taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EB87C9FF934D72FF22F96DFA8FFE69.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 3; Tables 2, 3)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF934D72FF22F96DFA8FFE69.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2108, KANACONO Stn. DW 4746: several sterile colonies and fragments, 5.5 – 18 cm high; nematothecae quite common. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2109, KANACONO Stn. DW 4760: two colonies, 9.5 cm high (bearing a 18 mm long coppinia) and 11 cm high (sterile); no nematothecae have been observed. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2110, KANACONO Stn. DW 4774: a 4 cm high, sterile colony; rare nematothecae. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2111, KANACONO Stn. DW 4725: a ca. 4.8 cm high, sterile colony; rare nematothecae. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2112, KANACONO Stn. DW 4775: a ca. 18 cm high, sterile colony; nematothecae present. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2113, KANACONO Stn. DW 4679: a ca. 6 cm high colony bearing a 2 mm long coppinia; nematothecae not seen. — MNHN- IK- 2019 - 2114, KANACONO Stn. DW 4737: a sterile colony composed of two stems, ca. 6 cm high; nematothecae quite common. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2015, KANACONO Stn. DW 4743: two sterile stems, 10.5 and 13.5 cm high; rare nematothecae. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2116, KANACONO Stn. CP 4673: six colonies, 5.3 – 12 cm high, the two largest colonies with one (13 mm long) and two (8 and 17 mm long) coppiniae, respectively; nematothecae present. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2117, KANACONO Stn. DW 4724: a 9.5 cm high colony bearing two coppiniae, 2 and 3 mm long; rare nematothecae. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2118, KANACONO Stn. DW 4759: three colonies, one 5.6 cm high (with two coppiniae, 4 and 9 mm long), another one originally 8 cm high (now broken into two parts, one bearing three coppiniae, 5 – 7 mm long), and a last one, 12 cm high and sterile; rare nematothecae in the former. — MNHN- IK- 2019 - 2119, KANACONO Stn. DW 4762: five colonies, 4.5 – 8 cm high, largest bearing a 10 mm long coppinia; nematothecae not uncommon. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2120, KANACONO Stn. DW 4726: many colonies and fragments, up to 9 cm high, two of which bear one (10 mm long) and two (7 and 14 mm long) coppiniae, respectively; rare nematothecae. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2121, KANACONO Stn. CP 4674: five colonies, 3.5 – 7.5 cm high, one with a 6 mm long coppinia, and another bearing three coppiniae 3 – 4 mm long; rare nematothecae.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF934D72FF22F96DFA8FFE69.taxon	description	Description. Usually brick-red (occasionally brown), erect, flabellate colonies, to 18 cm high and 20 cm wide, stiff, arising from dense stolonal mat spreading over, and firmly attached to various substrates; irregularly branched, usually in one plane, occasionally giving rise to branches in the front / back of the colony; up to 4 th order branches. Stem and branches strongly fascicled for most of their length; stem up to 4 mm thick basally; auxiliary tubes relatively tortuous, though running parallel to the main tube; tubes occasionally branched, adjacent to one another along their length, with lateral pores allowing connections between their respective coenosarcs; main tube slightly geniculate, undivided, composed of successive modules comprising a proximal, prominent apophysis (together with its axillar hydrotheca, itself mounted on a distinct apophysis) supporting a cladium, two well-developed (though comparatively shorter), alternate apophyses (each supporting a hydrotheca) above, and a distal apophysis (and its axillar hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) supporting another cladium, but given off on opposite side to its proximal counterpart; stem hydrothecae moderately distant from one another, a hydrotheca usually reaching the base of the apophysis supporting the next theca; apophyses either well-delimited or not from the pedicellate hydrothecae they carry, through more or less distinct, transverse constrictions of the perisarc. Cladia coplanar, pinnately-arranged along the stem and branches; up to 20 mm long, monosiphonic throughout, occasionally becoming elongate, polysiphonic, and eventually transform into lower-order cladia-bearing branches; undivided, equivalents of internodes slightly geniculate, moderately-long, not surpassing the length of preceding hydrotheca; each “ internode ” with a latero-distal apophysis supporting a hydrotheca; apophyses alternate, up to 37 per cladium, distinctly demarcated distally from their corresponding hydrothecae through a transverse node; articulation flexible, hydrothecae movable. Hydrothecae short-pedicellate; pedicels usually with smooth (occasionally wrinkled) perisarc, gradually expanding from base and merging smoothly with the hydrothecal wall; demarcation internal, through a transversely-set diaphragm, with central, rounded foramen with irregular, slightly upturned edge, forming a short collar for the passage of the hydranth; diaphragm occasionally renovated; adaxial wall of hydrotheca usually with distinct, convex curvature in proximal half, distal half straight; curvature on abaxial wall less noticeable, concave; a slight, though noticeable, subapical narrowing of the theca; aperture distal, transversely-set, slightly everted, rim even, circular in frontal view; several closely-set renovation usually present; rarely, a deciduous operculum still present in some hydrothecae; hydrothecal wall finely and densely striated transversely; hydranths strongly contracted, their tentacle number could not be counted. Nematothecae occur in most colonies, though their presence is relatively scant; usually, they are borne singly on the apophyses of stem and cladial hydrothecae, on the apophyses supporting the cladia, as well as on the auxiliary tubes of the stem and branches; exceptionally twin nematothecae have been seen on one side of a cladial apophysis, and a single nematotheca was borne on the pedicel of a cladial hydrotheca; nematothecae sessile, urn-shaped, tapering abruptly basally, tubular for most of their length, aperture slightly everted, rim even, circular in apical view; margin sometimes renovated. Coppinia muff-shaped, on either the stem and branches, or both; of varied length, almost reaching 2 cm long and 3 mm wide, composed of an aggregated mass of adjacent gonothecae with laterally-fused walls; gonothecae given off from the auxiliary tubes of the stem / branches, amphora-shaped, relatively tall, thick-walled, fused for about 3 / 4 or more of their proximal length, distally narrowing, hood-shaped, with laterally-set, semicircular apertures.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF934D72FF22F96DFA8FFE69.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original account on Sertularia antipathes (type locality: “ Austral seas or of New Holland ”) by Lamarck (1816: 115) is rather scant 1, and not illustrated. The colonies are said to reach 12 – 15 cm in height, have a dendroid (viz. tree-shaped, branching) appearance, and a “ blackish grey ” color. Subsequently, Lamouroux (1816: 206) reassigned generically the species, as Laomedea antipathes, and provided a slightly more detailed description 2 of it, together with two figures (his pl. 6 figs 1 a, B); the colonies were said “ red brown in color, sometimes greyish ”. Although not stated expressly, Lamouroux (1816: viii) had based his description on the specimens made available to him by Lamarck himself 3, in other words on the type material 4, and Billard (1909: 312) confirmed it unequivocally 5. Nearly a century later, Billard (1907: 215) was able to locate Lamarck’s material, reexamine it, and provide a more modern description and illustration of it. In addition, he also concluded that Campanularia rufa Bale, 1884 (type locality: Holbourne Island, QLD, Australia) is a junior synonym of it; indeed, his fig. 1 depicts a hydroid apparently displaying the same morphological characters as those shown by Bale in his pl. 1 fig. 1. Billard additionally noted that fig. 1 B of Lamouroux was misleading (as it depicts a hydroid with decidedly conical hydrothecae), not allowing Bale to recognize it unambiguously. In two subsequent studies, Billard (1908: 1356, 1910: 6) placed Lictorella haleciodes Allman, 1888 (type locality: off Somerset, Cape York, QLD, Australia) in the synonymy of Lamarck’s species. While their synonymy is largely accepted by numerous authors, Vervoort & Vasseur (1977: 22) still regarded Z. antipathes and Z. rufa as specifically distinct, arguing that differences exist in the habitat, color, size of the colonies, their mode of branching, and the shape and size of hydro- and gonothecae. Their conclusion is based on: a) the fact that the re-examination of the type of L. halecioides demonstrated that it has larger hydrothecae compared to both their material from French Polynesia and one of Bale’s slides of Z. rufa, as well as on observed differences in color of the periderm; b) some observations made earlier by Watson (1973: 164), notably the fact that, in her specimens assigned to Z. antipathes, the “ branches [were] given off randomly around [the] main stem ”. Although this observation can be true 6, it may also prove to be a semantic interpretation, along having been possibly the right term to designate the arrangement pattern. Indeed, Lamouroux’ pl. 6 fig. 1 depicts an irregularly-branched, though coplanar colony, in one of the specimens belonging to the syntype series of Z. antipathes. Also of note, L. halecioides appears to build coplanar colonies according to Allman (1888: pl. 17 fig. 1), thus differing from Vervoort & Vasseur’s concept of Z. antipathes. 1 « S. stirpe dura, rigida, ramoso-paniculata; ramis pinnatis; pinnulis subsetaceis celluliferis; cellulis pedicellatis ». 2 « stem rugged, branching, as woody; branches pinnate; cells campanulate, scattered on branches and branchlets; pedicel rising from a flattened point; red-brown, sometimes greyish; height about one decimeter » (translated from French). 3 « I am mainly indebted to M. de Lamarck, who has enriched my collection with many rare and interesting species, and who has allowed me to describe novel Polypes, housed in the galleries of the Natural History Museum of Paris, favor even more precious, since M. de Lamarck has occupied himself for three years with the special study of these beings » (translated from French). 4 The location of that material in the collections of MNHN of Paris is indicated by both Redier (1964: 130) and Van Praët (1979: 884). 5 « The sample of this species from the Lamouroux collection corresponds to that of the Lamarck collection » (translated from French). 6 In one stem from sample MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2108, additional branches occur in front / back of the stem, giving it an unusual, irregular appearance; besides this difference, no other morphological features distinguishing it from the rest of the available material could be pointed out. Watson (1973: 165), after the reinspection of “ a series of microslides 7 of Z. rufa ” housed in the Museums Victoria (Melbourne, Australia) collections, reached the same conclusion as Billard (1907). In contrast, Rees & Vervoort (1987) continued to keep Z. antipathes and Z. rufa distinct. They discovered that the holotype colony of L. halecioides “ carries several coppiniae, not figured by Allman ” (Rees & Vervoort 1987: 53), and their fig. 12 d depicts proportionally longer gonothecae compared to those illustrated by Vervoort & Vasseur (1977, fig. 8 d) for Z. rufa. 7 It was not expressly stated whether the holotype F 52216 of Campanularia rufa was also seen. The present material from off New Caledonia exhibits, with almost no exception, all the specific characters assignable by Vervoort & Vasseur’s (1977) to Z. rufa, including the color, mode of branching, and shape of both hydro- and gonothecae. However, their assumption that Bale’s species is a comparatively smaller hydroid 8 seems unfounded, as our specimens are the largest documented to date, and their hydrothecae have among the biggest measurements (Table 2). Consequently, we revive the opinion expressed earlier by both Billard (1907) and Watson (1973), and adopt the oldest available name for this hydroid, pending a re-examination of the types of the three nominal species mentioned above.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF934D72FF22F96DFA8FFE69.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Reliable (or nearly so) records are from: Australia (Bale 1884, as C. rufa; Ritchie 1911, as L. antipathes; Jäderholm 1916, as L. antipathes; Watson 1973, as Z. antipathes; Preker & Lawn 2005, as Z. rufa), Indonesia (Di Camillo et al. 2008, as Z. rufa; Schuchert 2003, as Z. rufa), Guam (Kirkendale & Calder 2003, as both Z. antipathes and Z. rufa, or at least one of them), French Polynesia (Vervoort & Vasseur 1977, as L. rufa), Fiji (Gibbons & Ryland 1989, as Z. rufa), Hawaii (Nutting 1905, as L. halecioides), New Caledonia (present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF994D71FF22FADFFF11FD35.taxon	description	(Figs 4, 5, 25; Tables 3, 8)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF994D71FF22FADFFF11FD35.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2015 - 3065, KANADEEP 2 Stn. CP 5108: a flabellate colony, 9 × 9 cm, bearing four coppiniae (largest 6 × 4 mm); GenBank: OP 724366. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2147, KANACONO Stn. DW 4698: a colony of originally undeterminable size, now broken into four pieces, one of them (5 cm high) bearing a fullyformed coppinia (10 × 4 mm), and another one (4.5 cm high) with an incipient coppinia (6 × 1.5 mm); GenBank: OP 724367.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF994D71FF22FADFFF11FD35.taxon	description	Description. Colonies erect, flabellate, largest 9 × 9 cm, relatively stiff, arising from dense stolonal network firmly adhering to various substrates; stem and branches (up to the 3 rd order) coplanar, fascicled for most of their length; stem 1.5 mm wide basally; auxiliary tubes straight, running parallel to the main tube, communicating through lateral, rounded pores in the perisarc, bearing scattered, long, club-shaped nematothecae; main tube straight, not regularly divided into internodes, but bearing occasional transverse constrictions of the perisarc, composed of successive modules, each comprising proximally a long apophysis (together with its axillary hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, two alternating, slightly shorter apophyses above, each supporting a hydrotheca, and a distal apophysis (with its axillar hydrotheca) supporting another cladium, given off on side opposite to its proximal counterpart; all apophyses coplanar. Cladia straight, up to 14 mm long, either monosiphonic or lightly fascicled proximally, occasionally becoming elongate, polysiphonic, and eventually transform into lower-order cladia-bearing branches; division into internodes irregular, through distinct, transverse nodes, each comprising 1 – 5 hydrothecal apophyses; up to 41 apophyses per cladium, alternate, coplanar, comparatively shorter than their cauline counterparts. Hydrothecae pedicellate; pedicels well-developed, either smooth-walled or with generally 1, occasionally 2, rarely 3 and exceptionally 4 distinct annuli proximally; pedicels gently flaring from base to distal end, and there merging smoothly with the hydrothecal wall, demarcation internal, though a transversely- to obliquelyset, relatively thin diaphragm, bearing centrally a rounded foramen (with slightly upturned edge) for the passage of the hydranth; adaxial wall of theca slightly sigmoid, convex in proximal half, concave in distal half; abaxial wall straight for ca. 2 / 3 of its proximal length, and slightly concave distally; distal part of hydrotheca cylindrical, proximal part tapering gently; perisarc thin, smooth; aperture transversely-set, circular, slightly everted, rim even, with up to 9 renovations. Nematothecae occurring indifferently singly or in pairs, on the apophyses supporting both the cladia and hydrothecae, occasionally (apparently only) singly on the apophyses of axillar hydrothecae; short, barrelshaped, tapering both above and below, aperture small, circular. Coppinia arising from both the stem and branches, composed of closely-set, though individual gonothecae, among which are given off protective tubuli that branch extensively and dichotomously above the gonothecae, branchlets often anastomosing and bearing numerous long, digitiform nematothecae; gonothecae inverted-conical, borne on indistinct pedicels, distally provided with a couple of upwardly-directed funnels, each bearing terminally a large, circular aperture.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF994D71FF22FADFFF11FD35.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The New Zealand record by Vervoort & Watson (2003: 72) likely belongs to another species, due to the presence of a couple of nematothecae on the hydrothecal pedicels; in addition, their material was sterile and, hence, difficult to identify.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF994D71FF22FADFFF11FD35.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Hawaii (Nutting 1905, as L. cervicornis), Japan (Schuchert 2015), New Caledonia (present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF9A4D77FF22FCA4FD68F833.taxon	description	(Figs 6, 7, 25; Tables 3, 8)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF9A4D77FF22FCA4FD68F833.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2015 - 3064, KANACONO Stn. DW 4737: five colonies, 2.5 – 6 cm high, largest with a 4 × 3 mm (incipient) coppinia. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2150, KANACONO Stn. DW 4780: a colony composed of three densely-branched stems, to 7 × 6 cm (height × width), growing on worm tube; one stem is fertile and bears an originally 10 × 4 mm coppinia (now dissected); GenBank: OP 724368. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2151, KANACONO Stn. DW 4749: four badly-preserved, sparingly-branched colony fragments, to 16 cm high; one of them bears a 12 × 5 mm coppinia; GenBank: OP 724369. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2152, KANACONO Stn. DW 4781: a 9 × 11 cm colony bearing a 8 × 5 mm coppinia near its base; GenBank: OP 724370. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2155, KANACONO Stn. DW 4741: two sterile colonies, 17 × 11 cm and 6.5 × 4.5 cm. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2153, KANACONO Stn. DW 4743: two badly-preserved colonies, one 6 × 4.5 cm and sterile, the other 8 × 6.5 cm and bearing three small coppinia. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2148, KANACONO Stn. CP 4786: a 11 × 6.5 cm, sparingly-branched, rather badlypreserved colony bearing a 8 × 4 mm coppinia.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF9A4D77FF22FCA4FD68F833.taxon	description	Description. Whole, well-preserved colonies flabellate, to 9 × 11 cm, relatively stiff, quite able to support themselves when out of liquid; main stem branched irregularly in a single plane, bearing up to 4 th lower-order branches; stem and branches fascicled, the former up to 2 mm wide above origin from hydrorhiza; the latter composed of dense, branched, anastomosed stolonal fibers spreading over the substrate and firmly attaching the colonies to it. Main tube of the stem usually undivided, though occasional transverse nodes may occur; structurally regular, built up of stacked modules, each comprising a proximal, well-developed apophysis (together with its axillary hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, followed above by two short apophyses supporting two alternate hydrothecae, and distally a second cladial apophysis (together with its corresponding axillar hydrotheca borne on its own apophysis) on opposite side with respect to its proximal counterpart; a slight bent is introduced in the structure of the stem at each cladial apophysis, giving it a slightly geniculate appearance, solely noticeable in its distalmost, monosiphonic portion. Auxiliary tubes of the stem running parallel to the main tube, occasionally branching and anastomosing, and devoid of nematothecae. Apophyses supporting the cladia usually bearing a nematotheca (but occasionally up to 4) close to the distal, transverse node that makes the junction with the corresponding cladium; the latter up to 8 mm long, divided by transverse nodes into irregularly-long internodes bearing 1 – 6 short apophyses, each supporting a hydrotheca; a nematotheca on the abaxial side of each apophysis; up to 20 hydrothecae per cladium; gradually developing cladia increasingly fascicled from base to tip, and ending up forming new branches. Hydrothecae on stem, branches and cladia biseriate, alternate, distinctly shifted on to the “ anterior ” side of the colony, forming an acute angle between the two rows; borne on distinct, elongated pedicels, usually smooth-walled, occasionally wrinkled to ringed; pedicels indistinctly merging into their corresponding hydrothecae, junction marked internally by an oblique diaphragm whose internal, abaxial edge projects slightly upwards with respect to that of the opposite side; hydropore circular in apical view; hydrothecae long, tubular, distally bent adaxially, apertures facing alternatively upward and inward (the axillar hydrothecae have their apertures facing upward); rim flared, circular; perisarc of hydrotheca finely and densely-striated transversely. Hydranths, although strongly contracted within their respective hydrothecae, provided with ca. 12 filiform tentacles. Nematothecae all alike, short, barrelshaped, occasionally renovated once or twice, aperture distal, small, circular. Coppinia arising irregularly within a colony, generally on a branch; muff-shaped, to 12 mm long and 5 mm wide; composed of numerous, closely-set, dichotomously- and repeatedly-branched distally, nematophorous tubules, arising from the accessory tubes of the stem; gonothecae free from one another, given off, at varied levels, from the long, proximal, unbranched portion of the tubules; broadly urn-shaped, tapering basally, gradually expanding distally, ending in 2 – 3 short, funnel-shaped, upwardly-facing neck regions, each bearing apically a rounded, non-operculate aperture; walls of gonotheca thick, outer surface finely and densely-striated transversely; lumen occupied by up to 10 large, almost spherical oocytes; gonothecae deeply-immersed in a dense, thick canopy formed by the distal, anastomosed parts of the nematophorous tubules; nematothecae present here and there along the tubules, either long and tubular or renovated and “ divided ” by 1 – 2 transverse constrictions; aperture distal, rounded, minute.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF9A4D77FF22FCA4FD68F833.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The hydrothecal pedicels are commonly smooth-walled but, occasionally, can be wrinkled to ringed. The hydrothecae are usually distinctly curved adaxially (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2150), though specimens with less curved thecae also occur (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2151). The hydro- and gonothecal striations were not reported so far. This hydroid resembles Z. unilateralis Totton, 1930, but there are a couple of characters allowing them to be readily separated: 1) “ the proportions of the hydrothecae, which are more slender (sic) ” in the former (Millard 1958: 181); 2) the gonothecae of the latter are “ sac-shaped, swollen and more or less oval to round in outline ” (Rees & Vervoort 1987: 77).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF9A4D77FF22FCA4FD68F833.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South Africa (Millard 1975), off northern Madagascar (Campos et al. 2020), New Caledonia (present study). A record from southern Brazil (Miranda et al. 2015), cited by Campos et al. (2020), is not supported by a formal assessment of its specific identity.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF814D69FF22FF71FB51FE4D.taxon	description	(Figs 8 – 11, 25; Tables 4, 5, 8)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF814D69FF22FF71FB51FE4D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2015 - 3024, KANADEEP 2 Stn. PL 743 - 04: a colony on coral, composed of three stems, 1.5 – 5 cm high, tallest bearing two coppinia; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2104, KANACONO Stn. DW 4744: an originally ca. 5 cm high, sterile colony, now broken into two pieces; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN- IK- 2019 - 2105, KANACONO Stn. DW 4759: two colonies, 6.1 and 5.3 cm high, the latter bearing two coppinia; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2106, KANACONO Stn. DW 4743: four colonies, 5.5 – 10 cm high, tallest bearing a coppinia; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2107, KANACONO Stn. DW 4719: five colonies, 4.5 – 8 cm high, all but one sterile; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar; GenBank: OP 724371. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2122, KANACONO Stn. DW 4671: a 5.8 cm high, sterile colony; straggling appearance, cladia separated by 4 – 7 slightly-curved, coplanar hydrothecae; GenBank: OP 724372. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2123, KANACONO Stn. DW 4670: numerous colonies, fertile or infertile, 1.8 – 7 cm high; straggling appearance, cladia separated by 3 – 8 hydrothecae (and as much as 20, apically on a stem), the latter slightly curved and coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2124, KANACONO Stn. DW 4698: two sterile colonies, 3.5 and 5 cm high; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2125, KANACONO Stn. DW 4747: two colonies, one 5.2 cm high bearing a coppinia, the other 5.6 cm high and sterile; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2126, KANACONO Stn. DW 4758: a ca. 5 cm high, sterile colony; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2127, KANACONO Stn. DW 4672: five colonies, 3.7 – 7 cm high, tallest bearing incipient coppinia; straggling appearance, cladia separated by 2 – 5 cauline hydrothecae, the latter slightly curved and coplanar; GenBank: OP 724373. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2128, KANACONO Stn. DW 4681: a 5.5 cm high, fertile colony (1 coppinia); straggling appearance, cladia separated by 4 – 7 hydrothecae, the latter slightly curved and coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2129, KANACONO Stn. DW 4748: a 8.8 cm high, sterile colony; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved and coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2130, KANACONO Stn. DW 4764: colony on sponge, composed of several stems, 1 – 4.5 cm high, tallest bearing a coppinia; compact appearance, hydrothecae distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle; GenBank: OP 724374. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2131, KANACONO Stn. DW 4777: colony on coral, composed of many stems, 1.3 – 3.5 cm high, two of them bearing a coppinia each; compact appearance, hydrothecae distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2132, KANACONO Stn. DW 4781: colony on worm tube, composed of many stems to 3 cm high, three of them bearing coppiniae; compact appearance, hydrothecae distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2133, KANACONO Stn. DW 4780: colony on worm tube, composed of many stems to 3.5 cm high, of which three bear a coppinia each; compact appearance, hydrothecae distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2134, KANACONO Stn. DW 4763: colony composed of three sterile stems, 1.2 – 3.5 cm high; compact appearance, hydrothecae distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2135, KANACONO Stn. DW 4782: colony composed of a few stems, 1.3 – 3.7 cm high, the tallest one bearing a coppinia; compact appearance, hydrothecae distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle; GenBank: OP 724375. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2141, KANACONO Stn. DW 4764: a 5.5 cm high, sterile colony; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2143, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4993: two sterile colonies, 2.8 and 3 cm high; straggling appearance, cladia separated by up to 5 cauline hydrothecae, the latter distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle; GenBank: OP 724376. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2144, KANACONO Stn. DW 4696, a 5.9 cm high, sterile colony; compact appearance, hydrothecae slightly curved, the two rows coplanar. — MNHN- IK- 2019 - 2145, KANACONO Stn. DW 4711: colony composed of several sterile stems, 1 – 4.5 cm high; compact appearance, hydrothecae distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle; GenBank: OP 724377. — MNHN- IK- 2019 - 2149, KANACONO Stn. DW 4749: colony on coral, composed of several stems to 3 cm high, one bearing a coppinia; compact appearance, hydrothecae distinctly curved, the two rows forming an acute angle.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF814D69FF22FF71FB51FE4D.taxon	description	Description. Colonies erect and quite stiff, flabellate, to 10 cm high and 5.5 cm wide, arising from rhizoid stolons firmly attached to various substrates; stem and branches fascicled, the former to 1.5 mm wide above origin from stolon; branching strictly in one plane, up to 4 th order branches. Main cauline tube usually undivided, but occasionally with irregular, transverse constrictions of the perisarc; commonly composed of modules comprising a well-developed, proximal apophysis (together with its axillary hydrotheca mounted on its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, two alternate, comparatively shorter apophyses above, each supporting a hydrotheca, and a second, distal cladial apophysis, together with its axillar hydrotheca; the number of hydrothecae separating two successive “ pairs ” of (subopposite) cladia could vary in some colonies, giving them a straggling appearance (see Remarks section below); main cauline tube slightly geniculate, notably at the insertions of cladia and, to a lesser extent, at each hydrothecal apophysis. Accessory tubes of stem and branches running parallel to their corresponding main tubes, forming occasional anastomoses and communicating through large, lateral pores in their perisarc; depending on the colony, they bear a varied number (from relatively scarce to dense) of scattered, digitiform, occasionally renovated nematothecae. Cladia unbranched, coplanar, alternate along the stem, grouped in subopposite pairs, proximally fascicled, main tube usually undivided, though occasional transverse constrictions of the perisarc could be noted here and there; equivalents of internodes moderately-long, from collinear to slightly geniculate in appearance, bearing distally a short apophysis supporting a hydrotheca; apophyses alternate, from coplanar to distinctly shifted on to one side of the colony, forming in various colonies differently acute angles between them. Hydrothecae pedicellate; pedicels distinct and of varied length among the colonies, and even withing the same colony, although to a lesser extent; merging smoothly into their corresponding hydrothecae, demarcation through internal diaphragms; hydrothecae tubular, though variably-shaped in lateral view, from slightly to distinctly-curved distally; thin to thick-walled, outer surface of perisarc finely and densely-striated transversely; an invagination (with thickened perisarc) of varied shape and extent above the middle of adaxial wall, lacking either in some colonies or in some hydrothecae belonging to the same colony; diaphragm of uncommon shape, obliquely-set in lateral view, internal edge upraised and of irregular shape, its latero-abaxial walls converging distally and fusing into a common, median, scalloped crest anchored at varied levels on the abaxial wall of hydrotheca; hydropore broadly circular in apical view; hydrothecal aperture slightly everted, circular, often with numerous, closely-set renovations, rim entire; occasional deciduous opercula in some hydrothecae; in the colonies with unilaterally-shifted hydrothecal apophyses (towards the “ frontal ” aspect), all thecal apertures facing backwards. Nematothecae variably-shaped among various colonies, from short and barrel-shaped, to moderately-long and digitiform; occurring singly or in pairs on both the hydrothecal and cladial apophyses, rarely singly on some hydrothecal pedicels; occasionally renovated once or twice. Gonosome as up to 7 × 3 mm, muff-shaped coppinia, composed of gonothecae borne on the basal parts of nematothecate tubuli arising from the accessory tubes of stem and branches; gonothecae closely-packed, although not fused, urn-shaped, finely and densely striated transversely, with two distal, opposite, short, conical, lateral projections, each bearing apically a large, rounded, transversely-set aperture; tubules unbranched proximally, but frequently divided dichotomously above the gonothecae, branchlets nematothecate, often anastomosing, forming an impenetrable canopy over the gonothecae.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF814D69FF22FF71FB51FE4D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Upon the examination of the quite rich material present in the collections, Z. laertesi proves to be a morphologically-varied species. Most colonies (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2015 - 3024) have a rather compact appearance, with cladia close to one another, the (subopposite) “ pairs ” being constantly separated by two alternate hydrothecae; in contrast, some other colonies are more straggling in appearance, their “ pairs ” of cladia being separated by 3 – 8 hydrothecae (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2122, - 2123, - 2127). The two rows of hydrothecae may be either coplanar (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2107), slightly shifted on to the “ frontal ” aspect of the colony (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2015 - 3024), or decidedly forming a very acute angle between them (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2131). In the first case, all apertures of cladial hydrothecae are facing alternately upward and outward and, in the two latter, decidedly backward. The hydrothecal shape varies between slightly (e. g. MNHN-IK- 205 - 3024) to distinctly curved (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2131). At the curvature of the hydrotheca, on the adaxial side, there is a notch in the wall, corresponding to an internal thickening of the perisarc (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2015 - 3024) but, depending on the colony or portion of colony, it is not always present in all the hydrothecae (e. g. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2130 and - 2131). Some specimens in sample MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2123, although possessing the distinctive, striated hydrothecae, often provided with a conspicuous adaxial notch, display several differences: 1) the perisarc is thinner and lighter in color, and the thecae are highly movable at their insertion on the corresponding apophyses; 2) their pedicels are often segmented and the nematotheca, originally borne on the apophysis, sometimes migrates on one of those segments; 3) the diaphragm has a variably upturned internal edge, instead of forming an abaxial crest; 4) the gonothecae are more elongated, and occasionally there are up to three, more upwardly-projecting apertures; however, it should be stated that, in order to preserve the integrity of the available material, only a couple of coppinia have been partially dissected, and a limited number of gonothecae examined; consequently, the available data on their morphology and size is not sufficient to be considered representative of the intraspecific variation.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF814D69FF22FF71FB51FE4D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from off New Caledonia (Peña Cantero 2020; present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF854D6EFF22FA32FB10F8B2.taxon	description	(Fig. 25; Table 8) Zygophylax niger Galea (in Galea & Schuchert), 2019: 56, figs 16 F – G, 19.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF854D6EFF22FA32FB10F8B2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2091, KANACONO Stn. DW 4768: an originally 6.5 cm high, fertile colony, now broken into two pieces. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2092, KANACONO Stn. DW 4744: three colonies, ca. 7.5 cm high, of which one bears many coppinia. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2093, KANACONO Stn. DW 4776: three colonies, one 6.5 cm high and sterile, another one 11.5 cm high bearing a coppinia, and the last one 10.5 cm high bearing three coppiniae; GenBank: OP 724378.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF854D6EFF22FA32FB10F8B2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. For the original account, refer to Galea & Schuchert (2019).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF854D6EFF22FA32FB10F8B2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from off New Caledonia (Galea & Schuchert 2019; present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF844D6FFF22FF71FA7BF8E0.taxon	description	(Figs 12 – 14, 25; Tables 6, 8)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF844D6FFF22FF71FA7BF8E0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2015 - 2994, KANADEEP 2 Stn. PL 743 - 04: three colonies, 0.5 – 2.5 cm high, largest bearing a basal coppinia. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2094, KANACONO Stn. DW 4755: a colony composed of three stems, tallest 9.5 cm high and bearing a coppinia. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2095, KANACONO Stn. DW 4747: six colonies, 5.5 – 22 cm high, some bearing coppiniae; GenBank: OP 724379. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2096, KANACONO Stn. DW 4737: many sterile colonies, 3.5 – 9.5 cm high. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2097, KANACONO Stn. DW 4746: a ca. 9 cm high, sterile colony. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2098, KANACONO Stn. DW 4785: many colonies and fragments, 2.5 – 10 cm high, all but one sterile; GenBank: OP 724380. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2099, KANACONO Stn. DW 4749: many colonies, 3.5 – 11 cm high, some bearing coppiniae.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF844D6FFF22FF71FA7BF8E0.taxon	description	Description. Colonies erect, to 22 cm high, quite stiff, flabellate, straw-colored, arising from bunch of branched, anastomosed stolonal fibers creeping around the substrate, generally a coral; branching irregular, rather scant, occasionally on only one side of the stem, in a single plane; up to 2 nd order branches; lower-order branches given off at a wide angle with the stem, then rapidly curving upwards; usually very long, tending to reach the height of the main stem itself; stem and branches fascicled, grading to monosiphonic distally; stems up to 3 mm wide basally; accessory tubes running parallel to the main tube, either linear in aspect or tortuous in places, occasionally branched, anastomosed, communicating between them through large, ovoid pores in the perisarc; main tube slightly geniculate, usually undivided, although rare, transverse constrictions of the perisarc could be present; composed of a succession of modules, each comprising a well-developed apophysis (together with its axillar hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, two alternate, comparatively shorter apophyses above (each supporting a hydrotheca), and a second cladial apophysis (and its axillar hydrotheca borne on its apophysis) on side opposite to that of its proximal counterpart; apophyses not very distant from one another, aperture of a given hydrotheca either reaching or surpassing the level of the apophysis of next hydrotheca; apophyses ending distally in a variouslymarked, transverse constriction of the perisarc. Cladia pinnately-arranged along the stem and branches, to 21 mm long, given off at a wide angle, the two rows coplanar; strictly monosiphonic, unless they further elongate, become increasingly fascicled, and eventually transform themselves into lateral branches; undivided, equivalents of internodes up to 36 per cladium, rather short, almost collinear, each bearing a quite short, latero-distal apophysis supporting a hydrotheca; apophyses alternate, the two rows of hydrothecae coplanar. Hydrothecae short-pedicellate, pedicels expanding widely and merging smoothly into the thecal wall, demarcation internal, through a thick diaphragm with central, circular pore with slightly upwardly-raised internal edge; adaxial wall of hydrotheca distinctly convex in proximal half, straight distally; abaxial wall imperceptibly concave proximally, then straight; distal part of the theca tubular; aperture transversely-set, large, circular, rim even, barely everted, usually a few closely-set renovations; hydrothecal wall finely and densely striated transversely throughout. Nematothecae scant; when present, usually occurring on the apophyses of some axillar and cauline hydrothecae; a nematotheca was also present on a stem “ internode ”, a short distance above the apophysis of a hydrotheca; urn-shaped, lateral wall either almost parallel or slightly converging proximally, aperture transversely-set, circular, rim even, slightly everted. Coppinia muffshaped, to 4.5 cm long and 1 mm wide, composed of closely-packed, though individual gonothecae, arising from the accessory tubes of the stem / branch, and pointing in all directions; large, club-shaped, gradually tapering proximally into a long, indistinct, smooth to wrinkled pedicel; widest in middle, then tapering slightly distally and, there, with distinctly wrinkled perisarc; aperture set transversely, rounded, closed by perisarc sheet; perisarc finely and densely striated transversely throughout.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF844D6FFF22FF71FA7BF8E0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The independent gonothecae, similar in shape and size to those of Z. niger Galea, 2019, are peculiar for the genus.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF844D6FFF22FF71FA7BF8E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Three Kings Islands, New Zealand (Vervoort & Watson 2003), New Caledonia (present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8A4D61FF22FF71FCBFF835.taxon	description	(Figs 15, 16, 25; Tables 6, 8)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8A4D61FF22FF71FCBFF835.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2015 - 2760, KANADEEP 2 Stn. DW 5107: a ca. 11 cm high sterile colony (colony A) and a ca. 4 cm high colony fragment bearing a coppinia (colony B); GenBank: OP 724381 (A) and OP 724382 (B).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8A4D61FF22FF71FCBFF835.taxon	description	Description. Entire colony erect, ca. 11 cm high, arising from dense hydrorhiza firmly attached to a stone, bunching above into a 2 mm thick hydrocaulus giving rise irregularly to many side branches, the proximal most given off in all directions around the stem, while the distalmost tend to be alternate; both stem and branches strongly fascicled, with woody appearance. Main cauline tube undivided, imperceptibly geniculate, composed of a succession of modules, each comprising a proximal apophysis (together with associated axillar hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, two alternate apophyses above (each bearing a hydrotheca), and a second apophysis (and its axillar hydrotheca mounted on its apophysis) arising on side opposite to its proximal counterpart; apophyses distant from one another, prominent, ending distally in transverse nodes; a pair of nematothecae on each side of an apophysis; apophyses of axillar hydrothecae usually devoid of nematothecae, exceptionally provided with an unpaired one. Auxiliary tubes of the stem running parallel to the main tube, branching, anastomosing, communicating with one another through large, ovoid pores in the perisarc; provided with scattered nematothecae. Cladia 8.5 mm long, monosiphonic, not divided by nodes, but composed of up to 16 long, collinear equivalents of internodes, each giving rise distally to a short, lateral apophysis supporting a hydrotheca; apophyses alternate, ending distally in transverse node, and bearing a pair of nematothecae, one on each side; longer cladia gain fasciculation and gradually transform into side branches, themselves branching again to form up to 4 th order branchlets; monosiphonic parts of some cladia provided with occasional nematothecae on the “ internodes ”. Hydrothecae all alike on stem, branches and cladia; alternate, the two rows coplanar; relatively short-pedicellate, pedicels either smooth-walled or with a proximal wrinkle, widening distally and merging imperceptibly into their corresponding hydrothecae; demarcation internal, as an obliquely-set diaphragm with central, rounded hydropore with upturned, internal edges; hydrothecae curved away from the internodes, especially noticeable in the lower third of their adaxial walls; abaxial walls almost straight; most of the distal parts of hydrothecae tubular, aperture slightly everted, rim even, circular, usually with many renovations. Hydranths badly-preserved, their tentacle number could not be counted. Nematothecae broadly tubular, somehow slightly swollen in middle, aperture distal, set transversely, very slightly everted, rim even, circular. A coppinia present on the colony fragment, encircling 3 / 4 of the outer surface of a stem (or well-developed branch); 5 mm long and 2.5 mm wide, composed of numerous, laterally-fused (for most of their length) gonothecae, polygonal in apical view, thick-walled, broadly vasiform in lateral aspect; distally, a short, free neck region with hood-like appearance, curved away at right angle and opening up into an ovoid aperture; flimsy nematophorous tubules arise between the gonothecae, their length barely surpassing that of the gonothecae; nematothecae similar to those of the trophosome; gonothecal content unassignable to a given sex.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8A4D61FF22FF71FCBFF835.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The trophosome of Z. pseudafricana is indistinguishable from that of Z. sagamiensis Hirohito, 1983 (compare Fig. 15 A and 19 A), but their respective gonothecae are distinct (compare Fig. 16 E and 19 F). The New Caledonian Z. dispersa Peña Cantero, 2020 displays the same morphological features as the present species, with which it was not compared in the original account. Its hydrothecae (250 – 350 µm long and 85 – 100 µm wide at aperture) are only slightly larger compared to the measurements given by Vervoort & Watson (2003: 78) for the holotype slide # 2882 of their nominal species (250 – 275 µm long and 62 – 75 µm wide at aperture). Similarly, its gonothecae (550 – 560 µm long and 200 – 300 µm wide) exceed the size of those measured in Z. pseudafricana (440 – 450 µm long and 125 – 150 µm wide). Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that a certain degree of shrinkage, notably depending on the perisarc thickness, occurs when preparing permanent mounts, hence explaining their comparatively reduced dimensions. Campos (2017: 147) reported on 350 µm long and 80 µm wide (at aperture) hydrothecae in a liquid-preserved specimen, while the present New Caledonian material has the largest thecae documented so far (see Table 6).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8A4D61FF22FF71FCBFF835.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Between Auckland Islands and the South Island, New Zealand (Vervoort & Watson 2003), New Caledonia (Peña Cantero 2020, as Z. dispersa; present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8C4D65FF22FF71FD9DF995.taxon	description	(Figs 17, 18, 25; Tables 6, 8) Zygophylax pseudosibogae Gu, Moura & Song (in Gu et al.), 2022: 75, figs 13 C – D, 14 C, 17.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8C4D65FF22FF71FD9DF995.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2142, KANADEEP 2 Stn. CP 5095: two infertile colonies 5.5 × 5.5 cm and 6.5 × 5.5 cm; GenBank: OP 724383. — MNHN-IK- 2015 - 2933, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4962: a colony composed of three stems, tallest 3.5 cm high, all bearing a coppinia (one of them was removed and dissected).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8C4D65FF22FF71FD9DF995.taxon	description	Description. Colonies detached from their substrates above origin from hydrorhiza; erect, flabellate, reaching 6.5 × 5.5 cm (height × width), irregularly branched (up to the 3 rd order); stems and branches fascicled for most of their length, the former ca. 1 mm wide basally. Main cauline tube slightly geniculate, usually unsegmented, composed of a succession of modules comprising a proximal apophysis (and its axillar hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, two alternate apophyses above, each bearing hydrotheca, and a distal apophysis (together with its axillar hydrotheca mounted on its apophysis) supporting another cladium, given off on the opposite side to the preceding counterpart; apophyses shifted on to the “ anterior ” side of the stem, distant from one another, those supporting the cladia comparatively longer than those bearing the hydrothecae; usually a “ fronto ” - adaxial nematotheca (exceptionally twins) per cladial apophysis, sometimes a pair (a theca per side); hydrothecal apophyses with single, adaxial nematothecae; all apophyses ending distally in transverse node. Auxiliary tubes of the stem slightly tortuous, running parallel to the main tube, occasionally branching and anastomosing, bearing numerous tubular nematothecae (often renovated) of varied lengths. Cladia to 8 mm long, almost straight, either undivided or irregularly divided by transverse nodes into internodes bearing 1 – 3 apophyses, each supporting a hydrotheca, and bearing adaxially a single nematotheca, the latter simple or renovated; up to 12 distant hydrothecae per hydrocladium; hydrothecal apophyses of comparable length to their cauline counterparts, alternate, equally shifted on to the “ anterior ” side of the colony; developing cladia gain increasing fasciculation and length, and transform themselves into branches that can rebranch again. Hydrothecae biseriate, alternate, the two rows forming a very acute angle between them; pedicellate; pedicels of either the same length or longer than the hydrothecae themselves; occasionally one (exceptionally two) nematothecae (either simple or renovated) per pedicel, generally in middle part; pedicels smooth-walled, gradually widening and merging imperceptibly with their hydrothecae, demarcation internal, as transverse septa, with raised, V-shaped edge on abaxial side; hydrotheca relatively long, tubular, distinctly curved adaxially in middle, occasionally with conspicuous internal notch at the site of curvature; walls finely and densely striated transversely; apertures set at right angle to the main axis of hydrotheca, often renovated several times, margin everted, rim even, rounded in apical view; on stem, thecal apertures facing obliquely upwards on both sides; on cladia, apertures of the hydrothecae facing either obliquely upwards (row close to the stem) or outwards (row away from the stem); finally, all hydrothecal apertures, regardless their belonging to the stem or cladia, facing towards the “ posterior ” side of the colony. Nematothecae tubular, of varied length, often renovated (renovations marked by transverse constrictions), slightly tapering distally towards a small, circular, transversely-set aperture. Coppinia borne on a side branch; small (ca. 2 mm wide), globular, composed of 6 – 7 unfused gonothecae and nematophorous tubules, all arising from the accessory tubes of the branch; gonothecae vasiform, thick-walled, finely and densely striated transversely, tapering basally, distally with 2 – 3 lateral, curved projections, each bearing terminally a rounded aperture; sex female, about 7 – 8 large, ovoid oocytes per gonotheca; nematophorous tubules protruding from amidst the gonothecae, simple proximally for a length slightly surpassing the height of the gonothecae themselves, then dichotomously-branched several times, branchlets often anastomosing and forming a thick canopy over the gonothecae; nematothecae digitiform, tapering abruptly apically, where they are provided with a small, circular aperture.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8C4D65FF22FF71FD9DF995.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Several records of Z. sibogae Billard, 1918 are likely attributable to the present species. Indeed, the hydrothecae depicted by a number of authors (see the proposed synonymy above) do not show the distinctive bent of the adaxial wall (compare their illustrations to Fig. 21 B herein).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8C4D65FF22FF71FD9DF995.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Portugal (Gu et al. 2022), Gulf of Biscay (Altuna Prados & Álvarez-Claudio 1994, as Z. sibogae), Canary Islands (Vervoort 2006, as Z. sibogae), South Africa (Millard 1964, 1975, as Z. sibogae),? Japan (Hirohito 1983; Schuchert 2015; both as Z. sibogae), New Zealand (Ralph 1958; p. p. Vervoort & Watson 2003; both as Z. sibogae), New Caledonia (present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8E4D5BFF22F971FE4AFABD.taxon	description	(Figs 19, 25; Tables 6, 8)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8E4D5BFF22F971FE4AFABD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2154, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4962: a ca. 13 cm high colony bearing several coppinial masses on the stem and a branch; GenBank: OP 724384.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8E4D5BFF22F971FE4AFABD.taxon	description	Description. Colony upright but flaccid when out of liquid, ca. 13 cm high, arising from a stolonal mass embedded in what appears to be a coral; sparingly and irregularly branched; stem (1.5 mm wide above origin from stolon) and main branches fascicled; main cauline tube undivided, composed of successive modules comprising a proximal apophysis (and its axillar hydrotheca mounted on its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, two alternate apophyses above (each supporting a hydrotheca), and a distal apophysis (together with its axillar hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) bearing a cladium given off on opposite side with respect to its proximal counterpart; a slight geniculation in the stem at each origin of a cladium; apophyses rather distant from one another, ending distally in transverse nodes; all hydrothecal apophyses shifted on, to a varied degree, to the “ anterior ” side of the colony, while the apophyses supporting the cladia are always coplanar; accessory tubes of the stem running parallel to the main tube, often branching and anastomosing, communicating between them through quite large, lateral, ovoid foramina, surface provided with some rare nematothecae; additional cladia are given off abundantly and randomly from the accessory tubes, and point in all directions around the stem. Cladia to 10 mm long, lightly fascicled proximally, especially in the older parts of the colony; beyond that size, gradually-developing cladia adding both length and increasing fasciculation, and giving rise to side branches (of up to the 2 nd order); irregularly divided, here and there, by transverse constrictions of the perisarc; equivalents of internodes long, up to 16 per cladium, imperceptibly geniculate, each with a latero-distal apophysis bearing a hydrotheca; apophyses alternate. Hydrothecae pedicellate; pedicels distinct and of varied length, usually with 1 – 2 twists proximally, smooth distally, expanding gradually and merging smoothly into the hydrotheca, junction marked internally by an obliquely-set diaphragm with raised internal edge (forming a short, circular funnel for the passage of the hydranth); diaphragm occasionally reduplicated a couple of times; hydrotheca conical and slightly curved away from the internode in lower half, tubular in distal half; aperture distal, set transversely, margin slightly everted, usually with many renovations (reaching as much as 8), rim circular, even. Hydranths strongly contracted within their corresponding gonothecae; tentacle number could not be counted. Nematothecae occur distally, either singly on the apophyses bearing the hydrothecae, and commonly in pairs on the apophyses supporting the cladia; relatively long, tubular, basally rounded, movable, borne on indistinct pedicels, aperture distal, set transversely, margin slightly flaring, rim rounded, even; occasionally renovated, usually once or twice (occasionally up to 5 times). Coppiniae in present specimen borne on both the stem and a branch; long, muff-shaped, given off in adjacent groups, notably on the stem, covering as much as 20 mm of its length; up to 2 mm wide; all gonothecae aggregated, amongst which protrude hollow, simple or rarely ramified tubes (barely surpassing the thecae) bearing a few nematothecae similar to those of the trophosome, occasionally a hydrotheca apically; gonothecae thick-walled, polygonal in apical view, urn-shaped in lateral aspect, some prolonged distally by a free, long, curved, hollow, pointed spine, at the base of which is an ovoid aperture, while some others are devoid of the distal appendage, and are only provided with an almost hooded aperture; lumina of distally-tapered gonothecae filled with ca. 4 large, ovoid oocytes; gonothecae devoid of the apical spine apparently spent.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8E4D5BFF22F971FE4AFABD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Watson (2003: 161) reported on “ small, cylindrical, tightly packed [gonothecae], with low hooded semicircular orifice, a few with an apical peak ”, similarly to the situation met with herein. According to Hirohito (1983: 30), the male gonothecae are similar in shape to the female ones described herein. Therefore, it could be assumed that the lack of the apical spine, correlated to the empty condition of the thecae, is possibly due to a mere degenerative process after the spawning. Campos (2017) mentioned rare situations in which, apparently, gonothecae with more than one apical projection can be found, while specifying that “ next to the pointed projection, there is a smaller projection like a nematotheca ”. However, nematothecae “ on surface of coppinia ” (Watson 2003: 161) have already been documented in the present species, but seem to occur in the present New Caledonian material, as well (although, given their small size and the fact that coppinia are covered in adhering particles, they are hardly noticeable).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FF8E4D5BFF22F971FE4AFABD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan, Macquarie Island, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Cape Verde Islands (Vervoort 2006), New Caledonia (present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB04D59FF22FA2CFABFFC61.taxon	description	(Figs 20, 21; Table 7)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB04D59FF22FA2CFABFFC61.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2136, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4968: many stems, to 4 cm high, mostly all with only the perisarc left, many bearing coppiniae, largest 2 × 2 mm. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2137, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4971: four sterile stems, 2.5 – 3 cm high, with only the perisarc left; one stem bears an incipient coppinia with a couple of gonothecae. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2138, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4967: three colonies, 1.2 – 3 cm high, all with almost only the perisarc left; largest colony with a 1.5 × 1 mm coppinia. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2139, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4969: several colonies and detached stems, up to 4 cm high, all with only the perisarc left; some of them bearing many coppiniae, largest 3 × 2 mm. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2140, KANACONO Stn. DW 4762: a colony composed of several stems, to 4.5 cm high, two of them bearing a coppinia each, largest 5 × 3 mm. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2141, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4962: profuse, fertile colony, with stems to 5 cm high, largest coppinia 5 × 2.5 mm.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB04D59FF22FA2CFABFFC61.taxon	description	Description. Colonies erect, to 4.5 cm high, not rigid but partially able to support themselves when out of liquid; arising from a dense, rhizoid stolon spreading over, and firmly adhering to various substrates; colonies irregularly ramified in a single plane; stolonal fibers and auxiliary tubes of stems and branches carrying numerous, digitiform nematothecae of varied lengths, tapering apically to a rounded, transversely-set aperture; main cauline tube usually undivided, although a few irregular, transverse constrictions of the perisarc could be occasionally found; composed of successive modules, each comprising a well-developed, proximal apophysis (together with its axillar hydrotheca, itself supported by a short apophysis) bearing a cladium, followed above by two short, alternate apophyses, each carrying a hydrotheca, and a second, prominent apophysis (and its axillar hydrotheca mounted on its own apophysis) bearing another cladium, but on side opposite to its proximal counterpart; apophyses supporting cladia arranged in the same plane with the stem, while those bearing the cauline hydrothecae are distinctly shifted on to the “ anterior ” side of the colony; all apophyses distant from one another, each introducing a geniculation in the stem, geniculation more marked at the apophyses supporting the cladia; apophyses for the hydrothecae (exclusive of the axillar ones) with single, adaxially-set, short, digitiform nematotheca; apophyses for the axillar hydrothecae usually without nematothecae, although the occurrence of a single one is not uncommon; apophyses for the cladia with usually single, occasionally twin nematothecae (both on the same side), near the distal end; nematothecae sometimes renovated; auxiliary tubes of the stem running parallel to their main counterpart, occasionally branching and anastomosing, communicating through large, lateral pores in their perisarc. Cladia to 6.5 mm long, not distinctly demarcated from their corresponding stem apophyses; alternate, the two rows almost coplanar, occasionally additional cladia are given off irregularly around the stem from its auxiliary tubes; basally fascicled, grading to monosiphonic distally; further elongating cladia transform gradually into branches bearing pinnately-set cladia; slightly geniculate, either undivided or irregularly divided into internodes by transverse constrictions of the perisarc, each “ internode ” bearing 1 – 3 hydrothecal apophyses; up to 13 hydrothecae per cladium; equivalents of internodes long, each bearing a latero-distal hydrothecal apophysis; the latter short, alternate, shifted on to the “ anterior ” side of the colony, each with an adaxial nematotheca, the two rows of hydrothecae forming an acute angle between them. Hydrothecae borne on exceedingly long, movable pedicels, the latter clearly demarcated from their corresponding (stem and cladial) apophyses by a distinct, transverse node; sometimes, a nematotheca borne on a given pedicel; the latter tubular, merging imperceptibly with the hydrothecal wall, demarcation internal, by a transversely-set diaphragm (with abaxially-raised edge); hydrotheca greatly expanding above diaphragm (adopting a broadly triangular shape when viewed from above / below) for about 2 / 3 of its length, then bending at right angle (or even more), while flaring distally (in lateral view); consequently, all hydrothecal apertures of the colony are facing “ dorsally ”; apertures almost reniform in frontal view, margin everted and often renovated (several times), rim even; surface of hydrothecae finely and densely striated transversely, striations occasionally extending to the pedicels. Coppinia up to 5 × 3 mm, on either the stem and branches, composed of tree-shaped, nematothecate tubuli, proximally simple, distally branching dichotomously above the gonothecae; the latter urn-shaped, thick-walled, striated transversely, distally with 2 – 3 lateral projections, sometimes curving downwards, each bearing apically a rounded aperture.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB04D59FF22FA2CFABFFC61.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Hirohito 1995), New Zealand [p. p. Totton (1930), see Rees & Vervoort (1987: 92)], southern Tasmania (Watson & Vervoort 2001), New Caledonia (present report). Additional records are problematic, given the morphological similarities with Z. pseudosibogae and the new taxa described by Gu et al. (2022).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB54D5CFF22FF71FE5AFE85.taxon	description	(Figs 22, 23, 25; Tables 7, 8)	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB54D5CFF22FF71FE5AFE85.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2100, KANACONO Stn. DW 4764: seven sterile stems, 2.1 – 6 cm high; GenBank: OP 724385. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2101, KANADEEP Stn. DW 4976: three sterile stems, 1.3, 2.1 and 2.9 cm high. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2102, KANACONO Stn. DW 4743: a 3.6 cm high, sterile colony. — MNHN-IK- 2019 - 2103, KANADEEP Stn. DW 5013: a ca. 8 cm high, sterile colony with longer hydrothecae.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB54D5CFF22FF71FE5AFE85.taxon	description	Description. Colonies erect, stiff, to 8 cm high, arising from dense, branched, rhizoid stolons firmly attached to various substrates; perisarc thick, from straw to brown-colored; stems unbranched or occasionally branched in a plane different to that of cladia, fascicled for most of their length, up to 1 mm wide basally; stolons and auxiliary tubes of the stem / branches bearing numerous digitiform nematothecae of varied lengths; main cauline tube undivided, slightly geniculate, composed of successive modules comprising a moderately-long proximal apophysis (together with its axillar hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, two well-developed alternate apophyses above, each carrying a hydrotheca, and a distal apophysis (and its axillar hydrotheca) on side opposite to its proximal counterpart; apophyses quite distant from one another; occasionally only one or three alternate hydrothecae intervene between two (subalternate) “ pairs ” of cladia, the position of the latter thus being reversed along the stem; auxiliary tubes of the stem running parallel to the main tube, occasionally branching and anastomosing. Cladia not distinctly delimited from their corresponding stem apophyses; arranged in two coplanar rows, alternate along the stem, to 1.1 cm long, monosiphonic when borne on the distal parts of the stems, fascicled basally when occurring more proximally on the caulus; usually unbranched, occasionally bearing secondary cladia (each given off from below the apophysis of a hydrotheca, the latter becoming axillar), which eventually give rise to branches through progressive lengthening and increasing polysiphony; main tube undivided, slightly geniculate, equivalents of internodes relatively long, each bearing a latero-distal, well-developed apophysis supporting a hydrotheca; up to 21 apophyses per cladium, slightly shorter than their cauline counterparts; apophyses usually coplanar, occasionally forming a wide angle between them. Hydrothecal apophyses (on both the stem and cladia) bearing a pair of spindle-shaped nematothecae (distally tapering towards the aperture), a theca confined to each side; occasionally, much longer, multiple (up to 7) renovations occur; renovated parts decidedly cylindrical (or gradually, though imperceptibly, widening distally), with slightly everted apertures, thus contrasting in shape with the original thecae. Apophyses of axillar hydrothecae devoid of nematothecae. Hydrothecae borne on indistinct pedicels, their corresponding apophyses merging imperceptibly with the thecal wall, demarcation internal, through a transversely-set diaphragm with scalloped edge, forming a raised collar for the passage of the hydranth; hydrothecae tubular, longitudinal axes distinctly S-shaped; cylindrical in proximal half, flattened “ dorso-ventrally ” in distal half; adaxial wall double convex, with internal, semicircular, upwardly-directed ridge projecting into lumen; abaxial wall slightly convex in its proximal half, concave in middle and curving away (at right angle) subterminally, and there with distinct, transverse notch; very distal part of hydrotheca expanding towards aperture, giving it a trumpetshaped aspect in lateral view; frontally, aperture oval, flared, rim even; up to 25 closely-set marginal renovations in many hydrothecae; apertures of stem hydrothecae facing outwards, alternately left and right with respect to the longitudinal axis of the caulus; apertures of cladial hydrothecae facing either obliquely upwards (row of thecae close to the stem) or obliquely downwards (row of thecae away from the stem). Gonosome absent in present material.	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB54D5CFF22FF71FE5AFE85.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The distinctive shape of the hydrothecae is unmistakable. The gonosome was described by Hirohito (1983, 1995) and Schuchert (2015).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
03EB87C9FFB54D5CFF22FF71FE5AFE85.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Spratly Islands (Kirkpatrick 1890), Japan (Hirohito 1995; Schuchert 2015), Philippines (Nutting 1927, as Acryptolaria normani), New Zealand (Vervoort & Watson 2003), New Caledonia (Vervoort & Watson 2003: 83; present study).	en	Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide, Galli, Paolo (2022): On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 1-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.1
