taxonID	type	description	language	source
3A4F67A717BD5ACEB47D4E7C567A01EC.taxon	description	Figs 12 - 13, 14 - 17, 18 - 22, 23 - 26, 27 - 30, 31 - 32, 33 - 39	en	Rohacek, Jindrich, Przhiboro, Andrey A. (2022): Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. and other Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from peat bogs in the North Caucasus (Russia). ZooKeys 1132: 1-49, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579
3A4F67A717BD5ACEB47D4E7C567A01EC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This strongly brachypterous species is named Pullimosina turfosa (= peaty, Latin adjective) owing to its strict association with Sphagnum hummocks in the type locality.	en	Rohacek, Jindrich, Przhiboro, Andrey A. (2022): Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. and other Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from peat bogs in the North Caucasus (Russia). ZooKeys 1132: 1-49, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579
3A4F67A717BD5ACEB47D4E7C567A01EC.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 12, 13). Total body length 1.27 - 1.64 (holotype 1.64) mm; general color brown to dark brown with greyish brown microtomentum, subshining dorsally (thorax, abdomen) and ventrally (abdomen), dull on thoracic pleuron. Head (Figs 13, 14) higher than long (ca. 5: 4), bicolorous, dorsally and posteriorly brown to pale brown, anteriorly and ventrally yellow to pale ochreous. Frons brown to pale brown, with anterior margin and orbits pale ochreous (Figs 14, 16), sparsely microtomentose and partly (mainly medially) shining; occiput dark brown with brownish grey microtomentum. Orbits, interfrontalia and ocellar triangle with paler greyish microtomentum; orbit separated from interfrontalia by dark brown dull stripe (shortened anteriorly, never reaching anterior margin of frons); frontal triangle indistinctly delimited but long, almost reaching anterior margin of frons, finely longitudinally microsculptured (Fig. 14), and more shining than rest of frons. Cephalic chaetotaxy (cf. Figs 12 - 14, 16): pvt present but reduced, hair-like but convergent and with apices almost meeting medially; occe and occi subequal (or occi slightly longer) and ca. two-thirds to three-fourths length of vti; vti normally thickest and longest of frontal setae; vte and oc only slightly shorter than vti; 2 ors, posterior almost as long as vte (or oc) and only slightly longer than anterior ors; 4 ifr, none markedly enlarged, middle 2 pairs usually longer than posterior pair, foremost pair small, about ca. half the length of the previous pair; 1 microseta in front of anterior margin of frons, lateral to foremost ifr; 4 - 6 minute ads inside and below ors; g small, ca. as long as foremost peristomal setula and 1 or 2 short setae behind it; vi robust, ca. as long as vti; peristomal setulae (5 - 6) slightly longer than those in single postocular row; 3 postgenal setae, all relatively strong and curved. Frontal lunule of moderate length, well-developed, yellow and sparsely whitish microtomentose, slightly paler than anterior margin of frons. Face yellow, sparsely whitish microtomentose but facial cavities below antennae relatively shining; medial carina small, most distinct dorsally, below frontal lunule. Parafacialia darker than face, ochreous brown. Gena yellow, somewhat darkened only at vibrissal angle and very narrowly on ventral margin, all sparsely whitish microtomentose and rather dull. Postgena brown, sharply delimited from gena. Mouthparts ochreous to brownish including clypeus. Palpus yellowish, slender but distinctly clavate (Fig. 14), with ca. 5 dark setae (subapical longest) along ventral margin. Eye broadly suboval (9: 8), of moderate size, with longest diameter ~ 6.0 x as long as smallest genal height. Antenna brown (1 st flagellomere) to dark brown (scape and pedicel); 1 st flagellomere ca. as long as scape + pedicel, ellipsoid, with short greyish ciliation on apex (not longer than cilia on arista). Arista ~ 3.5 x as long as antenna, shortly but densely ciliate. Thorax brown to pale brown (pleuron paler) and greyish brown microtomentose; mesonotum subshining, pleuron and scutellum more densely microtomentose and duller (Figs 12, 13). Mesonotum laterally (notopleural area) and posteriorly (in front of scutellum) paler, usually ochreous; scutellum also somewhat paler posteromedially. Thoracic pleuron with propleuron and sternopleuron largely pale brown to ochreous, other sclerites more or less ochreous margined. Scutellum large, transversely (8: 5) rounded, trapezoidal, flat on disc. Thoracic chaetotaxy: mesonotal macrosetae relatively short and weak; 1 hu and 2 microsetae on humeral callus; 3 postsutural dc but the foremost very small (less than twice as long as dc microseta in front of it), the middle dc weak, ca. half the length of posterior, the latter long, ca. as long as scutellum; 6 rows of ac microsetae on suture; medial prescutellar ac pair distinctly prolonged, only slightly shorter than middle dc; 2 long sc, laterobasal ~ 1.3 x as long as scutellum, apical (longest thoracic seta) ~ 1.4 x as long as laterobasal; 2 stpl but anterior reduced to very small setula, sometimes indistinct. Legs brown to pale brown, coxae, trochanters and knees ochreous to yellow; fore coxa and all trochanters lightest, dirty yellow. Chaetotaxy: f 1 with a posterodorsal row of 6 or 7 shorter setae and a posteroventral row of 7 or 8 longer setae in addition to ventrobasal fine seta (Fig. 18). f 2 ventrally uniformly setulose but with 3 anterodorsal setae in distal third, including longest subapical seta (Fig. 20). t 2 (as in most European congeners) ventrally with 1 short and weak seta below middle (in distal two-fifths), 1 longer (but also relatively short) va seta and 1 small anteroapical seta (see Fig. 20); dorsally with only 4 setae, viz. 1 anterodorsal seta in proximal third, 1 anterodorsal seta in distal third, 1 long dorsal (most robust) seta in distal sixth and 1 small posterodorsal seta in distal fifth (Fig. 19). Hind leg, including f 3, uniformly setulose. Ratio t 2: mt 2 = 2.17 - 2.30 (holotype 2.17). Wing (Figs 15, 22) strongly reduced, only ca. twice as long as scutellum, racket-shaped, with brownish membrane, most darkened around R 2 + 3 and M; veins brown- to pale-pigmented. Distal radial and anal part of wing strongly reduced, thus R 4 + 5 and A 1 entirely absent. Basal part of C (= Cs 1) well developed, including both breaks; distal part of C abbreviated (only Cs 2 developed) so that C only slightly produced beyond apex of R 2 + 3. Subcosta absent but presence of humeral (h) cross-vein indicated by darkened stump in front of humeral break (Fig. 22). Basal stem of radial veins robust but R 1 short, pale pigmented and poorly visible (Fig. 15); R 2 + 3 dark brown, very slightly to distinctly upcurved to C. M present, dark brown, forming anterior remnant of discal cell (Figs 15, 22); CuA 1 strongly reduced, only indicated by a darkening near base of M. Anal lobe and hence also A 1 absent; alula distinct but very narrow. Wing measurements: length 0.36 - 0.52 (holotype 0.52) mm, width 0.18 - 0.26 (holotype 0.26) mm, Cs 1: Cs 2 = 1.80 - 2.27 (holotype 1.80). Haltere present but strongly reduced (see Fig. 12), with knob entirely absent and stem shortened (length of haltere remnant 0.09 - 0.11 mm), dirty yellow. Abdomen (Figs 12, 13) darker brown dorsally, paler (mainly anteriorly) brown ventrally. Preabdominal terga broad, transversely suboblong, and relatively shining because of sparse greyish brown microtomentum. T 2 - T 5 sparsely but relatively long-setose, with longest setae in posterior corners and margins. T 1 + 2 largest tergum, ~ 1.5 x as long as T 3, simply sclerotized (without medial depression) but original T 1 pale brown to ochreous and distinctly delimited from original T 2 (being dark brown) by a transverse wrinkle. T 3 - T 5 subequal in length but becoming slightly narrower posteriorly, T 5 smallest. Preabdominal sterna: S 1 + 2 small, reduced to pale and bare poorly delimited sclerite; S 3 and S 4 subequal in length, relatively large and broad (becoming wider posteriorly), brown and well-sclerotized; both S 3 and S 4 transversely trapezoidal, narrower anteriorly, but S 3 distinctly smaller than S 4, the latter smaller and narrower than S 5. S 3 and S 4 with shorter and finer setae than adjacent terga. S 5 (Fig. 23) darker brown than S 3 or S 4, more transverse, slightly asymmetrical (longer on left), with short posterior submembranous, unpigmented and finely haired margin and with a transverse group of robust setae, those in the middle particularly thickened, spine-like. Postabdominal sclerites S 6 + 7 and S 8 forming a relatively long complex synsclerite situated left ventrolaterally to dorsolaterally (Fig. 23). S 6 + 7 strongly asymmetrical, with various projections and placed ventrolaterally to laterally; S 8 less asymmetrical and situated more dorsally. Synsclerite S 6 + 7 with original S 6 attenuated right ventrally and bearing a distinctive subtriangular posteromedial (in medial axis of abdomen) process (Fig. 23), left ventrally dilated, without setae; original S 7 ventrolaterally incised and with unusual slender T-shaped projection arising near this incision and directed right medially / internally (Fig. 23); left compact part of S 7 with 2 pairs of relatively long and stout setae. S 8 relatively simple, saddle-shaped, with only a few (3 - 5) shorter setae, mainly situated at posterior margin. Genitalia: Epandrium (Figs 25, 26) of medium length and width, very slightly asymmetrical in caudal view (Fig. 25), rather uniformly setose (longest setae postero-ventrally but sometimes also 1 dorsolateral seta enlarged). Anal fissure not large, roughly hexagonal, higher than wide (Fig. 25). Cerci short, fused with epandrium and medially forming subanal plate being ventromedially deeply narrowly incised (Fig. 25); each cercus with 1 longer and 2 or 3 short setae, micropubescent. Medandrium subquadrate in caudal view but its posterior part Y-shaped, hence ventrally narrowed (Fig. 25), posteromedially fused with cerci and posteroventrally movably connected with gonostyli. Hypandrium roughly Y-shaped in dorsal view, with simple anteromedial rod-like apodeme, relatively robust paired lateral sclerites, and more medially with small sclerites connecting hypandrium with postgonites via remnants of pregonites. Gonostylus (Figs 24 - 26) very distinctive, of unusual (in Pullimosina) shape: dorsally with small and low lateral part overgrown with a tuft of long sinuous setae and some micropubescence; anteroventrally (and more medially) protruding into a slender and long, slightly bent, apically blunt and shortly setulose projection. Aedeagal complex (Figs 27 - 30). Phallapodeme distinctly longer and more robust than hypandrial apodeme, with well-developed dorsal keel. Aedeagus composed of compact, laterally flattened phallophore (Figs 27, 28) and relatively short distiphallus. Distiphallus basally with slender arcuate sclerite bent on lateral sides (Figs 27, 28) and dilated ventrally; the latter dorsally connected with slender sclerite projecting anteriorly where bearing small wing-like processes and longer medial projection almost reaching apex of distiphallus (Fig. 27); distal part of distiphallus formed by large trough-like lateroventral sclerite and by a pair of apical dorsal sclerites, each of which having a group of 4 or 5 short dark spines attached laterally (Figs 27, 28). Postgonite (Fig. 29) relatively large (somewhat longer than distiphallus) but simple, wider proximally and gradually tapered distally, slightly bent and with acute apex, with only 2 or 3 microsetae anteriorly and posteriorly in distal half and fourth, respectively. Remnant of pregonite (Figs 29, 30) forming small but distinct and separate sclerite situated in anterodorsal emargination of postgonite, possessing distally 2 short blunt spines and 1 setula (see Fig. 30). Ejacapodeme reduced, represented by small and very slender, rod-like but proximally somewhat dilated, sclerite (Figs 27, 30). Female (Figs 31, 32). Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise below. Total body length 1.27 - 1.67 mm. Foremost ifr more robust, often almost as long as other ifr setae. t 2 with all macrosetae relatively longer, both ventrally (cf. ventroapical seta on Figs 20 and 21) and dorsally. mt 2 relatively (compared to t 2) longer (Fig. 21). Ratio t 2: mt 2 = 1.92 - 2.09. Wing (Fig. 17) slightly shorter on the average and often with more cut apex. Remnant of haltere also shorter, only 0.06 - 0.08 mm long. Wing measurements: length 0.36 - 0.43 mm, width 0.19 - 0.25 mm, Cs 1: Cs 2 = 2.14 - 3.00. Preabdominal terga somewhat shorter and more transverse (Fig. 32); T 1 + 2 only slightly shorter than T 3; T 3 - T 5 becoming distinctly narrower posteriorly but similarly setose as in male. Preabdominal sterna S 3 - S 5 sparsely and shortly setose, subequal in length and width. S 5 unmodified, transversely suboblong, subequal to S 4; preabdominal sterna S 3 - S 5 brown, well sclerotized but paler than adjacent terga. Postabdomen (Figs 34 - 36) relatively short and broad, with sparsely setose sclerites, narrower than preabdomen at 5 th segment. T 6 markedly narrower and only ca. half the length of T 5, transverse, only slightly wider than S 6, with both lateral and posterior margins pale and setose in posterior half (Fig. 34), setae at posterior margin long; T 7 transversely suboblong, slightly shorter and seemingly narrower than T 6 because bent farther onto lateral side (see Fig. 36), with pale posterior margin and 8 setae in single row of setae in front of it. T 8 dorsomedially narrowly interrupted to form two lateral sclerites (Fig. 34), each dorsally shortened but ventrally expanded and longer than other postabdominal sclerites (Fig. 36) and bearing 1 long and a few short to small setae. T 10 transversely pentagonal, distinctly wider than long, pale-pigmented, finely sparsely micropubescent and with a pair of relatively distant setae (see Fig. 34). S 6 slightly narrower but distinctly (0.7 x as long as) shorter than S 5, and only slightly wider and more setulose than S 7 (Fig. 35). S 7 simple, transversely suboblong (as is S 6), slightly wider than T 6, with setae only at pale posterior margin. S 8 (Figs 35, 37) transversely subellipsoid, much larger than S 10 (in largest extension view, see Fig. 37), somewhat convex in the middle, posteriorly more rounded than anteriorly, with only 4 or 6 short setae centrally but with distinctive micropubescence. Additional sclerite unusual, situated behind and partly under S 8 (its anterior part overlapped by S 8, cf. Fig. 36, asc), narrowly trapezoidal but anteriorly membranous and hence its anterior margin undefined, largely bare, with only 4 setulae at posterior margin (Fig. 37). S 10 slightly more than half length of S 8, transversely pentagonal, pale pigmented, micropubescent and setulose only in posterior third, posteromedially with a pair of longer setae (Fig. 35). Spectacles-shaped sclerite (= sclerotization of female genital chamber) oriented rather vertically (Fig. 38, see in situ, Fig. 36), with rings of moderate size and its medial anterior sclerotization relatively complex (Fig. 39). Spermathecae 2 + 1 (Figs 33, 39), blackish brown; body of single spermatheca distinctly larger than those of paired ones; each spermatheca of relatively robust tyre-shaped form, most resembling those of P. moesta (Villeneuve, 1918), with plain surface, terminal invagination somewhat widened internally and terminal parts of ducts well-sclerotized, slightly conically dilated towards insertion and ca. as long as body of spermatheca. Cerci (Figs 34 - 36) short but not robust, tapered both towards base and terminal seta, micropubescent, each with 4 or 5 setae, apical one longest (slightly longer than cercus) and sinuate as also is the shorter dorsopreapical seta.	en	Rohacek, Jindrich, Przhiboro, Andrey A. (2022): Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. and other Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from peat bogs in the North Caucasus (Russia). ZooKeys 1132: 1-49, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579
3A4F67A717BD5ACEB47D4E7C567A01EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known only from its type locality in Russia, North Ossetia (Caucasus Mts).	en	Rohacek, Jindrich, Przhiboro, Andrey A. (2022): Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. and other Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from peat bogs in the North Caucasus (Russia). ZooKeys 1132: 1-49, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579
3A4F67A717BD5ACEB47D4E7C567A01EC.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. All specimens of the new species were collected on 17 and 18 August 2018 in a high-montane Chifandzar mire (Fig. 7), which is the highest (2289 m) and the largest (ca. 0.5 km 2) of the mires under study. This mire is much more open and windier compared to the others. All type specimens but one were collected from large Sphagnum hummocks (Fig. 8). This habitat is distinctive and represented only by nearly 15 hummocks all of which are located in the eastern part of the mire (Fig. 7: arrow). The hummocks are scattered over an area of ca. 100 x 50 m. Each hummock is 0.15 - 0.3 m high and 0.5 - 2 m wide. It consists mostly of loose thick cushion of Sphagnum (S. teres is predominant; S. centrale and S. squarrosum are common), with sparse shoots of Carex spp. and Nardus stricta and abundant remains of monocotyledons. The substrate of hummocks is dry to slightly wet, as distinct from moist or water-logged substrate on flat areas surrounding the hummocks and in other parts of the mire. Most specimens were collected by means of sifting substrata of hummocks. Two females were collected by washing and subsequent flotation of substrate in NaCl solution: one specimen was sampled from the same habitat, and another one, from moist substrate beyond the hummocks, with predominating Sphagnum subsecundum and Carex rostrata. Hence, most individuals of P. turfosa concentrate in hummocks but some flies may also occur at some distance from them. No specimens were collected in early summer (2 - 3 June), suggesting that the adults of P. turfosa appear later. Due to exclusive association of P. turfosa with the sphagnetum habitat, particularly with hummocks, we consider it a tyrphobiont (= eucoenic to peat-bog habitat) sphagnicolous species. Interestingly, no specimens of P. turfosa were collected from similar substrata in other bogs using the same techniques (sifting and washing / flotation). It is possible that the new peculiar species is confined to high montane bogs or even endemic to Chifandzar, considering that the montane bogs of the North Caucasus are rare and isolated island ecosystems.	en	Rohacek, Jindrich, Przhiboro, Andrey A. (2022): Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. and other Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from peat bogs in the North Caucasus (Russia). ZooKeys 1132: 1-49, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579
