identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
226087BFFFBEFFF63FE1661DFCA3FD6F.text	226087BFFFBEFFF63FE1661DFCA3FD6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetonotus dadayi Schwank 1990	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chaetonotus dadayi Schwank, 1990</p>
            <p> Synonym:  Chaetonotus similis: Daday (1905) , not Zelinka (1889) </p>
            <p> C. dadayi - d‘Hondt et al. (2006) </p>
            <p>(Figs. 2–6, Table 2)</p>
            <p>Examined Material</p>
            <p> Photomicrographs available at the Museum of Biological Diversity - MDBio - IB/UNICAMP, Brazil under access numbers ZUEC GCH 73 to 104. i) Photomicrographs of 4 specimens (adults), collected in gravel sediment from the Água Limpa stream, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil (ZUEC GCH 101 to 104), ii) 14 specimens (adults) collected in a dam with floating vegetation at the Serra do Japi Ecological Station, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil (ZUEC GCH 87 to 100), iii) 13 specimens (subadults and adults), collected in an urban lagoon with floating vegetation (  Eichhornia sp. ) in Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil (ZUEC GCH 73 to 85), v) one specimen (adult) collected at the Billings Dam (lentic) in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil (ZUEC GCH 86). </p>
            <p>Emended diagnosis of the species</p>
            <p> Chaetonotus with a 203 to 240 μm body length; adhesive tubes 27 to 32 μm long. Pentalobed head with two pairs of sensory ciliary tufts. Cephalion, epi- and hypopleurae present; hypostomium not observed. Strong and short rod-like reinforcements lining the walls of the mouth ring, pharynx with posterior dilation, and a narrow pharyngealintestinal junction. Scales distributed in 12 to 14 columns, with 20 to 26 scales. Pentalobed dorsal scales, increasing in size from neck to trunk and decreasing at the base of the furca. Rounded scales with small spines in the interciliary ventral area, two rows of unilobed oval scales in the ventral region of the furca. Dorsal spines with denticles positioned in the final third of the body; spines increasing in size from neck to trunk, decreasing at the base of the furca; two pairs of long spines without dorsal and ventral denticles at the base of the furca. Spines without denticles in the furcal base greater than the length of the adhesive tubes. </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The description is based on 18 individuals studied alive and documented digitally. Morphometric variability is shown in Table 2.</p>
            <p>Habitus</p>
            <p>Tenpin-shaped with body length of 203–240 μm (figs. 2A, 4A, 5A, 6A). Pentalobed head 21–26 μm long, with two pairs of sensory tufts located latero-ventrally (with 5 to 6 cilia measuring 18–21 μm in U6 and U7). Subterminal mouth (8–11 μm in diameter) with mouth ring with rod-like cuticular reinforcements (fig. 2C). Head width 33–41 μm (U10), neck width 29–37 μm (U28) with slight constriction. Trunk width in half of the body 38–47 μm (U50) and at the base of the furca 27–33 μm (U82).</p>
            <p>Well developed cephalion (20–25 μm long and 19–23 μm wide) covering the entire dorso-anterior part of the body (U1 to U11, figs. 2B,C, 4B, 5A,C,E). Paired epi- and hypopleurae, 18–20 μm and 23–25 μm in length (figs. 2C, 4B, 5E). Hypostomium not visible. V-shaped furca, adhesive tubes 28–34 μm in length and distally dilated (1–2 μm wide) (figs. 3A,B, 5D,F).</p>
            <p>Scales</p>
            <p>Body covered by 12 to 14 columns, with 20 to 26 scales per row (fig. 2A, 6A). Dorsal scales pentalobed scales posteriorly concave (figs. 4C,D, 5A,C, 6A–D), maintaining the shape along the body. Dorsal scales increase in size from the anterior to the middle body region: 7 μm (U22) to 11 μm (U58) in width, and then subsequently decrease to 6 μm (U59) (fig. 5A,B). Ventrolateral scales increase in size along the body, anterior with 4 μm in length (U10), middle with 8 μm (U43), and posterior with 9 μm (U67). Four rounded scales at the ventral base of the furca (U80) (8 μm x 4 μm and 4 μm x 3 μm), and a pair of single-lobed oval scales located at the base of the adhesive tubes (U95) (3 μm wide) (figs. 3B,C, 5F, 6G).</p>
            <p>Spines</p>
            <p>All spines arise from pentalobed scales, insert in a single central point on the scales, and possess a denticle (2 μm in length) in the final third (at 19–24 μm from the base) of the length (30–32 μm long) (figs. 2D, 4E, 5A,B, 6A-E). The distal part of the spine, from denticle to the apex, continues the shape of the basal part with a smooth concavity, progressively increasing in length along 4/5 of body in the dorsal region (7 μm at U25, 16 μm at U42, 32 μm at U61), decrease to 5 μm from U84 to U97 (Fig. 6F), and increase again in a last pair of spined (31-35 μm) at the base of the furca (figs. 3A,C, 2D, 5B). The length of this last pair of spines slightly longer than the adhesive tube. Lateral spines also increase in length along the body (18 μm at U18, 26 μm at U65, 32 μm at U68), but the penultimate pair of lateral spine longer than the last one (and also slightly longer than the adhesive tube) (figs. 2A, 5A).</p>
            <p>Two rows of spines in the final part of the dorsal region of the body (U76), 5–9 μm long (figs. 3A, 5D, 6F), followed by two pairs of 25 μm–27 μm long and thick spines, and two small 3–4 μm long spines between them at U81 (fig. 3A). A row of four spines (5–7 μm) in the terminal ventral part of the body (U93), followed by 2 pairs of 7–9 μm long, thin spines, without denticule at U95 (Figs. 3B,D, 5F, 6G).</p>
            <p>Ventral Interciliary area</p>
            <p>Ventral interciliary area covered with rounded and unilobed scales from U6 to U95 (Figs. 2E, 3D). The scales and spines increase in length along the ventral body, respectively, from 2 μm and 6 μm (U19) to 4 μm and 8 μm (U59).A pair of longitudinal locomotor ciliary bands are present between U5 and U60 (fig. 2E). The ciliary bands converge medially at the base of the furca (U93) (fig. 2E). The length of the locomotor cilia increases from 6 μm around U7, to 7 μm at about U28 and finally to 9 μm at U66 (fig. 2E).</p>
            <p>Internal Morphology</p>
            <p>Pharynx 42–43 μm in length (U5–U22), width of the anterior region 19–21 μm, middle region 8–9 μm, posterior region 30–33 μm, presenting clear dilation at UXY (fig. 2C). Narrow small pharyngeal intestinal junction with a diameter of 12–15 μm (U20); intestine 80 μm (U20 to U80).</p>
            <p>Probably parthenogenetic, presence of paired very large eggs (13 μm in length, 9μm in width - from U46 to U56) simultaneously present per intestine side.</p>
            <p>Taxonomic comments</p>
            <p> Daday (1905) identified some chaetonotids in Estância Postillon, close to the border of Paraguay and Brazil, as  Chaetonotus similis Zelinka (1889) . Later, Schwank (1990) pointed out that these specimens identified by Daday (1905) could not be assigned to the same species described by Zelinka (1889), because they have two caudal spines projecting beyond the adhesive tubes and decided to create a new species -  Chaetonotus dadayi Schwank (1990) . Several years later, d'Hondt et al. (2006) presented the first photographic record of a  C. dadayi specimen from French Guiana. </p>
            <p> Individuals from the different populations studied here share a series of characteristics with those described by Daday (1905), Schwank (1990) and d'Hondt et al. (2006). These are: i) the whole dorsal and dorso lateral regions covered by spined scales in the form of shields, arched anteriorly and rounded posteriorly; ii) spines on the back of the head and neck are smaller than those on the trunk, which gradually become longer and abruptly decrease in size in the final region of the body; and iii) lateral spines of the base of the furca are longer than the adhesive tubes. On the other hand, our specimens also have slight morphological variations, mainly related to morphometric features such as body length, head, neck and pharynx length and width (Table 2). It is important to highlight that some comparisons were compromised, since the original and subsequent descriptions do not describe or schematize some structures present in the specimens. Finally we consider the specimens studied by us as belonging to the species  C. dadayi . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>French Guiana (d'Hondt et al., 2006), Paraguay (Daday, 1905), Brazil: Paulínia, Santo André, Diamantina (present study) and Jundiaí (Guidetti, et al. 2021) (fig.14).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/226087BFFFBEFFF63FE1661DFCA3FD6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Salgado, Kelly Fernanda Acosta;Minowa, Axell Kou;Garraffoni, André Rinaldo Senna	Salgado, Kelly Fernanda Acosta, Minowa, Axell Kou, Garraffoni, André Rinaldo Senna (2022): New records, neotype designation and DNA sequences of three species of Chaetonotus (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 5213 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.2.1
226087BFFFB1FFF63FE160E8FEF8FCE0.text	226087BFFFB1FFF63FE160E8FEF8FCE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetonotus paucisquamatus Kisielewski 1991	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chaetonotus paucisquamatus Kisielewski, 1991</p>
            <p>(Figs. 7–9, Table 3)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/226087BFFFB1FFF63FE160E8FEF8FCE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Salgado, Kelly Fernanda Acosta;Minowa, Axell Kou;Garraffoni, André Rinaldo Senna	Salgado, Kelly Fernanda Acosta, Minowa, Axell Kou, Garraffoni, André Rinaldo Senna (2022): New records, neotype designation and DNA sequences of three species of Chaetonotus (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 5213 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.2.1
226087BFFFAAFFE83FE16161FB8BFB65.text	226087BFFFAAFFE83FE16161FB8BFB65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetonotus furcatus Kisielewski 1991	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chaetonotus furcatus Kisielewski, 1991</p>
            <p>(figs. 10–13, table 4)</p>
            <p>Additional material examined</p>
            <p> Photomicrographs of 1 specimen (adult), collected in an urban lagoon with floating vegetation (  Eichhornia sp. ) in Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil (July 2017) available at the Museum of Biological Diversity - MDBio - IB/ UNICAMP, under access number ZUEC–PIC 437. </p>
            <p>Emended diagnosis of the species</p>
            <p> Chaetonotus from maximus group having body 134-199 μm long. Spined tree-lobed scales distributed in 15-18 longitudinal alternating rows, 15-18 in each. Dorsal spines straight, of equal thickness on their whole length, distally furcated, 6-12 μm long on trunk. Ventrolateral spines long, thin and usually lacking furcation. The rearmost lateral spines shorter than those from m id-trunk. Ventral field entirely covered with fine keeled scales having rudimentary spines or lacking spines at all; a pair of large keeled and spined scales occurs at the field end. Pharynx with a pair of cuticular rods. </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The description is based on one individual studied alive and documented digitally. The morphometric characteristics are shown in Table 4.</p>
            <p>Habitus</p>
            <p>Tenpin-shaped body of 199 μm in length, pentalobed rounded head 16 μm long (U1-U19). Subterminal mouth (8 μm in diameter) (fig. 10 A-C).Two pairs of sensory tufts located lateroventrally. Strong cephalion (37 μm long and 19 μm wide). The epipleuria (U1–U10) smaller than hypopleuria (U11–U19) (fig. 10 A-B). Hypostome not observed. Head 22 μm in width (U18), neck 18 μm in width (U20), with slight constriction of 4 μm long marking neck (U30), trunk 30 μm in width (U49) and at the base of the furca 21 μm in width (U97) (fig. 10 A–C). V-shaped furcal slit, adhesive tubes approximately the same length (11 μm) one fairly distant from the other (24 μm) (Figs. 11 A-F, 12, 13).</p>
            <p>Scales</p>
            <p>Body covered by 15 to 18 columns, with 15 to 17 scales per row not overlapping each other. Expanded trilobed scales with a well marked anterior lobe and long, narrow posterolateral lobes; the same shape throughout the body (figs. 10B). Dorsal scales increase in size from the anterior to posterior region: on the head 5 μm (U24), on the trunk 7 μm (U43) and in the posterior region 4 μm (U95). (Fig. 10B). One pair of double keeled scales with sensory cilia (15 μm, U94) at the dorsal base of the furca (U93), posteriorly 3 three-lobed scale keeled scales (11 μm, U96) (Figs. 10D, 13). Three dorsolateral scales arranged in longitudinal rows measuring 14 μm (U97) (figs. 11A–F, 12).</p>
            <p>Spines</p>
            <p>All spines are inserted in trilobed scales departing from a single central point, but varying in appearance along the body. Dorsal spines basally thick, slightly curved and furcated at the apex (8 μm, U22) (Figs. 10 B, 11 A-F, 12). Lateral spines heavily curved and distal half tapered towards the hair-like end (15 μm, U23)(Figs. 10B, 11F). Dorsal spines progressively increase in length along the body 8 μm (U24), 10 μm (U43), 12 μm (U95). Lateral spines measuring 14 μm (U23), 15 μm (U52), 8 μm (U92).</p>
            <p>Ventral interciliary area</p>
            <p>Locomotor ciliary bands not clearly observed. Scales of the interciliary area unilobed with slight tips in the posterior region measuring 8 μm in length, and possessing short spines. One pair of keeled scales located at the base of the furca 11 μm long (U96) (figs. 10D, 13).</p>
            <p>Internal Morphology</p>
            <p>Pharynx of 26 μm length (U6 - U27), width of the anterior region 8 μm, mean region 9 μm, posterior region 12 μm, presenting clear dilation (fig. 11A). Narrow small pharyngeal intestinal junction with a diameter of 13 μm (U31) (fig. 10B).</p>
            <p>Taxonomic comments</p>
            <p> Kisielewski (1991) described the species  Chaetonotus furcatus from bromeliads in the Juréia Ecological Reserve of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Then, Kolicka (2016) found them again at The Palm House Botanical Garden in the city of Lódz, Poland, in an artificial environment in non-native plants imported from South America (see discussion for more details). </p>
            <p> The presence of only one specimen found by us did not allow a complete comparison to draw conclusions, but the main features described by Kisielewski (1991) for  Chaetonotus furcatus are observed in our specimens, such as cephalion and hyplopleura sizes, different patterns of dorsal and lateral spined scales along the body (especially spines that are equally thick along their length and have distal furcation) and ventral scales in the furca base. </p>
            <p>The individuals observed in Poland have one specific morphological characteristic that differs slightly from the original description and our specimens. Kolicka (2016) stated that “lateral spines of the last pair on the trunk larger, more heavily curved, tapered towards the end in the lateral plane, distally bifurcated and extending almost to the ends of the adhesive tubes (U98)”, but it was neither mentioned by Kisielewski (1991) nor noted in our specimen.</p>
            <p>Due to the lack of differences in the main taxonomic characters, there is no basis for concluding that the present recorded individuals represent distinct species.</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Brazil: São Paulo (Kisielewski, 1991) and Paulínia (present study, Fig.14).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/226087BFFFAAFFE83FE16161FB8BFB65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Salgado, Kelly Fernanda Acosta;Minowa, Axell Kou;Garraffoni, André Rinaldo Senna	Salgado, Kelly Fernanda Acosta, Minowa, Axell Kou, Garraffoni, André Rinaldo Senna (2022): New records, neotype designation and DNA sequences of three species of Chaetonotus (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 5213 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.2.1
