Schreber, 1774), by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF05FB76F91E13C1.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Hernandez-Camacho (1977) placed Potos in Cercoleptidae Bonaparte, 1838.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744AFF01FD1DFD03158F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Potos E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1795, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744BFF2BF43AFE1715C4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Er ist, der Sage nach, auf den Gebirgen in Jamaica einheimisch "; restricted by Thomas (1902 b), to " Surinam ". Ford and Hoffmann (1988) discussed the confusion over the name and type locality.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744BFF2BF43AFE1715C4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S Tamaulipas and Guerrero (possibly Michoacan), Mexico through Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, to the Mato Grosso of Brazil and N South American (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744BFF2BF43AFE1715C4.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Hondurus).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31F744BFF2BF43AFE1715C4.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Kortlucke (1973) and Hernandez-Camacho (1977). Reviewed by Ford and Hoffmann (1988, Mammalian Species, 321), Cabrera (1958), and Husson (1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED3FF69FCA31168.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Mexico " [near city of Mexico].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED3FF69FCA31168.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: SW Oregon, N Nevada, Utah, SW Wyoming and W Colorado, south through California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas (USA), to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Mexico); Tiburon Isl and several other islands in the Gulf of California.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED3FF69FCA31168.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Rhoads (1893). See Poglayen-Neuwall and Toweill (1988, Mammalian Species, 327).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFF0DFEA6FA811712.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Bassariscus astutus, by monotypy through the replaced name Bassaris astuta Lichtenstein, 1830 (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFF0DFEA6FA811712.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Hollister (1915) placed in monotypic Bassariscidae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED2F960FA301284.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Cet animal habite les greniers dans la région chaude du Mexique. " Hall and Kelson (1959) listed " Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED2F960FA301284.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Guerrero and S Veracruz (Mexico) to W Panama including Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED2F960FA301284.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Costa Rica).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED5FB53FBE51DAA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " America ", restricted by Allen (1879) to " Veracruz, Mexico "; Herkovitz (1951) further restricted it to " Achotal, Isthmus of Techuantpec, Vera Cruz. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED5FB53FBE51DAA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: USA (S Arizona and SW New Mexico), south through Mexico (except Baja California), Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama), to northernmost Colombia (Gulf of Uraba).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED5FB53FBE51DAA.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Honduras) as Nasua nasua (= narica); IUCN - Insufficiently known as N. nelsoni.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFED5FB53FBE51DAA.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Includes nelsoni (Decker, 1991).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E7444FED4F59FF99D16A3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " America. "; listed by Cabrera (1958) as " Pernambuco ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E7444FED4F59FF99D16A3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Surinam, Uruguay.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E7444FED4F59FF99D16A3.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III as N. n. solitaria (Uruguay) and Nasua nasua (Honduras).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFF0FFAE6F933137B.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra nasua Linnaeus, 1766, by absolute tautomy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFF0FFAE6F933137B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Allen (1879) and Decker (1991). Reviewed by Cabrera (1958).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C31E744BFF0BFE27FBF11642.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Procyon Storr, 1780.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF69FE86F9DC1725.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Nasua olivacea meridensis Thomas, 1901, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3CFF1EFACE17C0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Santa Fé de Bogota " [Colombia], subsequently restricted by Cabrera (1958: 249) to " Bogoté, lo que debe interpretarse corno las montanas próximas a esta capital. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3CFF1EFACE17C0.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Andes of Colombia, W Venezuela, and Ecuador.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3FF912FB0B120A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " se trouve à Cayenne " [French Guiana, Cayenne].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3FF912FB0B120A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3FFA02FBEA12CE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles, West Indies. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3FFA02FBEA12CE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3FFA02FBEA12CE.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Extinct? (see Hall, 1981: 973).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3FFAC7FBC913B2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Maria Madre Island, Très Marias Ids., Mexico. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3FFAC7FBC913B2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Maria Madre Isl (P. i. insularis), and Maria Magdalena Isl (P. i. vicinus).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3CFB88F9B91ED6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Americae maritimis, " restricted by Thomas (1911 «) to " Pennsylvania " [USA].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3CFB88F9B91ED6.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S Canada throughout USA (except parts of the Rocky Mtns), Mexico, and Central America to C Panama. Introductions into France, Germany and republics of the former USSR.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF3CFB88F9B91ED6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Lotze and Anderson (1979, Mammalian Species, 119).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF69F823F94A113B.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Ursus lotor Linnaeus, 1758, by designation by Elliot (1901).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3117444FF69F823F94A113B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Goldman (1950) and Lotze and Anderson (1979); the later suggested gloveralleni, maynardi, and minor may be conspecific with lotor; Corbet and Hill (1986) considered gloveralleni, insularis, minor, and pygmaeus as conspecific with lotor; however, primary systematic works supporting these views are lacking.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF18F99AFBFA120C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Hendy (1980 «, b) placed Ailuropoda and Ailurus in tribe Ailuropodini, subfamily Agriotheriinae (Ailurinae has priority).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF23FB32F9ED1C77.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Mou-pin " [China, Sichuan Sheng, Baoxing (= Moupin) 30 ° 23 ' N, 102 ° 50 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF23FB32F9ED1C77.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: China: Sichuan, Shensi, Gansu; perhaps Qinghai, on E edge of Tibetan plateau.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF23FB32F9ED1C77.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF23FB32F9ED1C77.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Regarded by Hendey (1980 «, b) as the only surviving species in the subfamily Agriotheriinae. Placed in the monotypic family Ailuropodidae by Thenius (1979). Reviewed by Chorn and Hoffmann (1978, Mammalian Species, 110).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF1DFA6FFD4412DC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Ursus melanoleucus David, 1869, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF1DFA6FFD4412DC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Davis (1964) and Hendey (1980 «). Reviewed by Chorn and Hoffmann (1978).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107446FF1CF4B9FC981620.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Ailurus fulgens F. G. Cuvier, 1825, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107446FF1CF4B9FC981620.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Biochemical and molecular evidence has suggested that the enigmatic Ailurus is intermediate between the procyonids and the ursids (O'Brien et al., 1985; Sarich, 1973; Tagle et al., 1986; Wayne et al., 1989; Wurster and Benirschke, 1968); more closely related to ursids than to procyonids (Todd and Pressmann, 1968; Zhang and Shi, 1991); or more closely related to the procyonids than to ursids (Goldman et al., 1989). Morphological studies have pointed out the lack of any shared derived features with the procyonids (Bugge, 1978; Decker and Wozencraft, 1991; Ginsburg, 1982; Hunt, 1974; Mayr, 1986; Schmidt-Kittler, 1981; Wozencraft, 1989 «, b). Flynn et al. (1988) could not find any unambiguous features to place Ailurus with the procyonids, and only two characters to unite Ailurus with some procyonids, the loss of M / 3 (shared also with mustelids) and the presence of a cusp on P 4 on some, but not all procyonids. Wozencraft (1989 «) found 9 shared derived features with the Ursidae, and Decker and Wozencraft (1991) identified 6 unambiguous shared derived features of the procyonids, all of which are lacking in Ailurus. Only phenetic studies have indicated any kind of relationship to the procyonids (Gregory, 1936; Thenius, 1979) and only when compared to Procyon, a derived procyonid (Baskin, 1982, 1989; Decker and Wozencraft, 1991).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF2FFD07FCFA162B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Nassau Island, Bahamas ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF2FFD07FCFA162B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF2FFD07FCFA162B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Koopman et al. (1957) examined the type series and believed it to be conspecific with P. lotor.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF2FFE22FBD816B9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Ponite-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF2FFE22FBD816B9.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Guadeloupe Isl (Lesser Antilles).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF2EFE8FFC76177C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Cozumel Island, Yucatan " (Mexico).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF2EFE8FFC76177C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF2EFE8FFC76177C.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3107445FF18FFBEFC4C1158.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Ailurus and Ailuropoda have been placed in a separate family by some; however, morphological and molecular evidence strongly supports the placement of Ailuropoda in this family (Chorn and Hoffmann, 1978; Davis, 1964; Goldman et al., 1989; Hendy, 1980 «; O'Brien et al., 1985; Wozencraft, 1989 «). Thenius (1979) placed Ailuropoda in the monotypic family Ailuropodidae, and Ailurus in the Procyonidae. The placement of Ailurus is certainly more controversial, with most phenetic studies placing it in the procyonids and most phylogenetic studies placing it near or in the ursids. See comments under Ailurus concerning its placement here. Morphological studies have supported the monophyly of three subfamilies (Hendy, 1980 «; Kurtén, 1966; Thenius, 1979), although this has not been collaborated by a recent molecular approach (Goldman et al., 1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3FFE16FBB3106B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Indes orientales. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3FFE16FBB3106B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Yunnan and Szechwan (China), N Burma, Sikkim (India), Nepal.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3FFE16FBB3106B.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3FFE16FBB3106B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Although this species is sometimes included in the Procyonidae because of its ringed tail, and superficial resemblance of teeth and rounded skull to Procyon, this species does not have the shared derived morphological characters that would place it there (Decker and Wozencraft, 1991). See comments under the genus. Nearly all of the derived features that it shares with Ailuropoda (and not with other bears) relate directly to feeding on bamboo (Davis, 1964; Gregory, 1936). Reviewed by Roberts and Gittleman (1984, Mammalian Species, 222).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF69FA27F996133D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Helarctos euryspilus Horsfield, 1825 (= Ursus malayanus Raffles, 1821), by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF69FA27F996133D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1932 b). Van Gelder (1977) placed Helarctos in Melursus. Pocock (1941 a) first suggested the close relationship between M. ursinus and H. malayanus; however, this was not well supported by Goldman et al. (1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3FFB17F93B1C0C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sumatra " [Indonesia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3FFB17F93B1C0C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Burma, China (Yunnan and Szechwan), India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo), Laos, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3FFB17F93B1C0C.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF69F46FFC741D31.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Melursus lybius Meyer, 1793 (= Bradypus ursinus Shaw, 1791), by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF69F46FFC741D31.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1932 b). See comments under Helarctos concerning the relationship between these taxa.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3CF50BFB6C1EAE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Abinteriore Bengala "; restricted by Pocock (1941 a) as " Patna, north of the Ganges, Bengal " [India].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3CF50BFB6C1EAE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Sri Lanka; India, north to the Indian desert and to the foothills of the Himalayas.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF3CF50BFB6C1EAE.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137446FF16F84BFBB811C4.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Erdbrink (1953). Although there is general agreement as to the monophyletic origin of this subfamily, there is considerable disagreement as to the relationships within (Goldman et al., 1989; Hendy, 1980 a; Thenius, 1979). Erdbrink (1953) collapsed all taxa into a broadly encompassing " Ursus "; also suggested by the hybridization criteria of Van Gelder (1977 b). A consensus tree, not shown, but derived from hypotheses presented in Goldman et al. (1989) would not elucidate relationships below this level. Simpson (1945) followed Pocock (1941 a) and recognized these taxa as monotypic genera.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137447FF14F692FC12159F.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Ursus ornatus F. G. Cuvier, 1825.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3137447FF14F692FC12159F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Thenius (1976) argued that differences between Tremarctos and other bears warranted separation at the subfamily level, however, Kurtén (1966) and Hendey (1980 a) supported its inclusion here.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127447FF29FDF6FBEA1711.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " cordiliéres du Chili, " restricted by Cabrera (1958) to " los montanas al este de Trujillo, departamento de la Libertad, Peril. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127447FF29FDF6FBEA1711.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Mountainous regions of W Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and W Bolivia; perhaps Panama.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127447FF29FDF6FBEA1711.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127447FF29F8C7FD0F1310.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. In Pallas' (1780) description, he refered to Brickell (1737) who implied North Carolina (USA) by stating they " are very common in this province. " Palmer (1904) listed the locality as " eastern North America ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127447FF29F8C7FD0F1310.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: NC Alaska to Labrador and Newfoundland (Canada), south to C California, N Nevada (USA), N Nayarit and S Tamaulipas (Mexico), and Florida (USA).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127447FF29F8C7FD0F1310.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127447FF03FF54FDCA10F0.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758, by tautonymy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127447FF03FF54FDCA10F0.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The close relationship of these four species has been generally recognized by morphological and molecular studies (Goldman et al., 1989; Hendey, 1980 a; Kurtén and Anderson, 1980; Shields and Kocher, 1990). Allen (1938) proposed a close relationship between thibetanus and americanus. Thenius (1953), Goldman et al. (1989), and Shields and Kocher (1991) gave support to the monophyly of arctos with maritimus.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127440FF29FB66FCD813C8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " sylvis Europae frigidae " restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to, " Northern Sweden. "	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127440FF29FB66FCD813C8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Formerly, NW Africa, all of the Palearctic from W Europe, Near and Middle East through N Himalayas to W and N China and Chukot (Russia); Hokkaido (Japan); W North America, north from N Mexico.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127440FF29FB66FCD813C8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as U. arctos (Mexico, Bhutan, China, and Mongolia populations), U. a. isabellinus, and U. a. pruinosus; otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA - Endangered as U. a. arctos in Italy, U. a. nelsoni in Mexico, and U. a. pruinosus; Threatened as U. a. horribilis in the USA (48 conterminous states); IUCN - Extinct as U. a. nelsoni.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3127440FF29FB66FCD813C8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Couturier (1954), Rausch (1963 a), Kurtén (1973), and Hall (1984). Ognev (1931) and Allen (1938) recognized If. pruinosus as distinct; not followed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Gao (1987), and Strognov (1962). Lönnberg (1923 b) believed that differences between pruinosus and arctos warranted subgeneric distinction as (Mylarctos) pruinosus; however, this was not supported by Pocock's (1932 a) thorough revision.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3157440FF23FBC0F9321DE8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " on the main land of Spitsbergen " [Norway].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3157440FF23FBC0F9321DE8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Circumpolar in the Arctic, S limits determined by ice pack.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3157440FF23FBC0F9321DE8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3157440FF23FBC0F9321DE8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Wilson (1976). Reviewed by DeMaster and Stirling (1981, Mammalian Species, 145). Placed in subgenus Thalarctos by Gromov and Baranova (1981). Sister species to arctos (Goldman et al., 1989; Shields and Kocher, 1991).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3157441FF20F5E1FB3B1658.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Cet ours a été trouvé d'abord par M. Wallich dans les montagnes du Napaul, et je l'ai rencontré également dans celles du Sylhet " [India, Assam, Sylhet].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3157441FF20F5E1FB3B1658.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan, China, India, Indochina, Japan, Korea, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Russia (SE Primorski Krai), Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3157441FF20F5E1FB3B1658.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered as U. t. gedrosianus; IUCN - Endangered as If. t. gedrosianus, otherwise Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3157441FF20F5E1FB3B1658.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Placed in subgenus Selenarctos by Gromov and Baranova (1981); and in subgenus Euarctos by Thenius (1979). Allen (1938) suggested a close relationship to U. americanus; Pocock (1932 &) retained in a separate genus, there is molecular support for both positions (Goldman et al., 1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FF0EF8F4FBBD11C2.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Cryptoprocta ferox Bennett, 1833, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FF0EF8F4FBBD11C2.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Beaumont (1964) placed Cryptoprocta with the Felidae because of similarities in dental characters. Albignac (1970), Thenius (1972), Radinsky (1975), Coetzee (1977 b), Flynn et al. (1988), and Wozencraft (1989 a, b) placed it in the Viverridae; Hemmer (1978) suggested an intermediate position.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FED7FA39F92F12D1.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Madagascar ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FED7FA39F92F12D1.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FED7FA39F92F12D1.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FED7FA39F92F12D1.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Köhncke and Leonhardt (1986, Mammmalian Species, 254).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FF0CFFF3F91C10B1.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Cryptoprocta Bennett, 1833, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987). Considered a subfamily of felids by Gregory and Hellman (1939) and Beaumont (1964). There is disagreement as to the proper subfamilies for the Malagasy viverrids; see Pocock (1915 a), Petter (1974), and Wozencraft (1989 a, b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FF00F441FA881D64.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Eupleres goudotii Doyère, 1835, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FF00F441FA881D64.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Gregory and Hellman (1939) followed Chenu (1852), and suggested placing Eupleres in a separate family; however, Albignac (1973, 1974), Petter (1974), Coetzee (1977 b), and Wozencraft (1989 a) included it in Viverridae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FED6F55BFAB21EAA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Tamatave " [Madagascar, 18 ° 10 ' S, 49 ° 23 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FED6F55BFAB21EAA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FED6F55BFAB21EAA.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II. IUCN - Vulnerable; considered by IUCN to have high conservation priority status for viverrids (Schreiber et al., 1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FED6F55BFAB21EAA.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Includes E. major (Albignac, 1973; Coetzee, 1977 b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FF0EFB13F9381C7C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Eupleres Doyère, 1835, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987) for those who consider Eupleres and Hemigalus in different family groups. There is disagreement as to the subfamilies for Malagasy viverrids; Pocock (1915 a) placed Fossa in the SE Asian Hemigalinae. The evidence for this is weak (Albignac, 1973; Wozencraft, 1989 a). Gregory and Hellman (1939), Albignac (1974), and Petter (1974), placed it in Fossinae; however, Eupleridae Chenu, 1852, is the senior synonym.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3147441FF0FFE9AFBCC17B1.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Viverra Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987). Does not include subfamilies Herpestinae Bonaparte, 1845, or Galidiinae Gray, 1865; see Pocock (1916 c, 1919), Gregory and Hellman (1939), Wurster and Benirschke (1968), Thenius (1972), Radinsky (1975), Hunt (1987), Flynn et al. (1988), and Wozencraft (1989 a, b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0DF8BEFC75118C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Yen-bay, on the Song-koi River, Tonkin " [Vietnam: Yen Bay on the Songhoi River; 21 ° 43 ' N 104 ° 54 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0DF8BEFC75118C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0DF8BEFC75118C.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known; considered by IUCN to have high conservation priority status for viverrids (Schreiber et al., 1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0DF8BEFC75118C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1933 d).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF67F826FAE81045.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Chrotogale owstoni Thomas, 1912, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0AFA5EFE5F1C2C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sumatra " [Indonesia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0AFA5EFE5F1C2C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo), Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0AFA5EFE5F1C2C.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II. IUCN - Insufficiently known; Cynogale populations from Vietnam (C. lowei) considered by IUCN to have high conservation priority status for viverrids (Schreiber et al., 1989).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0AFA5EFE5F1C2C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1933 d). Includes C. lowei, which is only known from the type, a poorly preserved juvenile skin from N Vietnam (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF67F9EFFA8C1265.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Cyongale bennettii Gray, 1837, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0AF4A5FDA01E16.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Mount Dulit, N. Borneo, 4000 ft " [Malaysia, Sarawak, Gunung Dulit, 3 ° 15 ' N, 114 ° 15 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0AF4A5FDA01E16.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0AF4A5FDA01E16.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Thomas published two accounts of the type description in 1892, one printed in August (Thomas, 1892 a), and another printed in October (Thomas, 1892 b). Although Pocock (1933 d) supported Thomas (1912) in separating this species into Diplogale; Chasen (1940), Medway (1977), and Payne et al. (1985) did not. Similiar differences in pelage and dentition have been used elsewhere (e. g., Osbornictis vs. Genetta) at the generic level.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF67F40EFA951CAC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Hemigale hosei Thomas, 1892, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0DFD9EFDC416EE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Madagascar ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0DFD9EFDC416EE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Madagascar.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0DFD9EFDC416EE.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Vulnerable.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF0DFD9EFDC416EE.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The commonly used Viverra fossa Schreber, 1777, is a junior synonym (G. Petter, 1962, 1974).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF66FD08F9E315A6.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Fossa d'aubentonii Gray, 1865 (= Viverra Fossana Müller, 1776).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177442FF64FECFFDCC17C3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Simpson (1945) also included Eupleres and Fossa, following Pocock (1915 a). Pocock (1933 d) and Gregory and Hellman (1939) placed Cinogale in the monotypic Cynogalinae, although both recognized the close relationship of Cynogale to other hemigalines. Placed in Hemigalinae by Simpson (1945) and Ellerman and MorrisonScott (1951).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3177443FF64F659FCAC1578.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Hemigalus zebra Gervais, 1841 (= Paradoxùrus Derbyànus Gray, 1837), by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FED0FBE5FC201D57.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Malacca ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FED0FBE5FC201D57.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), India (incl. Sikkim), Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippine Isis (Palawan), Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FED0FBE5FC201D57.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FED0FBE5FC201D57.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1933 d).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FF0AFACEFAE013ED.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra? binturong Raffles, 1821, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FF0AFACEFAE013ED.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: First placed in Paradoxurinae by Gray (1869).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C316743CFF0DF59BF97C1553.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Paradoxurus trivirgatus Gray, 1832, by monotypy through the replaced name Arctogale Gray, 1865 (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C316743CFF0DF59BF97C1553.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Gray's (1864 [1865]) generic name stood until Merriam (1897) pointed out that the name Arctogale was preoccupied (= Arctogale erminea Kaup, 1829). First placed in the Paradoxurinae by Gray (1869); later separated into the monotypic Arctogalidinae by Pocock (1933 d), and followed by Gregory and Hellman (1939); however, Simpson (1945), and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) retained it in Paradoxurinae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FEDFFD51FB941716.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Fixed by Gray (1837) as " in Peninsulâ Malayanâ ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FEDFFD51FB941716.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Peninsular Burma, Indonesia (Sipora Isl, South Pagi Isl, Borneo, Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FEDFFD51FB941716.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FEDFFD51FB941716.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Gervais (1841) was the first to place in Hemigalus. Gray (1849) later considered Paradoxurus derbyanus a junior synonym of Viverra hardwicki Gray, 1830, and placed it also in the genus Hemigalea after Jourdan (1837). However, V. hardwicki is a junior synonym of Prionodon linsang Raffles, 1821.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FED1F91DFB0C126C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Africa, Ashantee " [Ghana; Ashanti Region; aproximately at 6 ° 55 ' N 0 ° 32 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FED1F91DFB0C126C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FF0BF886F9481125.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra binotata Gray, 1830, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FF09FF58F98D10A3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Nandinia Gray, 1843, by monotypy. Listed in Nandiniinae by Gregory and Hellman (1939), and Coetzee (1977 b); separated at the family level by Pocock (1929), and Hunt (1987). Although Nandinia shares many derived features of the scent gland and external morphology with the viverrids (especially the Paradoxurinae), Hunt (1987) felt that the retention of the primitive features of the auditory bullae were sufficient to warrant separation at the family level.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C3167443FF08FA4DFB3A12EC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Paradoxurus F. G. Cuvier, 1821.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF32FDAAFC111083.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " from a specimen in the Leyden Museum, sent from the Moluccas ", restricted by Jentink (1887) to " Java, Buitenzorg " [= Indonesia, Java, Bogor] but see comments.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF32FDAAFC111083.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bangladesh, Burma, China (Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF32FDAAFC111083.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Indeterminate as A. t. trilineata.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF32FDAAFC111083.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1933 d) and Van Bemmel (1952). Gray (1832) originally described the type from the " Moluccas "; later Temminck (1841) refered to the same specimen as being from " Java ". Gray (1843), then corrected the presumed geographic error and listed the same type as from " Malacca ". Jentink (1887) listed the same type from " Buitenzorg ". However, Van Bemmel (1952) stated that the collector, Reinwardt, was in the eastern part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago in 1821 and the type did not match other specimens from Java.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF32F953FC9A1324.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in the Northern parts of the isle of Celebes ", restriced by Jentink (1887), to " Celebes, Menado-Kinilo " [Indonesia, Kinilou, 1 ° 22 ' N, 124 ° 51 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF32F953FC9A1324.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia (Sulawesi).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF32F953FC9A1324.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Rare.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF32F953FC9A1324.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Schlegel (1877) circulated an unnumbered " Prospectus, " for the " Annals of the Royal Zoological Museum of the Netherlands at Leyden ", which contained the first mention of the new species. The prospectus was to preceed the first issue of the new " Annals " which was never printed. He republished the type description in the Notes of the Leyden Museum, (1879).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF6CF8E5FABA117A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Paradoxurus musschenbroekii Schlegel, 1877, by monotypy.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF6CF8E5FABA117A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: First placed in the Paradoxurinae by Pocock (1933 d).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF6CFB06F8C3139A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Gulo larvatus C. E. Hfamilton] Smith, 1827.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743CFF6CFB06F8C3139A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Pocock (1933 c). First placed in the Paradoxurinae by Gray (1864).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743DFF33FBF2FDBF158A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Fixed by Temminck (1841) as " Nepal ". Gray (1864) discounted this because he knew of no specimens from Nepal, and reassigned the name to two specimens from Canton, China collected by J. R. Reeve (Pocock, 1934 a).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743DFF33FBF2FDBF158A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China (Hainan Dao north to Hopei, Shanxi and the vicinity of Beijing), India (and S Andaman Isis), Indonesia (N Borneo, Sumatra), Japan (introduced), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743DFF33FBF2FDBF158A.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C369743DFF33FBF2FDBF158A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Pocock (1934 b) included Paradoxurus tytlerii. The " imperfect, no doubt immature skin, without skull (B. M. no. 43.1.12.103) " (Pocock, 1941 a: 416) provisionally recognized by Pocock as P. lanigera does not contain diagnostic features that would definitively align the specimen with Paguma (Ellerman and MorrisonScott, 1951).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFF32F626F90C1E93.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra civetta Schreber, 1776, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFF32F626F90C1E93.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Included in Viverra by Coetzee (19776); recognized as Civettictis by Rosevear (1974), Kingdon (1977), Ansell (1978), Smithers (1983), and Wozencraft (19896).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFF33FDEBFC25168F.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Paradoxurus typus F. G. Cuvier, 1821 (= Viverra hermaphrodita Pallas, 1777), by indication (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFF33FDEBFC25168F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Revised by Pocock (1933 c).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFED8FE85F94D12D8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Uncertain. " Das Vaterland des beschreibenen Thieres ist die Barbarey ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFED8FE85F94D12D8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippine Isis, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; scattered records in Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Aru Isis, probably resulting from introductions.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFED8FE85F94D12D8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India); IUCN - Endangered as P. lignicolor.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFEDBFB30FC891C29.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Kodaikanal, on the Paini (or Pulney) hills in the Madura district, Madras Presidency " [India, Tamil Nadu Province, Paini Hills, Kodaikanal; 10 ° 15 ' N, 77 ° 31 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFEDBFB30FC891C29.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: S India.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFEDBFB30FC891C29.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India); IUCN - Indeterminate.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFED8F420FAA31CEC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Cenlon " [= Sri Lanka].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFED8F420FAA31CEC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Sri Lanka.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C368743DFF33F4CEFA051DC3.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Type genus: Viverra Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987). Pocock (1933 d) and Gregory and Hellman (1939) placed Poiana and Prionodon in the Prionodontinae, considered a sister group to the remaining viverrines. This was not followed by Gill (1872), Simpson (1945), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Rosevear (1974), and Wozencraft (1989 b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3EFD0FF92A178D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Guinea, Kongo, das Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung und Aethiopien ", restricted by Allen (1924: 117) to " Guinea ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3EFD0FF92A178D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroonn, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3EFD0FF92A178D.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (Botswana).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3EFD0FF92A178D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Some authors have placed this species in Viverra, see Coetzee (19776); most have followed Pocock (19156), who placed this species in Civettictis. Rosevear (1974) noted differences in scent glands; G. Petter (1969) discussed dental differences.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3FF8E0FC8F11F7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " In Abyssinien, wo es sehr häufig vorkömmt, führt es beiden Landeseingebornen zu Gondar "; Ethiopia, Gondar (12 ° 36 ' N, 37 ° 28 ' E).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3FF8E0FC8F11F7.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3FF8E0FC8F11F7.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3FF8E0FC8F11F7.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Subgenus Pseudogenetta.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3FF9CFFCE51291.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Calcuimba " (= Angola, Caconda (13 ° 47 ' S, 15 ° 08 ' E)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3FF9CFFCE51291.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF3FF9CFFCE51291.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Subgenus Genetta.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF69FFEEFBBB10E7.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra genetta Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743EFF69FFEEFBBB10E7.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: For reviews, see Crawford-Cabral (1966, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1981), Rosevear (1974), Coetzee (19776), Schlawe (1980, 1981), and Wozencraft (1984, 19896). Includes Paragenetta and Pseudogenetta as subgenera.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743FFF3EFAE8F90E162D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " oriente juxta rivos ", restricted by Linnaeus (1766) to " oriente juxta rivos, Hispania ", later listed by Thomas (1911 a) as " Spain ". Cabrera (1914), synonymizing G. peninsulas, further restricted the type locality to " El Pardo, cerca de Madrid " [Spain, El Pardo, near Madrid (40 ° 32 ' N, 3 ° 46 ' W)].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743FFF3EFAE8F90E162D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Angola, Arabia, Belgium, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Holland, Kenya, Lybia, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Orange Free State, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743FFF3EFAE8F90E162D.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Rare as G. g. isabelae.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36B743FFF3EFAE8F90E162D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Subgenus Genetta. Schlawe (1981) included afra, bonapartei, barbar, barbara, balearica, lusitanica, mêlas, peninsulae, pyrenaica, terraesanctae, rhodanica, and isabelae; and provisionally separated into G. felina the following: guardafuensis, hararensis, leptura, senegalensis, dongolana, granii, neumanni, bella, pulchra, and ludia, which are included here, following Crawford-Cabral (1966, 1969; 1981), Coetzee (19776), Smithers (1983), and Wozencraft (1984, 1989 b). Rosevear (1974) separated senegalensis from genetta; however, this was not followed by Coetzee (1977 b), Kingdon (1977), Ansell (1978), Crawford-Cabral (1981), or Wozencraft (1989 b). Wozencraft (1984) recognized four allopatric populations: genetta (Meditrerrean), dongolana (East African), felina (South African), and senegalensis (West African).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDBFE27FC8C1715.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in a district from fifteen to twenty miles west of the Putu Mountains, which lie west of the Duobe and Cavally Rivers ". [Liberia]	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDBFE27FC8C1715.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDBFE27FC8C1715.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDBFE27FC8C1715.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Subgenus Paragenetta.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAFF6CFBB01314.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " in Africa Boreali ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAFF6CFBB01314.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, French Equatorial Africa, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAFF6CFBB01314.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Schlawe (1981) included aequatorialis, amer (sensu Schwartz, 1930), bini (not a synonym of servalina), deorum, dubia, erlangen, fieldiana, genettoides, gleimi, insularis, letabae, matschiei, pantherina, pardina, poensis, pumila, rubiginosa, schraderi, stuhlmanni, suahelica, and zambesiana. May be conspecific with tigrina; see Cotezee (1977 b), Pringle (1977), and Schlawe (1981); but also see Ansell (1978) and Wozencraft (1984). Crawford-Cabral (1981) and Ansell (1978) placed genets west of the Dahomey Gap in pardina and southern and eastern populations in rubiginosa (except for the extreme southern tigrina).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAFB6CF9B61CDC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Gabon ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAFB6CF9B61CDC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Niger, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAFB6CF9B61CDC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Includes cristata, bettoni, and aubryana, but not bini, which is here considered a junior synonym of maculata; see Crawford-Cabral (1970: 323), Wenzel and Haltenorth (1972), Coetzee (1977 b), and Schlawe (1981); but also see Rosevear (1974) and Crawford-Cabral (1981), who recognized cristata as a separate species.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAF534F9C91E7A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Hinterland von Togo von 9 ° n. Br. ab ", restricted to " Borogu = Borgou, (10.78 N., 0.65 E)? " by Schlawe (1981: 159).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAF534F9C91E7A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Togo.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A743FFEDAF534F9C91E7A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Subgenus Pseudogenetta. Includes Pseudogenetta villiersi, see Kuhn (1960), Crawford-Cabral (1969, 1981), Rosevear (1974), and Schlawe (1981).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A7438FEDBF653F95B162B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " von dem Vorgebirge der guten Hofnug " [South Africa, Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A7438FEDBF653F95B162B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: From the Cape of Good Hope to S Natal (South Africa), Lesotho, and Orange Free State.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36A7438FEDBF653F95B162B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Subgenus Genetta. May be conspecific with maculata; see Crawford-Cabral (1966), Pringle (1977), Ansell (1978), Schlawe (1981), and Meester et al. (1986).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF3CFE22FCE5173A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Entebbe, Uganda ". Subsequently restricted by Moreau et al. (1945: 410) to " Near Lupanzula's, ten miles west of Beni, Ituri Forest, Congo Beige ". See Allen (1924) for discussion.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF3CFE22FCE5173A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: E Zaire, mountainous regions.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF3CFE22FCE5173A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Subgenus Genetta.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF69FF7DFCB61795.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Osbornictis piscivora J. A. Allen, 1919, by original designation.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF69FF7DFCB61795.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Sister taxon to Genetta.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF3FFFEAFA061056.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Niapu, Belgian Congo " [Zaire, Niapu, 2 ° 25 ' N, 26 ° 28 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF3FFFEAFA061056.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF3FFFEAFA061056.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Reviewed by Van Rompaey (1988, Mammalian Species, 309).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF6BF89AFB72115D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Genetta richardsonii Thomson, 1842, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF6BF89AFB72115D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Pocock (1933 d) believed it very likely that richardsonii pocessed scent glands and therefore separated it from Prionodon, although it is the loss of scent glands in Prionodon which is derived (Wozencraft, 1984).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF31F9B3FC1612F8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Fernando Po " [Equatorial Guinea: Bioko].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF31F9B3FC1612F8.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Zaire.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF31F9B3FC1612F8.taxon	conservation	STATUS: IUCN - Indeterminate as P. r. liberiensis.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF31F9B3FC1612F8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Rosevear (1974) raised leightoni to the specific level. Poiana records are few and scattered and recent studies placed leightoni as a subspecies; see de Beaufort (1965), Michaelis (1972), and Kingdon (1977).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF6AFB3AFB5813AF.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Prionodon gracilis Horsfield, [1821] (= Viverra? linsang Hardwicke, 1821).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF31FBA7FAC21C93.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Malaysia, Malacca ", restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1920: 264) to " Malacca ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF31FBA7FAC21C93.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bankga Isl; Java; Borneo; Billiton Isl; peninsular Burma, Malaysia (West) to Sumatra.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF31FBA7FAC21C93.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF30F4EAF99C1DE3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Sikim ... Sub-Hemalayan mountains ". [India].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF30F4EAF99C1DE3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Burma, China (Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Western Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7438FF30F4EAF99C1DE3.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U. S. ESA - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7439FF16F5C7FC1615AC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Viverra zibetha Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Sclater, 1900; Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36D7439FF16F5C7FC1615AC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Pocock (1933 b) placed civettino and megaspila in Moschothera which was not recognized by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Wang (in Gao, 1987), or Wozencraft (1989 b). Does not include Civettictis; see Kingdon (1977) and Ansell (1978); but also see Coetzee (1977 b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDCFDA3FCA016CA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Southern Malabar " restricted by Pocock (1933 «: 446) to " Travancore " [India].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDCFDA3FCA016CA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to S India.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDCFDA3FCA016CA.taxon	conservation	STATUS: U. S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDCFDA3FCA016CA.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Considered a subspecies of V. megaspila by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951); however, considered at the specific level by Lindsay (1928), Pocock (1941 «), and Wozencraft (1984, 1989 b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDFFEC0FD3B17DA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " vicinity of Prome " [Burma, Prome (= Pye) 18 ° 49 ' N, 95 ° 13 ' E].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDFFEC0FD3B17DA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDFFEC0FD3B17DA.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDFFEC0FD3B17DA.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Does not include V. civettina; reviewed by Lindsay (1928), Pocock (1941 «), and Wozencraft (1989 b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDFF830FB8D1129.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Fixed by Gray (1843: 48) as " Sumatra " [Indonesia].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDFF830FB8D1129.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: China, Indonesia (Sumatra, Rhio-Lingga Arch., Bangka Isl, Borneo, Karimata Isl, Sulawesi, Buru, Amboina), Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand. Introduced to many SE Asian Islands.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDEF91FFC0012BC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " Indiis ", subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911 «: 137) to " Bengal ".	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDEF91FFC0012BC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Shaanxi, Zhejiang and Jiangsu), India, Indonesia, Laos, Western Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDEF91FFC0012BC.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FF08FAFEFCA61315.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Civetta indica Desmarest, 1804, by subsequent designation (Sclater, 1891; Melville and Smith, 1987).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDEFB6AF9B71DB5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: " l'lnde " [India].	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDEFB6AF9B71DB5.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kangean Isl, Sumbawa, Bali), Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Yemen, Zanzibar, Socotra, Madagascar, the Comoro Isis, and the Philippines; scattered distribution on many SE Asian islands due to introductions.	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDEFB6AF9B71DB5.taxon	conservation	STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
41263629C36C7439FEDEFB6AF9B71DB5.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The correct identity of V. malaccensis is uncertain (Pocock, 1933 b).	en	W. Christopher Wozencraft (1993): Order Carnivora. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition). Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press: 279-348, ISBN: 1-56098-217-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191
