identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FA87D5FF91FFC1FC8BFE7565CEF8D5.text	03FA87D5FF91FFC1FC8BFE7565CEF8D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Willisornis poecilinotus POECILINOTUS	<div><p>WILLISORNIS POECILINOTUS POECILINOTUS</p> <p>(CABANIS, 1847)</p> <p>Taxonomy</p> <p>As discussed below, genetic lineages possessing the plumage attributes described below can be unequivocally assigned to the nominate W. poecilinotus (type locality: ‘British Guiana’; Peters, 1951), distributed in north-eastern Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas and southern Venezuela (Gill et al., 2022).</p> <p>Plumage attributes</p> <p>Males with overall grey colour and a slightly paler ventral region. Presence of ‘lace’ (see Plumage analyses above). Black tail with white markings and white tips. Females with rufous upperparts overall and underparts mostly grey. ‘Lace’ on the dorsal region similar to that in males, but in black and rufous (instead of white) colours. The tail is black with terminal and intermediate markings also rufous.</p> <p>Genetic differentiation</p> <p>Specimens exhibiting the plumage characteristics above belong to a distinct genetic lineage completely sorted for their mitochondrial DNA, but less so for the nuclear genes, and which is distributed on the eastern part of the Guiana Shield, from Amapá in Brazil and the Guianas westward to the lower east bank of the Rio Negro (Fig. 1). We found significant genetic structure within this group, roughly across the Trombetas River near the Amazonas/Pará border, which prompted us to distinguish them as W. p. poecilinotus A (east of the Trombetas) and W. p. poecilinotus B (west of the Trombetas) (Fig. 1). Our genetic sampling does not allow for a resolution of the relationships in the contact zones between W. p. poecilinotus A and W. p. poecilinotus B, nor between W. p. poecilinotus as a whole and the neighbouring Willisornis lineages.</p> <p>Plumage variation</p> <p>We did not identify noticeable variations in plumage that were consistent with the genetic structure found for this group.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D5FF91FFC1FC8BFE7565CEF8D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes;Cronemberger, Áurea A.;Batista, Romina;Aleixo, Alexandre	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes, Cronemberger, Áurea A., Batista, Romina, Aleixo, Alexandre (2022): Diversification and species limits in scale-backed antbirds (Willisornis: Thamnophilidae), an Amazonian endemic lineage. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1408-1430, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011
03FA87D5FF92FFC3FEE5F9B76384F9CD.text	03FA87D5FF92FFC3FEE5F9B76384F9CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Willisornis poecilinotus subsp. duidae (Chapman 1923)	<div><p>WILLISORNIS POECILINOTUS DUIDAE</p> <p>(CHAPMAN, 1923)</p> <p>Taxonomy</p> <p>Genetic lineages possessing the plumage attributes discussed below can be unequivocally assigned to W. p. duidae (type locality: ‘ Mount Duida, Amazonas, Venezuela’; Peters, 1951), distributed in north-western</p> <p>Amazonian Brazil, southern Venezuela and eastern Colombia (Gill et al., 2022).</p> <p>Plumage attributes</p> <p>Males similar to W. p. poecilinotus, but distinguished by an overall darker colour, both in the dorsal and ventral regions. Females distinguished from those in any other Willisornis taxon by an intense rufous colour below, with a slightly paler quality in the upperparts. ‘Lace’ similar to those in males (i.e. in black-white colour). Tail rufous as well, with terminal and intermediate white dots.</p> <p>Genetic differentiation</p> <p>Specimens with the plumage characteristics above belong to three distinct and closely related genetic lineages that are completely sorted for their mtDNA, but less so for the nuclear genes and which are distributed from both sides of the Middle and Upper Rio Negro, all the way to the north bank of the Amazonas / Solimões (Fig.1). The three lineages within this group were named W. p. duidae A, W. p. duidae B, W. p. duidae C and appear to replace each other across the Japurá / Caquetá and Içá rivers (Fig. 1). Interestingly, four specimens sequenced from northern Peru obtained from the north bank of the Amazon and Napo rivers (and previously attributed to W. p. lepidonota; Isler &amp; Whitney, 2011) also clustered in this lineage (see Discussion below).</p> <p>Plumage variation</p> <p>Females of W. p. duidae C (which extends from northernmost Brazil to northern Peru on the north bank of the Amazonas and Napo rivers) have a lighter brown colour, less intense than in the other females of W. p. duidae A and B, and approaching those in W. p. gutturalis. Males belonging to W. p. duidae C are similar to those in W. p. duidae A and W. p. duidae B.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D5FF92FFC3FEE5F9B76384F9CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes;Cronemberger, Áurea A.;Batista, Romina;Aleixo, Alexandre	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes, Cronemberger, Áurea A., Batista, Romina, Aleixo, Alexandre (2022): Diversification and species limits in scale-backed antbirds (Willisornis: Thamnophilidae), an Amazonian endemic lineage. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1408-1430, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011
03FA87D5FF93FFC4FC9CF97F6459F9BD.text	03FA87D5FF93FFC4FC9CF97F6459F9BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Willisornis poecilinotus LEPIDONOTA	<div><p>WILLISORNIS POECILINOTUS LEPIDONOTA</p> <p>(SCLATER &amp; SALVIN, 1880)</p> <p>Taxonomy</p> <p>Genetic lineages with plumage characteristics described below are apparently related to W. p. lepidonota (type locality: Sarayacu, Pastaza, Ecuador; Peters, 1951; Isler &amp; Whitney, 2011), distributed in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru (Isler &amp; Whitney, 2011; Gill et al., 2022).</p> <p>Plumage attributes</p> <p>Due to logistical constrains (see Discussion), we analysed the plumage of only one female specimen within the known range of W. p. lepidonota. This particular specimen presents an intense rufous colour above, but with slightly paler underparts, resembling females of W. p. gutturalis. In comparison with females of W. p. duidae, the rufous colour of the examined specimen is noticeably less intense. The ‘lace’ is present and is similar to those in males (i.e. in black-white colour; as in Zimmer et al., 2020). Tail rufous, with terminal and intermediate white dots.</p> <p>Genetic differentiation</p> <p>The female plumage characteristics described above belong to a specimen (MPEG 54179) obtained from a locality (Peru, Amazonas, Rio Comaina) within the range of W. p. lepidonota lineage A (Fig. 1). Along with W. p. lepidonota B (which apparently replaces W. p. lepidonota A across the Huallaga River), these lineages are completely sorted for their mtDNA, but less so for the nuclear genes (Fig. 1). Together, they occupy the foothills of the Andes from eastern Ecuador to central Peru eastward to the Ucayali and possibly the Napo rivers, respectively, in southern and northern Amazonia (Supporting Information, Table S1; Fig. 1).</p> <p>Plumage variation</p> <p>Because only one female specimen was examined, no plumage variation within and between W. p. lepidonota A and W. p. lepidonota B could be assessed. As discussed above, four Peruvian specimens sequenced by us from the north bank of the Amazon and Napo rivers (and thought previously to belong W. p. lepidonota; Isler &amp; Whitney, 2011) grouped, in fact, with W. p. duidae C, suggesting either introgression or lack of consistent plumage diagnoses between these taxa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D5FF93FFC4FC9CF97F6459F9BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes;Cronemberger, Áurea A.;Batista, Romina;Aleixo, Alexandre	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes, Cronemberger, Áurea A., Batista, Romina, Aleixo, Alexandre (2022): Diversification and species limits in scale-backed antbirds (Willisornis: Thamnophilidae), an Amazonian endemic lineage. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1408-1430, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011
03FA87D5FF94FFC4FF01F9F765A1FCF7.text	03FA87D5FF94FFC4FF01F9F765A1FCF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Willisornis poecilinotus GUTTURALIS	<div><p>WILLISORNIS POECILINOTUS GUTTURALIS</p> <p>(TODD, 1927)</p> <p>Taxonomy</p> <p>Genetic lineages with plumage characteristics described below can be unequivocally assigned to W. p. gutturalis (type locality: São Paulo de Olivença, on the south bank of the upper Amazon; Peters, 1951), distributed in south-western Amazonian Brazil and north-eastern Peru (Gill et al., 2022).</p> <p>Plumage attributes</p> <p>Males are similar to those of W. p. duidae lineages, but readily distinguished by a conspicuous a narrow black throat patch. Females are pale rufous above and below, paler underneath. ‘Lace’ similar as in males, in black−white colour. Tail pale rufous, with white spots in the middle part and on the terminal edges.</p> <p>Genetic differentiation</p> <p>Specimens with the plumage characteristics above belong to a highly distinct genetic lineages that is completely sorted for their mitochondrial DNA, but less so for the nuclear genes and which is distributed in a restricted area between the Juruá and Amazon/ Solimões rivers (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Plumage variation</p> <p>We have not identified conspicuous variations in plumage.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D5FF94FFC4FF01F9F765A1FCF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes;Cronemberger, Áurea A.;Batista, Romina;Aleixo, Alexandre	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes, Cronemberger, Áurea A., Batista, Romina, Aleixo, Alexandre (2022): Diversification and species limits in scale-backed antbirds (Willisornis: Thamnophilidae), an Amazonian endemic lineage. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1408-1430, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011
03FA87D5FF94FFC5FC98FC4E6779FDF2.text	03FA87D5FF94FFC5FC98FC4E6779FDF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Willisornis poecilinotus GRISEIVENTRIS	<div><p>WILLISORNIS POECILINOTUS GRISEIVENTRIS</p> <p>(VON PELZELN, 1869)</p> <p>Taxonomy</p> <p>Genetic lineages sharing plumage characteristics discussed below are unequivocally assigned to W. p. griseiventris (type locality: Borba, on the right/ eastern bank of the Madeira River; Peters, 1951), distributed in south-eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and south-western Amazonian Brazil, eastwards to the upper Xingu River (Pulido-Santacruz et al., 2018; Gill et al., 2022).</p> <p>Plumage attributes</p> <p>Males similar to those in W. p. poecilinotus. Females pale plain rufous throughout the dorsal region, extending to the forehead and the sides of the head. ‘Dark-light lace’ on the back and wings absent. Throat and ventral region grey. Upper and under tail parts concolorous with the body, but with narrow distinct white terminal edges.</p> <p>Genetic differentiation</p> <p>Specimens with the plumage characteristics above belong to a widespread genetic lineage with two major geographic sister groups replacing each other across the Madeira River and referred herein as W. p. griseiventris A and W. p. griseiventris B. These two lineages are completely sorted for their mitochondrial DNA, but less so for the nuclear genes, occurring throughout most of south/central Amazonia, from the upper Juruá River eastward to the headwaters of the Xingu River (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Plumage variation</p> <p>We identified a geographic gradient in male plumage colour in W. p. griseiventris A and B running from west to east, with the darkest individuals found in the west (considering the overall body colour) and the palest in the east. Despite this clear trend, major shifts in the overall plumage colour intensity were not correlated with interclade boundaries and the presence of the Madeira River itself.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D5FF94FFC5FC98FC4E6779FDF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes;Cronemberger, Áurea A.;Batista, Romina;Aleixo, Alexandre	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes, Cronemberger, Áurea A., Batista, Romina, Aleixo, Alexandre (2022): Diversification and species limits in scale-backed antbirds (Willisornis: Thamnophilidae), an Amazonian endemic lineage. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1408-1430, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011
03FA87D5FF95FFC5FF4DFD4E620FFEE3.text	03FA87D5FF95FFC5FF4DFD4E620FFEE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Willisornis vidua NIGRIGULA (SNETHLAGE 1914	<div><p>WILLISORNIS VIDUA NIGRIGULA (SNETHLAGE, 1914)</p> <p>Taxonomy</p> <p>Genetic lineages possessing plumage characteristics described below can be assigned to W. v. nigrigula (type locality: Boim, on the left/western bank of the Tapajós River; Peters, 1951), distributed in the lower Madeira–Tapajós interfluve and between the Tapajós and Xingu rivers in the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Mato Grosso and Pará (Isler &amp; Whitney, 2011). Plumage attributes: males similar to W. p. gutturalis, with both taxa sharing a conspicuous black throat patch not found in males of any other Willisornis taxa. However, W. v. nigrigula males have ventral and dorsal parts paler grey. Females, on the other hand, are similar to those in W. p. griseiventris, with pale rufous colouring throughout the dorsal region and a missing ‘dark-light lace’ from the back and wings. However, in W. v. nigrigula females, the dorsal colour does not extend to the sides of the head, being limited to the crown, forehead and supercilium. The ventral grey colour extends to the sides of the head, with the throat presenting a pale grey colour.</p> <p>Genetic differentiation</p> <p>Specimens sharing the plumage characteristics above belong to two distinct genetic lineages that are completely sorted for their mitochondrial DNA, but less so for the nuclear genes, and which are distributed from the lower east bank of the Madeira to the left bank of the Xingu River (Fig. 1). These lineages replace each other across the Tapajós River and are referred herein as W. v. nigrigula A and W. v. nigrigula B (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Plumage variation</p> <p>Specimens of W. v. nigrigula differ with respect to the size of the gular patch. In W. v. nigrigula A (distributed in the northern part of the Tapajós– Madeira interfluve), the black throat patch tends to be slightly smaller and narrower than in W. v. nigrigula B (from the Tapajós–Xingu interfluve). However, some individuals in both groups deviate from this general pattern and, therefore, this phenotypic variation is not exactly congruent with the lineages recovered in molecular analyses.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D5FF95FFC5FF4DFD4E620FFEE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes;Cronemberger, Áurea A.;Batista, Romina;Aleixo, Alexandre	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes, Cronemberger, Áurea A., Batista, Romina, Aleixo, Alexandre (2022): Diversification and species limits in scale-backed antbirds (Willisornis: Thamnophilidae), an Amazonian endemic lineage. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1408-1430, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011
03FA87D5FF95FFC5FCB7FE596577FA16.text	03FA87D5FF95FFC5FCB7FE596577FA16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Willisornis vidua VIDUA (HELLMAYR 1905	<div><p>WILLISORNIS VIDUA VIDUA (HELLMAYR, 1905)</p> <p>Taxonomy</p> <p>Genetic lineages with plumage characteristics discussed below can be assigned to W. v. vidua (type locality: Igarapé-Açu, state of Pará, in the Belém area of endemism; Peters, 1951).</p> <p>Plumage attributes</p> <p>Males similar to W. v. nigrigula overall, but without a black throat patch. Ventral region grey, with lighter throat. Females are also similar to those in W. v. nigrigula, but with the white interscapular spot absent or inconspicuous.</p> <p>Genetic differentiation</p> <p>Specimens with the plumage characteristics above belong to a genetic group with some geographic structuring recovered for the mitochondrial genes across the Tocantins River and which are referred herein as W. v. vidua A and W. v. vidua B. These groups are completely sorted for their mitochondrial DNA, but less so for the nuclear genes, occupying together the area comprised between the east bank of the Xingu eastward to Maranhão in easternmost Brazilian Amazonia (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Plumage variation</p> <p>We did not detect any conspicuous geographic variation in plumage that could be related to the comparatively shallow level of genetic structure recovered within this group.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D5FF95FFC5FCB7FE596577FA16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes;Cronemberger, Áurea A.;Batista, Romina;Aleixo, Alexandre	Quaresma, Tânia Fontes, Cronemberger, Áurea A., Batista, Romina, Aleixo, Alexandre (2022): Diversification and species limits in scale-backed antbirds (Willisornis: Thamnophilidae), an Amazonian endemic lineage. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1408-1430, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac011
