identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039A87C2267DB863A0E8F9B3FBDA9981.text	039A87C2267DB863A0E8F9B3FBDA9981.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerothyonidae Thandar 1989	<div><p>Family Sclerothyonidae Thandar, 1989</p> <p>Remarks. This taxon, erected as Sclerothyoninae by Thandar (1989) within the family Sclerodactylidae, was raised to full family rank by Smirnov (2012) in his revision of the classification of the Holothuroidea. Although not totally accepted by WoRMS (accessed May 2012), it is listed as an alternative nomen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. [from Thandar 1989, as amended by Martins &amp; Tavares 2019]. Tentacles 10, ventral-most two much reduced. Calcareous ring not tubular, radial and interradial plates separate or united at base only. Posterior paired processes of radial plates long, 2–8 times the length of ring, either entire of broken into several pieces.</p> <p>Included genera. Sclerothyone (type genus), Temparena Thandar, 1989, Neopentamera Deichmann, 1941, Thandarum Martinez &amp; Brogger, 2012, and Paulayellus Martins &amp; Tavares,. 1998.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87C2267DB863A0E8F9B3FBDA9981	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Thandar, A. S.;Arumugam, P.	Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3
039A87C2267CB863A0E8F9CEFD6E9E19.text	039A87C2267CB863A0E8F9CEFD6E9E19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerothyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller 1981) Thandar & Arumugam 2022	<div><p>Sclerothyone adinopoda (Pawson &amp; Miller, 1981) comb. nov.</p> <p>Arumugam’s (2011) re-assignment of Thyone adinopoda Pawson &amp; Miller, 1981, to Sclerothyone, on the current senior author’s advice, was not questioned by Martins &amp; Tavares (2019) and hence it is now formally included in Sclerothyone although it has scattered podia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87C2267CB863A0E8F9CEFD6E9E19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Thandar, A. S.;Arumugam, P.	Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3
039A87C2267CB863A0E8FCBEFABA9F05.text	039A87C2267CB863A0E8FCBEFABA9F05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerothyone neofusus (Deichmann 1941) Thandar & Arumugam 2022	<div><p>Sclerothyone neofusus (Deichmann, 1941) comb. nov.</p> <p>Although the holotype is now devoid of the calcareous ring and ossicles, perhaps completely decalcified, a dissected paratype demonstrated a well-developed calcareous ring (Figure 1A) typical of the Sclerothyonidae and the body wall ossicles (Figure 1B) as delicate 2-pillared tables but on their way to corrosion. The paratype corresponds well with Deichmann’s (1941) description of the species except that the pedicel ossicles are badly affected and appear as corroded rods (?plates) with central and terminal perforations (Figure 1C). The tentacle ossicles comprise slender, curved, perforated rods (Figure 1D) and open rosettes (Figure 1E). No ossicles were detected in the introvert. From this we conclude that the calcareous ring and ossicles of the examined paratype are close to the type species of Sclerothyone [(i.e. S. velligera (Ludwig &amp; Heding, 1935)] and also closely resemble those of S. unicolumnus Thandar, 2006. However, Martins and Tavares (2019) opined that Thyone neofusus may belong in Temparena (also in Sclerothyoninae), rather than in Sclerothyone, as they mistook the plate-like ossicles illustrated by Deichmann (1941), to have also come from the body wall. This observation is erroneous because of misinterpretation of Deichmann’s (1941) figure legend. It is here noted that the so-called plates are actually supporting plates, labelled as such in Deichmann’s legend, while in the description she herself stated that the plates may be reduced tables from the tube feet. However, it is noteworthy that Deichmann mentioned only rosettes in the introvert, but her figure clearly illustrates a “disc of table from introvert”. This may perhaps be contamination from another preparation. Hence, Deichmann’s description of the introvert deposits require clarification from a study of more material.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87C2267CB863A0E8FCBEFABA9F05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Thandar, A. S.;Arumugam, P.	Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3
039A87C2267CB863A0E8FE4AFD989AD5.text	039A87C2267CB863A0E8FE4AFD989AD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerothyone Thandar 1989	<div><p>Genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1989</p> <p>Diagnosis (from Martins &amp; Tavares 2019, amended herein). Tube feet in double rows, restricted to ambulacra, interambulacra mostly naked, or tube feet scattered over body. Calcareous ring compact, non-tubular, posterior processes of radial plates long, entire or subdivided. Body wall tables with regular, oval, four-holed disc, with or without a handle, or large, irregular multilocular disc, also with or without a handle. Spire with pillars separate or fused. Introvert with plates, rods, rosettes and/or tables. Tentacles with rods, plates, rosettes or tables. Tube feet with endplate, supporting tables and plates.</p> <p>Included species. All genera and species included, except those here dealt with, are tabulated by Martins &amp; Tavares (1998), together with their distribution and ossicle morphology and there is no need to repeat this here, except that Cucumaria nozawai Mitsukuri, 2012, from Japan, was transferred to Sclerothyone by Thandar (2021) and, in the current paper, Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941 from the West Atlantic, Thyone adinopoda Pawson &amp; Miller. 1981 also from the West Atlantic and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) from Japan, are also now transferred to this genus as suggested by Arumugam (2011). The inclusion of T. adinopoda was not questioned by Martins &amp; Tavares (2019) but they excluded it from their table and the key. Hence altogether 13 species currently stand in Sclerothyone. The key provided by Martins &amp; Tavares (2019) is here modified to include all the species. The debatable species are discussed below.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87C2267CB863A0E8FE4AFD989AD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Thandar, A. S.;Arumugam, P.	Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3
039A87C2267EB861A0E8F9DDFBE49E6D.text	039A87C2267EB861A0E8F9DDFBE49E6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerothyone nozawai (Mitsukuri 1912)	<div><p>Sclerothyone nozawai (Mitsukuri, 1912)</p> <p>This species which was recently transferred to Sclerothyone by Thandar (2021), on advice from Martins &amp; Tavares in their review, is now also included in the key below without further remarks.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87C2267EB861A0E8F9DDFBE49E6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Thandar, A. S.;Arumugam, P.	Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3
039A87C2267EB861A0E8FEE4FBF89F3F.text	039A87C2267EB861A0E8FEE4FBF89F3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerothyone obunca (Lampert 1885) Thandar & Arumugam 2022	<div><p>Sclerothyone obunca (Lampert, 1885) comb. nov.</p> <p>Another species considered by Arumugam (2011) as belonging to Sclerothyone is Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885). Lampert placed this species in Cucumaria but provided a rather vague description without even mentioning the number of specimens he had examined. He described the holotype as 30 mm long and the calcareous ring as 3 mm high, but illustrated only a single ossicle, presumably from the body wall. Mitsukuri (1912) described two specimens from Asamushi (Japan), which he claimed to belong to Cucumaria obunca (Lampert, 1885), but neither described nor illustrated the calcareous ring or any ossicles. Long after Östergren’s death, Heding (in Östergren et al., 1938) compiled Östergren’s incomplete works, in which he presented an illustration of the calcareous ring and ossicles of this species but without a description or any locality or other data. We, therefore, opine that the illustration was from Östergren’s incomplete work on this species, presumably from the type material from the Copenhagen/Stuttagart Museums (as there were only two records of the species to that date [that of Lampert (1885) and Mitsukuri (1912)]. According to the curator at the Copenhagen Museum (pers. comm.), the holotype of C. obunca appears to be lost and attempts to locate it at other museums were unsuccessful. Mitsukuri (1912) dubiously assigned two of his specimens to this species, but without illustrations, but attempts to locate these specimens also proved unsuccessful. Mitsukuri (1912) stated that in some respects his specimens resembled Cucumaria chronhjelmi Théel, 1886 but with which Deichmann (1938) disagreed and described Mitsukuri’s (not Théel’s C. chronhjelmi) as Eupentacta pseudoquinquesemita ? with some doubt, while designating Selenka’s (1867) Cucumaria quinquesemita as type species of her new genus Eupentacta (accessed WoRMS, October 2022). She, further, declared that both species are North-East Pacific in distribution, perhaps extending to Japan. In addition, Deichmann (1938) stated that Selenka’s record of E. quinquesemita from South Carolina, proved on examination to be referable to Pentamera pulcherrima (Ayres), thus clearing up a puzzling distribution range.</p> <p>Panning (1949), in his revision of the Cucumariidae, transferred Lampert’s C. obunca to Pentathyone after synonymizing the latter with Havelockia. Thus, this species currently remains in Havelockia (WoRMS, accessed October 2022), despite the fact that the tube feet are restricted to the ambulacra. Hence, this species, on the basis of Martin &amp; Tavares’ amendment of the diagnosis of the family, is now also transferred to Sclerothyone, despite the presence of shorter posterior processes to the radial plates (Figure 1F). It perhaps belongs to a new genus within the Sclerothyonidae, but because of its restriction of the podia to the ambulacra and the resemblance of its ossicles to those of other species of Sclerothyone, it is here also referred to this genus. Despite the presence of 2-pillared tables in the body wall (Figure 1G) and introvert (Fig. 1I), S. obunca differs from other species within Sclerothyone in possessing peculiar, elongated tables in the tentacles (Fig. 1H).</p> <p>Another specimen collected from the type locality in 1896 and identified as Pentathyone obunca (Lampert) (USNM 30629), appears to have dried up prior to preservation, with the internal anatomy difficult to discern and the body wall and tube feet ossicles corroded. However, its tube feet are not restricted to the ambulacra. Therefore, whether this specimen is really S. obunca or another species is open to question.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87C2267EB861A0E8FEE4FBF89F3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Thandar, A. S.;Arumugam, P.	Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3
039A87C2267EB861A0E8FFFBFB089814.text	039A87C2267EB861A0E8FFFBFB089814.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerothyone oloughlini Martins & Tavares 2019	<div><p>Sclerothyone oloughlini Martins &amp; Tavares, 2019</p> <p>Martins &amp; Tavares’ (2019) referral of this species to Sclerothyone is here questioned as the calcareous ring appears to be of the Sclerodactylid type. However, since the tube feet are restricted to the ambulacra and the tables have a handle on one side, it is here left to stand in Sclerothyone as intermediate forms are to be expected.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87C2267EB861A0E8FFFBFB089814	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Thandar, A. S.;Arumugam, P.	Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3
039A87C22679B867A0E8FA80FDF99AF0.text	039A87C22679B867A0E8FA80FDF99AF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neothyone Deichmann 1941	<div><p>Genus Lisacucumis nomen nov. (replacement name for junior homonym Neothyone Deichmann, 1941)</p> <p>Stolus Selenka (partim) 1867: 356.</p> <p>Thyone (partim) Ludwig, 1886 (1887).</p> <p>Neothyone Deichmann, 1941: 108; Panning, 1949: 458 [homonym of Neothyone Hampson, 1914, in lepidopteran family Arctiidae].</p> <p>Diagnosis (after Deichmann 1941). A genus of medium-sized dendrochirotid holothuroids with a thick body wall, packed with ossicles.. Tube feet numerous, distributed over entire body. Tentacles 10, ventral pair reduced. Plates of calcareous ring subdivided, with radial plates carrying short to medium-sized, fragmented, posterior processes, in some species fairly short and soft, often inwardly curled, thereby escaping notice. Ossicles of body wall a superficial layer of buttons with spinous projections on one side and an inner handle on the other, transformed into reticulated baskets in one species, in some cases lost with advancing age, and an inner layer of numerous, mostly 4-holed knobbed, sometimes smooth, buttons. Supporting tables of tube feet numerous, spire present or reduced; endplates present. Tentacle ossicles as heavy plates or rods. Introvert supported by tables or reduced buttons (plates) and/or tables.</p> <p>Remarks. Arumugam (2011) pointed out that the nomen Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 is preoccupied, having been used by Hampson (1914) for a group of moths belonging to the lepidopteran family Arctiidae, antedating Deichmann’s Neothyone by some 27 years. Hence, to replace this junior homonym, she proposed the nomen Lisacucumis nomen nov., which is here formally published with Stolus gibber Selenka, 1867, designated by Deichmann (1941) for Neothyone, as the type species of the new genus.</p> <p>Type species: Stolus gibber Selenka, 1867 (designated for Neothyone by Deichmann,1941).</p> <p>Type locality: Acapulco, Mexico.</p> <p>Etymology: The new name proposed is in honour of the late Dr Elisabeth Deichmann for her excellent contributions to the taxonomy of the Holothuroidea.</p> <p>Distribution: East Pacific (from Peru, through Costa Rica to Mexico, from shallow water to several meters.</p> <p>Other species included: Thyone panamensis Ludwig, 1886 (1887); Neothyone gibbosa Deichmann, 1941. However, since the erection of Neothyone, several other species were referred to it but of these N. belli (Ludwig, 1887) and N. capensis (Théel, 1886), have been transferred to other genera, whereas those species/subspecies referred to it by Domantay (1953) have been declared either nomina nuda and one as nomen dubiosus by WoRMS (accessed May 24, 2022). Thus, currently only three species remain, all are well-keyed by Deichmann (1941).</p> <p>Remarks: Deichmann (1941) referred only 3 species to Neothyone. While Selenka’s (1867) description of the type species is rather brief and not accompanied by any illustration, that of Ludwig’s (1886, 1887) Thyone similis (a synonym of N. gibber according to Deichmann, 1941), clearly indicates that this species is referable to the synonymy of N. gibber. Panning (1949), in his revision of the family Cucumariidae, transferred Neothyone to Sclerodactylinae but, like Deichmann (1941), was also unaware that this name was preoccupied. Neothyone is included by WoRMS (accessed May 24, 2022) in the subfamily Thyoninae but gives Thyonidae (sensu Smirnov 2012) as an alternative representation, which is here used.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87C22679B867A0E8FA80FDF99AF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Thandar, A. S.;Arumugam, P.	Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3
