taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AE87B9FFB2827CFF677282160BF800.taxon	description	Olliff (1890) described O. batesii listing four localities in inland New South Wales. Apart from reports of its larvae as a pest on the Darling Downs of southern Queensland and in inland New South Wales in the late 1960 s (Turner & Shaw 1969; Turner & Roubicek 1970; Goodyer 1977), the species remained largely forgotten until Britton’s (1978) revision of the Australian Melolonthini. Blackburn (1911, 1912) did mention that Olliff had described it, but, although he had specimens, he did not include it in his 1911 key to the genera of Melolonthini. Britton (1978) retained it as a valid but monotypic genus and added that larvae are serious pests “ of pasture and a variety of crops in the black-soil country of inland New South Wales ”. This generic arrangement was continued by Houston & Weir (1992) and Weir et al. (2019).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB2827CFF677282160BF800.taxon	discussion	Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 is Australia’s second-most speciose genus of Melolonthini with 23 known species (Allsopp 2003; Weir et al. 2019). The genus occurs only in eastern Australia (Allsopp 2003) and is characterised by having an antennal club of 3 – 7 lamellate antennomeres in males; and the head, pronotum, elytra, and abdomen clothed with short setae, bare, or with minute setae that lie largely within their punctures, or with long, sparse, irregularly distributed setae, rarely with a few, larger, flattened setae in a group either side of a midlongitudinal line on the posterior half of the pronotum (never with scales or other flattened, adpressed setae) (Britton 1978; Allsopp 2003). Antitrogus species also have symmetrical or near-symmetrical parameres. Britton’s (1978) characterisations of Othnonius and Antitrogus show considerable overlap: absence of scales or flattened, adpressed setae; dorsal surface bare or with minute setae contained within punctures (sometimes sparse longer setae in Antitrogus); antennal club in males long, 6 lamellate in Othnonius and 3 – 7 lamellate in Antitrogus; antennal club in females short; anterior face of clypeus deep, ratio of greatest width to mid length 3.3 – 4.8: 1 in Antitrogus and <4.5 in Othnonius; the shape of the male aedeagus (compare Fig. 8 with Britton’s (1978: figs. 23 – 73 )). The only character that Britton (1978) used to separate the two genera appears to be that in Othnonius “ the sutures between the abdominal sternites are not partly obliterated in the middle ”, whereas in sternites 3 – 5 of Antitrogus they are “ fainter in the middle than at the sides ”. The colour pattern of O. batesii is similar to that of A. carnei Britton, 1978, and Allsopp & Lambkin’s (2006) strict consensus of the two most parsimonious trees from an analysis of combined adult, larval and ecological characters of 22 Australian pest Melolonthini places O. batesii within a cluster of four Antitrogus species.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB2827CFF677282160BF800.taxon	description	Given this overlap in distribution, overlap in generic characters and the absence of a clear distinguishing feature, I consider that O. batesii does not warrant a separate genus.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB3827DFF6771DD1193FEBC.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Rhizotrogus (Antitrogus) tasmanicus Burmeister, 1855, by monotypy.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB3827AFF6770D811BAF865.taxon	description	(Figs. 7 – 9)	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB3827AFF6770D811BAF865.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. Allsopp (2020 b) concluded that all of the type series of this species were lost, but, as the species is well characterised, there is no need to designate a neotype. There is a specimen from Mossgiel in ANIC that might be a syntype, but it has no other identifying label. Weir et al. (2019) attributed publication of Olliff’s paper to 1891, but part 1 of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales is marked as issued on 16 June 1890. Other material examined. More than 50 males and females from localities across the Darling Downs of southeastern Queensland and south through inland New South Wales (Fig. 9) in ANIC, PMH, QDAF, QM and UQIC.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB3827AFF6770D811BAF865.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (Figs. 7 – 8). Body 14 – 17 mm long; head, pronotum, and scutellum black to dark red-brown, elytra redbrown or yellow-brown, propygidium yellow-brown, pygidium brown to black, ventral surface of thorax, metacoxae and legs dark brown to black, ventral abdomen brown but more yellow laterally, antennomeres 1 – 4 red-brown, antennomeres 5 – 10 pale yellow. Terminal palpomere of maxillary palp larger than 3 basal palpomeres together, elongate-elliptical (length: width 2.5: 1), with an elongate depression on the outer dorsal side. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomere 3 cylindrical, antennomere 4 sublamellate, antennomeres 5 – 10 forming long (about 3 mm), curved lamellae in males, short (0.7 mm), straight lamellae in females. Clypeus with anterior face deep, length 4.5 – 5.0 x width, surface microreticulate between larger setose punctures; width of upper surface 2 x length, anterior margin evenly rounded, with rounded angles; upper surface strongly concave, coarsely and closely punctured, each broad, flat-bottomed puncture with a minute, white seta contained within the puncture. Frons with a low transverse ridge at about two-thirds length marked with a band of long, yellow-white setae grading to very short setae to anterior and posterior margins, anterior two-thirds coarsely punctured, posterior third with finer punctures; laterally with numerous, white, long setae above each eye and on ocular canthi. Pronotum strongly transverse, greatest width 1.5 x length; anterior margin with a raised edge; lateral edges curved before half-length and with a few, long, yellow setae, then only slightly wider and glabrous towards posterior margin, widest just before posterior margin; posterior margin with groove except across middle; anterior and posterior angles obtuse; surface evenly punctured, each puncture with a minute, white seta never more than 2 x long as diameter of the puncture. Scutellum with scattered punctures with setae longer than those on pronotum. Elytra with fringe of yellow setae on lateral margins, intervals 1, 3, and 5 narrow and convex in contrast to intervening intervals that are broad, flat and more densely punctate, each puncture with minute, white setae contained within their puncture. Propygidium and pygidium clothed with fine, short, pale, semierect setae, apex of pygidium with slight indentation. Abdominal ventrites sparsely clothed with short, pale, semierect setae. Ventral surface of thorax densely clothed with long, fine, yellow setae. Teeth on outer edge of protibia long and acute; spurs of metatibiae broad and flat. Sutures between abdominal sternites distinct across the middle; terminal ventrite without lateral lobes. Aedeagus symmetrical, elongate spoon shaped in ventral view (Fig. 8).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB3827AFF6770D811BAF865.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 9). Known from areas of self-mulching, black clays on the Darling Downs of southeastern Queensland and into inland New South Wales and further west on the grey and brown calcareous clays that tend to gilgai (a small, ephemeral lake formed from a depression in the soil surface in expanding clay soils) and that carry brigalow (Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Benth.; Fabaceae), wilga (Geijera parviflora Lindl.; Rutaceae) and belah (Casuarina cristata Miq.; Casuarinaceae) scrub (Turner & Shaw 1969); Köppen-Geiger classification Cfa humid subtropical. Two of the four localities given by Olliff (1890) (Wilcannia and Mossgiel) are far to the southwest of the main distribution (Fig. 9) and are not on the same soil type or climate classification (Köppen-Geiger Bsk / Bsh semi-arid); these localities appear doubtful, and I know of no further specimens from those areas. Natural history. Common name: Black soil scarab. Larvae damage crops and pastures on the Darling Downs and in inland New South Wales. Reports of damage date from 1911 to recently, particularly during drought years (Turner & Shaw 1969; Turner & Roubicek 1970; Goodyer 1977; Britton 1978; Brier & Miles 2022). Turner & Shaw (1969) and G. K Waite (personal communication of undated manuscript about 1970) found that A. batesii has a two-year life cycle with adults flying after about 13 mm of rain in early summer to as late as March. Eggs are 3.5 mm long and 2.5 mm wide and take 35.4 days at 22.2 ° C and 22.2 days at 28.8 ° C to hatch. Mean headcapsule width is 2.3 mm for instar I, 3.7 mm for instar II, and 5.5 mm for instar III. At 29.4 ° C the prepupal stage takes about nine days and the pupal stage takes 21 days. Females with well-developed wing muscles lay 10 – 14 eggs and those with less developed muscles that do not fly lay a mean of 21 eggs and up to 35 eggs. Carne (1974) reported observations by T. V. Bourke that “ the male, which has greatly enlarged antennal clubs, flies actively and seeks out females as they emerge from the ground. The female apparently releases a pheromone that attracts males to her vicinity. Females rarely fly and, hence, are less well represented in collections than males ”. This antennal structure and behaviour appear to be typical of Antitrogus (Allsopp 1990 b, 1993 d). Goodwin & Filshie (1969) described an entomopoxvirus from larvae of A. batesii and the molecular weight of its DNA was determined by Langridge & Roberts (1977). From field collections, Milner & Lutton (1975) suggested that the pathogenicity of the virus was low and in laboratory experiments infection had little effect of mortality and no significant effect on duration of first instars, food intake or larval growth. Milner (1974) described a milky disease Paenibacillus popilliae var. rhopaea (Paenibacillaceae) from A. batesii and other melolonthines but concluded (Milner 1976) that it also was unlikely to be of value in the control of larvae of A. batesii.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB5827BFF6772551621FB8A.taxon	description	In Britton’s (1978) key to the Australian Lepidiota species, L. ciliata Britton, 1978 falls as an isolated species late in his key. Britton (1978) noted his difficulty with the placement of L. ciliata, remarking “ This species has also been included in the key to Antitrogus spp. to allow for the possibility of interpretation of the very elongate scales as setae [at couplet 19 (18)] in the key to genera of Melolonthini ”. Weir et al. (2019) grouped L. ciliata with L. quinaria Britton, 1978 at their couplet 22, suggesting that they were distinct from mainstream Lepidiota species. I consider that the “ very elongate scales ” of Britton (1978) should be considered setae (Figs. 10 – 12) and, also because L. ciliata has a five-lamellate club in both males and females, it should be placed in Antitrogus. This resolves Britton’s dilemma and simplifies keys to genera.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB5827BFF6771DD14C2FD39.taxon	discussion	The most speciose genus of Australian Melolonthini is Lepidiota Kirby, 1828, with, following the transfer of six species (Allsopp 2018) to Alepida Allsopp, 2018, 55 Australian species currently attributed to it. Other species ascribed to it occur through the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, Indonesia, Philippines, Palau, southern China, and on to the Indian subcontinent (Krajcik 2011; Weir et al. 2019). As its name suggests (Greek lepidos, a scale, and iota, anything very small), a characteristic feature is the presence on the dorsal surface and at least part of the ventral surface of small, near-circular, white scales each contained within a puncture (Figs. 1, 26). The genus is also defined by a three-lamellate antennal club (Blackburn 1911; Britton 1978) and males have parameres that are usually asymmetrical and often bizarrely shaped (see figures in Britton 1978). Britton (1978) and Weir et al. (2019) included Lepidiota at three points in their keys to genera of Australian Melolonthini — one group having antennae with nine antennomeres with three-lamellate clubs (couplet 2); the second having antennae with 10 antennomeres with three-lamellate clubs (couplet 7); the third with antennae with 10 antennomeres with up to five long lamellae and with antennomere 5 with a lamella up to 0.6 times the length of the lamella on antennomere 6 (couplet 20 or 22, respectively). The third group is obviously inconsistent with the generic characters of Lepidiota.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB58278FF67758514C6F92B.taxon	description	(Figs 9 – 13)	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB58278FF67758514C6F92B.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. Holotype ♂ in ANIC: 62 km N. of Coonabarabran [31.27 ° S, 149.28 ° E], New South Wales (examined). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: 1 ♂, Mt Kaputar, Bullawa Cr [eek]. [30.28 ° S, 150.00 ° E], 26. xi. 1984, G. Hangay, ANIC Database 25 036638 (ANIC).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB58278FF67758514C6F92B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (Figs. 10 – 13). Male. Body 21 – 23 mm long; uniformly bright red-brown. Apical maxillary palpomere 1 mm long, elongate-elliptical (length: width 2.75: 1), with a short, ovate depression on the dorsal side. Clypeus (Weir et al. 2019: fig. 172) with anterior face shallow, greatest width 6.6 x mid depth; width of upper surface 2.5 x length, anterior margin slightly indented in middle, with rounded angles; upper surface strongly concave, coarsely and closely punctured (approximately 40 mm- 2) on each side of a small, bare, shiny area in the middle, each of the broad, flat-bottomed punctures with a seta as long as about twice diameter of the puncture. Frons with anterior half densely punctured (approximately 100 mm- 2), each puncture with a backwardly directed seta at least 2 x long as the diameter of the puncture; posterior quarter with fainter punctures, without setae; laterally with numerous, very long, darker setae above each eye. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 3 and 4 cylindrical, antennomere 5 sublamellate, 0.6 mm long, antennomeres 6 – 10 lamellate, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.2, and 1.9 mm long, respectively. Pronotum strongly transverse, greatest width 1.60 – 1.75 x length; anterior margin without groove or raised edge; lateral edges uniformly curved, widest at about 0.6 of length; posterior margin with groove across middle; anterior and posterior angles obtuse; surface irregularly punctured (20 – 65 mm- 2), each puncture with a flattened, acutely pointed, white seta about 2 x long as diameter of the puncture. Scutellum with similar punctures and setae. Elytra with sparse (approximately 20 mm- 2) punctures, each with a thinner, acutely pointed, white seta, as long as those on pronotum. Propygidium, pygidium, and ventrites sparsely clothed with short, recumbent, yellow setae, much denser on propygidium and pygidium; pygidium microreticulate between punctures, apex rounded. Ventral surface of thorax densely clothed with long, fine, yellow setae. Teeth on outer edge of protibia long and acute. Terminal ventrite without lateral lobes. Aedeagus slightly asymmetrical, as in Fig. 13. Female. Britton (1978) described the antennae of females but curiously did not list any specimens he saw other than the male holotype. He gave the lengths of lamellae on antennomeres 6 – 10 as 0.65, 0.7, 1.0, 1.0, and 0.9 mm, respectively, and antennomere 5 as sublamellate and 0.25 mm long. I have not located any female specimens Diagnosis. Conforms to the diagnosis of Antitrogus given by Britton (1978) and Allsopp (2003) except for the shape of the anterior face of the clypeus; it is much more shallow (greatest width 6.6 x mid depth) than other species (3.5 - 4.8 x).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB58278FF67758514C6F92B.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 9). Known only from the type locality and nearby Mount Kaputar area in northeastern New South Wales; Köppen-Geiger classification Cfb oceanic. Natural history. The holotype was reared from a larva collected in November and that emerged the following October (Britton 1978); it is distorted, having failed to emerge properly. This distortion may account for the difference in the shape of the clypeus between Britton’s description and that above. The adult from Mount Kaputar was collected in late November.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB98277FF67725511D6F862.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Lepidiota laevis Arrow, 1932. Included species. Barryfilius centralis (Britton, 1978), Barryfilius contiguous (Britton, 1978), Barryfilius laevis (Arrow, 1932), Barryfilius lewisae (Britton, 1978), Barryfilius quinarius (Britton, 1978), Barryfilius vernus (Britton, 1978).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB98277FF67725511D6F862.taxon	description	Description. Body 17 – 26 mm long; colouring not metallic. Mandibles not curved downwards at apices. Labrum not strongly projecting, not deflexed and not extended in the same plane as the clypeus, not or only slightly excavated anteriorly. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, male antennal club with 3 – 6 full-length lamellae but with some development on other antennomeres, males with club at least as long as remaining antennomeres combined. Anterior face of clypeus shallow, ratio of greatest width to mid depth> 6.6; upper surface of clypeus slightly concave. Clypeofrontal suture not raised or angulate. Pronotum with long, erect yellow-brown setae only on anterior and posterior margins; posterior pronotal angles obvious; pronotal hypomera with elongate white, flattened setae and long, yellow setae. Elytra with a few long setae close to the base, otherwise punctures with minute, stout, yellow-brown or white setae. Ventral thorax with long, yellow setae, no scales. Anterior faces of prefemur and protibia with yellow setae and flattened, adpressed, white setae. Pretarsal claws with a tooth, prominent and near middle. Anterior edge of metafemur not concave near base. Apical spurs of metatibia inserted close together so that the metatarsus moves above the spurs. Aedeagus with parameres symmetrical or near to symmetrical.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB98277FF67725511D6F862.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from other genera of Australian Melolonthini (sensu Britton 1978) by the following combination of characters: body 17 – 26 mm long; labrum not or only slightly excavated anteriorly; anterior face of clypeus shallow, ratio of greatest width to mid depth> 6.6; upper surface of clypeus slightly concave; clypeofrontal suture not raised or angulate; antennae with 10 antennomeres, male antennal club with 3 – 6 full-length lamellae but with some development on other antennomeres, males with club at least as long as remaining antennomeres; pronotum with long, erect yellow-brown setae only on anterior and posterior margins; posterior pronotal angles obvious; pronotal hypomera with elongate white, flattened setae and long, yellow setae; elytra with a few long setae close to the base, otherwise punctures with minute, stout, yellow-brown or white setae; anterior faces of prefemora and protibiae with yellow setae and at least a few broad or elongate, flattened, adpressed, white setae; tooth on pretarsal claws prominent and near base; anterior edge of metafemur not concave near base; aedeagus with parameres symmetrical or near to symmetrical.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFB98277FF67725511D6F862.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus is named for Dr Rachael Barry and her child, my grandson, Flint Barry Allsopp. It combines Rachael’s family name with filius, Latin for son. The genus name is masculine in gender.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBB8275FF6771DD16CBF8E9.taxon	description	(Figs. 19, 25)	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBB8275FF6771DD16CBF8E9.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. Holotype male: Alexandria [19.03 ° S, 136.70 ° E], Northern Territory.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBB8275FF6771DD16CBF8E9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. I have not been able to locate the holotype. Britton (1978) listed it as in NHML, but it was not there in its marked place in December 2019. It was registered in ANIC’s list of primary types as ANIC 25 - 036366 - 358, but apparently was returned to NHML (T. A. Weir, personal communication).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBB8275FF6771DD16CBF8E9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (taken from Britton 1978). Male (Britton 1978: fig. 282 B). Body approximately 17 mm long; bright red-brown, antennal lamellae pale yellow-brown. Terminal palpomere of maxillary palp not described. Clypeus with anterior face not described; upper surface transverse, width approximately 2.6 x length, anterior margin straight in middle, with broadly rounded angles; upper surface densely clothed (approximately 90 mm- 2) with ovoid, shiny white ‘ scales’. Frons clothed with ‘ scales’ of similar density at sides, scales less dense (70 mm- 2) in middle. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 6 and 7 discoidal, antennomeres 8 – 10 lamellate, approximately 2.7 mm long. Pronotum transverse, greatest width 1.57 x length; anterior margin narrow and defined, widest in middle, narrowed towards angles; lateral edges obtusely angulate in middle, straight and approximately parallel after; without a defined posterior margin; surface rather sparsely clothed with shiny white ‘ scales’ that are more broadly ovoid and denser towards edges, less dense (approximately 40 mm- 2) and narrower in middle. Scutellum with ‘ scales’ as on pronotal margins. Elytra sparsely and uniformly clothed with ovoid, shiny, white setae (approximately 15 mm- 2). Propygidium not described. Pygidium sparsely clothed with elliptical white, shiny ‘ scales’ that are moderately broad (2.5: 1) towards sides and apex, narrow and pointed in middle towards the base. Ventral surface of thorax not described. Claws each with a sharply pointed tooth towards the base. Ventrites and legs sparsely clothed with ‘ scales’. Aedeagus slightly asymmetrical, apices rounded and together forming an open heart shape in dorsal view (Fig. 19). Female. Unknown.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBB8275FF6771DD16CBF8E9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Britton (1978) used the term ‘ scales’ to describe the vestiture — I have not been able to verify their shape but suspect they should be termed setae and be mainly yellow with some broad or elongate, flattened, adpressed, white setae on the profemora and protibiae.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBB8275FF6771DD16CBF8E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 25). Known only from a unique specimen purportedly collected at Alexandria Station on the Barkley Tableland in the Northern Territory; given as ‘ Alexandra’ in Ingram (1907). I strongly suspect that the type locality is incorrect, as it is 1000 km west of the northeastern highlands of Queensland, where the other species in the genus occur and in a very different environment (Köppen-Geiger climate classification Bsh, hot semi-arid, rather than Af rainforest, Am monsoon or Cfa humid sub-tropical of the other species). It was collected by Wilfred Stalker, who was sent by William Ingram to Alexandria Station in 1905 primarily to collect birds, but then spent some time in 1907 at Inkerman Station (19.76 ° S, 147.46 ° E) in the Lower Burdekin region, south of Townsville, Queensland (Ingram 1908) and about 150 km southeast of the type locality of B. vernus (Britton, 1987). Although Inkerman Station is on the coastal savannah plain, Stalker also collected on two nearby isolated peaks, Mount Elliot (19.50 ° S, 146.95 ° E) about halfway between Townsville and Inkerman, and Mount Abbott (20.10 ° S, 147.74 ° E) about 50 km southeast of Inkerman Station (Ingram 1908) (Fig. 25). Both have areas of wet forest similar to those of northeastern Queensland, with Mount Elliot lying north of the Burdekin Gap (Bryant & Krosch 2016), which divides the northeastern Wet Tropics from the Central Mackay Coast. Townsville would have been the most logical place for Stalker to ship his specimens to England and any collected during his stay at Inkerman could have been mixed with those from Alexandria. Stalker died in New Guinea a few years later without returning to England, so would not have been able to check NHML labelling of the specimens he collected. Natural history. Nothing is known of the natural history of this species.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBC8272FF6771DD1608F987.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 20, 25)	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBC8272FF6771DD1608F987.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. Holotype male in NHML: Australia (examined). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 1 ♂, paratype (ANIC); 1 ♂, Windsor Tableland, via Mt Carbine [16.45 ° S, 145.25 ° E], 12. i. 1980, R. I. Storey; 1 ♂, Windsor Tableland, via Mt Carbine [16.45 ° S, 145.25 ° E], 27 – 28. i. 1980, R. I. Storey and N. Gough; 13 ♂, Windsor Tableland, via Mt Carbine [16.45 ° S, 145.25 ° E], 26. xii. 1983 – 24. i. 1984, Storey and Halfpapp (QDAF, QM); 85 ♂, Windsor Tableland, 27. xii. 1988 – 10. i. 1990, E. Schmidt and ANZSES (QM).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBC8272FF6771DD1608F987.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Body 18 – 20 mm long; uniformly red-brown (Fig. 14). Terminal palpomere of maxillary palp about 0.8 mm long, elongate-elliptical (length: width 2.7: 1.0), with a flat, reticulate, elliptical depression on the dorsal side. Clypeus with anterior face moderately deep, width 6 x length; upper surface moderately transverse, width 3.2 x length, anterior margin slightly indented in middle, with rounded angles; upper surface moderately concave, densely punctured (50 mm- 2), each of the broad, flat-bottomed punctures with a flattened, white seta that is shorter than the radius of the puncture. Frons similarly punctured to upper surface of clypeus; posterior quarter with only a few punctures and setae; antero-laterally rarely with a few, recumbent, yellow setae above the eye. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomere 3 elongate-cylindrical, antennomere 4 discoidal, antennomere 5 slightly lamellate, antennomere 6 lamellate but lamella 0.45 x long as lamellae of antennomeres 8 – 10, antennomere 7 lamellate but lamella 0.75 x long as lamellae of antennomeres 8 – 10, antennomeres 8 – 10 lamellate, 2.4 – 2.5 mm long. Pronotum transverse, greatest width 1.5 – 1.6 x length; anterior margin narrow, continuous and raised, punctate except in middle; lateral edges with a broadly rounded, obtuse angle in middle, straight before and after angle; posterior margin with a narrow, raised margin in middle; anterior angles slightly obtuse, posterior angles slightly more obtuse; surface of disc uniformly punctured (approximately 17 mm- 2), each puncture with a small rounded or slightly elongate, white seta about as long as diameter of the puncture, punctures and setae denser and setae more elongate along posterior margin and lateral margins. Scutellum with a line of small punctures close to lateral edge, disc sparsely punctured with setae as on pronotum. Elytra sparsely but fairly uniformly punctured (ca 10 mm- 2) except on sutural interval, each puncture with an elliptical, white seta (0.06 mm long), longer and thinner than those on pronotum. Propygidium with a few punctures with elliptical, white-yellow setae in posterior-lateral angles. Pygidium irregularly punctured in middle, denser towards anterior margin; setae similar to those on elytra, surface between punctures microreticulate, long, yellow setae on posterior-lateral margins. Ventral surface of thorax densely clothed with long, fine, yellow setae; pronotal hypemeron with a mixture of long, yellow setae on inner edge, moderately long, white setae, and broader, shorter, white setae. Teeth on outer edge of protibia short and blunt. Ventrites sparsely clothed with short, setae similar to elytra; first visible ventrite with longer, yellow setae; penultimate ventrite with a few, scattered, long, yellow setae along posterior margin; terminal ventrite without lateral lobes. Aedeagus slightly asymmetrical, apices recurved and close to each other (Fig. 20). Female. Unknown.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBC8272FF6771DD1608F987.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 25). Britton (1978) saw specimens labelled, at best, ‘ Queensland’. The species occurs on the Windsor Tableland, 42 km northwest of Mossman in an isolated area of closed forest described as simple microphyll vine-fern forest (Storey & Allsopp 1989). Natural history. Adults have been collected in December – January in malaise and flight-intercept traps; flying adults were not attracted to lights (Storey & Allsopp 1989).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBC8270FF67778B1172FEB7.taxon	description	(Figs. 15, 21, 25)	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBC8270FF67778B1172FEB7.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. Lectotype male in NHML (designated by Allsopp 2020 b: 465): Type (circular red-ringed, typeset) | Pest in dairying and maize-growing district (handwritten) | AUSTRALIA N. Queensland J. N. Smith (typeset) | ♂ (typeset) | Loc. Atherton [17.27 ° S, 145.58 ° E] 2.1.30 S (handwritten) / Pres. By Imp. Inst. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1931 - 469 (typeset) | Lepidiota laevis type Arrow (handwritten) | my 2019 lectotype label. Paralectotypes: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 1 ♂, Atherton, 2. i. 1930, J. N. Smith (QM); 1 ♂, Atherton 7. iii. 1931, J. N. Smith (NHML); 1 ♀, N. Queensland, Mareeba S, 3. i. 1934, J. N. Smith (ANIC). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 4 ♂, Atherton, 4. i. 1898, 2. i. 1930, 2. i. 1931, 22. i. 1931 (ANIC, QDAF); 1 ♂, Atherton, 2. i. 1930, QDAS [Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock] (ANIC); 1 ♂, Atherton, 3. i. 1931, J. H. Smith (QDAF); 1 ♂, Atherton, 11. ii. 1959, GWS [G. W. Saunders] (QDAF); 1 ♂, Atherton, 14. xii. 1958 G. E [G. Ettershank] (QM); 10 ♂, Atherton, 24. ix. 1958, 25. xii. 1959, 27. xii. 1959, G. Ettershank (QDAF, QM); 1 ♂, Atherton, i. 1960, CV (ANIC); 6 ♂, Atherton, 9. i. 1968, P. Ferrar (ANIC); 5 ♂, Atherton, 3. i. 1969, 16. i. 1969, 27. i. 1969, 29. i. 1969, J. Barrett (CMN, QDAF); 1 ♂, Atherton, 16. xii. 1969, G. Saunders (QDAF); 1 ♂, Atherton, ii. 1976, W. Crees (QM);. 1 ♂, Atherton, 15. xii. 1976, A. K. Irvine (ANIC); 11 ♂, Newell St, Atherton [17.27 ° S 145.47 ° E], 23. xii. 1969, 24. xii. 1969, 30. xii. 1969, 20. i. 1970, 22. i. 1970, 23. xii. 1970, 28. xii. 1973, JHB or J. H. Barrett (CMN, QDAF); 2 ♂, 2 km NE Atherton, 20. xii. 1997, D. J. W. Burgess, at light (QM); 23 ♂, 8 ♀, 2.5 m [4 km] S. Atherton [17.29 S, 145.47 E], 12. v. 1970 [larvae collected], 19. i. 1971 [adults emerged], R. J. Roberts (ANIC); 1 ♂, Kureen [17.34 ° S, 145.59 ° E], 4. i. 1931 (QDAF); 1 ♂, 179 Sewell Rd, Lake Eacham [17.29 ° S, 145.66 ° E], 18 - 25. ii. 2020, K. J. Chandler, to light (QM); 1 ♂, Millaa Milla [17.51 145.61 E], 7. ix. 1965, RJE [R. J. Elder] (ANIC); 1 ♂ Maalan [17.61 S, 145.59 E], 3. x. 1967, R. J. Elder (ANIC); 2 ♂, Tableland [Atherton Tableland], 17. i. 1931 (QDAF); 3 ♂, Cairns (ANIC). NO LOCALITY: 2 ♂ (ANIC).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBC8270FF67778B1172FEB7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Body 19 – 22 mm long; bright red-brown (Fig. 15). Terminal palpomere of maxillary palp large, 1.2 mm long, very elongate (length: width 4.5: 1), with an elongate, flat, dull, elliptical depression on the latero-dorsal side. Clypeus with anterior face moderately shallow, width 7.5 x length; upper surface strongly transverse, width 3.8 – 4.0 x length, anterior margin indented in middle and margin slightly reflexed to reveal labrum, with broadly rounded angles; upper surface concave, densely punctured and uniformly punctured (approximately 50 mm- 2) except just behind reflexed anterior margin, each of the broad, flat-bottomed punctures with a flattened, white seta about as long as radius of the puncture. Frons with similar punctures, sparser in front and denser behind, each puncture with a short, white seta as long as the radius of the puncture, a few punctures in anterior angles with longer, flattened, white setae (2 – 4 x radius of the puncture); posterior edge with only a few punctures and setae; laterally with a few recumbent, long, whiteyellow setae above each eye. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomere 3 elongate-cylindrical, antennomere 4 discoidal, antennomere 5 discoidal but with a faint lump near proximal edge, antennomeres 6 and 7 each with a very short indication of a lamella, antennomeres 8 – 10 lamellate, 2.2 mm long. Pronotum transverse, greatest width 1.6 x length; anterior margin narrow, continuous and raised, punctate except in middle; lateral edges with rounded, obtuse angle in middle, straight before and after angle; posterior margin with narrow, raised margin in middle and towards lateral angles, margin between these with flattened white, short setae; anterior and posterior angles slightly obtuse; surface uniformly punctured (approximately 17 mm- 2), each puncture with a minute, slightly elongate, white seta about as long as diameter of the puncture, punctures denser towards anterior angles. Scutellum with line of small punctures close to lateral edge but absent from apex, disc sparsely punctured with setae as on pronotum. Elytra sparsely but fairly uniformly punctured (approximately 10 mm- 2) except on sutural interval, each puncture very shallow and with a stout, acutely pointed, white seta as long as those on pronotum. Propygidium uniformly punctured, each puncture with an elongate, short seta. Pygidium irregularly punctured, setae stouter than on propygidium, surface between punctures smooth to microreticulate, long, yellow setae on posterior-lateral margins. Ventral surface of thorax densely clothed with long, fine, yellow setae; pronotal hypemeron with elongate, white setae over all of surface interspersed with a few, long, fine, yellow setae. Teeth on outer edge of protibia moderately long and acute. Ventrites densely clothed with short setae similar to pygidium, less dense on posterior ventrites; first visible ventrite with longer, yellow setae; penultimate ventrite with a few, scattered, long, yellow setae near posterior margin; terminal ventrite without lateral lobes. Aedeagus slightly asymmetrical, distal inner margin of one paramere crossing over the other (Fig. 21). Female. With a less conspicuous flattened area at the end of the last sclerite (Arrow 1932).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBC8270FF67778B1172FEB7.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 25). Known only from near Atherton (Britton 1978). Britton’s (1978) reference to the type locality as Mareeba is obviously incorrect — Mareeba is on a very different soil type and is much drier. Britton (1978) also referred to a specimen from Pialba [25.28 ° S, 152.84 ° E] in SAM that I suspect was a misidentified Lepidiota noxia Britton, 1985 (Allsopp 1989), and three specimens from ‘ Cairns’ [his use of inverted commas] in the Oslo Museum [presumably, Naturhistorisk Museum, now in ANIC] — Cairns was commonly used for localities to the west of that city. QDAF also has a male labelled ‘ Ayr 26. xii. 59 GWS’ and a female labelled ‘ Eungella, 29. xi. 31 W. A. McDougall’. Both are well outside the usual range of the species, and I suspect are mislabelled. Natural history. Adults have been collected in oil-bath traps and at light during December – February (see above records). There are also records from June and October (Arrow 1932; Smith 1936; Britton 1978) that may refer to the collection of larvae. It has a two-year lifecycle (Smith 1936) and is a pest of pastures in areas of alkaline soils near Atherton (Arrow 1932; Smith 1936; Atherton 1939; Cumpston 1941). It is locally referred to as paspalum whitegrub. Gough and Brown (1988) discussed the insecticidal control of the larvae.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8270FF6770D816E6F964.taxon	description	(Figs. 16, 22, 25)	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8270FF6770D816E6F964.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. Holotype male in QM: Mount Lewis, via Julatten, N. Qld. [16.57 ° S, 145.28 ° E], 3,500 - 4000 ’ [feet], 27 – 28. xi. 1965, G. Monteith (examined).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8270FF6770D816E6F964.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Body 22 mm long; dark red-brown, pronotum darker than elytra (Fig. 16). Terminal palpomere of maxillary palp large, 1 mm long, elongate-elliptical (length: width 3.3: 1), with a large, flat, dull, elliptical depression on dorsal side. Clypeus with anterior face moderately deep, width 5 x length; upper surface transverse, width 2.7 x length, anterior margin slightly indented in middle, with rounded angles; upper surface strongly concave, densely punctured, each of the broad, flat-bottomed punctures with a flattened, white seta about as long as radius of the puncture. Frons irregularly and coarsely punctured, each puncture with a short, white seta as long as the radius of the puncture; posterior quarter with only a few punctures and setae; antero-laterally without longer setae above each eye. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomere 3 elongate-cylindrical, antennomere 4 discoidal, antennomeres 5 – 7 each with a very short indication of a lamella, antennomeres 8 – 10 lamellate, 2.8 – 2.9 mm long. Pronotum transverse, greatest width 16 x length; anterior margin narrow, continuous and raised, punctate except in middle; lateral edges with a rounded, obtuse angle in middle, straight before and after angle; posterior margin with a narrow, raised margin, slightly obliterated in the middle and towards posterior angle; anterior and posterior angles slightly obtuse; surface uniformly punctured (approximately 6 – 8 mm- 2), denser towards anterior edge, especially in middle and in angles, each puncture with a minute slightly elongate, white seta about as long as diameter of the puncture. Scutellum with a line of small punctures close to lateral edge in anterior third, disc sparsely punctured with setae as on pronotum. Elytra sparsely but fairly uniformly punctured (approximately 10 mm- 2) except on sutural interval, each puncture with a stout, acutely pointed, white seta as long as those on pronotum. Propygidium with a few scattered punctures with short setae. Pygidium similarly punctured; setae short but more elongate than on elytra, surface between punctures microreticulate, long, yellow setae on posterior-lateral margins. Ventral surface of thorax densely clothed with long, fine, yellow setae; pronotal hypemeron also with elongate, white setae. Teeth on outer edge of protibia rounded. Ventrites clothed with short, setae similar to pygidium, sparser on posterior ventrites; first visible ventrite with longer, yellow setae; penultimate ventrite with a few, scattered, long, yellow setae near posterior margin; terminal ventrite without lateral lobes. Aedeagus slightly asymmetrical, apices rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 22). Female. Unknown.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8270FF6770D816E6F964.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 25). Known only from Mount Lewis northwest of Julatten, an isolated massive south of the Windsor Tableland where B. contigua occurs. Natural history. The type was taken in late November (Britton 1978).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8271FF6777AE167BF916.taxon	description	(Figs. 17, 23, 25)	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8271FF6777AE167BF916.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. Holotype male in ANIC: Koombooloombah [Koombooloomba] [17.83 ° S, 145.60 ° E], Queensland, i. 54, J. G. Brooks (examined). Paratypes: 2 ♂, 14 m [miles, 22.5 km] up Whitfield Range Rd, Cairns, 5. i. 1972, A Walford-Huggins (ANIC); 1 ♂, Ringrose Nat. Pk. via Atherton [Mount Hypipamee National Park, 17.43 ° S, 145.49 ° E], 9. xii. 1966, B. Cantrell (UQIC); 1 ♂, Ravenshoe [17.61 ° S, 145.49 ° E], 11. i. 1962, E. B. Britton (ANIC); 1 ♂, Koombooloomba, i. 1954, GB (ANIC); 1 ♂, Koombooloomba, 5. i. 1954, J. G. Brooks (ANIC). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 1 ♂, Mt Lewis [16.58 ° S, 145.28 ° E], 29. xii. 1979, P. Carne (ANIC); 1 ♂, 8 miles [12.9 km] up Whitfield Range Rd, Cairns [16.95 ° S, 145.71 ° E], Walford-Huggins (QDAF); 2 ♂, 12 miles [19.3 km] Whitfield Range Rd, Cairns, 5. i. 1972, A. & M. Walford-Huggins (CMN); 3 ♂, Davies Creek, 20 km SE of Mareeba [16.98 ° S, 145.55 ° E], 25. xii. 1988, H. & A. Howden (CMN); 1 ♂, Mt Bartle Frere [17.38 ° S, 145.82 ° E], 7. x. 1969, A. & M. Walford-Huggins (CMN); 1 ♂, Cardwell Range, Upper Broadwater Creek Valley [18.50 ° S, 146.00 ° E], 17 – 21. xii. 1984, Monteith, Thompson & Hamlet (QM); 4 ♂, Kirrama Range, Douglas Creek Rd [18.70 ° S, 145.72 ° E], 9 – 12. xii. 1986, Monteith, Thompson & Hamlet (QM).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8271FF6777AE167BF916.taxon	discussion	Comment. The paratype from Ravenshoe was listed by Britton (1978) as in NHML.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8271FF6777AE167BF916.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Body 23 – 26 mm long; uniformly dark red-brown (Fig. 17). Terminal palpomere of maxillary palp large, 1.15 mm long, elongate-elliptical (length: width 3.5: 1), with large, flat, dull, elliptical depression on dorsal side. Clypeus (Weir et al. 2019: fig. 173) with anterior face moderately deep, width 6.7 x length; upper surface strongly transverse, width 3.7 – 4.0 x length, anterior margin slightly indented in middle, with rounded angles; upper surface strongly concave, densely punctured, each of the broad, flat-bottomed punctures with a flattened, white seta about as long as radius of the puncture. Frons irregularly and coarsely punctured, each puncture with a short, white seta as long as the radius of the puncture; posterior quarter with only a few punctures and setae; antero-laterally with a few, recumbent, yellow setae above each eye. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomere 3 elongate-cylindrical, antennomere 4 discoidal, antennomere 5 lamellate but lamella 0.33 – 0.5 x long as that of antennomere 6, antennomere 6 – 10 lamellate, 2.8 mm long. Pronotum transverse, greatest width 1.50 – 1.65 x length; anterior margin narrow, continuous and raised, punctate except in middle; lateral edges with a rounded, obtuse angle in middle, straight before angle and slightly concave after; posterior margin with a narrow, raised margin in middle; anterior and posterior angles slightly obtuse; surface uniformly punctured (approximately 17 mm- 2), each puncture with minute, slightly elongate, white seta about as long as diameter of the puncture, punctures and setae denser along posterior margin and lateral margins behind angle. Scutellum with line of small punctures close to lateral edge, disc sparsely punctured with setae as on pronotum. Elytra sparsely but fairly uniformly punctured (approximately 10 mm- 2) except on sutural interval, each puncture with stout, acutely pointed, white seta (0.06 mm long), as long as those on pronotum. Propygidium with a few punctures with short setae across posterior and lateral margins. Pygidium irregularly punctured, approximately 30 mm- 2 in middle; setae short but more elongate than on elytra, surface between punctures microreticulate, long, yellow setae on posterior-lateral margins. Ventral surface of thorax densely clothed with long, fine, yellow setae; pronotal hypemeron also with elongate, white setae near lateral margins. Teeth on outer edge of protibia long and acute. Ventrites sparsely clothed with short, setae similar to elytra; first visible ventrite with longer, yellow setae; penultimate ventrite with a few, scattered, long, yellow setae near posterior margin; terminal ventrite without lateral lobes. Aedeagus slightly asymmetrical, mid inner margin of one paramere crossing over the other (Fig. 23). Female. Unknown.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBE8271FF6777AE167BF916.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 25). Known from northeastern Queensland from Mount Lewis, south through the eastern and southern edges of the Atherton Tableland to the northern side of the Herbert River Valley. This species crosses the Black Mountain Corridor (Bryant & Krosch 2016), a gap of 60 km between areas of higher elevation, that today retains pockets of rainforest interspersed among drier habitats, and indicates broader elevational and / or habitat tolerances different from those of B. contiguus, which is restricted to only one of the northeastern highland areas. Similar patterns occur in other groups of animals, including some Scarabaeidae (Reid 2000; Reid & Storey 2000). Natural history. Adult males were mainly collected in December – January at light (Britton 1978), with one record from October. One was collected on eucalypt flowers.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBF826FFF67767810ABFE93.taxon	description	(Figs. 18, 24, 25)	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBF826FFF67767810ABFE93.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. Holotype male in ANIC: Paluma (Mt Spec), 6. i. 1969 J. G. Brooks [18.98 ° S, 146.22 ° E] (examined). Paratypes: 3 mi. [5 km] SSW of Millaa Millaa [17.56 ° S, 145.60 ° E], 22. viii. 1967, R. J. Elder (ANIC); 10 ♂, Malaan [17.61 ° S, 145.59 ° E], 30. viii. 1965, 14. ix. 1965, 21. ix. 1965, 28. ix. 1965, 10. x. 1965, 18. x. 1965, 19. x. 1965, 4. xi. 1965, 13. ix. 1966, 11. x. 1966, 18. x. 1966, R. J. Elder (QDAF); 9 ♂, Malaan, 8 mi. [12.9 km] E of Ravenshoe, 23. vii. 1968, 6. viii. 1968, 13. viii 1968, 17. ix. 1968, 1. x. 1968, 15. x. 1968, R. J. Elder (ANIC); 1 ♂, Paluma Dam [18.96 ° S, 146.15 ° E], 24. xii. 1963, G. Monteith (UQIC); 1 ♂, Birthday Ck Falls, 6.7 m [10.7 km] NW Paluma [18.98 ° S, 146.16 ° E], 11. xii. 1972, J. G. Brooks (ANIC); 1 ♂, Mt Spec Nat. Pk. via Paluma [18.98 ° S, 146.22 ° E], 7. xi. 1969, T. Weir (UQIC); 1 ♂, Mt Spec, 9. i. 1968, J. G. Brooks (ANIC); 6 ♂, Paluma (Mt Spec), 6. i. 1969, 7. i. 1969, J. G. Brooks (ANIC); 1 ♂, Star Valley Lookout 2.3 m [3.7 km] W. Paluma [19.01 ° S, 146.18 ° E], 12. xii. 1972, J. G. Brooks (ANIC). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 1 ♂, Massey Creek BS 3 [17.37 ° S, 145.34 ° E], 3. x- 2. xi. 1995, L. Umback (ANIC); 3 ♂, Millaa Millaa [17.51 ° S, 145.61 ° E], 7. ix. 1965, R. J. Elder (QDAF); 1 ♂, 1 ♂, 3 mi. [5 km] SSW of Millaa Millaa, 17. ix. 1968, R. J. Elder (ANIC); 1 ♀, South Johnstone, 20. xi. 1966, G. Wilson (ANIC, bred out); 1 ♂, Mt Haig GS 1 [17.96 ° S, 145.36 ° E], 31. vii- 31. viii. 1995, L. Umback (ANIC); 2 ♂, Mt Spec S 3 [18.55 ° S, 146.09 ° E], 6. ii. - 9. iii. 1995, M. Cermak (ANIC); 1 ♂, Mt Spec S 2 [18.55 ° S, 146.10 ° E], 10. i- 6. ii. 1995, M. Cermak (ANIC); 9 ♂, Paluma [19.00 ° S 146.12 ° E], xi-xii. 1978, 22. x. 1979, xii 1980 - i. 1981, D. W. Frith (ANIC); 1 ♂, Paluma, 17 - 18. xii. 1988, H. & A. Howden (CMN); 2 ♂, Paluma, 12. xii. 1972, J. G. Brooks (ANIC); 13 ♂, Mt. Spec S 1 [19.00 ° S, 146.11 ° E], 6. xii. 1994 - 10. i. 1995, M. Cermak (ANIC).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBF826FFF67767810ABFE93.taxon	discussion	Remarks. One of the paratypes in UQIC has Britton’s 1969 paratype label but with the unpublished name ‘ Lepidiota palumae’ — he evidently decided later to change the name. Of the paratypes collected by Brooks at Paluma, Britton (1978) listed only the date 6. i. 1969; the one collected a day later is labelled as a paratype. Britton (1978) gave no etymology for the specific name. There are two possibilities: a noun, verna (slave born in the house), that should retain its nominative form and not be changed, and that would make sense if the beetle inhabits people’s houses; or, an adjective that relates to the season Spring. Given that some specimens were collected in October, the second seems more likely, so I have assumed the adjectival form with the appropriate change in ending.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBF826FFF67767810ABFE93.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Body 20 – 22 mm long; very dark red-brown (Fig. 18). Terminal palpomere of maxillary palp large, 1.1 mm long, elongate-elliptical (length: width 3.3: 1), with large, flat, longitudinally strigose, elliptical depression on dorsal side. Clypeus with anterior face moderately deep, width 5 x length; upper surface transverse, width 3.1 – 3.2 x length, anterior margin slightly indented in middle, with broadly rounded angles; upper surface strongly concave, coarsely and densely punctured, each of the broad, flat-bottomed punctures with flattened, white seta about as long as radius of the puncture. Frons irregularly and coarsely punctured anteriorly of a slight ridge, each puncture with a short, white seta as long as the radius of the puncture; posterior quarter with only a few punctures and setae; without setae above each eye. Antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomere 3 elongate-cylindrical, antennomere 4 discoidal, antennomere 5 discoidal but with slight swelling on inner edge, antennomeres 6 – 7 with a very short lamella, antennomeres 8 – 10 lamellate, 2.7 – 2.8 mm long. Pronotum transverse, greatest width 1.6 x length; anterior margin narrow, continuous and raised, punctate except in middle; lateral edges with rounded, obtuse angle slightly behind middle, straight before angle and slightly concave after; posterior margin with narrow, raised margin but absent in middle and near posterior angles; anterior angles square, posterior angles slightly obtuse; surface uniformly punctured (approximately 18 mm- 2), each puncture with minute, slightly elongate, white seta about as long as diameter of the puncture, punctures and setae denser along lateral margins behind angle, surface smooth and shiny between punctures. Scutellum with line of dense, setose punctures close to lateral edge, disc sparsely punctured with setae as on pronotum, margins slightly raised and defined by a groove. Elytra sparsely but fairly uniformly punctured (approximately 10 mm- 2) except on sutural interval, each puncture with sort, ovoid, white seta (0.06 mm long), as long as those on pronotum. Propygidium with few punctures with short setae across posterior and lateral margins. Pygidium irregularly punctured, approximately 25 mm- 2 in middle, with setae similar to elytra, about 2.5 – 3.0 x long as wide, surface between punctures microreticulate, long, yellow setae on posterior-lateral margins. Ventral surface of thorax densely clothed with long, fine, yellow setae; anterior half of pronotal hypomeron with elongate, white setae near lateral margins, remainder of anterior half with longer, yellow-white setae. Teeth on outer edge of protibia medium-short and rounded. Ventrites sparsely clothed with short, setae similar to elytra; first visible ventrite with longer, yellow setae anteriorly and laterally; penultimate ventrite with a few, scattered, long, yellow setae on posterior half; terminal ventrite without lateral lobes, with long setae along posterior margin. Aedeagus virtually symmetrical, in lateral view each paramere constricted at about half length then widening to apex (Fig. 24). Female. Unknown.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFBF826FFF67767810ABFE93.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 25). Occurs from the southern part of the Atherton tableland south to Paluma. The female bred out by George Wilson and labelled ‘ South Johnstone’ most likely originated from the uplands of the East Palmerston or Nerada area (about 17.58 ° S, 145.85 ° E) and not the lowland village of South Johnstone where Wilson had his office. Natural history. Adult males have been collected at light and in oil-bath and flight-intercept traps mainly during November-January, but with a set of records from Maalan for January and August – October (Britton 1978).	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFA68269FF67744816FEF8BA.taxon	description	However, the monophyly of the Melolonthinae and the status of its tribes and subtribes has been questioned (Ahrens 2006; Coca-Abia 2007), especially with the advent of DNA technologies (Smith et al. 2006; Song & Zhang 2018; Ayivi et al. 2021). A radical alternative classification has been that of Lacroix (2021 a). He, albeit with little commentary, split the subfamily in four and elevated these to family level (Hopliidae, Melolonthidae, Sericidae, Chasmatopteridae), whilst elevating previous tribes and subtribes to subfamily or tribe status. Other alternative classifications have seen subtribes of the Melolonthini (Smith 2006; Bouchard et al. 2011) elevated to tribes (Lacroix 2010, 2021 b; Bezděk 2016; Evans & Smith 2020). Lacroix (2010) moved some of the African genera formerly in Melolonthini to the Leucophilini, and Bezděk (2016) followed this for the Palaearctic Lepidiota species. Recently, Lacroix (2021 b) placed the Australian Lepidiota species, Holorhopaea Britton, 1978 (1 species), and Nanorhopaea Britton, 1978 (1 species) in the Leucophilini, with the other Australian genera (presumably including Alepida Allsopp, 2018 and the Fijian-Solomon Islands Xenotrogus Britton, 1978) remaining in the Melolonthini (Melolonthini sensu Lacroix 2021 b). Lacroix (2021 b) characterised the Leucophilini as having antennal clubs of three lamellae that are similar in both sexes and large metepisterna, whilst the Melolonthini sensu Lacroix 2021 b have antennal clubs of more than three lamellae with pronounced sexual dimorphism and the dorsal surface of the body with scales and / or setae. Australian Lepidiota species (as restricted with the removal of Alepida species (Allsopp 2018) and those earlier in this paper) are obviously different from other Australian Melolonthini sensu Britton 1978. Weir et al. (2019) showed this clearly in their key to genera, where Lepidiota is separated from other genera in couplet 1. Prominent identifiers are a combination of: dorsal surface with small, white scales contained or nearly contained within their punctures, without longer white or brown, adpressed or erect setae; antennal club of three lamellae with no obvious sexual dimorphism (Allsopp 1990 b gives an example); females often found in collections and adults may feed; and males of most species with parameres asymmetrical and often bizarrely shaped (see figures in Britton 1978). This was reinforced in a cladistic analysis of a sample of Melolonthini sensu Britton 1978 from eastern Australia using adult and larval morphological and ecological characters (Allsopp & Lambkin 2006) where the 10 Lepidiota species that were considered formed a clade separate from species in Antitrogus, Rhopaea, Dermolepida Arrow, 1941 and Alepida. The genera assigned to Melolonthini sensu Lacroix 2021 b have: setae (Figs 2 – 6, 14 – 18), not scales, on the dorsal surface; antennal clubs with 3 – 8 lamellae and, where known, females have much smaller clubs than males (Britton 1978: fig. 150; Allsopp 1990 b); females of most species are rare in collections, probably fly little after emergence and are not attracted to light, and adults of both sexes do not feed (the exception are Dermolepida species); and males have parameres that are symmetrical or nearly so.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
03AE87B9FFA68269FF67744816FEF8BA.taxon	description	Lacroix’s (2021 b) placement of Nanorhopaea and Holorhopaea in the Leucophilini is problematic. Males of the two species have antennal clubs of three lamellae, as do Lepidiota species (and some Melolonthini sensu Lacroix 2021 b), but they are of medium length (Weir et al. 2019: fig. 142). Females are not known (Britton 1978), so sexual dimorphism in the antennae cannot be assessed. The dorsal surface of males does not have the small, white scales characteristic of Lepidiota, but have either recumbent, tapered, finely pointed setae or long, semierect setae (Britton 1978: fig. 270 A – B; Weir et al. 2019: figs. 31.142, 31.145; Fig. 6). The aedeagi of the two species have symmetrical parameres (Britton 1978: figs. 15 – 19), unlike the often-asymmetrical parameres of Lepidiota species. All three characters point to a closer relationship with the Melolonthini sensu Lacroix 2021 b than with the Leucophilini. Lacroix (2021 b) thought that both the Leucopholini and the Melolonthini sensu Lacroix 2021 b entered Australia from the north from the Pliocene onwards. He considered the Leucopholini a fairly recent group, forming in the Ethiopian-Malagasy-Indian block, before the complete separation of these three blocks but after the separation of the South America-Antarctic-Australia blocks. From there they disseminated to West Africa and east to as far as Australia and Solomon Islands, crossing Wallace’s Line. Lacroix (2021 b) considered the Melolonthini sensu Lacroix 2021 b a recent group appearing in north-eastern and southern Palaearctic regions after the separation of all blocks. Diffusion then occurred to give a current distribution in North America, Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian regions, with few in the Afrotropical Region and absent from the southern Neotropical region and Madagascar. My hypothesis (Allsopp 1995), based on patterns of distribution of the Australian species, is that Lepidiota is a post-Pliocene invader from the north, whilst the remaining genera, especially Rhopaea and Antitrogus, are older elements. However, Lacroix’s (2010, 2021 a, 2021 b) split is far from being accepted. Within the Melolonthini sensu Britton 1978, Matsumoto (2010) analysed the characters of 25 Palaearctic and Oriental species from the two lineages and found it impossible to assign all the genera to either of the lineages. Prokofiev (2016) pointed out inconsistencies in the number of lamellae in antennal clubs among Lepidiota species from New Guinea and Solomon Islands, as well as in the presence / absence of scales and in the placement of genera such as Engertia Dalla Torre, 1912. He commented that perhaps Britton (1978) was correct in considering representatives of both groups as a single tribe. Obviously, there is a strong need for a comprehensive analysis of status and defining characters of tribes and subtribes of the Melolonthinae across all regions, and DNA analysis might give useful characters This would then give insights into the past biogeography and dissemination of the family.	en	Allsopp, Peter G. (2022): Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): reclassification of eight species to Antitrogus Burmeister, 1855 and Barryfilius new genus. Zootaxa 5213 (5): 513-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5213.5.3
