taxonID	type	description	language	source
1258636BFFDD4436E88EFF10FD6EAC4B.taxon	type_taxon	Type: — Pytinicarpa neocaledonica (Guillaumin) G. L. Nesom.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDD4431E88EFEA4FDA2A8DF.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — NEW CALEDONIA. North Prov., Taom, 2500 feet [762 m], 2 December 1914, R. H. Compton 2305 (Lectotype: BM barcode BM 000629629 image!, designated here; Fig. 1).	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDD4431E88EFEA4FDA2A8DF.taxon	description	Perennial rhizomatous herbs; roots fibrous; stem usually absent or very short (leaves in basal rosette). Leaves 5 – 20, obovate to spatulate, 1.5 – 8 cm long × 0.4 – 1.5 cm wide (3.5 – 5.5 × longer than wide), lamina gradually attenuated to the base, petiole-like base 0.1 – 3 cm long; lamina apex obtuse to acute with a terminal tooth or lobe; margins lobate or dentate, usually with 3 – 8 lobes or teeth per side, lobe depth varying from 0 to 3 (– 5) mm; upper lamina surface greyish-green; glabrous or with scattered appressed trichomes, ca. 0.05 mm long; lower lamina surface pale green, glabrous; leaf margins ciliate with trichomes, ca. 0.3 mm; secondary veins obscure on both sides on fresh material, sometimes visible on dry material. Scapes generally 1 – 3 per tuft, (6 –) 10 – 17 (– 22) cm long, 1 – 1.4 mm diameter; bracts 2 – 7, 2 – 5 × 0.5 mm with trichomes 0.2 – 0.5 mm long; 15 – 20 trichomes (0.5 mm long) per mm ² at mid-point of scape, 40 – 60 appressed trichomes (0.5 mm long) per mm 2 towards apex. Capitula 4 – 6 mm long, 4 – 5.5 mm diameter; phyllaries ca. 25 in 2 – 3 rows, lanceolate, apex acute to rounded, glabrous or with trichomes ca. 0.3 mm occasionally along mid-rib on outer surface, with fringed margins in distal half, outer phyllaries 2 – 2.9 × 1 mm, inner phyllaries 2.7 – 3.7 × 1 – 3 mm. Receptacle conical at anthesis, 2 – 3 mm diameter and 1 – 2 mm high. Ray florets female, 11 – 20 in 1 row; tube 0.9 – 1.1 mm long, ca. 0.3 mm wide, glabrous, greenish; ligules 3.1 – 6.3 × 1.2 – 2.4 mm, with longitudinal veins obscure, glabrous, white or very occasionally pink, apex obtuse, retuse or bidentate; style branches ca. 1 mm long; ovary 1.6 – 2.2 × 0.5 – 0.6 mm. Disc florets male, 25 – 50, tubular, 1.7 – 3.2 mm long, glabrous; corolla lobes (4 –) 5, deltate, 0.4 – 0.6 × 0.3 – 0.4 mm; stamens 4 – 5, anthers ca. 1.2 mm long; style branches ca. 1.2 mm long; sterile ovary 0.8 – 1.2 mm long; corolla greenish, pappus scales absent. Cypselae oval in cross section, lacking beak, oblanceolate, 2.6 – 3 × 0.9 – 1 mm, uniformly brown at maturity; surfaces with 1 – 3 longitudinal ribs on each side.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDD4431E88EFEA4FDA2A8DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Restricted to the massifs of Ouazangou and Taom areas from low (50 m) to high (1000 m) elevations in the northwest of Grande Terre (Fig. 3). It grows in open scrubland (maquis minier) on ultramafic substrates, on serpentines and even serpentinic alluvium at the base of the massifs and on peridotitic derived soil at higher elevations.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDD4431E88EFEA4FDA2A8DF.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Herbarium specimens indicate flowering from February to May, July and September through to November. The species might therefore be able to flower all year round.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDD4431E88EFEA4FDA2A8DF.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The proposed new name is to acknowledge the extensive collections made by Robert Harold Compton (1886 – 1979) in New Caledonia during the years 1914 – 1915.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDD4431E88EFEA4FDA2A8DF.taxon	conservation	Conservation status: — Pytinicarpa comptonii is limited to the two nearby ultramafic massifs of Ouazangou and Taom, usually united as the Ouazangou – Taom massif. The threats to this species are different between populations present at the base or at the top of the mountains. The low elevation maquis of Tinip is subject to anthropogenic fire threats and to civil engineering structures (mining roads, roads, housing, electrification pylons, settling ponds / decanters ...). The high-elevation maquis populations are threatened by open nickel mining activities, especially on the Ouazangou mountain (Ititiaty et al. 2020) and, to a lesser extent, on that of Taom. The northern part of the Taom massif (Homédéboa) has been subjected to nickel mining in the past, but that activity has ceased. The species can be considered as very threatened in the Tinip, Ouazangou and Taom localities and less threatened in that of Homédéboa. With four localities, an EOO of 72 km ² and an AOO of 32 km ², the species is proposed as Endangered (EN) under criterion B, i. e. B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) + 2 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v), using IUCN (2019) guidelines.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDD4431E88EFEA4FDA2A8DF.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Main diagnostic characters are the rosulate habit (rarely with a developed stem underground as a plant on P 03276840), spatulate lamina glabrous or with short trichomes, along with glabrous ray and disc florets. All specimens are similar in flower shape and pubescence, leaf shape and pubescence. The main difference is in the leaf size. Specimens from Tinip (low elevation) have slightly smaller leaves, which are more serrate than sinuate, similar to the specimens from Taom (1000 m), while specimens from Ouazangou (800 m) have larger lobate leaves. The cypsela shape can be variable between populations, but an X-ray analysis (data not shown) showed that it might be due to comparison between viable versus non-viable cypselae. Taken together, the glabrous ray floret and the absence of long trichomes on leaves are a clear distinction between this species and P. sarasinii and P. kaalaensis. The only other species to have glabrous ray floret tubes, P. tonitrui, differs by its long, sometimes linear leaves. In addition, the trichomes, when present, are much longer in P. tonitrui. It is also similar to the two New Caledonian Lagenophora species, regarding the leaf shape, and the venation pattern, not typical of Pytinicarpa, as defined by Nesom (1994 a). The absence of glandular beak on cypsela is however a character of Pytinicarpa. In the absence of further molecular studies, we here chose to follow Nesom (1994 a) and keep this species in the genus Pytinicarpa. The combination of Moore’s epithet neocaledonica in Pytinicarpa is not possible because this would be a later homonym of Pytinicarpa neocaledonica (Guillaumin) G. L. Nesom (which is based on Brachyscome neocaledonica Guillaumin), so we propose a replacement name for this species. There is only one sheet of Compton 2305 in BM, and no other specimen could be found in other herbaria. There are four plants on the sheet (Fig. 1). All plants are on the right side of the sheet and are separated by a handdrawn line. This suggests that other plants might have previously been on the sheet. Furthermore, there is no sign of Moore’s handwriting on this sheet and no mention of BM in the protologue. However, BM’s Asteraceae curator (Ranee Prakash), when asked about this, considered it usual practice at that time to draw a pencil line when there was more than one plant on a sheet and to keep space for eventual future plants to be mounted on the same sheet. Considering these facts, the specimen is best considered as a lectotype, rather than a holotype. The specimen MacKee 37169 (NOU 019509), held at NOU, bears an error on the wrapper. MacKee’s field notebook (held at NOU Herbarium) shows that n ° 37169 is a Helichrysum specimen and n ° 37170 a Brachyscome. Consequently, the correct collecting number is 37170 and both specimens NOU 019509 and P 03276836 represent the same collection.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDD4431E88EFEA4FDA2A8DF.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: — NEW CALEDONIA. North Prov.: Taom, 12 September 2006, Barrière & Rigault 25 (NOU 014338!); Tinip, en contrebas du Pic Biki, 25 February 2004, Dagostini, Rigault & Fambart-Tinel 827 (NOU 003007!); Tinip, 80 m, 20 ° 46 ’ 46.77 ” S, 164 ° 27 ’ 32.35 ” E, 24 Apr 2017, Gâteblé 856 (NOU 105132!); Tinip, 70 m, 1 October 2018, Gâteblé & Lannuzel 1064 (NOU 108019!); Mont Ouazangou, proche du sommet, 850 m, 20 ° 44 ’ 33 ” S, 164 ° 29 ’ 43 ” E, 3 July 2018, Lannuzel & Loslier 171 (NOU 090305!); Tinip (Ouaco to Gomen), 19 October 1956, MacKee 5467 (L. 1815300 image!, P 03292519!); Mont Ouazangou, base ouest, 20 m, 11 September 1967, MacKee 17527 (NOU 054763!); Taom, Mont Homédéboa, 800 – 900 m, 16 May 1968, MacKee 18825 (P 04427670 image †!); Taom, Mt. Homédéboa, 800 – 900 m, 16 October 1969, MacKee 20970 (P 04234037!); Taom, Mt. Homédéboa, 800 – 900 m, 3 November 1971, MacKee 24567 (P 04427678 image †!); Taom, Ouéou, 350 m, 4 July 1978, MacKee 35349 (NOU 019511!, NSW 939387, P 03276838!); Mont Taom, crête Est, 1000 m, July 1979, MacKee 37169 [37170 – see notes] (NOU 019509!); Mont Taom, crête Est, 1000 m, 13 July 1979, MacKee 37170 (P 03276836!); Mont Taom, contrefort NO, 900 m, 8 February 1980, MacKee 37837 (NOU 054765!, P 03276840!); Plateau sommital Mont Ouazangou, 800 m, 26 March 1980, MacKee 37952 (CANB 284963.1, NOU 019510!, P 03276834!); Vers le sommet de Taom, 1000 m, 24 March 1982, Suprin 1735 (NOU 019513!); Plateau du massif de Taom, vers 1000 m, 24 March 1982, Veillon 4838 (NOU 054764!).	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Pytinicarpa kaalaensis affinis P. sarasinii anguste oblongis foliis et corollae ligulatae piloso tubo, sed foliis brevioribus et corollae tubo densiore piloso atque Lagenophorinarum neocaledonicarum aliis omnibus caule (vs. rosulam) praecipue differt.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — NEW CALEDONIA. North Prov.: Mont Kaala (Sommet Nord), 1080 m, 17 April 1977, H. S. MacKee 33040 (Holotype: P barcode P 03276835!; isotypes: B, BISH barcode BPBM 751901, CHR, G, K, MO, NOU barcode NOU 071919!, NSW, US barcode US 2592926 image!).	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	description	Perennial rhizomatous herbs; roots fleshy; young plants with one erect stem, older ones with 1 to 5 stems, procumbent then erect in the leafy portion. Stems up to 25 cm, lanate; leaves inserted along the stem, older at the base, often withered. Leaves 10 – 30, narrowly oblong, 2 – 5 cm long × 0.4 – 0.8 cm wide (5 – 6.5 × longer than wide), sessile; lamina apex rounded, sometimes with a terminal tooth; margins entire or with 1 – 2 teeth per side, each tooth ca. 1 mm long; upper leaf surface green, lanate at base with trichomes ca. 1.5 mm long, densely hairy towards apex; lower leaf surface pale green lanate at base with trichomes ca. 1.5 mm long, densely hairy towards apex; leaf margins densely hairy, with trichomes ca. 1 mm long; veins usually obscure on dried material on both surfaces. Scapes 1 – 3 per stem, subterminal or sometimes at leaf axil, 2.7 – 25 cm long, 1 – 1.5 mm diameter; bracts 2 – 4, ca. 2 – 4 × ca. 0.8 mm with trichomes 0.6 – 0.9 mm long, 15 – 20 trichomes (1 mm long) per mm ² at mid-point of scape, 15 – 20 trichomes (0.5 mm long) per mm ² towards apex. Capitula 3.7 – 4.5 mm long, 3.8 – 5.7 mm diameter; phyllaries ca. 26 in 3 rows, lanceolate, oblong or obovate, apex obtuse to acute, glabrous or hairy, margin laciniate on distal half, outer phyllaries 1.6 – 2.3 × 0.9 – 1 mm, inner phyllaries 2.1 – 3.9 × 0.8 – 1 mm. Receptacle convex, 2 – 3 mm diameter and 0.8 – 1 mm high. Ray florets female, 30 – 40 in 1 – 2 rows; tube, ca. 0.6 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide, greenish, densely covered with trichomes, each ca. 1 mm; ligules ca. 4.5 mm × ca. 0.9 mm, glabrous, with longitudinal veins obscure, white, creamy or purple with age, apex acute to obtuse or bidentate; style branches ca. 0.4 mm long, ovary 1.8 × 0.5 mm. Disc florets male ca. 45, tubular, 3 – 3.3 mm long, outer surface with sparse trichomes ca. 1 mm long at base; corolla lobes 5, deltate, 0.2 – 0.3 × 0.8 – 1 mm; stamens 5, anthers ca. 1 mm long; style branches ca. 1.2 mm long; sterile ovary 1.3 – 1.8 mm long; corolla light yellow, pappus scales absent. Cypselae oval in cross section, lacking beak, oblanceolate, 2.6 – 3 × 0.6 – 1 mm, uniformly brown at maturity; surfaces with 1 – 2 longitudinal ribs on each side.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Restricted to Mount Kaala ultramafic massif, at relatively high elevation, from 600 m to the summit at 1080 m. It grows in open “ maquis minier ” within blocks of peridotites (Fig. 4 A). Its habitat and putative distribution within the massif have recently been modelled by Lannuzel et al. (2021 b) using refined SDMs (species distribution models) methods.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Based on ad hoc surveys (Lannuzel et al., unpublished) and herbarium specimens, the species appears to flower almost throughout the year with a gap in February and March. In cultivation, it seems to be able to flower throughout the year as well, but too few specimens were surveyed to make any definite conclusion.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet refers to Mount Kaala, the only known location of the species.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	conservation	Conservation status: — On the Kaala massif, this new species is highly threatened by open nickel mining activities that have already impacted some populations and are likely to destroy the others. As it has a very narrow endemic distribution with an EOO of 6 km ² and an AOO of 16 km ², the species meets the Critically Endangered category under criterion B as CR B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) + 2 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v), following IUCN (2019) guidelines.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Pytinicarpa kaalaensis differs from all other Lagenophorinae species of New Caledonia by its caulescent habit. It resembles P. sarasinii (Däniker) G. L. Nesom with leaves narrowly oblong and hairy ray florets corolla tube, but has shorter leaves and more densely hairy corolla tube. One specimen of this taxon (Green 1817) was identified by Nesom (1994 a) as P. sarasinii, but subsequent material supports the distinction of a new species restricted to Mt. Kaala. The label of the isotype specimen in NOU (NOU 071919) incorrectly mentions that the plant comes from the garden of ORSTOM (now IRD). Instead, this specimen was collected, like the others, on the north summit of Mount Kaala, 1080 m elev., on 17 April 1977 as written in MacKee’s gazetteer held at NOU. The error comes from a handwritten note in this gazetteer stating “ planté dans le jardin du centre ”. This manuscript note from Jean-Marie Veillon (confirmed by J. - M. Veillon himself in May 2021) was added to the gazetteer to add the information that living plants of this MacKee collection have also been planted in the garden, a common practice at ORSTOM during this period (Gâteblé 2015: 27). The staff in NOU who made the label then mixed the original note from MacKee with the one from Veillon. Despite this error on the label, the NOU specimen should be considered as an isotype. Other isotypes are cited according to the duplicates listed on the holotype’s label at P (P 03276835), but most of them were not retrieved in herbaria online databases.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFDA443CE88EFA36FDDEAC7A.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: — NEW CALEDONIA. North Prov.: Mont Kaala, 600 m, 29 June 2010, Barrabé, Nigote, Merlot & Broucke 995 (NOU 053782!); Sommet du Kaala, 1050 m, 20 ° 36 ’ 45.45 ” S, 164 ° 23 ’ 22.32 ” E, 27 April 2016, Gâteblé 763 (NOU 105458!); Top of Mont Kaala (about 15 km SE of Koumac), 1000 m, 9 December 1963, Green 1817 (A 00283448); Mont Kaala, Pic de Pandop, 800 m, 6 July 1992, Jaffré 3163 (NOU 071921!); Mont Kaala, sommet proche de l’antenne, 1065 m, 20 ° 36 ’ 44 ” S, 164 ° 23 ’ 22 ” E, 10 January 2018, Lannuzel & Balmot 134 - 1 (NOU 088999!); Mont Kaala, sommet proche de l’antenne, 1065 m, 20 ° 36 ’ 44 ” S, 164 ° 23 ’ 22 ” E, 10 January 2018, Lannuzel & Balmot 134 - 2 (NOU 089000!); Mont Kaala, sommet proche de l’antenne, 1065 m, 20 ° 36 ’ 44 ” S, 164 ° 23 ’ 22 ” E, 10 January 2018, Lannuzel & Balmot 134 - 3 (NOU 089001!); Mont Kaala, pente nord, 800 m, 17 May 1981, MacKee 39081 (NOU 071920!, P 03276837!); Mont Kaala, sommet nord, 1050 m, 17 May 1981, MacKee 39088 (P 03276831!); Sommet du Mont Kaala, 21 June 1966, Nothis 192 (NOU 054756!); Mt Kaala, 1000 m, 16 June 1982, Suprin 1990 (NOU 054755!, P 04234040!, P 04234041!).	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD7443EE88EFECAFF4CA573.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — NEW CALEDONIA. Am obern Abhang des Mt. Koniambo ob Koné bei der Mine Boume I [Koné, Mt Koniambo, mine Boum I], 14 January 1925, A. U. Däniker 880 (Holotype: Z barcode Z 000003139 image!; isotypes: Z barcodes Z 000003140 image!, Z 000003141 image!, Z 000003142 image!). (Figs. 6, 7).	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD7443EE88EFECAFF4CA573.taxon	description	Perennial rhizomatous herbs; roots and rhizomes fibrous; above ground stem absent (leaves in basal rosette). Leaves 5 – 15, narrowly spatulate, 6 – 11 cm long × 0.8 – 1.1 cm wide (7.5 – 10 × longer than wide), lamina attenuate to the base, petiole indistinct; lamina apex obtuse with a terminal tooth; margins entire or dentate, with 2 – 4 teeth per side, each tooth ca. 0.5 mm when present; upper leaf surface greyish-green; lower leaf surface pale green, both surfaces lanate when young, then with scattered trichomes (1 – 2 mm long); leaf margins glabrous to densely hairy with trichomes ca. 1.5 mm; secondary veins obscure. Scapes generally 1 per tuft, 10 – 24 cm long, 1 – 1.5 mm diameter; bracts 2 – 6, 1.8 – 6.4 × 0.2 – 0.5 mm with trichomes 0.4 – 0.8 mm long; 0 – 1 trichomes per mm 2 at mid-point of scape, glabrous towards apex. Capitula 4.2 – 6.4 mm long, 4.2 – 5.6 mm diameter; phyllaries ca. 30 in 2 – 3 rows, ovate, apex acute, glabrous, with margins glabrous to ciliate in distal half, outer phyllaries 1.5 – 3.2 × 0.4 – 0.9 mm, inner phyllaries 3.3 – 4.7 × 1.3 mm. Receptacle sharply conical at anthesis, 2.5 – 3 mm diameter and 1.5 – 2 mm high. Ray florets female, 18 – 22 in 1 row; tube 1 – 1.3 mm long, 0.4 – 0.5 mm wide, with scattered trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long, greenish; ligules 6.4 – 8.2 × 1.3 – 1.7 mm, with longitudinal veins obscure, glabrous, white or very occasionally pink, apex obtuse and bidentate; style branches ca. 2 mm long, ovary 2 – 2.5 × 0.6 mm. Disc florets male, sometimes hermaphrodite in the outer row, 54 – 60, tubular, ca. 2.5 mm long, outer surface glabrous; corolla lobes 5, deltate, 0.6 – 0.8 × 0.7 – 0.8 mm; stamens 4 – 5, anthers ca. 1 – 1.5 mm long; style branches ca. 2 mm long; sterile ovary ca. 1.6 mm long, fertile ovary ca. 2.8 mm when present; corolla greenish, pappus scales absent. Cypselae oval in cross section, lacking beak, oblanceolate, 2.6 – 3 × 0.9 – 1 mm, uniformly brown at maturity; surfaces with 2 – 3 longitudinal ribs on each side.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD7443EE88EFECAFF4CA573.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — As presently understood, P. sarasinii is restricted to Koniambo and Katepahie ultramafic massifs where the species has been seen growing on the slopes and summits from 50 to 925 m elevation. It has also been recently collected on the Vavouto Peninsula. The species grows in “ maquis minier ”, on serpentines at low elevations and on peridotitic-derived soil at higher elevations.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD7443EE88EFECAFF4CA573.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — From information on herbarium specimens, the species appears to flower from December to February, April – July and October. In cultivation, specimens are flowering almost all year long.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD7443EE88EFECAFF4CA573.taxon	conservation	Conservation status: — The old Gatope locality sensu Vieillard, if correct, corresponds to the Koniambo / Katepahie area. The Koniambo massif is under intensive open nickel mining so that the populations at the top of the massif are severely threatened. The Katepahie location is not presently under pressure from nickel mining, but under anthropogenic fire threats. With an EOO of 121 km ² and an AOO of 28 km ², the species is proposed as Endangered (EN) under criterion B with four localities as EN B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) + 2 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v), using IUCN (2019) guidelines.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD7443EE88EFECAFF4CA573.taxon	discussion	Notes: — The species is readily distinguishable from the two other Pytinicarpa species, P. comptonii and P. kaalaensis and from Lagenophora by its long and almost linear leaves. The closest morphologically species is P. tonitrui which does not bear trichomes on the corolla tube of both ray and disc florets. Full explanations of the differences between both taxa are provided in the dedicated section of P. tonitrui (Table 1). It is also the only Pytinicarpa species in New Caledonia having hermaphrodite disc florets; however, these are not on every individual. At first glance, we were also about to include two specimens from the Tchingou Massif in P. sarasinii. However, a closer examination of these specimens at P (Bernardi 10414, P 03276808! and Hürlimann 121, P 04234043!) shows that the top of the disc floret’s ovary is covered by glands. Further collections are needed to fully describe this taxon, but this character being distinctive of Lagenophora (Lannuzel et al. 2021 a), it is not treated in the present work. Brachyscome neocaledonica was recently lectotypified by Wang et al. (2022) who accepted Vieillard 2823 (P 00537796) as the lectotype, based only on herbarium scans available online. However, they have not discussed the identity of both species, P. neocaledonica and P. sarasinii. Our careful examination of syntypes of B. neocaledonica (Vieillard 2823, Deplanche 425 and Pancher 94) at P revealed two different species among the plants on these specimens — see notes under P. tonitrui section below for a full explanation. It was customary for Deplanche, Pancher, and Vieillard specimens to pass through CN where plants were often rearranged (and mixed) by R. Lenormand and colleagues. The same collection number thus cannot be considered as one gathering, neither can several plants on one sheet be considered coming from the same population. All plants from this ancient material must then be examined individually. Vieillard 2823 (P 00537796, designated by Wang et al. 2022 as P. neocaledonica lectotype), presents all characters of P. sarasinii as circumscribed above. The name P. neocaledonica thus becomes a synonym of P. sarasinii. Deplanche 425 (P 00537801!) was examined by MP, but we could not confirm the identity of each plant. However, from some flower fragments, at least some P. sarasinii were present. The specimen Deplanche 425 (P 00537799!) also went through CN. On this specimen, the two plants on the right belong to P. sarasinii, while the two on the left belong to P. tonitrui. The name Brachyscome sarasinii does not require lectotypification because Däniker (1933) cited his specimen Däniker 880 (Z- 000003139) as the type in the protologue. The other specimens (Heim 50 and Sarasin 86), cited by Däniker (1933), could not be retrieved in the Z database, neither in G or B. In his discussion, Däniker (1933) compared his new species against B. neocaledonica Guillaumin that was published four years later. Däniker and Guillaumin may have discussed these together at that time as we cannot find any mention of the name B. neocaledonica in previous literature. Surprisingly, however, Guillaumin (1937) did not cite B. sarasinii described four years earlier in his revision of New Caledonian Asteraceae, but later established a key between the two species, based on leaf pubescence (Guillaumin 1948). It is unclear to which point both authors were aware of each other work. However, they clearly considered that both species were different. If the synonymy here presented seems to be in contradiction with the previous works of Guillaumin and Däniker, it is only because we believe that Wang et al. (2022) didn’t choose the right lectotype for P. neocaledonica (see Lannuzel et al. 2022 for full explanation).	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD7443EE88EFECAFF4CA573.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: — NEW CALEDONIA. North Prov. Koniambo, 820 m, 11 October 2006, Dagostini & Barrière 1256 (NOU 019061!); Nene [Neue], Deplanche 425 (P 00537801! – pro parte see notes); Nene [Neue], Deplanche 425 (P 00537799! – pro parte see notes); Massif du Koniambo, 900 m, 1 June 1972, Jaffré 780 (NOU 054760!, P 04431194!); Koniambo, 650 m, 13 February 2002, Jaffré 3483 (NOU 071917!, NOU 071918!, P 03276806!, P 03276807!); Massif du Koniambo, 875 m, 20 ° 59 ’ 45 ” S, 164 ° 49 ’ 49 ” E, 20 December 2017, Lannuzel & Loslier (leg. Gensous) 151 (NOU 089026!); Mont Koniambo, 925 m, 20 ° 59 ’ 45 ” S, 164 ° 49 ’ 50 ” E, 24 May 2018, Lannuzel (leg. Gensous) 168 - 1 (NOU 088996!); Mont Koniambo, 925 m, 20 ° 59 ’ 45 ” S, 164 ° 49 ’ 50 ” E, 24 May 2018, Lannuzel (leg. Gensous) 168 - 2 (NOU 088997!); Mont Koniambo, 925 m, 20 ° 59 ’ 45 ” S, 164 ° 49 ’ 50 ” E, 24 May 2018, Lannuzel (leg. Gensous) 168 - 3 (NOU 088987!); Mt. Katepahie, 600 m, 20 ° 55 ’ 10 ” S, 164 ° 42 ’ 11 ” E, 26 July 2018, Lannuzel & Karnadi 189 - 1 (NOU 090307!); Mt. Katepahie, 600 m, 20 ° 55 ’ 10 ” S, 164 ° 42 ’ 11 ” E, 26 July 2018, Lannuzel & Karnadi 189 - 2 (NOU 090308!); Voh, Mt Katépahie, vers 600 m, 20 January 1963, MacKee 10087 (CANB 145979.1, P 04234042!, P 04234045!); Voh, base sud-ouest du Mt Katepahie, 7 June 1967, MacKee 16835 (NOU 054757!, P 04234046!); Voh, crête sommitale du Mt Katepahie, 600 m, 5 April 1968, MacKee 18635 (NOU 054757!, P 04234044!); Mont Koniambo (base S. O.), 100 m., 24 April 1974, MacKee 28534 (NOU 054758!); Mont Koniambo, plateau sud, 800 m, 7 May 1974, MacKee 28634 (P 03276804!); Mt Koniambo, 800 m, 11 October 1982, McPherson 4990 (CHR 440389 Aimage!, CHR 440389 Bimage!, NOU 054759!, MO 784036); Koniambo, 854 m, 20 ° 59 ’ 55 ” S, 164 ° 49 ’ 40 ” E, 4 April 2008, Munzinger & Ducousso 5034 (NOU 049652!); Vavouto, 9 September 2004, Munzinger, Jaffré & Roumagnac 2368 (NOU 006848!); Massif du Koniambo tronçon 28, 20 ° 59 ’ 39 ” S, 164 ° 49 ’ 2 ” E, 6 January 2003, Tronchet & Roumagnac 652 (NOU 004864!, P 00354671!); Gatope, 1861 – 1867, Vieillard 2823 (A 00097920 image!, A 00097921 image!, P 00537796!, P 00537797!, P 00537798!); Massif de Koniambo, 850 m, 13 December 1973, Webster & Jaffré 19301 (P 03276830!). The other specimens (Heim 50 and Sarasin 86), cited by Däniker, could not be retrieved in the Z database, neither in G or B.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Pytinicarpae sarasinii (Däniker) G. L. Nesom similis, magnitudine formaque, sed tubo corolla florum ligulatorum omnino glabro et tubulosis bisexualibus floribus carentibus, praecipue differt. Similis Pytinicarpae kaalaensi Lannuzel, Gâteblé & M. Pignal, sed habitu rosulanti multo longioribus folisque (2 – 5 vs 6 – 11 cm) praecipue differt.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — NEW CALEDONIA. North Prov.: Néhoué, Babouillat, 04 February 1968, H. S. MacKee 18336 (Holotype: P barcode P 03276809!).	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	description	Perennial rhizomatous herbs; roots fibrous; above ground stem absent (leaves in basal rosette). Leaves 5 – 15, linear to narrowly oblong, (44 –) 79 – 130 (– 162) mm long × (2 –) 3 – 5 (– 6) mm wide (22 – 27 × longer than wide), lamina attenuate to the base, petiole indistinct; leaf apex obtuse with a terminal tooth; margins entire or dentate, with 1 – 3 teeth per side, each tooth ca. 0.5 mm long when present; upper leaf surface dark greyish-green on dry material; lower leaf surface pale greyish-green on dry material, both surfaces glabrous, but trichomes (1 – 2 mm) sometimes present at leaf base; leaf margins and surfaces glabrous to hairy with trichomes 1 – 1.5 mm; secondary veins brochidodromous, obscure, sometimes visible on abaxial surface on dry material. Scapes generally 1 – 3 per tuft, 8 – 23 cm long, (0.3 –) 0.5 – 0.9 (– 1.4) mm diameter; bracts 2 – 3, 1.8 – 6.4 × 0.2 – 0.5 mm with trichomes 0.4 – 0.8 mm long; 0 – 1 trichomes per mm ² at mid-point of scape, glabrous towards apex; Capitula ca. 3 mm long, (3.4 –) 4.8 – 7.2 (– 9) mm diameter; phyllaries ca. 30 in 2 – 3 rows, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apex obtuse to acute, glabrous, margins glabrous to ciliate on distal half, outer phyllaries 3 × 1 mm. Receptacle sharply conical at anthesis, 2.5 – 3 mm diameter and 1.5 – 2 mm high. Ray florets female 18 – 22 in 1 row; tube 0.5 – 1 mm long, ca. 0.2 mm wide, glabrous; style branches ca. 1 mm long; ligules 5 – 8.2 × 0.7 – 1.7 mm, with longitudinal veins obscure, glabrous, apex obtuse, ovary 1.1 – 2.4 × ca. 0.4 mm. Disc florets male tubular, ca. 1.3 mm long, outer surface glabrous; corolla lobes 5, deltate, 0.6 – 0.8 × 0.7 – 0.8 mm; stamens, 5, anthers yellow, linear, ca. 0.8 mm; style branches ca. 2 mm long; sterile ovary ca. 1.2 mm long, pappus scales absent. Cypselae oval in cross section, lacking beak, obfusiform, 3.2 × 0.8 mm uniformly brown at maturity; surfaces with 2 – 3 longitudinal ribs on each side.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — The species is only known from Néhoué – Babouillat (Neué) on the north base of the ultramafic Tiebaghi massif or Cap Tonnerre. Despite several days of fieldwork at different periods of the years in search of this rare species, we were unable to find it. From MacKee 18336 and specimens collected immediately before and after, the ecology of the Babouillat population could be inferred as an open scrubland (maquis minier) at low elevation, most probably on serpentinic alluvium.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — From the most recent herbarium specimen with only one mentioning a precise date, the species flowers at least in early February.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — This species is named after Cap Tonnerre (“ Thunder Cape ” in English), a locally accepted name for the peninsula where the locality Néhoué-Babouillat is located, and where every known specimen were most probably collected.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	conservation	Conservation status: — The Néhoué – Babouillat locality and population where the type of Pytinicarpa tonitrui was collected could be considered as extinct. MacKee label, in 1968, mentions that “ the species seems to be rare ”. Since the 1860 s (Pancher and Deplanche) and even more recently, the habitat in the Babouillat area has been severely impacted by anthropogenic fires and invasive Rusa deer (Rusa timorensis), so this might explain its rarity or extinction, such as is the case for the Critically Endangered and possibly extinct Brunoniella neocaledonica (Heine 1976: 34) Moylan (2000: 480) (Tanguy et al. 2020). Since we (GG and GL), Dominique Fleurot and David Bruy have spent several days searching unsuccessfully for the species in the field, we can consider it as Extinct (EX), following IUCN (2019) guidelines. If the local Red List unit (Meyer et al. 2022) confirms this assessment, it will be the second New Caledonian endemic species after Pycnandra micrantha (Beauvisage 1901: 88) Munzinger & Swenson (2015: 102) to fall into this category.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	discussion	Notes: — The material of Pytinicarpa tonitrui contains some specimens (Deplanche 425, Mus. Néocal. 94 [Pancher 94 / Vieillard 2823]) originally cited by Guillaumin (1937) as syntypes of Brachyscome neocaledonica, a name here put in the synonymy of P. sarasinii. Unfortunately, Wang et al. (2022) based the lectotypification of B. neocaledonica only on online scans, and failed to observe that two actually different species were mixed within syntypes of B. neocaledonica. Our careful examination of the original material revealed several distinctive characters (Table 1). For instance, the main distinctive character is the pubescence of the ray florets corolla tube which is glabrous in P. tonitrui, and systematically hairy in P. sarasinii. Florets are also much shorter in P. tonitrui than in P. sarasinii, respectively 0.5 – 1 mm vs. 1 – 1.3 mm long for the ray florets, and ca 1.3 mm vs. ca. 2.5 mm long for the disc florets. As far as observed, P. sarasinii remains the only Pytinicarpa in New Caledonia to have hermaphrodite disc floret, all disc florets observed for P. tonitrui being functionally male. Further, sterile material can be differentiated between both species, as P. sarasinii are always hairy plants, while P. tonitrui tends to be almost glabrous, with the pubescence limited to the leaf base. Yet the distinction on sterile material remains tricky and needs to be confirmed on fertile material, the pubescence of the ray floret corolla tube being the final distinctive character. Consequently, within some sheets of Deplanche 425, a gathering originally cited as syntype of B. neocaledonica, some individual plants belong to P. tonitrui. P 00537800 and K 000890083 plants all belong to P. tonitrui. P 00537799 is a mixed specimen, with the two plants on the left belonging to P. tonitrui, while the two on the right belong to P. sarasinii. P 00537801 (said to be from Neue, not an original label) is clearly a mixed specimen with plants probably collected in different places and at different times. Some plants belong to P. sarasinii, which were most likely collected in the Koniambo area (Gatope s. l.), but it was impossible to definitively identify each plant. From all the specimens known, only one Mus. Néocal. 94 (P 00537795), was retrieved and belongs to P. tonitrui, as confirmed by Guillaumin’s drawings showing the glabrous ray floret corolla tube.	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
1258636BFFD44439E88EFF7AFE67A8B3.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: — NEW CALEDONIA. North Prov. Nené [Neué], 1861 – 1867, Deplanche 425 (K 000890083 image!, P 00537799 p. p.! see notes, P 00537800!); Néué, 1870, Mus. Néocal. [J. A. I. Pancher] 94 [E. Vieillard 2823] (P 00537795).	en	Lannuzel, Guillaume, Pignal, Marc, Gâteblé, Gildas (2022): Pytinicarpa (Asteraceae, Astereae) in New Caledonia. Phytotaxa 574 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.1
