taxonID	type	description	language	source
03825D690643FFBFFF16FBEF737AFB91.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 A, 3)	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690643FFBFFF16FBEF737AFB91.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ovigerous female (IO / SS / ANO / 00144; PCL 3.8 mm, CW 3.6 mm), Andaman Sea, off Car Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn. 334 II 05, 9.24 ° N, 92.92 ° E, 315 m depth, Naturalist’s dredge, coll. Vinu Jacob, 28 January 2015.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690643FFBFFF16FBEF737AFB91.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace slightly longer than wide; dorsal surface glabrous in general, with transverse rows of interrupted ridges (epigastric row composed of short scaly ridges, 1 complete row on protogastric region, 2 rows on mesogastric region, 3 irregular rows on posterior half), no spines on gastric region and on hepatic regions and margins; anterolateral spine overreaching tip of lateral limit of orbit, but not reaching tip of basal lateral tooth of rostrum; lateral margin with no small spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin; branchial margin with 4 spines. Rostrum broadly triangular, with 4 shallowly incised small teeth. Pterygostomian flap without spines on upper margin and surface. Abdominal tergite 2 with 2 long transverse ridges, tergite 3 with 1 long transverse ridge, tergites 4 – 6 smooth. Antennular article 1 with well-developed distomesial spine. Antennal article 1 with distomesial spine reaching distal end of article 4. Mxp 3 merus with 2 flexor marginal spines and small disto-extensor spine, distal spine larger than proximal spine; dactylus roundly truncate. P 1 palm relatively broad, 1.4 times as long as wide, dorsomesial margin with row of small spines; fingers equal in length to palm, opposable margins of fingers spooned. Epipods absent from P 1 – 4.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690643FFBFFF16FBEF737AFB91.taxon	description	Description. Carapace (PCL) 1.1 times as long as wide, surface nearly horizontal from anterior to posterior. Dorsal surface without setae; epigastric ridge composed of 2 short scales, without spines; 1 complete protogastric ridge, 2 indistinct mesogastric ridges interrupted medially, metagastric ridges apparently absent. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, and followed by 3 irregular transverse rows of short ridges on posterior half; median ridge of anteriormost row longest. Anterior branch of cervical groove poorly developed. Lateral margins gently convex, with 5 spines decreasing in size posteriorly; first anterolateral, well-developed, overreaching tip of lateral limit of orbit, not reaching tip of proximalmost lateral tooth of rostrum; 2 anterior and 2 posterior branchial spines. Lateral limit of orbit ending in small spine; infraorbital margin unarmed (Figs. 2 A, 3 A, B). Rostrum broadly triangular; length 1.1 times width, 0.4 PCL; width 0.4 CW; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.3 of that between proximalmost incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, without setae; lateral margins with 4 shallowly incised small teeth (Figs. 2 A, 3 A, B). Pterygostomian flap unarmed but with undulate ridges bearing short setae on surface; dorsal margin unarmed; anterior margin rounded, with slightly longer setae (Fig. 3 B). Thoracic sternum as long as wide, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite 3 2.5 times as wide as long, with 2 lobes anteriorly separated by V-shaped, shallow median notch; anterior margins of lobes faintly crenulated. Sternite 4 weakly concave on anterior margin; anterior width approximately as large as sternite 3; surface with pair of short striae anterolaterally and 1 undulate stria posteromedially (Fig. 3 C). Abdominal tergite 2 with 2 long transverse ridges, anterior ridge corresponding to dorso-anterior margin. Tergite 3 with 1 transverse ridge (Fig. 3 A). Tergites 4 – 6 smooth on surfaces. Tergite 6 with posteromedian margin gently concave (Fig. 3 D). Telson incompletely subdivided (Fig. 3 D). Ocular peduncle about 1.2 times as long as wide, maximum corneal diameter 0.8 times rostrum width (Fig. 3 A). Antennular article 1 with 3 well developed distal spines; distomesial and distolateral spines subequal in size, distodorsal spine largest (Fig. 3 E). Antennal article 1 with distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 4; article 2 with well-developed distomesial and distolateral spines subequal in size, not reaching distal margin of article 3; article 3 with small distomesial spine; article 4 unarmed (Fig. 3 E). Mxp 3 ischium with small distoflexor spine; extensor margin ending in acute angle; crista dentata with 26 denticles. Merus slightly longer than ischium (measured on lateral midline); flexor margin with 2 spines, distal spine distinctly longer than proximal; extensor margin with 1 distal spine and smaller subdistal spine. Carpus to dactylus unarmed. Propodus relatively broad. Dactylus short, roundly truncate; distal margin broad (Fig. 3 F). P 1 unequal (left and right P 1 1.6 and 1.4 PCL, respectively) covered with finely setiferous scales and with sparse long plumose setae. Merus 0.6 (left) and 0.5 (right) PCL, 1.7 (left) and 1.8 (right) times length of carpus; dorsal surface with 3 dorsolateral spines arranged in arc, dorsomesial margin with 3 spines, distomesial spine strongest, dorsodistal margin with 1 median spine; mesial surface with strong subdistal spine; ventral surface with distomesial spine followed by smaller spine. Carpus 0.9 (left) and 1.2 (right) times length of palm, 1.5 (left) and 1.6 (right) times longer than wide; dorsal surface with row of 5 and 4 spines, distomesial spine strongest; mesial surface with 2 spines, distal spine larger; ventrodistal margin with row of 3 small spines. Palm relatively broad, 1.4 (left) and 1.3 (right) times as long as wide, lateral and mesial margins subparallel, gently converging proximally; dorsal surface with small spine at dactylar articulation, dorsomesial margin with row of 4 small spines, lateral margin with 2 distal spines; ventral surface with 1 spinule at dactylar articulation. Fingers equal in length to palm (left) and 1.2 times longer than palm (right), spooned; opposable margins slightly gaping, each with low blunt tooth on proximal half; distal margin rounded, with row of small blunt teeth; dactylus with 1 proximal spinule on dorsomesial surface (Fig. 3 G, H). P 2 – 4 missing. Epipods absent from P 1 – 4.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690643FFBFFF16FBEF737AFB91.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690643FFBFFF16FBEF737AFB91.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although the present specimen is partially damaged and lacks all ambulatory legs, we treat it as a new species because of the different morphological characters of the carapace and third maxilliped. Galathea nicobarica sp. nov. is morphologically close to G. rubromaculata Miyake & Baba, 1967 a, known from Japan, Korea and the Philippines, in having the carapace with only a few long transverse ridges but no spines or covering of short setae on the gastric region and no small spine between the anterolateral and anteriormost branchial spines, the rostrum being relatively broad and with four shallowly incised small teeth on each lateral margin, the antennular article 1 with 3 well developed distal spines, the antennal article 1 with the distomesial spine reaching the distal end of the article 4, and the P 1 without an epipod (cf. Miyake & Baba 1967 a; Baba 1988; Kim et al. 2016). However, the present new species is distinguishable from G. rubromaculata by the branchial margin of the carapace with four instead of five spines. The flexor marginal armature of Mxp 3 merus of G. rubromaculata varies between the holotype from Japan (southwest off Nagasaki, Kyushu; Miyake & Baba 1967 a) and specimens from Japan (Sagami Bay, comparative material for the present study) and Korea (Kim et al. 2016). The two flexor marginal spines of Mxp 3 merus are equal in size in the holotype, but the distal spine is distinctly larger than the proximal spine in the other Japanese and Korean specimens, which is similar to the holotype of the present new species (cf. Miyake & Baba 1967 a; Kim et al. 2016; present study). Galathea nicobarica sp. nov. has a roundly truncate Mxp 3 dactylus which has been only known in G. kuboi Miyake & Baba, 1967 b recorded from Japan, Philippines, and Indonesia, among the congeneric species (Miyake & Baba 1967 b; Baba 1988, 2005). Galathea kuboi is clearly different from the new species by numerous short setae and no distinct transverse ridges on the carapace (cf. Baba 2005). The Japanese specimens of G. rubromaculata examined in the present study also have a comparatively wide Mxp 3 dactylus, but the shape of the article is oblong (Fig. 3 J) rather than truncate as in G. nicobarica sp. nov. and G. kuboi.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690643FFBFFF16FBEF737AFB91.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Presently only known from Andaman Sea, 315 m depth (Fig. 1).	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690644FFB2FF16FB4E7364FE3D.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 B, 4)	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690644FFB2FF16FB4E7364FE3D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: female (IO / SS / ANO / 00129; PCL 3.0 mm, CW 2.9 mm), Andaman Sea, off Little Andaman Island, FORVSS stn. 38806, 10.72 ° N, 92.7 ° E, 53 m depth, chain dredge, coll. Vinay P. Padate, 10 August 2019.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690644FFB2FF16FB4E7364FE3D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace with distinct transverse ridges; anterior protogastric ridge gently convex medially; scalelike median ridge behind anterior protogastric ridge; mesogastric ridge between anteriormost branchial marginal spines long but interrupted laterally; anterior metagastric ridge not medially interrupted; 2 epigastric, 1 hepatic, and 1 parahepatic spines; lateral margin with small spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin; anterolateral spine not reaching tip of lateral limit of orbit; branchial margin with 5 spines. Rostrum 1.5 times longer than wide, triangular; lateral margins nearly straight, each with 4 deeply incised teeth. Pterygostomian flap unarmed on surface and upper margin. Antennular article 1 with 3 well-developed distal spines. Mxp 3 merus with 2 subequal spines on flexor margin, disto-extensor margin unarmed. P 1 fingers distally spooned. Epipods absent from P 1 – 3.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690644FFB2FF16FB4E7364FE3D.taxon	description	Description. Carapace (PCL) approximately as long as wide; transverse ridges anteriorly bearing dense short setae, few scattered long non-plumose setae. Gastric region with 6 transverse ridges: 1 epigastric ridge with pair of spines; 2 protogastric ridges, anterior ridge uninterrupted, convex medially, bearing parahepatic spine laterally, posterior ridge short, scale-like; uninterrupted mesogastric ridge, not extending laterally to anterior-most branchial marginal spine; 2 metagastric ridges, anterior ridge not interrupted medially, extending laterally to anterior branchial ridge, posterior ridge short, scale-like. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, followed by 6 ridges including submarginal ridge, first and fifth ridges widely separated medially, second to fourth and sixth ridges uninterrupted. Hepatic region with 1 small spine behind anterolateral spine. Lateral margins gently convex, with 7 spines; first anterolateral, well-developed, not reaching tip of lateral limit of orbit; second spine minute, located at midlength between anterolateral spine and anteriormost branchial spine; 2 anterior branchial and 3 posterior branchial spines, last spine smallest. Lateral limit of orbit ending in distinct spine; infraorbital margin with strong spine (Figs. 2 B, 4 A, B). Rostrum 1.5 times longer than wide, length 0.4 times PCL, width 0.3 times CW; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.3 of that between proximalmost incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, bearing few setose scales; lateral margins nearly straight, each with 4 deeply incised sharp teeth (Fig. 4 A). Pterygostomian flap unarmed but with undulate ridges bearing short setae on surface; dorsal margin unarmed; anterior margin ending in small slender spine (Fig. 4 B). Sternal plastron 0.8 times as long as wide, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite 3 2.2 times as wide as long; anterior margin minutely serrated, with 2 lobes separated by narrow median notch. Sternite 4 distinctly concave on anterior margin; anterior width distinctly larger than sternite 3 width; surface with pair of submedian striae anteriorly and short median stria posteriorly (Fig. 4 C). Abdominal tergites 2 – 4 each with 2 uninterrupted transverse ridges, anterior ridge corresponding to dorsoanterior margin. Tergites 5 – 6 each with 2 medially interrupted ridges (Fig. 4 A). Tergite 6 with posteromedian margin nearly transverse (Fig. 4 D). Telson wider than long, not distinctly subdivided, with scale-like striae (Fig. 4 D). Ocular peduncle 1.3 times as long as wide, maximum corneal diameter 0.7 rostrum width (Fig. 4 A). Antennular article 1 with 3 well-developed distal spines, distomesial spine subequal in size to distoventral spine, distodorsal largest (Fig. 4 E). Ultimate article with few short fine setae not in tuft on distodorsal margin. Antennal article 1 with distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 3; article 2 with distomesial and distolateral spines reaching midlength of article 3; article 3 with small but distinct distomesial spine; article 4 unarmed (Fig. 4 E). Mxp 3 ischium with small distal spine each on flexor and extensor margins, crista dentata with 23 denticles. Merus slightly longer than ischium (measured on lateral midline); flexor margin with 2 subequal spines; distoextensor margin unarmed. Carpus with low protuberances on extensor surface. Propodus moderately slender. Dactylus oblong (Fig. 4 F). P 1 2.2 times PCL, covered with finely setose scales and with sparse long setae (Fig. 4 G). Merus 0.6 times PCL, 1.6 times longer than carpus, with spines arranged roughly in row each on dorsomesial and dorsolateral margins; dorsomesial spines stronger, distalmost spine prominent; mesial surface with submedian spine; lateral surface with few small spines distally; ventral surface with spine each at distomesial and distolateral angles. Carpus 0.8 length of palm, 1.4 times width; dorsal surface with 2 and 3 spines on dorsomesial and dorsolateral margin, respectively; lateral surfaces with some small spines; mesial surface with 4 spines increasing in size distally, distal second largest. Palm 2.3 times as long as wide; dorsal surface with dorsolateral and dorsomesial rows of irregular spines; mesial and lateral margin each with row of larger spines, lateral row extending to fixed finger; lateral margin almost straight; mesial margin gently convex. Fingers 0.9 length of palm, spooned distally; opposable margins slightly gaping proximally, dactylus bearing 1 large tooth proximally; distal margins rounded, each with row of small blunt teeth; dactylus with dorsomesial row of sparse spinules (Fig. 4 G). P 2 – 4 moderately slender, with setose striae and sparse long plumose setae (Fig. 4 H – J). P 2 – 4 2.1, 2.0, and 1.8 times PCL, respectively. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P 3 merus 0.9 times length of P 2 merus, P 4 merus 0.8 times length of P 3 merus); P 2 merus 0.7 times PCL, 5.3 times longer than high, 1.4 times P 2 propodus length; extensor margins each with row of 5 (P 4) and 6 (P 2 and P 3) proximally diminishing spines; flexor margins each with strong distal spine followed proximally by 1 small spine and few eminences; P 4 lateral surface with 1 submedian spine adjacent to extensor margin. Carpi with extensor row of 4 spines on P 2 and P 3 and 1 disto-extensor spine on P 4; distoflexor margins subacute. Propodi 4.1 – 4.3 times as long as high; extensor margins each with 2 small spines on proximal half; flexor margins with 5 (P 3 and P 4) and 6 (P 2) corneous spines on P 2, 5 spines on P 3 – 4. Dactyli each ending in curved strong spine, length 0.7 of propodal length; flexor margins each with 5 (P 3 and P 4) and 6 (P 2) proximally diminishing teeth, each tooth bearing slender corneous spine (Fig. 4 H – J). Epipods absent from P 1 – 4.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690644FFB2FF16FB4E7364FE3D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name honours the eminent crustacean taxonomist, Nasima Masoom Tirmizi, for her great contribution to the taxonomy of anomuran crustaceans in the Indian Ocean.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690644FFB2FF16FB4E7364FE3D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Galathea tirmiziae sp. nov. is morphologically closest to G. consobrina De Man, 1902 from Vanuatu to Western Australia and Indonesia and G. tagaro Macpherson & Robainas-Barcia, 2015 from Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands (cf. Macpherson & Robainas-Barcia 2015). The three species share the following characters: carapace with distinct transverse ridges, including anterior protogastric ridge gently convex medially, scale-like median ridge behind anterior protogastric ridge, long but laterally interrupted anterior mesogastric ridge between anteriormost branchial marginal spines, and anterior metagastric ridge medially uninterrupted; two epigastric spines, absence of cardiac spines; lateral carapace margin with small but distinct spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of five branchial spines; rostrum triangular, with four deeply incised teeth; pterygostomian flap unarmed on upper margin; antennular article 1 with three well-developed distal spines; Mxp 3 merus with 2 subequal spines on flexor margin; P 1 fingers distally spooned; and epipod absent from P 1. However, Galathea tirmiziae sp. nov. is distinguished from both of G. consobrina and G. tagaro by the Mxp 3 merus without a distoextensor spine, which is present in the latter two species, the proportionally more slender P 2 merus (5.3 vs 4.5 and 3.7 times longer than high in G. consobrina and G. tagaro, respectively), and the intermediate proportion of P 2 – 4 propodi (4.1 – 4.3 times longer than high vs 3.5 – 4.0 times in G. consobrina and 4.5 – 4.8 times in G. tagaro). Further, the new species differs from G. tagaro in the anterior margin of the thoracic sternite 4 being much wider than, rather subequal in width to the sternite 3, and the antennal article 3 with a small distomesial spine which is absent in the latter species.	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
03825D690644FFB2FF16FB4E7364FE3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Presently only known from Andaman Sea, 53 m depth (Fig. 1).	en	Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Zootaxa 5219 (2): 175-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6
