taxonID	type	description	language	source
19168793FF81FF81FE2EFC37755B0BDC.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Phasgonophora sulcata Westwood, 1832, by monotypy.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF81FF81FE2EFC37755B0BDC.taxon	discussion	See Gul et al. (2020) for complete list of synonymy and recognition of the genus.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF81FF8DFE09FB1370B1098D.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 2 a – h, 3 a – d)	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF81FF8DFE09FB1370B1098D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♀, India: Kerala, shrub jungle near Athirappilly waterfall (10.277 ° N, 76.541 ° E; 98 m above mean sea level), Thrissur district, standard yellow pan trap, 17 February 2021, Coll. C. Binoy. Paratype, ♀, same details as holotype. Recognition Body black with pronotum, mesoscutum and axilla bright red (Figure 2 f); setation on body and wings sparse and stout (Figure 2 c, e, f); clava 1 - segmented (Figure 2 b); mesoscutellum moderately convex, broadly emarginate posteriorly (Figure 2 f); propodeal tooth present (Figure 3 a); fore wing hyaline with brown setation, slight brown infumation adjoining STV with line of infumation along Rs (Figure 3 b); Gt 1 dorsally smooth (Figure 3 c); syntergum hardly protruding, 0.2 × mesotibia (Figure 3 d).	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF81FF8DFE09FB1370B1098D.taxon	description	Description of holotype Female, Length 4.24 mm; length of fore wing 3.39 mm. Colour. Body black with ocelli golden yellow, radicle and pedicel, tegula, fore and mid coxae and all trochanters liver-brown, scape and flagellar segments brown-black (Figure 2 a), clava apically brown-orange (Figure 2 b), mandibles red-brown with teeth black (Figure 2 d), pronotum, mesoscutum and axilla red-brown, extending onto anterior margin of mesoscutellum, explanate apex of mesoscutellum brown (Figure 2 f, h), postscutellum medially with a red-brown oval areola; wings hyaline with veins deep brown; fore wing with line of infumation along Rs; fore and mid femora brown with apex red-brown, fore and mid tibia with base and apex red-brown, hind coxae black with ventral red streak, hind femur black, hind tibia black with faint red patch, all tarsi testaceous (Figure 3 a), metasoma black with all terga red-orange on posterolateral side, all sterna black with posterior margin faintly red-brown (Figure 3 d). Setation. Pubescence on head, mesosoma and metasoma suberect, sparse, white, arising from pits; pubescence dense on legs. Head. Head 1.1 × as wide as mesosoma in dorsal view, 2.2 × as long as wide, with coarse setigerous punctures and setae arising from papilla, punctures smaller near ocellar region, interstice distinctly raised, imbricate; ocelli large, OOL 2.1 × POL; OOL 2.5 × OD; anterior ocellus placed in a smooth depression beyond carinate scrobal margin; frons, vertex and occiput similarly sculptured (Figure 2 e); in frontal view, head 1.4 × as wide as long, with coarse setigerous punctures, interstices imbricate; interantennal projection subtriangular, wide and conspicuously punctate as remainder of face, its anterior end pointed reaching 0.6 × of scrobal depression; antennal scrobe dumbbell shaped at antennal attachment point, cavity coarsely and transversely strigose (Figure 2 c); obsolete ‘ X’ - shaped carina below antennal scrobe; faint preorbital carina indicated (Figure 2 d); malar sulcus absent; eye glabrous, 2.2 × as long as malar space, 2.0 × as wide as maximum width of gena; eye almost reaching occiput posteriorly; gena with three short carinae, basal two reaching genotemporal margin; post-orbital carina faintly indicated, running to temple and not beyond (Figure 2 a); radicle long, 0.3 × as long as scape; scape long, curved, not reaching anterior ocellus; pedicel short, annellus short, subquadrate, 0.4 × as long as pedicel; basal funiculars not much longer than wide, apical ones subquadrate with 1 – 2 rows of multiporous plate sensilla and adpressed setae; length: width of scape, pedicel, anellus, fl 2 and fl 8 (first and last funiculars) and clava = 5.03, 0.95, 0.47, 1.07, 0.91 and 2.21. Mesosoma. Slightly convex in profile (Figure 2 g), pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum bearing short, thin suberect setae; pronotum entirely punctured, posterior margin markedly convex, without any median depression (Figure 2 f); lateral panel with irregular rugae, followed by transverse striae ventrally; mesonotum cristate-punctured, transverse crests slightly raised in profile (Figure 2 g); notauli shallowly impressed (Figure 2 f); tegula finely imbricate, bearing short patch of setae baso-ventrally; mesoscutellum slightly convex in lateral view (Figure 2 g), dorsal outline straight, markedly emarginate apically, with large fovea; postscutellum shiny with longitudinal areola; propodeum declining steeply onto metasoma, with posterolateral limit forming a right angle, with large irregular areola, carinate margin, median areola prominent and followed by nucha; propodeal spiracle slitlike; lateral costula setose; epicnemial carina faintly indicated (Figure 2 g); ventral shelf virtually punctate as mesopleuron; adscrobal area of mesepisternum, entire mesepimeron and metepimeron with coarse setigerous punctures, setae short and suberect as on thoracic notum, interstices imbricate; femoral scrobe of mesopleuron strigose, margins well raised (Figure 2 g). Legs. Procoxa deeply depressed on front side, depression margined posterodorsally by raised carina forming a short flange (Figure 2 g); protibia with apicodorsal short spine; mesotibia without any dorsal pegs, stout spine apico-ventrally; hind leg bearing sparse, thin and suberect setae more concentrated on ventral side of coxa, outer disc of femur and dorsal side of tibia; metafemur on outer disc with piliferous setigerous points without engraved network; its ventral margin with a row of 11 regularly distributed equal teeth, basal tooth not prominent, without any inner basal tooth; all tarsi thin, bearing slender normal claws without modification (Figure 3 a). Wings. Fore wing with moderate adpressed microtrichiae, ventral line of setae along the wing margin; MV 0.3 × as long as SMV, 2.8 × as long as PMV; PMV 1.3 × as long as STV; hind wing with three similar closely set hamuli (Figure 3 b). Metasoma. Short petiole visible dorsally, dorsal surface with medio-longitudinal depression (Figure 3 c); metasoma shorter than mesosoma, sub-acuminate apically; Gt 1 as long as 0.54 × entire length of metasoma, 1.1 × as wide as long, smooth on dorsal disc with very fine microsculpture (visible only in certain angle of light), laterally with scattered pits and raised spiracle; Gt 2 – Gt 5 finely microsculptured, dorsally with one row of setigerous micropits, laterally with setigerous punctures on anterior margin, posteriorly very finely microsculptured (Figure 3 c); Gt 6 densely punctured, with 5 – 6 rows of setigerous punctures, interspaces matt; spiracle conspicuous, peritreme raised; syntergum very short, spiracle conspicuous, medially carinate; sterna as sculptured as terga; ovipositor sheath barely visible dorsally (Figure 3 d). Male Unknown.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF81FF8DFE09FB1370B1098D.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is the Latin feminine adjective rubra referring to the red pronotum and mesoscutum of the species.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF89FF89FE0DFF4475E80CF4.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Megachalcis fumipennis Cameron, by monotypy.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF89FF89FE0DFF4475E80CF4.taxon	description	Recognition Metasoma in female pronounced, produced into long tail-like syntergum, Gt 2 – Gt 4 strongly reduced and for the most part hidden under the large first tergite; PMV much longer than MV; mesosoma often with rasp-like sculpture and body with patches of silvery setae.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF89FF89FE0DFF4475E80CF4.taxon	discussion	Note Members of the Oriental genus Megachalcis Cameron are very rarely encountered in collections and are probably parasitoids of wood-boring beetles, occurring in naturally rich rainforest habitats, although no actual host records are available to date (Bouček 1988). Two specimens (one male and one female) were collected during the present survey from forests of southern Western Ghats. The female specimen runs to M. kannapuramensis Sureshan and Girish Kumar, 2018 in the key to species (Sureshan et al. 2018) with slight differences in the colour. The species is here redescribed with illustrations of both the holotype and the freshly collected specimen. The male specimen collected is strikingly different from all the females and is here described without formally naming it.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF89FF94FF5DFC3270780A85.taxon	description	(Figures 8 a – e, 9, 10 a – h, 11 a – h)	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF89FF94FF5DFC3270780A85.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♀ (Figure 8 a – e), India: Kerala, Kannur district, Kannapuram mangroves (11.5835 ° N and 75.1817 ° E), 13 May 2018, coll. C. Charesh, ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC / IR / INV / 11417 (examined). Additional material examined ♀ (Figures 9,10 a – h, 11 a – h) India: Kerala, Kannur district, Aaralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kurukkanpuzha (11.931 ° N, 75.836 ° E; alt. 110 m), 25 March 2021, coll. D. Ghosh, ZSI LTEO team. (ZSIK) Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC / IR / INV. 22004.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
19168793FF89FF94FF5DFC3270780A85.taxon	description	Recognition Antenna attached at lower margin of clypeus (Figures 8 c, 10 d); scrobal margin distinctly carinate, forming sharp conspicuously produced angle in front of eye; postorbital carina distinct, obsolete at genotemporal margin (Figures 8 a, 10 a); pronotum subquadrate, with two raised projections medially (Figures 8 d, 10 f); hind coxa without any dorsobasal protuberances or tooth; hind femur ventrally with 9 – 10 teeth, basal one subequal in size to succeeding one (Figures 8 a, 11 c); Rs vein of fore wing indicated as a pigmented fold (Figures 8 a, 11 a); mesosoma with raised rasp-like sculpture in profile; propodeum with large irregular and smooth variably sized areola; metasoma with a short petiole visible dorsally (Figures 8 b, 10 h); Gt 1 smooth, largest, occupying 0.5 × of metasoma (excluding ovipositor); Gt 2 telescopic behind Gt 1; Gt 3 distinctly pitted on anterior half; Gt 4 – Gt 6 regularly pitted, laterally setigerous; surface shiny on Gt 1 – Gt 4, Gt 5 – Gt 6 with matt surface; Gt 6 coarsely punctate with six rows of punctures, spiracle rounded, prominent, peritreme well expanded from surface; syntergum distinctly pitted (Figures 8 b, 11 g); ovipositor sheath long, 1.26 × as long as metasoma (excluding ovipositor sheath) (Figures 8 a, 9). Redescription ♀ (Figures 9, 10 a – h, 11 a – h) Body length 10.29 mm (including ovipositor sheath); length of fore wing 5.12 mm. Colour. Body black with the following parts variably coloured: eyes and ocelli reflective red-gold, radicle liver-brown, flagellar segments brown-black, tegula liver-brown, wing lamina brown, veins deep brown; all coxae brown-black, trochanters liver-brown, fore and mid femora and tibiae red-brown with base and apex paler, all tarsi red-brown, metasoma black with posterior margin of terga brown. Setation. Face with moderately dense white setae arising from both punctae and interspaces; golden setae on vertex, clypeus and mandible (Figure 10 d); adpressed white setae on scape; gena densely pubescent; pronotum anteriorly with moderately dense yellowbrown setae, remainder with sparse suberect setae throughout mesosoma; tuft of long white setae on axilla; propodeum with moderately dense setae on dorsum; legs with short, moderately dense white setae; metasoma with long white pubescence laterally arising from pits. Head. Head distinctly wider than mesosoma in dorsal view (1.13 ×), coarsely rugosepunctate; OOL 1.17 × POL, 1.45 × OD; POL with short raised humps; occiput with similar sculpture to that on vertex (Figure 10 e); in frontal view, head 1.42 × as wide as long, rugose punctate with large shiny setigerous areola; preorbital indicated; scrobal margin distinctly carinate, scrobal margin prominently angulate in profile in front of dorsal and ventral margin of eye, scrobal surface reticulate, maximum width of scrobe 0.5 × median interocular width; scrobe at most meeting anterior ocellus; interantennal projection finely punctate, 0.36 × as long as scrobe (Figure 10 c, d); mandible bidentate (Figure 10 d); antenna inserted slightly below ventral margin of eye; scape not attaining median ocellus; two anelli indicated; clava 2 - segmented; genotemporal margin carinate, straight; postorbital carina distinct, moving along outer eye margin onto occiput (Figure 10 a); relative length of scape, pedicel, anellus, funiculars and clava = 6.7: 1.1: 0.8: 2.0: 2.2: 2.1: 2.0: 1.9: 1.6: 1.3: 1.7: 2.9. Mesosoma. Pronotum quadrate, 3.75 × as long as wide, with varyingly sized areola, anteriorly small becoming large posteriorly, margins conspicuously rugate, forming submedian tubercles, posterior margin of pronotum deeply emarginate inwards; mesoscutum 2.9 × as long as wide, with irregular variable sized punctures, anteriorly small, becoming large posteriorly, middle lobe of mesoscutum punctate, margins carinate; lateral lobe of mesoscutum punctate with margin conspicuously rugate; scutellum small, 1.41 × as long as wide with large areola, basad of axilla with prominent tuft of pale yellow setae, apical margin of scutellum conspicuously emarginated (Figure 10 f); lateral lobe of pronotum coarsely rugose; propleura engraved reticulate; meso and metapleura with similar sculpturing to that of thoracic notum (Figure 10 g); propodeum gradually declining onto metasoma, with dense white setae along the costula; spiracles subhorizontal, bean-shaped and well exposed; transverse and sublateral carina prominent; lateral teeth distinct (Figure 10 h). Legs. Fore coxa wide, as long as wide (Figure 11 b); hind coxa smooth with numerous setigerous punctures, no dorsobasal tooth or protuberance; outer disc of hind femur smooth and shiny with numerous setigerous pits, inner basal protuberance present (Figure 10 d); ventrally with 9 – 10 teeth, basal one larger than rest of subequal teeth; hind tibia coarsely pitted (Figure 10 c). Wings. Lamina infumate brown; fore wing with PMV 1.8 × MV, SMV 2.7 × MV, STV 0.2 × PMV; lamina densely setose; Rs vein clearly indicated, present as a pigmented fold (Figure 10 a). Metasoma. Metasoma (excluding ovipositor sheath) longer than combined lengths of head and mesosoma (1.2 ×), metasoma including ovipositor 2.64 × as long as lengths of head and mesosoma combined; short petiole visible dorsally; Gt 1 with basal fovea, 0.5 × as long as combined length of remaining tergites, dorsum shiny with scattered shallow pits medially, posterior 1 / 3 rd smooth; Gt 2 telescopic beneath Gt 1; Gt 3 with 6 – 7 rows of pits on anterior half, posterior half smooth, shiny; Gt 4 distinctly pitted, a median impunctate strip on dorsum; Gt 5 and Gt 6 densely pitted, with a distinct median carina; spiracle on Gt 4 prominent, peritreme distinctly produced laterally; syntergum 1.56 × as long as Gt 6, pitted anteriorly, posteriorly smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.56 × as long as entire length of metasoma, 1.26 × as long as metasomal terga combined (Figure 11 e – h). Male Unknown.	en	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot: the example of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new species of Phasgonophora Westwood and a review of the regional species. Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44): 1627-1655, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134059
