identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
33367D24FF83FFD539AFFB31A26F44DD.text	33367D24FF83FFD539AFFB31A26F44DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iolaus aequatorialis Stempffer & Bennett 1958	<div><p>The Iolaus aequatorialis species group</p> <p>Four species are currently recognised in this newly proposed species group, two of which are described below. They are characterised by the rather light iridescent blue colour, sometimes with a turquoise or greenish tinge, the presence of a marginal black dot in space 2 on the hindwing upperside and the beige androconial hairtuft on the forewing underside, in the males. In females the light whitish (watery) blue upperside with a turquoise tinge and the submarginal dashed-line or row of spots on the hindwing upperside are characteristic.</p> <p>The prominently drawn-out outer margin of the blue area in space 1a on the forewing upperside, the orange (not crimson or brick-red) submarginal lines on both wings and the orange, black-centred submarginal round spot on the hindwing margin in space 2 on the underside are characteristic for both sexes. The drawn-out outer edge of the blue area in space 1a on the forewing upperside and the lack of any blue in the costal area beyond the discal cell gives the impression that the blue patch of the forewing is rather flattened in both sexes.</p> <p>The I. aequatorialis species group is one of the few groups in the subgenus Philiolaus where the genitalia are slightly, but consistently, asymmetric. The inward curving tip of the left valva is bolder and blunter in all recognised taxa. The shape of the valvae is also unique, as the basal half of the dorsal edge is slightly convex with an inflexion, from where the edge turns slightly concave toward the inwardly bent rather pointy tip (Figs. 1; 3–5).</p> <p>The aedeagi of all species are terminally thickened (club-shaped) with one strong spine on the tip, a prominent cornutus on the membrane of the vesica, with a smaller and inconspicuous one on the tip of the vesica (Figs. 1; 3D, E, F, I, J). The anterior half is slim with a bulbous membrane. The fultura inferior is also characteristic for the species group; it forms a ring with posteriorly flagged edge, but the tip of the triangular “flags” is not acutely pointed as in some, yet undescribed species groups but rather blunt, best seen in lateral view (Figs. 3A, B, C, G, H; 5A–E). The posterior edge of the stems of the tegumen lack small spine, triangular or spatulate excrescence. The bilobed uncus and the posteriorly protruding and rather straight subunci are very similar to multiple other species in the subgenus Philiolaus (Figs. 1A, B; 3A, B, C, G, H; 4A–E; 5A–E).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/33367D24FF83FFD539AFFB31A26F44DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs;Collins, Steve C.	Sáfián, Szabolcs, Collins, Steve C. (2022): Revisional notes on Iolaus aequatorialis Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 and related species in the subgenus Philiolaus Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5214 (2): 176-188, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.2.2
33367D24FF86FFD239AFFD83A02D40C9.text	33367D24FF86FFD239AFFD83A02D40C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iolaus ivani Sáfián & Collins 2022	<div><p>Iolaus ivani sp. nov.</p> <p>FIGS.: 2G, I; 3G,I; 4D; 5D; 6B,E, 7B; 8B</p> <p>Holotype: ♂ ZAMBIA, (Mudwiji) Mundwiji Plain 40 km east of Mwinilunga, bred ex egg. Emerged: 15.I.82. Deposited in ABRI.</p> <p>Paratype: ♀ ZAMBIA, Mundwiji Plain, NW Zambia, bred April / May 1999 TCEC / IB/ MH / PN ABRI Coll. Deposited in ABRI.</p> <p>Other material examined: 1♂, 1♀ ZAMBIA, Mundwiji Plain (Heath et al. 2002).</p> <p>Description of male. Forewing length: 20 mm. Wingspan: 37 mm. General appearance as for males of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by extensive iridescent blue on upperside, and dirty white underside with black and orange submarginal lines, two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small triangular protrusion at the tip of vein 3 on the hindwing. Upperside blue colour of a lighter turquoise blue tone, with very slight greenish tinge. Basal half of forewing covered with blue, except along costa, where black extends to base, leaving a black costal margin that tapers down towards the base. Black outer margin very broad, tapering down from apex to approximately 2 mm at the narrowest point in space 1b, broadening again towards tornus. Outer edge of blue area rather scalloped, with small black indentations along veins 2, 3 and 4, with one also beyond discal cell. Outer edge of blue bluntly drawn out in space 1b. Majority of hindwing covered with blue, except dark grey-black space 1a, along black costa, and the moderately broad black margin, which tapers down from approximately 1.5 mm to a fine black marginal line between apex and tornus. Androconia cover most of cell and upper part of wing to black costa; dark greasy grey, with brown, well-defined oval heart. Black submarginal round spot present in space 2, more prominent quadrangular one fused with black marginal line in space 1b. Tornal lobe dark claret-red, with no blue speckles, with black margin. Underside dirty white, with light brownish tinge along forewing costa and very faint grey dusting along forewing and hindwing margins.</p> <p>Forewing with fine, faint, slightly curving light orangish-brown submarginal line between veins 2 and 8. Forewing androconial hair tuft beige. On hindwing, slightly broader, light orange inner submarginal line curving gently inward, reaching costa at 3 mm from apex. Outer sub-marginal line absent. Tornal spot at the end of space 1a half black, half red, inner edge ringed with silvery blue. Spot in space 2 very small and inconspicuous, slightly darker orange-red, with some black scales. Tails black with white and black edges. Fringes (cilia) short along outer margin of forewing, black on upperside, light grey on underside. Fringes white on hindwing and slightly longer along inner margin. Head black, thorax and abdomen dark grey, covered with short hairs on upperside, by white hairs on thorax underneath; abdomen with yellowish overlay. Palpi black above, white below; twice as long as diameter of eyes. Eyes bald, black. Antennae black, speckled with tiny white dots underneath, only slightly thickened towards apex; their length shorter than half of forewing.</p> <p>Male genitalia. General morphology as for other species in the group as described above in detail.Dorsoventrally, the valvae do not narrow down to half the width from the base towards the inward turning tip. The ventral edge of valvae is gently curved upward in lateral view, and gently bent inwardly. The tip of the flagged fultura inferior is rather blunt.</p> <p>Description of female. Forewing length: 19 mm. Wingspan: 37 mm. General appearance as for females of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by blue, and black spotting along outer margin on hindwing in spaces 1a and 2–5. Underside dirty white with black and/or orange-red sub-marginal lines and two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on hindwing. Colour on upperside watery light blue; in outer half of blue area whitish-blue; almost completely white in spaces 2–3 and also in the outer half of discal cell. Less than half of forewing covered with blue basally, costa broadly black to base. Outer edge of blue area not rounded but also not scalloped with black indentations. Only slightly drawn out in space 1b. Majority of hindwing covered with blue, except dark grey space 1a, along light-grey and black costa, and the moderately broad black margin which breaks up into rather prominent marginal spots in spaces 2 and 3. Black sub-marginal line formed by small, sometimes inconspicuous, black spots in spaces 1b, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Tornal lobe dark red to claret red, with a few blue scales marginally; not conjunct with the prominent black (with some red scaling) squat marginal spot. Tails black, edged with white and black. Underside colour and pattern of body and wings identical to those of male, except sub-marginal fine line on the forewing faint orange, almost broken up to a dashed line, marginal area between submarginal line and outer margin overlaid with brownish-grey colour.</p> <p>Female genitalia. Papillae anales densely haired, rather narrow, their dorsoventral length approximately 1 mm. Posterior edge flat. Apophyses posterior straight, their length equal to dorsoventral length of papillae. Ductus bursae entirely sclerotised, finely creased longitudinally. Evenly narrow except antrum, which is extremely swollen, its diameter more than twice as large as the rest of ductus. Bursa copulatrix oval, completely membranous with no signum. Small; longitudinally shorter than half the length of ductus (including antrum). Lamella antevaginalis shield-shaped in ventral view, broadest anteriorly (cc. 2 mm) with curving edge and large, lobe-like protrusion on posterior edge.</p> <p>Diagnosis. On the hindwing upperside I. ivani sp. n. has the blue area solid in space 6 (Figs 2G, I), while in I. aequatorialis the blue is rather diffuse, particularly at the outer edge, giving the impression of a wider black costa and apex (Figs 2A,D, 2D, E respectively). The outer margin of the blue area in I. ivani sp. n. is, although irregular, quite sharp, with no strongly blackened veins or black indentations. I. aequatorialis has the outer edge of the blue area regularly interrupted by strongly blackened veins, forming triangular indentation along veins 2, 3 and 4.</p> <p>In females, the white colouration on the forewing restricted to the outer half of the blue area, while the hindwing blue is rather homogeneous light blue. In I. aequatorialis, whitish colouration appears across the blue area on both wings, and is also pronounced on the hindwing, between the sub-marginal dashed line and the margin. The blue area on the female of I. brazza sp. n. is rather homogeneous light blue across both wings (Figs 6C, F). In the male genitalia the valvae of I. ivani do not taper down sharply as in I. aequatorialis. Their incurving tips are rather long and pointed (similar to those of I. aequatorialis) and not short and blunt, as in I. mane and I. brazza sp. n. The tip of the posteriorly flagged fultura inferior is narrower and pointed, more so than in the other three species, nevertheless still blunt and not spiny (Fig 3G). In the female genitalia the antrum in I. ivani is entirely sclerotised and much more swollen than in I. aequatorialis and I. brazza. The illustrated female of I. mane was not dissected.</p> <p>Etymology. We name the species in recognition of the late Ivan Bampton, whose contribution to breeding and documenting the larvae of many Iolaus species has been instrumental in the ongoing revision of the genus.</p> <p>Discussion. The species was mentioned from Zambia, Mundwiji Plains by Heath et al. (2002) as I. aequatorialis. The holotype and the female paratype were also bred from the same area. The habitat of the Mundwiji Plains is a mosaic of grasslands, closed canopy or semi-open miombo (Brachystegia and Julbernardia) woodland, with stretches of riverine “riparian” forest vegetation of the transitional type with high affinity to the southern Congolese rainforests (Heath et al. 2002). This habitat structure is rather widespread in the forest-savannah transition zone between southern DRC and north-western Zambia, where the species should occur, as well as in some parts of eastern Angola.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/33367D24FF86FFD239AFFD83A02D40C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs;Collins, Steve C.	Sáfián, Szabolcs, Collins, Steve C. (2022): Revisional notes on Iolaus aequatorialis Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 and related species in the subgenus Philiolaus Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5214 (2): 176-188, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.2.2
33367D24FF85FFDD39AFFF0CA2D042AD.text	33367D24FF85FFDD39AFFF0CA2D042AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iolaus brazza Sáfián & Collins 2022	<div><p>Iolaus brazza sp. nov.</p> <p>FIGS. 2H,J; 3H,J; 4E; 5E; 6C, F; 7C; 8C</p> <p>Holotype: ♂ CONGO, Foulakari R. 85 Km SW Brazzaville I /93. Leg.: S.Collins. Deposited in ABRI.</p> <p>Paratype: ♀ CONGO, Foulakari R. 85 Km SW Brazzaville 7/92 (bred) Leg.: S.Collins. Deposited in ABRI.</p> <p>Note: The male specimen illustrated by d’Abrera (2009) as Iolaphilus aequatorialis aequatorialis may represent this taxon, as its upperside colour and other features are identical with that of the holotype (although the blue colours of Iolaus are difficult to reproduce in high fidelity).</p> <p>Description of male. Forewing length: 19 mm.Wingspan: 37.5 mm. General appearance and main morphological features as for I. ivani, but blue colour on upperside royal blue, lacking the turquoise or slight greenish tinge. Submarginal line on forewing underside fine, very faint.</p> <p>Male genitalia. General morphology as for other species in the group as described above in detail. Dorsoventrally the posterior one-third of the right valva narrows down sharply towards the inward turning tip. The left valva remains broad almost all the way to its unusually broad and blunt tip. The ventral edge of the valvae is almost straight in lateral view, slightly bent inwardly. The two strong cornuti on the tip of the aedeagus and on the membrane of the vesica are shorter than those of I. aequatorialis and I. ivani sp. n.</p> <p>Description of female. Forewing length: 18.5 mm. Wingspan: 36 mm. General appearance and main morphological features as for I. ivani sp. n., but outer edge of blue area on forewing upperside more scalloped by black indentations along veins 2, 3 and 4. Whitish area completely missing. Underside orange line on forewing brighter orange.</p> <p>Female genitalia. Papillae anales rather small (&lt;1 mm dorsoventrally) with almost no hairs. Posterior edge flat with rounded dorsal and ventral edges. Apophyses posterior straight, longer than dorsoventral length of papillae. Only middle section of ductus bursae sclerotised and creased longitudinally; antrum swollen, membranous, including its anterior section before mouth of corpus. Corpus bursae oval, completely membranous with no signum; length slightly longer than half the length of ductus. The lamellae ante and postvaginalis are almost fused, shell-shaped in lateral view; lamella antevaginalis shield-shaped in ventral view, its width approximately 2 mm at its widest with two ear-like lobes laterally, and straight posterior edge.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The male of I. brazza sp. n. has a distinctive tone of royal blue on the upperside, with no turquoise or greenish tinge (Figs. 2H, J). The female lacks the whitish-blue area (Figs. 6C, F) present in the three other species in the group. In the male genitalia I. brazza sp. n. differs from I. aequatorialis and I. ivani in the shorter and blunter tip and the straighter ventral edge of the valvae (Figs. 3H; 4E; 5E). The cornuti on the tip of the aedeagus and on the membrane of the vesica are very short (more similar to I. mane) (Figs. 3F, J). In the female genitalia only the middle section of the ductus bursae is sclerotised (the antrum and the anterior section are membranous), while almost the entire bursa is sclerotised in I. aequatorialis and I. ivani (Fig. 7). The lamella antevaginalis of I. brazza sp. n. in ventral view is shield-shape with two ear-like lobes ventrally, similar to that of I. aequatorialis, but the posterior edge is almost straight in I. brazza sp. n., and slightly undulate in I. aequatorialis.</p> <p>Etymology. The name of the new species refers to Brazzaville, the capital city of the Republic of Congo, the broader type locality of the species.</p> <p>Discussion. So far, the species is confirmed from the broader Brazzaville area of the Republic of Congo south of the Congolian Forest Zone, in the transition toward the southern African woodland and savanna areas. Further records from the forest zone proper need confirmation (see also below).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/33367D24FF85FFDD39AFFF0CA2D042AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs;Collins, Steve C.	Sáfián, Szabolcs, Collins, Steve C. (2022): Revisional notes on Iolaus aequatorialis Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 and related species in the subgenus Philiolaus Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5214 (2): 176-188, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.2.2
