identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
84932EC0EEF1574091377BD16897A19D.text	84932EC0EEF1574091377BD16897A19D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alainites siamensis Phlai-ngam & Tungpairojwong & Gattolliat 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Alainites siamensis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Material.</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: Thailand • Larva; Phetchabun Province, Nam Nao National Park,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.57959/lat 16.741089)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.57959&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.741089">Yakruae</a>
                 stream; Alt. 832 m. 16°44'27.92"N, 101°34'46.52"E; 7 Mar. 2022; Coll. S. Phlai-ngam and V. Vannachak; 1L on slide GBIFCH00763744 [MZL]. 
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            <p> Paratypes: Thailand • 20 larvae; same data as holotype; 3L on slides GBIFCH00763745-GBIFCH00763747, [MZL]; 10L in alcohol GBIFCH00763748 [MZL]; 7L in alcohol [KKU-AIC] . </p>
            <p>Other material.</p>
            <p>
                  Thailand • 70 larvae; Tak Province, Mae Ra Mad District;  Alt. 405 m   . 17°04'52.68"N, 098°45'16.76"E; 12 Feb. 2022; Coll. K. Koomput and P. Dapsibhai; 1L on slides GBIFCH00763749 [MZL]; 8L in alcohol GBIFCH00763750 [MZL]; 10L in alcohol [KKU-AIC]. Tak Province, Mae Sod District, small stream near the road (unnamed stream);  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.754654/lat 17.0813)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.754654&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.0813">Alt.</a>
                 719 m   . 17°01'44.35"N, 098°30'24.47"E; 8 Oct. 2020; coll. S. Phlai-ngam; 1L on slide [KKU-AIC]; 14L in alcohol [KKU-AIC]; 1L in alcohol GBIFCH 00673245 [MZL]. Kanchanaburi Province, Thong Pha Phumi District, small stream near the Mining Dr. Phol Kleepbuathe;  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.5068/lat 17.028986)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.5068&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.028986">Alt.</a>
                 660 m   . 14°45'08.00"N, 98°48'40.00"E; 16 Nov. 2022; Coll. S. Phlai-ngam; 1L on slide GBIFCH00763751 [MZL]; 7L in alcohol GBIFCH00763752 [MZL], 8L in alcohol [KKU-AIC]. Phetchabun Province, Nam Nao National Park, Yakruae stream;  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.81111/lat 14.752222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.81111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.752222">Alt.</a>
                 832 m   . 16°44'27.92"N, 101°34'46.52"E; 23 Nov. 2020; Coll. S. Phlai-ngam; 15L in alcohol [KKU-AIC]. Kamphaengphet Province, Klong Lan District, Pong Nam Ron,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.57959/lat 16.741089)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.57959&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.741089">Alt.</a>
                 154 m.  17°02'34.94"N, 98°58'39.83"E; 12 Feb. 2022; Coll. K. Koomput and P. Dapsibhai; 4L in alcohol [KKU-AIC]. 
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            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Coloration (Figs 1, 2). General coloration medium brown. Head uniformly medium brown, slightly darker between ocelli and at insertion of antennae. Turbinate eyes in male larva dark orange. Thorax medium brown with indistinct pattern. Pronotum slightly paler than mesonotum and metanotum. Thoracic sternites mostly pale brown. Abdominal tergites medium brown, slightly darker in middle area, distal margin with darker transverse band. Abdominal sternites light brown. Cerci and median caudal filament light brown without bands or pattern.</p>
            <p>Body. Maximum length 4.2 mm. Median caudal filament ca. 2/3 of cerci.</p>
            <p>Head. Capsule medium brown. Antennae medium brown, filiform.</p>
            <p>Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 3A): dorsal surface with one central seta and an arc of setae reduced to two lateral setae; about twenty fine stout setae scattered over surface. Ventral surface with five small acute setae near lateral margin. Distal margin fringed with two kinds of setae: long lateral setae strongly feather-like and medially with a shorter row of slightly feather-like setae.</p>
            <p>Left mandible (Fig. 3B-D): inner and outer incisors almost fused, formed by seven blunt denticles (Fig. 3C); prostheca with eleven small pointed denticles apically, (Fig. 3D); edge between prostheca and mola only slightly crenelate near mola; mola with an enlarged triangular pointed tooth, fine setae present apically; proximal part with scattered fine setae, not shagreened (Fig. 3B). Right mandible (Fig. 3E-G): inner and outer incisors almost fused, formed by eight blunt denticles (Fig. 3F), prostheca bifid, both filaments feathered, outer filament half length inner filament (Fig. 3G); edge between prostheca and mola crenelate; proximal part with scattered fine setae, not shagreened (Fig. 3E). Maxilla (Fig. 3H-I): galea-lacinia with 3 enlarged acute teeth on apex (Fig. 3I), 2 rows of long dense basal setae on galea-lacinia; maxillary palpus (Fig. 3H) 2-segmented with scattered small hair-like setae; segment II rounded at apex. Labium (Fig. 3J): glossa slightly shorter than paraglossa; a row of stout setae along outer, inner and apical margins, subapical setal tuft present; paraglossae with 3 rows of simple setae along apical margin; labial palpus 3-segmented with scattered fine setae; segment I slightly shorter than segments II and III combined; segment III subrectangular covered with long robust setae mostly in distal half, short pointed setae mostly along outer margin and abundant fine setae. Hypopharynx with rounded lingua and superlinguae, covered with abundant hair-like setae subapically (Fig. 3K).</p>
            <p>Thorax. Hindwing pads well developed.</p>
            <p>Foreleg (Fig. 4A). Femur: dorsal margin with a regular row of eight to eleven long robust setae and two subapical setae; ventral margin with abundant short spine-like setae; lateral margin with scale bases, bare and not shagreened, femoral villopore absent.</p>
            <p>Tibia (Fig. 4B): dorsal margin of fore-tibia with less than five strong setae (usually with 3-4 setae), short fine setae roughly arranged in row; ventral margin with abundant short stout setae ending with patch of long stout feathered setae; lateral margin with abundant scale bases, tibiopatellar suture with short spine-like setae. Tarsus: dorsal margin with few fine setae, ventral margin with abundant pointed setae only slightly increasing in length toward apex, lateral margin with abundant scale bases and a few fine setae. Tarsal claws (Fig. 4E) with one row of 7-9 denticles, increasing in size distally, subapical setae absent. Midleg and hindleg. Similar to foreleg; except ventral margin of femur of hindleg with reduced number of short spine-like setae, generally one or two setae; dorsal margin of mid- tibia (Fig. 4C) and hind-tibia (Fig. 4D) with more than five strong setae (usually more than nine).</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Posterior margin of tergite I smooth; posterior margin of tergite II with a few triangular spines mainly in the middle area; posterior margin of tergites III-IX with triangular spines along central portion, absent laterally (Fig. 4F-G). Surface of all tergites not shagreened, with numerous scale bases and few setae. Sternites I-VIII similar to tergites except distal margin smooth, sternite IX distal margin with triangular spines. Gills (Fig. 5A-D) on segments I-VII, with well visible main tracheation but reduced ramification; gill I smallest (Fig. 5A), length of gill I equal to half of tergite II; gill IV (Fig. 5B) and gill V larger than others, length of gill IV equal to tergite V plus half of tergite VI; length of gill V equal to tergite VI plus half of tergite VII; length of gill VII (Fig. 5D) equal to tergite VIII plus half of tergite IX. Surface smooth without any setae or pores, margin serrated with fine simple setae (Fig. 5C). Paraproct (Fig. 5E-F) covered with scale bases and micropores on surface; distal margin with well-developed prolongation; lateral margins of prolongation with numerous small spines, surface without spines (Fig. 5F); distal margin inner to prolongation with 5 huge spines, distal margin outer to prolongation with numerous medium spines (around 20-30 spines); cercotractor with scale bases, distal margin with about 14-16 medium spines (Fig. 5E). Cerci with fine swimming setae along inner margin. Median filament with swimming setae on both margins.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Alainites siamensis sp. nov. is closely related to  A. lingulatus ,  A. laetificus and  A. yixiani ; these species are distributed in the Southeast Asia. The new species can be separated from the other species by the following combination of characters: i) the shape of labial palp, ii) the setation on tibia, iii) the number of denticles of the claws, iv) the degree of development and spination of paraproct prolongation, v) the number of spines on distal margin of paraproct, vi) number of pairs of gills (Table 4). </p>
            <p>Ecological notes.</p>
            <p> The larvae of  Alainites siamensis sp. nov. mainly live among aquatic plants and roots of riparian plants in slow to moderately flowing streams (Fig. 6). The species seems to be rather widely distributed in the northwestern and northern Thailand, but is rare and not abundant (Fig. 7). </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p>The specific epithet of this species, siam (noun), refers to the old name of Thailand and to the known distribution of the species.</p>
            <p>Molecular result.</p>
            <p> Sequences of 658 bp, corresponding to a fragment of the COI gene, were obtained from six specimens collected in three localities; the new sequences are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers specified in Table 2. The K2P analysis for genetic distances analysis shows that the three populations of  Alainites siamensis sp. nov. have very low intraspecific variation (0% to &lt;2%). The interspecific distances between  A. siamensis sp. nov. and other  Alainites species show distances between 17% and 28% (Table 3). In the COI reconstruction, the six larval specimens of  Alainites from Thailand were grouped together into the same clade and clearly separated from all other sequenced species of  Alainites (Fig. 9). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/84932EC0EEF1574091377BD16897A19D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Phlai-ngam, Sirikamon;Tungpairojwong, Nisarat;Gattolliat, Jean-Luc	Phlai-ngam, Sirikamon, Tungpairojwong, Nisarat, Gattolliat, Jean-Luc (2022): A new species of Alainites (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from Thailand. Alpine Entomology 6: 133-146, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.6.96284, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.6.96284
