taxonID	type	description	language	source
B2208793772E1D7EFE4D49C9FC60DC9C.taxon	description	(Figures 1 a, 2, 8 d; Tables S 1 – S 3)	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B2208793772E1D7EFE4D49C9FC60DC9C.taxon	biology_ecology	Nest site The aggregation of nests occupied an area of approximately 6 × 9 m, including both flat and gently north-west sloping portions. The site had some bushes and planted pines (Figure 2 a), and the soil was humid and aerated. The entrances of most nests were hidden by vegetation cover. The aggregation of nests had from 202 to 272 entrances / m 2 (Figure 2 b), but this density dropped to 44 entrances / m 2 in the areas with little or no vegetation cover. Nest structure Most nests had a single entrance, and consisted of a straight tunnel which led to a central chamber containing a cluster of cells. The entrance of the chamber was 4.5 to 13.0 cm (x = 7.8 cm Standard Deviation SD = 1.7; n = 63) below the surface, and the chamber was followed by a blind burrow that ended at 8 to 25 cm (x = 14.9 cm SD = 3.6; n = 63) from the entrance of the nest. The tunnels of different nests were very close to each other, and in three nests the main tunnel had a short, blind bifurcation. Five nests had two entrances, and one even had three, all the tunnels converging in a single cluster. Most nests had a single comb-like cluster of cells (with their axes in parallel, Figure 2 c, d), which was held in place by pillars of soil. Two clusters separated by only a few millimetres were found in two nests (Table S 1: nests 53, 59). Each cluster had from 1 to 14 (x = 5.2 SD = 3.5; n = 65) ovoid cells, which were horizontally orientated. Some cells had fungi exteriorly (Table S 1: nests 53, 54). Parasitoid pupae of Ripiphoridae (Coleoptera) were found in two cells (Table S 1: nests 44, 49). Open cells with faeces or filled with soil were not found. Nesting behaviour Two bees were found in two nests, one bee was found in 22 nests, and no bees were found in the remaining 37 nests. All the specimens had some mandible and wing wear, and since only larvae (no pupae or open cells) were found in the nests dug at the end of spring, it is likely that all the bees belonged to the same generation. In the nests with two bees, both specimens had similar wear but one of them had no ovary development. In Nest 5, both occupants had mated (Table S 2). Since the first males were detected in the summer (Gravel 2010), it is inferred that the bees had spent the winter as inseminated females. The nests containing two bees had a similar number of cells (x = 6 SD = 0, n = 2) to those with only one bee (x = 5.23 SD = 3.56, n = 22). The data suggest that these nests of Ca. aureoviridis would be semisocial. In the nests where only one bee was found, their ovaries were developed, with the exception of one female in each of three nests. Nests 25 and 61 (dug in January) each had a single female, and since no earlier stages but pupae were found in the cells I believe that the reduction in the ovaries observed was not due to a lack of development but an indication of the end of the breeding season for these bees. On the other hand, nest 2 (dug in December) had several larval instars in the cells, but its single female had not mated. One possible explanation is that the queen of the nest had recently died, and this worker remained in the nest; another is that this unmated female was the mother of the larvae which would all have become males. It is worth considering that the area was being sampled for bees on flowers throughout the study (Gravel 2010), and thus some specimens that belonged to the nests may have been collected before / during the study. In addition, the nests were dug on sunny days, and later in the afternoon many bees were observed flying over the area that had been excavated. These bees could be the sole occupants of the active nests where no bees were found (solitary nests), or the workers of the nests where only one bee was found inside (semisocial nests). I have found evidence of two semisocial nests, but given that all other nests had one or no occupants inside, I infer that the species has solitary nests as well; hence, the species may be socially polymorphic. The nests dug at the end of December had larvae of several instars (Figure 2 e), and only one male pupa was found (Table S 1: nest 7). At the beginning of January I found a higher proportion of pupae (Figure 2 f), which were ready to emerge approximately 15 days later, when fully sclerotised pupae were found in the cells (nests dug 14 – 16 January). Since I found no evidence of open, used cells in the nests dug in December, and only advanced larvae and pupae in January (but no eggs or small larvae), I infer that the species is univoltine in the area studied. The pupae showed a strong bias to males (1.9: 1; n = 220) (Table S 3). Considering the material collected by Gravel (2010), males appear in the field in January, in high numbers. In the nests studied by mid-January, the male pupae had more advanced sclerotisation of the cuticle than the female pupae did; hence, I infer that males emerge earlier than females. Protandry may occur because male eggs were laid earlier, or because the development time of males is shorter than that of females (Yanega 1997).	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377201D7CFDBC4A48FC3CDE84.taxon	description	(Figures 1 c, 3, 8 e; Tables S 4 – S 5)	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377201D7CFDBC4A48FC3CDE84.taxon	biology_ecology	Nest site Two nesting areas were studied. One, 0.5 m wide × 0.5 m long, was in a gentle slope facing south, on the northern shore of Lake Huechulaufquen. The other one, 4 m wide × 10 m long, was in a flat area near Lake Lácar (Figure 3 a). In the first site the earth was wet and loose, with a few stones; the days before had had intense rains, which explained the humidity of this usually arid area (Devoto et al. 2009). In the second site the earth was dry, and it had a thick (1 – 2 cm) layer of volcanic ash, which was thicker in some parts of the area. Both sites had cushion plants (Azorella prolifera (Cav.) Plunkett and Nicolas), the exotic Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link), and some small shrubs. The nests were scattered in both areas, approximately 13 nests / m 2. A few nests of H. reticulatus and Lasioglossum (Dialictus) sp. (Halictidae: Halictini), and several anthills of Dorymyrmex sp. (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) were found at the second site. Nest structure Nest entrances had a radial tumulus of dried soil, diameter 30 – 40 mm (Figure 3 b). Most entrances were totally covered by the soil of the tumulus, but in some nests the entrance was partially exposed and its position could be inferred (Figure 3 b, nest at the bottom). When the tumulus was removed, a bee showed her head immediately, and 20 – 30 seconds later reappeared backwards, moving her metasoma out of the tunnel while carrying some soil with her legs and depositing it at the surface (Figure 1 c). This was done twice or thrice until the entrance was fully covered, resulting in a tumulus smaller than the previous one; no further movements were observed after the entrance was occluded. The entrances had a diameter of 4.0 mm (SD = 0.5, n = 10), and immediately below it the tunnel widened slightly (x = 5.2 mm SD = 0.8, n = 10). In only one nest, one cluster was found in a chamber 9.2 cm from the entrance; it was held in place by pillars of soil and contained six horizontally orientated closed cells (Table S 4: nest 3). This cluster, which was in a chamber 33 mm high and 17 mm wide, was kept closed and is housed in the collection of MACN; no specimens emerged from it. In two nests (Table S 4: nests 9, 10) four and five ovoid cells were found, most of them open, one filled with soil. Notably, no clusters were found in the other nests. Since the nests were dug on windy days, the soil fell permanently over the area that was being excavated, and some old cells (open or filled with soil) may have gone unnoticed – which would not have been the case for cells with pollen and / or immature stages, which are easily seen when a cell is accidentally broken in the process. The nests ended at 17.5 cm (SD = 4.3, n = 10). Nesting behaviour Five females were found in two nests, four females in two more, and the remaining six nests had only one female (Table S 5). None of the females had well-developed ovaries. Most of the females had mandibles and wings unworn or with very little wear (Table S 5), indicating they had recently emerged, but in two of the multi-female nests (Table S 5: nests 8, 10) there was one female with fully worn mandibles and wings. Probably these females had been the founders of the nests, and the other bees were their daughters, which remained in the natal nest. The presence of females of two generations may indicate eusocial behaviour, although division of reproductive labour could not be confirmed. I believe these newly emerged daughters would not have helped their mother to produce a second generation, because the nests were studied at the end of the warm season in Patagonia (beginning of February) when few flowers remain in the field. Considering also that no larvae or pupae were found in the nests and that the first males appear in the field approximately by mid-December (in Los Lagos, Chile, Table S 14), I infer that these bees were going to spend the winter as inseminated females, in their natal nests. The following spring these females might either found their own nest or re-use their natal nest. Unfortunately, data are insufficient to conclude whether this species is solitary or social, but it is univoltine in the area studied.	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377221D7AFDB44858FF45DEA3.taxon	description	(Figures 1 b, 4, 8 a; Tables S 6 – S 7)	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377221D7AFDB44858FF45DEA3.taxon	biology_ecology	Nest site Nests of this species were found in vertical banks (Figure 4 a) facing north or west, towards main roads of the National Parks sampled, in the permanent shade of trees. Nest aggregations (Figure 4 b) contained both active and inactive nests. Bees carrying pollen were observed, flying in close proximity to the bank until they found the entrance of their nest. The nests found in Lake Guillelmo and Villa Mascardi were studied on cloudy, rainy days. Some velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae: Euspinolia sp.) were observed walking in the nesting area at Puerto Arrayán, and one specimen was found inside an active nest that was occupied by a bee (Table S 6: nest 3), but no evidence of parasitism was found in the cells studied. Nests of Caenohalictus sp. (Halictidae: Caenohalictini) and anthills of Dolichoderinae and Camponotus sp. (Formicinae) were found in the nesting area of Lake Lolog. Nest structure The entrances had a diameter of 5.0 mm (SD = 0.6, n = 15). The nests comprised a horizontal burrow that led to a well-defined chamber (x = 18.8 cm SD = 9.4 from entrance, n = 18) which held an earthen block: the cluster of cells. Since the nests were very close to each other, digging an active nest caused the exposure of tunnels and blocks of nearby nests. Most of these nearby nests were inactive, from past years, and only had open cells with faeces or cells filled with loose soil (Figure 4 c). These nests were included in the study, though they lack some measurements (e. g. entrance diameter, chamber depth; see Table S 6). No nest had branches from the main burrow, although occasionally a blind burrow extended beyond the cluster for a few centimetres. The earthen block containing the cells rested at the bottom of the chamber (Figure 4 d) or was held in place by roots, but there were no earthen pillars to support it, and therefore it was easy to remove clusters intact. The shape of the block was approximately rounded, the surface was rough and the cells’ outlines were not evident from the exterior. The blocks were opened in the laboratory 7 days after extraction, and measurements and contents were recorded (Table S 6); no bee emerged in the intervening period. The blocks were carefully scraped with a knife to find the cells, which were orientated in different directions (Figures 4 c, e). Some cells contained fungi and dead larvae (Figure 4 f), suggesting that this species may be particularly sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and / or manipulation, though it is possible that the larvae were already dead before nest excavation. A few blocks were left intact as voucher material. The blocks had the following measurements: 22 – 36 mm width, 16 – 28 mm length, 13 – 24 mm height (n = 5). Each block had at most six cells (x = 3.5 SD = 1.6, n = 17). The cells were ovoid in shape and had the following measurements: 2.8 – 3.8 mm width at neck, 4.6 – 6.0 mm maximum width, 9.4 – 11.4 mm length (n = 14). Two nests had an earthen block with no cells in it (Table S 6: nests 7, 9), and the blocks extracted in December were not smaller than those found at the end of January, though the first ones only had one to three cells. This could be evidence that the bees delimit or build the earthen block first and then dig the cells in it, instead of digging the cells as they enlarge the block, as Claude-Joseph (1926) described for Co. apicata. In active nests, both open cells with faeces and cells filled with loose soil were found. Nesting behaviour Several indicators suggest that Co. bruchiana is a solitary species, at least in the region studied. I never found more than one adult per nest, all of them had some mandible and wing wear (Table S 7), and the earthen blocks had relatively few cells, all features of solitary species. The nests dug on 20 December had open cells with pollen, and closed cells with pollen and an egg or small larva on it, evidence that the bees had started the nesting season recently. Only one specimen had fully developed ovaries, which was collected in December. Specimens collected at the end of January had little or no evidence of ovary development (Table S 7), but this could be due to the fact that oviposition had already ended. Most nests dug in late January had postdefecating larvae, and two had male pupae (Table S 6). These data and the fact that there are no male specimens in collections obtained before February (Table S 14) indicate that this species is univoltine in the area studied.	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377241D79FDB84877FEE1D803.taxon	description	(Figures 5, 8 b; Tables S 8 – S 9)	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377241D79FDB84877FEE1D803.taxon	biology_ecology	Nest site The nesting area was in a south-facing slope, 6 m wide × 2 m long, on the northern shore of Lake Traful, on the side of Provincial Route 65 (Figure 5 a). The ground was totally exposed to the sun, with almost no vegetation, and the earth was dry with some stones. The nests of Co. nahuelita were scattered, and only occasionally was a female observed entering a nest. A few centimetres away from one of the entrances there was an anthill of Dorymyrmex sp. (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). Nest structure The entrances of the nests were very small (x = 2.2 mm SD = 0.4, n = 5), but immediately below the burrow widened (Figure 5 d) leading to a chamber, located 2.0 – 8.8 cm (x = 4.2 cm SD = 2.1, n = 8) from the entrance. Each comb-like cluster had from 2 to 18 (x = 9.2 SD = 4.7, n = 13) cells, which were mostly vertically orientated (Figure 5 c, e) with their openings facing the roof of the chamber, and in some cases the cluster followed the outline of some stone on which it was supported. The base and the ends of the clusters were somewhat attached to the substrate, and some of the peripheral cells were broken when extracted. For this reason it is difficult to define the size of the clusters, although the largest (Figure 5 c) was 30.2 mm wide, 37.4 mm long and 19.8 mm high, and the upper side, which housed the openings of the cells, was slightly concave. Once the cluster was removed, due to the dry soil and the stones it was not possible to define whether the nest ended there, but in some nests a lower blind burrow that extended 2 – 3 cm beyond the chamber was observed (Figure 8 b). One of the nests (Table S 8: nest 2) had two clusters very close to each other, the first one inactive, probably from the previous year. Some clusters were opened 7 days later in the laboratory, and their measurements and contents were recorded (Table S 8). The remaining clusters were left untouched, awaiting the emergence of adults. The cells, ovoid in shape (Figure 5 b), had the following measurements: 2.0 – 3.0 mm width at neck; 2.6 – 4.5 mm maximum width; 7.1 – 9.5 mm length (n = 12). Some of the cells of active nests had fungi, and some were open and had faeces, while others had been filled with loose soil – clear indicators of a reused nest. Only one nest (Table S 8: nest 5) was inactive, with no bees or active cells in it. Nesting behaviour One female was found in each of six nests; all of them had worn mandibles and wings, and well developed ovaries (Table S 9). No bees were found in five nests; one of these nests was inactive but the others contained from one to four active cells. These data suggest solitary behaviour, but the study was carried out on sunny days, and some specimens were observed later flying around the area that had been dug. Moreover, one nest had 11 active cells (Table S 8: nest 4), which might be too many cells to provision for a single bee. These data suggest that the species probably had solitary and social nests in the area studied. One of the nests had unusual contents: four females with no mandible or wing wear, one of which had no ovary development while the other three had well-developed eggs in their ovaries (Table S 9: nest 1). These females were found near the cluster, which had six open cells, but despite the intact wings and mandibles I do not believe these females had recently emerged. The pupae found in all nests studied were unsclerotised, and adults from the clusters that were taken to the laboratory did not emerge until 2 weeks later (after 4 January). It is plausible that the workers of that nest were foraging when the nest was dug, so I infer that this nest was semisocial, with three reproductive females in it. I discard communal behaviour because these females had no visible signs of wear in wings and mandibles, perhaps because foraging and construction were performed entirely by the workers. Bees of both sexes emerged in the laboratory at the beginning of January. This agrees with data taken from collections, suggesting that males appear in the field from that moment on (Table S 14). The proportion of pupae (4 f, 5 m) was similar to that of adults emerged from the nests (5 f, 5 m). Although I found several open cells in the nests, many with faeces, they could have been active the previous year, and left untouched by the bees, while others were filled with soil. The data suggest that the species is univoltine in the area studied.	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377261D78FDAA49C9FE8DDBED.taxon	description	(Figures 6, 8 f; Tables S 10 – S 11)	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377261D78FDAA49C9FE8DDBED.taxon	biology_ecology	Nest site In Paititi Natural Reserve, in Sierra de los Difuntos (Figure 6 a), I found a slope of wet compact soil facing south (Figure 6 c), 3 m wide × 1 m long, which had nests of H. amplilobus and Pseudagapostemon pampeanus (Holmberg) (Halictidae: Caenohalictini). Nests were found on top of the hill, 160 m a. s. l., an area dominated by bushes of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escal. (Rhamnaceae), Baccharis spp. and Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. (Asteraceae). Nest structure The three nests that were dug had an entrance diameter slightly narrower (x = 2.3 mm SD = 0.4, n = 2) than that of the main tunnel (x = 3.2 mm SD = 0.6, n = 2) (Table S 10). At 9.8 cm (SD = 2.8, n = 4) from the entrance there was a chamber of approximately 12 mm width by 26 mm height which contained a cluster of 4 – 9 (x = 6.8 SD = 2.2, n = 4) ovoid cells, horizontally orientated, with their openings facing the tunnel (Figure 6 b, e). One of the nests had two clusters; the deeper one had only open, empty cells. Apparently the cluster was held only by the walls of the chamber, and in only one case by a pillar of soil. One of the nests had a blind tunnel facing backwards, which extended 2 cm beyond the chamber; the other nests ended at the chamber. The nests ended 16 cm from the surface (SD = 3.8, n = 2). Nesting behaviour Two nests had one cluster of cells and one female bee, whose ovaries were developed and whose mandibles and wings showed some wear (Table S 11: nests 1, 2). The other nest had two clusters and a dead female at the end of the tunnel, which had fungi on wings and metasoma but unworn mandibles, so I conclude it had died soon after emerging. Considering that the nests were dug on cold, rainy days, it can be inferred that all occupants were in the nest; therefore, this population of H. amplilobus would be solitary. Many open cells, two male pupae and a small larva were found in the nests. The first record of males flying nearby (Tandil, Table S 14) is from spring, probably from a first brood. Considering that the nests were dug in summer and they had recently open cells (they were in good condition) and pupae, it is probable that the species is bivoltine in the area studied.	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377261D64FDAD4CA4FE53D8DA.taxon	description	(Figures 3 a, 7, 8 c; Tables S 12 – S 13)	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
B220879377261D64FDAD4CA4FE53D8DA.taxon	biology_ecology	Nest site Three nests were found in a slope 4 m wide × 1 m long in the Challhuaco Valley (Río Negro) (Figure 7 a). The soil was dry and slightly sandy, and it contained some stones. The nest entrances were 3 – 4 cm apart. Two additional nests of this species were found in the same flat ground near Lake Lácar where the nests of Co. ampliata were studied (Figure 3 a, see Co. ampliata for site description). Nests from both sites were dug by midsummer. Nest structure The nests from the Challhuaco Valley had very small entrances (x = 2.0 mm SD = 0.5, n = 3), but the burrow widened considerably immediately below (x = 3.4 mm SD = 0.2, n = 3) (Table S 12). Each nest had 4 – 9 (x = 7.0 SD = 2.7, n = 3) cells, which were at 4.1 cm (SD = 0.4, n = 3) from the surface. The cells were in a comb-like cluster, horizontally orientated, with their openings facing the tunnel, but the chamber was not clearly defined. One nest (Table S 12: nest 1) had two cells on each side of the tunnel, while another nest (Table S 12: nest 3, Figure 8 c) had two cells with faeces and filled with soil located opposite a cluster with seven cells (four active, closed cells, and three empty, open cells). All the nests had some open cells with faeces. The entrances of the cells that were closed were smooth on the outer side (facing the burrow) and rough on the inner side. The cells were very fragile and only a few were extracted intact. The cells were ovoid in shape, with the following measurements: 2.7 – 3.0 mm maximum width; 5.5 – 5.6 mm length (n = 2). The main tunnel turned beyond the cells, and ended in a blind burrow (x = 7.5 cm SD = 1.3, n = 3). The nests of H. reticulatus from the site near Lake Lácar had a radial tumulus of loose soil like the nests of Co. ampliata, but the tumulus was smaller (20 mm diameter) in this species, and the bees did not appear or re-make the tumulus immediately after it was removed. The nests had an entrance of 3.2 mm (SD = 0.3, n = 2) in diameter, and they consisted of a vertical burrow that ended 15 cm (SD = 1.4, n = 2) from the surface (Table S 13). In one of the nests the deepest 5 cm of the tunnel was slightly wider, suggesting a poorly defined chamber. No cells were detected in these nests, but some old cells may have gone unnoticed due to weather conditions at the moment of the excavation (see details in Co. ampliata). Nesting behaviour Unfortunately no adults were observed in the nests found in the Challhuaco Valley, but I was able to associate these nests to the species due to the advanced degree of sclerotisation of the pupae (Table S 12). One of the nests found near Lake Lácar had 11 females; only one of them had fully worn mandibles and wings, while the remaining specimens had entire mandibles and only some of them had one or two notches in the wings (Table S 13: nest 2). Two females were found in the other nest (Table S 13: nest 1), both with very low mandible and wing wear. I did not detect clusters or cells in these nests, and none of the females had well-developed ovaries. Data suggest that the female with worn mandibles and wings from Nest 2 could have been the founder of the nest and the mother of the remaining females. As in Co. ampliata, although this could be evidence of eusocial behaviour due to overlap of generations, given the time of the year when the nests were studied it is more plausible that the bees were using their natal nest as a refuge, and were soon to enter diapause. Unfortunately the data are insufficient to infer whether H. reticulatus has some form of social behaviour. Only well-developed pupae were found in the nests dug at the end of January, and 5 days later (2 February 2011) several dozen males were found in flowers of Chrysanthemum sp. (Asteraceae) near the area studied (Figure 7 b, c). These data may suggest an explosive peak of males in midsummer, as happened with Ca. aureoviridis, although I observed an unbiased sex ratio in the pupae of the few nests studied (5 f: 5 m). Since males appear in the field at the beginning of January (Table S 14), it is inferred that H. reticulatus would be univoltine, like the other species of the Corynura group that inhabit the area.	en	González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana (2022): Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48): 1841-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833
