"bd7b965e-8fd5-47da-bad9-66bbd6724549","<p>The problems concerning the taxonomy of <i>Hieracium</i> have been summarised several times, recently by, e.g., Greuter (2007) who states regarding European taxa: “The treatment of <i>Hieracium</i> […] poses problems that are almost impossible to resolve. Taxonomy in itself is a nightmare, and achieving a synthesis on a Euro-Mediterranean scale is further hampered by the existence of competing, irreconcilable schools of thought regarding the basic principles of classification. There are two main ideologies: One is following the Zahn tradition, according to which the (axiomatic) main species and (postulated) hybridogenous intermediate species derived from them are subdivided into often numerous subspecies corresponding to their (usually apomictic and ‘true-breeding’) variants; and the ‘Nordic school’, by which each distinguishable apomictic strain is treated as a species, and only a small number of sections are recognised between genus and species. The latter approach is perhaps more defensible from a phylogenetic point of view, but has the major drawback of being inapplicable, according to the present state of knowledge, in large areas where the major diversity of morphotypes is encountered. Yet it is unrealistic to expect that any of the Nordic hawkweed specialists might be convinced to revert to a classification based on Zahn’s principles.” </p> <p>Gottschlich (2009: 24) summarised the requirements regarding future revisions: taxa should be characterized by morphological discontinuities, geographical, ecological and/or phenological separation. They can easily be transferred from classical Zahn-inspired systems into micro-species classifications.</p>\r<p>The ICN portal offers two alternative taxonomic treatments for <i>Hieracium</i>:</p> <p>(1) <b>Taxonomy according to Med-Checklist 2</b> (Greuter & Raab-Straube 2008; see also Greuter 2007) but including the extra-Mediterranean countries of Europe. Taxa occurring in the latter area (as well as extra-European taxa) have not been compiled completely but will be added continuously. </p><p>(2) <b>A consequent step-wise micro-species concept</b>. For further details see systematics section of the alternative treatment.\r\r<h3>References (other titles cited)</h3>\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2009: Die Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>) in der Region Abruzzen (Italien). – Stapfia 89. [Italy]\rGreuter W. 2007: <i>Hieracium</i>. Pp. 143-181 in: Greuter W. & Raab-Straube E. von (ed.), Euro+Med Notulae, 3. – Willdenowia 37: 139-189.\rGreuter W. & Raab-Straube E. von (ed.) 2008: Med-Checklist 2. – Palermo, Genève & Berlin.</p>\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6925d19a-6b68-41ce-9f97-e302a27ec79a","Rich T. C. G., McCosh D. J. & Teesdale I. 2010: Conservation of Britain's biodiversity: status of <i>Hieracium thalassinum</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>), Hairy-bracted hawkweed. - Watsonia 28: 160-161.","Conservation",,"eng",,,,,
"b9f752c3-2647-4320-a1d5-18a33c48e95e","Rich T. C. G. & McCosh D. J. 2010: Conservation status of two British members of <i>Hieracium</i> section <i>Alpestria</i>), (<i>Hieracium mirandum</i>) and (<i>H. solum</i>) (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Watsonia 28: 141-144.","Conservation",,"eng",,,,,
"2f949920-e22f-4707-81ad-14143226fa73","Shewring M. & Rich T. C. G. 2010: Conservation of Britain's biodiversity: status of the Welsh endemic <i>Hieracium subminutidens</i>, Llanwrytyd Hawkweed (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Watsonia 28: 145-149.","Conservation",,"eng",,,,,
"eca56d54-6519-4b13-9e81-aff0ef2ba714","Rich T. C. G. & McCosh D. J. 2010: Taxonomy and conservation status of <i>Hieracium vinifolium</i> (including <i>H. kintyricum</i>), Claret-leaved Hawkweed (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Watsonia 28: 151-156.","Conservation",,"eng",,,,,
"0138946e-beb9-4480-8023-c9a735627b05","Rich T. C. G. & McCosh D. J. 2010: Conservation status of two British members of <i>Hieracium</i> section <i>Alpestria</i>), (<i>Hieracium mirandum</i>) and (<i>H. solum</i>) (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Watsonia 28: 141-144.","Conservation",,"eng",,,,,
"b7506fa6-87c2-41fa-9898-2b4712502baf","<p>The <i>Lactucinae</i> subclade as found in the analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al 2009) deviates in a few important points from the circumscription of the subtribe by Bremer (1994) and Lack (2006):<br> (1) <i>Nabalus, </i>which is clearly separated from <i>Prenanthes</i> sensu typi, is not part of the <i>Lactucinae</i> but nested in the <i>Crepidinae</i> (see there) with an affinity to <i>Soroseris</i>.<br> (2) <i>Prenanthes,</i> even after segregation of <i>Nabalus,</i> remains a highly artificial polyphyletic assemblage. Only a minor portion of its species are nested within the <i>Lactucinae</i> with affinity to <i>Cicerbita</i> and <i> Notoseris. Prenanthes</i> sensu typi is, at least for the time being, also excluded from the <i>Lactucinae. </i>Its placement, however, remains problematic because the cladograms based on nuclear and plastid markers are incongruent. According to the phylogenetic analyses based on cp <i>matK</i> sequences, <i>P. purpurea,</i> which provides the type of the generic name, is sister to the rest of the <i>Lactucinae.</i> According to the phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS sequences, <i>P. purpurea</i> is nested within the <i>Hypochaeridinae,</i> which is not supported by morphological characters. The incongruent topologies are most like the result of reticulate evolution.<br> (3)<i> Syncalathium,</i> placed into the <i>Lactucinae</i> by Bremer (1994) and Lack (2006), is diphyletic. The larger group of species, with 5-ribbed achenes and including <i>S. disciforme, S. porphyreum</i> and <i>S. kawaguchii</i> (= <i> S. sukaczewii,</i> which provides the type of the generic name) belongs to the <i>Crepidinae</i> with a relationship to <i>Nabalus</i> and <i>Soroseris</i>. The other part of the genus, represented solely by <i>S. souliei,</i> has achenes with one rib on either side, and is nested within the <i>Lactucinae.</i> This finding has also been corroborated by a recent karyological study (Zhang & al. 2007, 2009), where <i>S. souliei </i>was found to have the same chromosome number (2n = 16) as <i>Syncalathium</i> s.str. (represented by <i>S. kawaguchii</i>) and <i>Soroseris,</i> but with a karyotype formula quite different from them. Blackmore & Persson (1996), who included <i>S. porphyreum </i>in their palynological studies and phylogenetic analysis based on morphological data, also found an affinity with the <i>Crepidinae</i> and not with the <i>Lactucinae,</i> but within the former a relationship with <i>Ixeris</i> and <i>Youngia</i> rather than with <i> Soroseris.</i> The molecular phylogenetic analysis by Zhang & al. (2011) also confirmed the exclusion of <i>S. souliei</i> from that genus and the <i> Crepidinae</i> and its placement in the <i>Lactucinae</i>. </p> <p>What remains in the subtribe <i>Lactucinae</i> is a morphologically rather diverse alliance, in which the morphological delimitation of natural entities at generic rank has posed almost insoluble problems. A key issue is the circumscription of <i>Lactuca,</i> as has already been discussed by Koopman & al. (1998), who provided an initial molecular study. The generic arrangement provided here is still tentative and a revised generic classification of the subtribe, based on combined molecular-morphological analyses by Kilian & al. (in prep.) including a much enlarged sampling for molecular analyses, is in progress.</p>\r<h3>References</h3>\rBlackmore S. & Persson V. 1996: Palynology and systematics of the <i>Crepidinae (Compositae: Lactuceae).</i> – Pp. 111-122 in: Hind D. J. N. & Beentje H. J. (ed.), Proceedings of the International <i>Compositae</i> Conference, Kew, 1994, 1. <i>Compositae: </i>Systematics. – Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.\r\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber.\r\rKilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.\r\rKoopman W. J. M., Guetta E., Van de Wiel, C. C. M., Vosman B. & Van den Berg R.G. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships among <i>Lactuca (Asteraceae)</i> species and related genera based on ITS-1 DNA sequences. – Amer. J. Bot. 85: 1517-1530.\r\rLack H. W. 2006: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.\r\rZhang J.-W., Sun H. & Nie E.-L. 2007: Karyological studies on the Sino-Himalayan endemic <i>Soroseris</i> and two related genera of tribe <i>Lactuceae</i> <i>(Asteraceae)</i>. – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 154: 79-87.\r\rZhang J. W., Nie Z. L. & Sun H. 2009: Cytological study on the genus <i> Syncalathium (Asteraceae-Lactuceae), </i>an endemic taxon to alpine scree of the Sino-Himalayas. – J. Syst. Evol. 47: 226–230.\r\rZhang J. W., Nie Z. N., Wen J. &  Sun H. 2011: Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of three closely related genera, <i>Soroseris, Stebbinsia</i>, and <i>Syncalathium (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)</i>, endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, SW China. &ndash;  Taxon  <a href=""http://http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00003"" target=""_blank"">60: 15-26</a>.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6254c9f2-7c4d-4575-abba-78651d9ff17f","Circumscription and delimitation of <i>Lactuca</i> L. is the key issue in the classification of subtribe <i>Lactucinae</i>. The rather wide circumscription used here is provisional and will have to be modified according to the current results of a morphological-molecular analysis of the subtribe by Kilian & al. (in prep.).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"558395b6-1f75-4e4a-b54f-f5fa0552b777","Herb, c. 100 cm high. Flowering stems whitish, glabrous or hispid. Cauline leaves 3-9 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm wide, entire, pinnatisect or runcinate, sinuate-dentate, attenuate or auriculate, hispid, glaucous on both surfaces. Synflorescence paniculiform, with many heads. Peduncle hispid or glandular below heads, covered with bracts. Heads with 5-25 flowers. Involucre 6.0-10.0 mm long. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 7.5 mm long, pilose, brown, ribbed, with a filiform beak; beak 4.5 mm long. Pappus of simple bristles, white, at least 3.5 mm long.\r\rBased on: Jeffrey, C. 1975: 123. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 776-782 in: Davis, P. H. & al. (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f6b4c9f0-a3ac-44ea-998e-800e867f893c","Stem erect, 20-80 cm, glabrous or rarely setulose in lower part, glaucous, arising from creeping rhizome. Leaves mostly basal and lower cauline, membranous, glabrous, sinuate-denticulate, basal and lower cauline lyrate-pinnatisect, with triangular-hastate or cordate terminal lobe and 6-12 lateral lobes, 7.25 x 1.5-6.5 cm, basal exauriculate with membranous-winged petioloid base, median cauline with 2-6 lateral segments and prominent rounded sinuate-denticulate auricles. Inflorescence simple or little-branched, spiciform or subspiciform or less often corymbiform and sometimes rather lax; capitula 5-35 or more, pedunculate or ± sessile, solitary or in small clusters along axes; bracts and peduncles glabrous, glaucous. Involucre 9.5-15 mm; phyllaries 9-15, 3-seriate, glabrous, with purple tips and margins. Flowers lavender-blue or violet, 1.2-1.8 cm, long-hairy about mouth. Achenes 5-7.3 mm, with narrow facial ribs and rather more rounded margins; beak 0.3-0.6 mm. Pappus white, inner 5-7 mm, outer congested, about 0.1 mm. Fl. 6-8.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. 1975: 120. <i>Cicerbita</i> Cass. - Pp. 766-772 in: Davis, P. H. & al. (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh. (as <i>Cicerbita variabilis</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b02ebc0f-0ffe-4766-8713-74e73954ad6b","Herb, 75-100 cm high. Flowering stems 1, glandular or hispid in upper part. Rosette leaves obovate, 16.0-32.0 cm long, 5.5-9.0 cm wide, more or less runcinate, sinuate-dentate or denticulate, acuminate, mucronate or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, rarely glabrous or glandular and scabrid or hispid. Cauline leaves ovate to obovate, runcinate, sinuate-dentate or denticulate, acuminate, obtuse or mucronate, auriculate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, rarely glabrous, glandular or scabrid and hispid. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 15-60 heads. Peduncle glandular and hispid, covered with bracts. Involucre 12.0-15.0 mm long; involucral bracts green, glandular and hispid or rarely glabrous. Corolla ligulate, 2.0-2.2 mm long, pale blue; tube pilose at apex. Achenes c. 6.5 mm long, light brown, with c. 4 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 1.0 mm long. Pappus white; outer pappus 7.0-8.5 mm; inner pappus 0.3 mm.\r\rBased on: Jeffrey, C. 1975: 123. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 776-782 in: Davis, P. H. & al. (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh (as <i>Cicerbita adenophora</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ee07d857-7331-46c5-abb9-c57ba0bb11e8","Perennial. Stem erect, slender, prickly below, densely branched, often from the base. Leaves pinnatifid to pinnatisect. Segments narrow, usually linear, entire or roughly lobed, sagittate, glabrous or muricate at the nerves. Upper cauline leaves non-lobed, linear, sagittate. Inflorescence a loose corymbose panicle with long ascending branches. Heads solitary, smaller than in L. perennis, composed of 12-20 florets. Involucral bracts lanceolate, inner ones up to 15 mm long. Lingules lilac. Achenes obovate, 1-3 ribbed, 8-12 mm long, 1.5-2 mm broad, dark brown. Beak as long as body. Pappus yellowish, almost persistent. 2n = 6.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3e15887d-4b3c-4966-8f57-473a1723978d","Herb, annual, rarely biennial or perennial(?), (7)-10-65-(100) cm high. Flowering stems erect or spreading-erect, sulcate, whitish, glabrous or hispid in the lower part, unbranched or branched from near the base. Cauline leaves oblong or obovate, 1.0-10.0-(20.0) cm long, 0.5-4.5 cm wide, entire, pinnatifid or runcinate, entire or denticulate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or rarely subglabrous below, glaucous on both surfaces; terminal lobe deltoid, acute; lateral lobes 2-6, deltoid. Upper cauline leaves auriculate with acute auricles. Synflorescence paniculiform or spiciform. Peduncle up to 13.0 cm long, glabrous, covered with bracts. Heads with (4)-9-11-(16) flowers. Involucre at flowering narrowly cylindrical, 5.0-12.0 mm long, glabrous; involucral bracts margin white scarious; outer involucral bracts oblong, 3.0-5.0 mm long, 1.0-2.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts linear-oblong, up to 12.0 mm long, 1.5-3.0 mm wide, obtuse or subacute. Receptacle flat, pitted, without scales. Corolla ligulate, pale yellow (often drying blue); tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, villose at apex; ligule 6.0-7.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, sometimes tinged purple, reddish or bluish. Anthertube c. 3.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style 8.0-9.0 mm long; branches c. 0.5 mm long. Achenes cylindrical-fusiform in outline, strongly compressed, 3.0-8.0 mm long, scabridulous, dark grey or dark brown, with 7-8 ribs on each face, with a filiform beak. Pappus white, c. 5.0 mm long, caducous, fragile, remotely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Chung, K.-F. 2006: 39. Lactuca L. - Pp. 363-371 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.; Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus Lactuca in Europe – Bratislava; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"32b81c72-9751-408a-b272-d742fe0f85a6","Annual. Stems (3) 10-30(60) cm high, solitary or few, more or less ribbed or sulcate, bifurcate above or from base, usually glabrous below (sometimes weakly pubescent above-visible under a hand lens!). Leaves almost undivided and sharply toothed to pinnately cut; lower leaves petiolate, sometimes rosulate; cauline leaves sessile, auriculate; upper leaves small, often undivided or subentire, more or less sinuate in lower half; leaves on terminal branches and peduncles inconspicuous. Capitula on short peduncles, with 8-12 florets, cylindrical or cylindrical-conical, about 20 mm long, narrowed near middle, in paniculate inflorescence. Involucral bracts three- or four-rowed; outer bracts densely pubescent, inner ones usually with distinct ventation, more or less pubescent, subobtuse and almost always with reddish-violet spots. Corolla pinkish-violet or light blue. Achenes about 3.5 nm long and 1 mm wide, narrow-obovoid, yellowish-dark-brown, more or less flat, with one distinct longitudinal rib and transverse rows of sinuate folds, and with relatively thick hairs along ribs (distinct under high magnification, especially in the upper part of the achene); beak three to four times as long as achene, whitish, with pappus of numerous, very thin hairs in upper part, slightly longer than achene, slightly expanded at base and with two white rodshaped pendent appendages on achene which float in water (as a result, beak seems apical on achene).\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"06ba1043-7e82-413d-b61d-8fe8809532fd","Herb, perennial, 10-75-(120) cm high, with tuberous roots, glabrous. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, usually unbranched. Lower cauline leaves drying soon, narrowly obovate to oblong, 10.0-17.0 cm long, 1.5-3.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatisect or pinnatifid, ciliate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate, glaucous on both surfaces. Middle and upper cauline leaves auriculate with projecting blunt or acute auricles and amplexicaul. Synflorescence racemiform or paniculiform, with 3-45 heads. Peduncle 2.0-4.0 cm long, covered with bracts. Heads with up to 15 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 15.0-20.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-7.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts glaucous and tinged purple often; outer involucral bracts ovate, c. 7.0 mm long, 5.0 mm wide, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly oblong, up to 20.0 mm long, 3.5 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, pale violet or pale yellow; tube 12.0-13.0 mm long, thinly pubescent at apex; ligule 14.0-15.0 mm long, c. 3.0 mm wide, tinged purple or red externally. Anthertube yellow, c. 3.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style 16.0-17.0 mm long; branches c. 2.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, compressed, 3.5-4.0-(7.0) mm long, 2.0 mm wide, wrinkled, winged, nearly blackish or reddish brown, with a filiform beak, ending in a distinct apical disk; beak 8.5-14.5 mm long, whitish. Pappus white, 12.0-13.0 mm long, remotely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Jeffrey, C. 1975: 121. Steptorhamphus Bunge. - Pp. 775-776 in: Davis, P. H. & al. (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh (as <i>Steptorhamphus tuberosus</i>); Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Steptorhamphus tuberosus</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ccd1ceaf-c100-44a4-ba36-3f83bfed86e6","Herb, perennial, 40-80 cm high. Flowering stems erect, terete, glabrous above or densely glandular below, usually unbranched. Cauline leaves densely pilose. Lower cauline leaves pinnatisect to pinnatifid or runcinate, irregularly denticulate, amplexicaul or petiole-like attenuate; terminal lobe triangular, much larger than lateral lobes; lateral lobes 2-4, oblong to obovate. Middle and upper cauline leaves narrowly ovate, entire, ciliate, subentire or denticulate, semiamplexicaul or amplexicaul. Synflorescence paniculiform. Heads with 8-18 flowers. Involucral bracts triangular-ovate, 12.0-15.0 mm long, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 7.0-8.0 mm long, brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 1.0-1.5 mm long, forth as long to about as long as the corpus. Pappus white, caducous.\r\rBased on: Feráková, V. 1976: 169. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 328-331 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge; Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d26eb1f8-3e0a-4e1c-90cd-8243c00cb5a0","Perennial. Root? Creeping rhizomes absent. Stem 75-120 cm high, erect, weakly  branched above. Leaves glaucous, narrow-elliptical or lanceolate, shallow runcinate or entire, emarginate or fine-toothed; lower leaves short-petiolate, others sessile. Capitula cylindrical, in racemose-pagiculate inflorescence; peduncles short, with scaly leaves. Involucral, bracts reddish, membranous along margin; outer bracts ovate, noticeably shorter than inner, almost linear bracts. Corolla dark blue. Achenes shortly narrowed into beak, brown.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4214bdca-21e5-4393-ad3f-c6a7db9652f8","Erect biennial 60-120 cm, stems white, smooth, glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate, unlobed or runcinate-pinnatisect with 4-6 lateral lobes, glaucous, glabrous, smooth or shortly spinose-setose on midrib beneath, sinuate-denticulate; median cauline 8-16 x 3.5-4.5 cm, auriculate, auricles rounded. Inflorescence rather divaricately branched, corymbiform, many-capitulate, ± glabrous, capitula except terminal shortly pedunculate or almost sessile, solitary or in small clusters. Involucre 9.5-14 mm, rather longer in fruit than in flower; phyllaries 12-14, 3-seriate, glabrous. Flowers yellow, 1.8-2 cm, hairy about mouth. Achenes 9.5 mm, pale brown, with ± concolorous slender 4-4.7 mm beak. Pappus white, 5.5-7 mm. Fl. 8.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. 1975: 123. <i>Lactuca </i> L. - Pp. 776-782 in: Davis, P. H. & al. (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bb6bbc97-111f-47dc-bd17-0af5deabab16","Herb, perennial, 30-100-(150) cm high. Flowering stems erect, often tinged purple, glabrous or arachnoid or woolly at base, striate, usually unbranched. Rosette leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, 12.0-35.0 cm long, 3.0-10.0 cm wide, rarely entire, pinnatifid or pinnatisect, dentate or entire, petiole-like attenuate, woolly, arachnoid or glabrous. Cauline leaves obovate or oblong-ovate, entire to pinnatisect, auriculate, glabrous, woolly or arachnoid. Upper cauline leaves pinnatipartite, auriculate. Synflorescence spiciform or paniculiform, with many heads. Peduncle covered with bracts. Heads with 5 flowers. Involucral bracts ovate, 10.0-15.0 mm long, acute to obtuse, minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes cylindrical-ovoid in outline, 8.0-9.0 mm long, yellowish brown, with 5-7 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak half as long to about as long as the corpus. Pappus white.\r\rBased on: Feráková, V. 1976: 169. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 328-331 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge; Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b1afcff0-c782-4216-af43-38d289ecce0c","Perennial, almost glabrous, up to 150 cm high. Rhizome thick, vertical with numerous underground stolons. Stem, erect, branched in the upper part. Basal leaves petiolate, pinnatiseet. Cauline leaves of the same shape but sessile with semi-amplexicaul base, rarely undivided, all glaucous, rigid, denticulate on the margin. Inflorescence a spike-like or corymbose panicle. Heads numerous, composed of 16-23 florets. Involucre of 3-4 rows of bracts. Outer bracts 12-15 mm long, lanceolate with obtuse apex, usually purplish tinged. Ligules blue, rarely white. Achenes slightly compressed, 4.5-6.5 mm long x 1mm broad, yellowish, olive to blackish, 5-7-ribbed. Beak very short, 1-1.5 mm, as long as 1/3 of body. Pappus white, about 8-9 mm long. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c4651898-743b-4ab2-837a-3146d2d3332d","Winter annual or biennial up to 200 cm high. Root tuberous, simple or branched.  Stem erect, branched in the upper part, glabrous. Basal leaves obovate or lyrate in outline, pinnate-lobed to pinnatifid, narrowed into a long petiole Middle and upper cauline leaves sessile, ovate to lanceolate in outline, cordate-sagittate at base, non-lobed to pinnatisect with 2-9 pairs of lobes, all thin. in texture. Lobes entire or irregularly dentate. Inflorescence a corymbose panicle. Heads numerous, relatively small. Bracts linear lanceolate, 10-11 mm. long, with scarious margins and obtuse apex, often with small backwards orientated appendages and anthocyanin spots. Heads of 8 (11-15) 22 florets. Ligules yellow, longer than involucre. Achenes obovate, 7-8 mm long, ±1 mm. broad 5-8-ribbed, shortly setose at the apex black. Beak as long as 1/3 - 1/2 of body. Pappus 5-6 mm long, decidous. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"48d73e0a-b7e9-4f27-b812-ea6ce7bd768e","Biennial to perennial up to 100 cm high. Root tuberous, stem erect striate, glabrous, branched in the upper part. Basal leaves rossulate, pinnate lobed to pinnatisect, cauline oblong, elliptic to oblong lanceolate in outline, 8-12 cm long, non-lobed or pinnatilobed to pinnatisect with 2 4 lateral segments, sessile. Terminal segment oblong, triangulate. Inflorescence a thyrsoid panicle. Heads numerous, oblong-ovoid, consisted of (8) 11-15 (22) florets. Involucre 11-14 mm long, 5- 6 (8) mm broad, inner bracts scarious marginate. Achenes oblong elliptic to obovate, 6 -7.2 mm long, 9-14 ribbed, black. Beak concolorous, at least as long as 1/2 of the body (up to 3.1 mm). Pappus 5-6.5 mm long, white, deciduous. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d19dc826-9925-45e1-8d4e-0236c248d547","Chamaephyte, 20-50 cm, woolly-floccose, later glabrescent. Stems and branches white, intricate; branchlets rigid, short, spreading, later spinescent at tip. Leaves pinnatifid into few triangular to oblong lobes, withering soon; radical leaves tapering to a petiole; cauline leaves long-decurrent, with adnate linear appendages. Heads mostly solitary, sessile, 5-flowered. Involucre 8-14 mm in fruit. Florets yellow. Achenes 6-8 mm, tawny or dirty purple, linear to narrowly elliptic, subcompressed, 7-9-striate on each side, tapering above, nearly beakless. Pappus white, easily deciduous, about as long as achene. \r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d19dc826-9925-45e1-8d4e-0236c248d547","Rocky mediterranean and irano-turanian dwarf-shrub associations.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palestina 3 (Text).- p. 438.- Jerusalem.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"6a2c64b5-bbe9-4fa3-8961-1a4a234b4ba0","Annual to biennial, up to 200 cm high. Root fusiform, branched, foetid. Stem erect, glabrou.s or setose below. Leaves broad, non-lobed, ovate-oblong in outline (var. virosa), or pinnatifid to pinnatisect with broad, backwards curved lobes( var. cruenta). All with blunt apex and sagittate base green or violet tinged, spinolis-ciliate on the midrib and sometimes also on the lateral nerves beneath. Inflorescence a long, pyramidal panicle. Bracts ovate, with appressed rounded auricles. Heads numerous, 10 mm in diameter, composed of c. 15 florets. Involucral bracts ovate, 10-12 mm long, glabrous. Ligules pale yellow. Achenes broadly elliptical, 6-10 mm long, narrowly winged, rugose but not spiculate or setose, 5-ribbed, blackish. Beak filiform, white, as long as body. Pappus white. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"85176c77-e4b6-4899-a08b-e257ab09350a","Herb, annual, perennial or rarely biennial, (15)-30-100-(250) cm high. Taproot thin, branched. Flowering stems stiffly erect, sulcate, straw-coloured, glabrous or in lower part hispid, usually branched in upper half. Cauline leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate, (3.0)-4.0-10.0-(22.0) cm long, (1.5)-2.0-6.0-(10.0) cm wide, pinnatisect to pinnatifid, glabrous except for the spinulose margins and undersurface of midrib, glaucous on both surfaces; terminal lobe oblong to deltoid, obtuse; lateral lobes (2)-4-6, oblong, subtruncate. Lower cauline leaves petiole-like attenuate. Middle and upper cauline leaves auriculate with projecting blunt or acute auricles to attenuate. Synflorescence racemiform in depauperate plants or paniculiform, with more than 50 heads. Peduncle up to 2.5 cm long, often very short, glabrous, covered with bracts. Peduncle bracts obtuse, sagittate or auriculate. Heads with (7)-10-30-(50) flowers. Involucre at flowering ovoid or cylindrical, 8.0-10.0-(15.0) mm long, at flowering 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 2.0-3.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, subacute; inner involucral bracts 8.0-10.0 mm long, c. 2.0 mm wide. Receptacle flat, pitted, naked. Flowers closing before midday. Corolla ligulate, yellow (drying blue), at the apex villose; tube c. 4.0 mm long; ligule c. 5.0-7.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube c. 2.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or subacute. Style 6.0-7.0 mm long; branches c. 0.5 mm long. Achenes obovoid to fusiform in outline, strongly compressed, (2.8)-3.0-4.0-(4.2) mm long (without beak), 1.2-1.5 mm wide, scabridulous or shortly pilose, pale brown or olive-grey, with 5-8-(9) ribs on each face, with a filiform beak, ending in a distinct apical disk; beak 3.0-3.5 mm long, whitish. Pappus white, 3.0-7.0 mm long, flexible, remotely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cd3c58dc-71a8-4e83-b730-53ccf8c97aad","Perennial, up to 80 cm high. Root cylindrical, stem erect, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate, cauline almost sessile, all glaucous, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, rarely non-lobed. Segments ovate-lanceolate to linear, entire or toothed. Inflorescence poor corymbose panicle with ascending branches. Bracts triangular-subulate, auriculate. Heads on long peduncles 2 - 8 cm long. Florets 12 - 20. Involucre of 3 - 4 rows of bracts, outer bracts triangular-ovate to ovate lanceolate, inner ones lanceolate, 18-20 mm long, all glabrous. Ligules blue or lilac. Achenes fusiform, 7-9 (14) mm long, with 1 (rarely 3) protrusive rib, blackish. Beak filiform almost as long as body. Pappus white. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2005165d-b1c5-42a8-9c3c-542d54968be5","Small perennial, 8 - 20 cm high. Rhizome thick, multiceps, deeply penetrating. Stems numerous, erect, glabrous. Basal leaves in rosette, spathulata-elliptic, narrowed into a long petiole. Cauline leaves pinnatisect with few segments (the terminal being much broader then the lateral ones), auriculate amplexicaul with rounded auricles, all glabrous and glaucous. Inflorescence a poor corymbose panicle. Heads oblong, usually single on divaricate branches. Involucre of 3-4 rows of bracts, these hairy and obtuse at the apex, otherwise glabrous. Florets (in sicco) pale blue. Achenes (known in the juvenile stage only) shortly beaked. Pappus white. 2n = unknown.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1ea52576-f47f-49bf-bf31-8f5e273f4dd7","Perennial With, vertical, usually branched rhizome. Stem 30-100 cm, erect, glabrous, simple or branched in the upper part, smooth or grooved, greyish green to purplish. Leaves lanceolate, 12-16 x 2-3 cm, undivided with entire or denticulate margin or pinnate-lobed to deeply laciniate. Basal ones with cordate halfclasping base. Inflorescence a corymb or corymbose panicle. Heads relatively big (up to 3.3 cm) on thin branches. Florets numerous, ± 20. Involucral bracts 12-15 mm long, often purplish tinged, slightly hairy at the apex. Ligules blue. Achenes fusiform, olive, 4-5 x 1-1.5 mm, as long as 1/4 of the body. Pappus white or yellowish, 5-9 mm long. 2n = 16, 18.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2fc1776c-3545-486e-8bc8-c75503b2a619","Rosette herb, annual or biennial, 30-120 cm high. Taproot thin. Flowering stems erect, slightly angular, medullary, green to yellow to whitish, glabrous, robust, densely leafy, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves oblong to obovate or elliptic or ovate, 5.0-20.0 cm long, 4.0-20.0 cm wide, runcinate to entire, undulate and dentate or entire, rounded or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate or cuneate, glabrous. Cauline leaves many, ovate or broadly elliptic, entire, usually undulate or denticulate, acute or rounded, rounded, amplexicaul or cuneate, glabrous. Synflorescence paniculiform, with up to 400 heads. Peduncle glabrous, covered with bracts. Peduncle bracts obtuse, amplexicaul. Heads with 7-15-(35) flowers. Involucral bracts 12.0 mm long, 1.0-1.7 mm wide, yellowish green; outer involucral bracts glabrous; inner involucral bracts ovate, obtuse. Receptacle flat, pitted, without scales. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-14.0 mm long, yellow; ligule sometimes streaked violet. Achenes obovoid in outline, compressed, 3.0-4.0-(5.0) mm long, often muricate at apex, brownish grey or whitish, with 5-7 ribs on each face, with a filiform beak; beak half as long as the corpus, whitish. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, flexible, of simple bristles.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae, Tribe Cichorieae. – Enfield; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge; Strother, J. L. 1975: 45. Lactuca Linnaeus - Pp. 259-263 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"683a90ca-17f8-4845-b80e-a7962845fe77","Herb, up to 100 cm high. Flowering stems erect, glabrous, robust. Cauline leaves broadly elliptic to ovate, 12.5-15.0 cm long, 6.5-7.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, sinuate or denticulate, attenuate or auriculate, hispid; lateral lobes 2-4. Synflorescence corymbiform, with many heads. Involucre 11.5-15.5 mm long. Corolla ligulate, c. 2.0 mm long, yellow; tube pilose at apex. Achenes 7.0 mm long, ribbed, with a filiform beak; beak 0.7-1.5 mm long. Pappus white; outer pappus 0.0-2.0 mm; inner pappus 6.0 mm.\r\rBased on: Jeffrey, C. 1975: 119. <i>Cicerbita</i> Wallr. – Pp. 766-772 in: Davis, P. H. & al. (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh (as <i>Cicerbita boissieri</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2795f3b2-b988-4065-ad13-7129c636b31a","Herb, biennial, 35-150 cm high. Taproot tough. Flowering stems erect, ivory-coloured, glabrous, slender, strongly branched; branches simple, spreading-erect. Cauline leaves hispidulous-pilose or nearly glabrous. Lower cauline leaves oblong, 6.0-15.0 cm long, 1.0-6.0 cm wide, runcinate, dentate at lateral lobes; terminal lobe deltoid or oblong, acute; lateral lobes at least 8, oblong or linear. Middle and upper cauline leaves auriculate with long-decurrent auricles adnate to the stem, apically increasingly smaller or reduced to scales. Synflorescence paniculiform. Peduncle very short or absent. Heads with c. 5 flowers. Involucre at flowering narrowly cylindrical, (8.5)-10.0-12.0-(21.0) mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, 3.0-4.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, apically tinged purple, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts linear, up to 12.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Flowers opening at midday. Corolla ligulate, yellow and tinged red externally, glabrous; tube c. 7.0 mm long; ligule 9.0-10.0 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 4.0-4.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 15.0 mm long; branches c. 1.5 mm long. Achenes strongly compressed, 9.5-15.0 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, scabridulous, blackish, with 14 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak, ending in a distinct apical disk; beak 4.5-6.0 mm long, about as long as the corpus, of the same colour as the corpus. Pappus white, 4.5-10.5 mm long, fragile, minutely scabrid.\r\rBased on: Jeffrey, C. 1975: Flora auf Turkey 5. - Edinburgh (<i>as Scariola viminea</i>); Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Scariola viminea</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1d1ffb9c-7e84-41f6-905d-9d57e6e75735","Biennial, by the general appearance most closely related to subsp. viminea, from. which it differs in its densely branched stem and bigger heads. Achenes 7-10 mm long, beak equalling at most 1/2 of the achene.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b8192a2c-0f59-4e31-b9ec-8b5934a2a160","Biennial, in the stage of basal rosette identical with subspecies viminea. Stem densely branched from the base, with short divaricate branches. Except for the shrub-like appearance and slightly shorter achenes there are no differences from the typical subspecies.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d11677e7-088e-4a1f-a5d2-1e45e0bf4fae","Perennial herb c. 10-35 cm tall, with strong taproot and a basal leaf rosette; stems solitary or few, stiff, erect, ± intricately branched almost from base, glabrous. Rosette leaves 2-12 x 0.5-2.5 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect with narrowly triangular to linear segments, ± lanate or rarely sparsely hairy on lower surface, especially on midrib. Upper cauline leaves sessile, bract-like. Capitula solitary on long peduncles, nodding before anthesis, usually only one or a few open at a time. Involucre 10-20 mm, cylindrical. Ligules 6-15, c. 25 mm long, blue. Achenes 10-12 mm (incl. beak), narrowly elliptic, greyish; beak slender, c. equalling body, whitish.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. and Kilian, N. 1991: 31. <i>Lactuca</i> L. -  Pp. 537-540 in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece  2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5f944c63-0b95-40d3-8fb0-e30c4a0f43c8","Rosette herb, perennial, 7-30 cm high. Taproot thick, branched, tough. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 3.0-12.0 cm long, 0.8-2.5 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatisect, attenuate, glabrous, tinged purple on both surfaces; terminal lobe subacute, rounded or obtuse, larger than lateral lobes; lateral lobes oblong or broadly deltoid, retrorse or patent. Cauline leaves oblong to ovate, decurrent, reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform with erecto-patent, dichotomous branches, with 11 to 50 heads. Heads with 4 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 14.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts often purplish, glabrous, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts ovate, 4.0 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, acute, glabrous, margin sometimes minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts narrowly oblong, c. 14.0-15.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, subacute or obtuse, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, yellow, tinged coppery-red on lower surface, glabrous; tube c. 7.0 mm long; ligule c. 8.0 mm long, 4.0 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish, 4.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or subacute, 0.5 mm long. Style c. 13.0 mm long; branches c. 1.5 mm long. Achenes narrowly ovoid in outline, strongly compressed, c. 12.0 mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide, scabridulous, blackish, with 14 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak, ending in a distinct apical disk; beak about as long as the corpus, of the same colour as the corpus. Pappus white, c. 7.0 mm long, fragile, remotely scabridulous.\r\rbased on: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew. (as <i>Scariola tetrantha</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d5f87e9b-aa29-4cd3-be35-296fba4c3a74","Glabrous biennial to perennial up to 100 cm high. Stem erect, terete, greyish, branched in the upper part. Leaves of basal rosette obovate to oblong-spathulate in outline, pinnately lobed to laciniate-runcinate, narrowed into a decurrent stalk-like base. Segments lanceolate with entire or toothed margins, undivided part of lamina 2-8 cm wide. Cauline leaves ovate in outline with acute apex and semiamplexicaul base. Inflorescence a pyramidal panicle with ascendent branches. Heads of 5-6 (8) florets. Involucral bracts oblong, 12-14 mm long, acute. Ligules yellow. Achenes oblong, 7-10 mm long black, with 7-12 shallow ribs. Beak equalling 1/3 of the body. Pappus white. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ecb7a76e-694a-4706-b1ab-a2eb334173ff","500 m. On chalky cliffs or in flushes on serpentine.\r\rfrom: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew. (as <i>Prenanthes triquetra</i>)","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"ecb7a76e-694a-4706-b1ab-a2eb334173ff","Herb, perennial, scoparious, 40-80 cm high. Flowering stems erect, triangular, medullary, glaucous-green, soon leafless, strongly branched; branches erect, slender. Cauline leaves few, glabrous. Lower cauline leaves obovate or narrowly oblong, 2.0-4.0 cm long, 0.5-1.0 cm wide, remotely dentate or entire, rounded or acute, petiole-like attenuate. Middle and upper cauline leaves linear to oblanceolate, 1.5-7.0 cm long, 0.3-0.8 cm wide, attenuate. Synflorescence spiciform. Peduncle very short, covered with imbricate bracts, covered with bracts. Heads with 5 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 12.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering 2.3-3.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, c. 3.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, faintly acute, glabrous, margin purplish scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly oblong, up to 14.0 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide, subacute, glabrous, margin purplish scarious. Corolla ligulate, lilac-blue, downwards glabrous; tube c. 7.0 mm long; ligule 10.0-11.0 mm long, 3.5 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 6.0-7.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style 17.0-18.0 mm long; branches 2.5 mm long. Achenes narrowly fusiform in outline, c. 5.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, minutely scabridulous or almost smooth, with longitudinal ribs, acute or attenuate, ending in a distinct apical disk. Pappus white, 6.0-7.0 mm long, persistent, fragile, shortly barbellate or scabridulous.\r\rbased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Prenanthes triquetra</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8f228ba3-eded-46b1-b8c0-8658a47dc698","Herb, biennial, rhizomatous, 10-40-(50) cm high. Flowering stems erect, in lower part glabrous, in upper part glandular, unbranched except in the region of the synflorescence. Lower cauline leaves variable, 2.0-12.0 cm long, 1.3-8.0 cm wide, often lyrate-pinnatisect, dentate at the lobes, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, pale green and white-spotted on upper surface, purple on lower surface; terminal lobe ovate; lateral lobes 2-10, narrowly oblong. Middle and upper cauline leaves variable, amplexicaul and auriculate with acute or rounded, entire or dentate auricles, apically increasingly smaller. Synflorescence corymbiform to paniculiform, sometimes with 5 to 10 heads, sometimes with more than 50 heads. Peduncle up to 3.0 cm long. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 3.0-5.0 mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide, acuminate, purplish or greenish, glabrous or thinly glandular, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts linear, 8.0-12.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, subacute, glabrous or thinly glandular. Corolla ligulate, pale yellow, often turning blue, when dried, thinly woolly and papillose at apex; tube 3.0-6.0 mm long; ligule 7.0-10.0 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish, 3.0-4.0 mm long; apical appendages apiculate with erose margin. Style 8.0-10.0 mm long; branches 1.5-2.0 mm long. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5-angled in outline, c. 4.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, minutely scabridulous, light brown with dark brown longitudinal stripes, with longitudinal ribs, acuminate or acute and with a filiform beak; beak c. 3.0 mm long. Pappus white, c. 5.0 mm long, caducous, fragile, remotely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2 - Kew (as <i>Cephalorrhynchus cypricus</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4a6033b5-fdfb-462d-bc9b-94c66b40eac8","Herb, perennial, 5-25-(45) cm high, with taproot, more or less glabrous. Flowering stems few to several, procumbent to ascending, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-8.0 cm long, runcinate; lateral lobes elliptic or narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, the lower ones runcinate or the upper ones entire, shortly decurrent; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or elliptic. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-9.0 mm long, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, yellow; ligule 12.0-15.0 mm long. Achenes 7.0-8.0 mm long (including beak), with a filiform beak; beak 1.5-2.0 mm long. Pappus scabridulous, white, c. 3.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Lack, H. W. & Kilian, N. 1991: 31. <i>Lactuca</i> L. – Pp. 537-540 in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9dd06b4b-6a4e-47e6-9cb2-6ba002c9f6d0","Perennial (or biennial?). Plants with robust tap root. Stems mostly solitary, 75-120(150) cm high, glabrous or with sparse, stiff, spinules below, sulcate, fistular, branched above. Leaves stiff, semiamplexicaul, elliptical (except upper leaves), ovate or oblong, with prominent network of veins beneath, often toothed-spinose; lower leaves almost entire or cut to various degrees, basally narrowed into broad-winged petiole, covered with stiff, about 2 mm long, spinules along midrib beneath; middle leaves usually pinnatisect, gradually reduced upward, often with isolated spiriules beneath along midrib; upper leaves small, variable in form, mostly triangular with deeply emarginate base and auriculate appendages. Capitula cylindrical, with fruits 8-11 mm long, with about 15 florets, borne singly or in groups of few, almost sessile or, less often on more or less long peduncles; inflorescence paniculate or racemose, often robust. Involucre usually four-rowed; outer involucral bracts thinly and densely tomentose (and also glandular?), often violet; inner ones less densely pubescent, with subobtuse, often violet apex, and mostly with distinct midrib. Corolla yellow. Achenes dark violet or almost black, somewhat flattened or flat, 6-7 mm long, broad obovoid part up to 3-3.5 mm long (about 1.5 mm wide), abruptly narrowed at apex into narrow, about 1 mm long, collar bearing light-colored or dark brownish, filiform, 2-2.5 mm-long beak, with prominent ribs (usually seven) on each side covered with numerous light-colored stiff, short, upward-directed hairs (under a hand lens!); besides, achenes covered with very short, transversely sinuate, stripes of short light-colored hairs (under high magnification!); beak terminating in small funnel-shaped expansion bearing flat disk with pappus of thin, silky, almost smooth, fragile, 3-3.5 mm-long hairs.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a13fd50c-e8b5-4dfa-a2e2-fd5a0a208229","Perennial, up to 180 cm high. Stem erect. Basal leaves large, the lowest 30 x 15 cm, ovate with entire or roughly toothed margins. Apex acute, base narrowed into an alate petiole. Upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, sagittate at the base, scarcely dentate, glaucous, densely arachnoid-lanate beneath. Inflorescence a corymbose panicle. Heads of ± 8 florets. Involucre12-14 mm long, bracts lanceolate. Ligules blue. Achenes ovate, 4-6 mm long, 2-2.5 mm broad, brownish green with yellowish spots, 5-8-ribbed. Beark equalling, about 1/3-1/2 at the achene. Pappus white. 2n = unknown.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"80f873d0-d212-416f-a44d-09ffa862ac19","<p>Core of subtribe <i>Hypochaeridinae</i> is the <i>Hypochaeris-Leontodon-Picris</i> alliance. Its relationship has been well resolved in a number of molecular studies (e.g., Samuel & al. 2006) and includes 6 genera: <i>Hypochaeris</i>, with a remarkably disjunct distribution of c. 15 species in the Mediterranean and Europe extending into NE Asia and 40-45 species in South America (Tremetsberger & al. 2006), has colonised South America apparently via long-distant dispersal from the W Mediterranean (Cerbah & al. 1999; Samuel & al. 2003; Weiss-Schneeweiss & al. 2003, 2008; Tremetsberger & al. 2005). <i>Hedypnois</i>, the only genus in this alliance with a scabrid instead of plumose pappus, indicates a reverse development of the plumose pappus, which is plesiomorphic in the <i>Cichorieae</i>, back to a scabrid pappus. <i>Picris</i> and the closely related <i>Helminthotheca</i> are both monophyletic. <i>Leontodon</i> in its previous circumscription is diphyletic (Samuel & al. 2006), which necessitates recognition of <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Oporinia</i> as separate genus <i>Scorzoneroides</i> (Greuter & al. 2006).</p> <p>The placement of <i>Urospermum</i> in the <i>Hypochaeridinae</i> has been confirmed in the recent molecular phylogenetic analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009). The bispecific, predominantly Mediterranean genus with plumose <i>Hypochaeris</i> type pappus, a hispid indumentum, and a pollen type very similar to <i>Hypochaeris</i> and <i>Picris</i> (Lack & Leuenberger 1979) has in spite of its uniseriate, basally connate involucre and unique achenes unequivocally been placed into the <i>Hypochaeridinae</i> since Hoffmann (1890-94).</p> <p>In contrast to the circumscription of the <i>Hypochaeridinae</i> by Bremer (1994) and Lack (2006) several genera have been excluded in the current revised circumscription based on recent molecular phylogenetic analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009): (1) <i>Aposeris</i> and <i>Hyoseris</i> group with the <i>Sonchus-Launaea-Reichardia</i> alliance (<i>Hyoseridinae</i>), (2) <i>Garhadiolus</i> and <i>Rhagadiolus</i> are nested in subtribe <i>Crepidinae</i> and (3) the relationship of <i>Arnoseris</i> to the <i>Tolpis</i> alliance (<i>Cichoriinae</i>) rather than to the <i>Hypochaeris</i> alliance has been confirmed.</p> <p>The analyses based on the nrITS marker by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009), moreover, revealed one fairly enigmatic result: <i>Prenanthes purpurea</i> (providing the type of the name <i>Prenanthes</i>) was found nested in the <i>Hypochaeridinae</i> clade as sister to the core <i>Hypochaeridinae</i>, while <i>Urospermum</i> formed the sister-group to the latter two. Statistical support is missing. A basically similar topology was already revealed by Whitton & al. (1995). <i>Prenanthes</i>, however, has never been associated with the <i>Hypochaeridinae</i> and morphology does not provide any support for this placement. Analyses based on the chloroplast marker <i>(matK)</i> by Gemeinholzer & al. (in prep.) in contrast indicate a very basal branching position within the <i>Lactucinae</i> for <i>Prenanthes purpurea</i>. The deviating molecular patterns of markers from different origin most likely reflect ancient hybridization with other members of the tribe, but further investigations are needed to find parental relationships. For the time being, <i>Prenanthes</i> s.str. has provisionally been placed into the <i>Hypochaeridinae</i>. Not less puzzling as today the systematic position of <i>Prenanthes</i> s.str. has been for generations of botanists the circumscription of <i>Prenanthes</i>, in particular its delimitation from the <i>Lactuca-Cicerbita</i> alliance. As we know today, <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l. has been a dustbin for a number of totally unrelated elements. Re-circumscription on the basis of morphological data has been recently attempted by Shih (1987), Sennikov (2000) and Sennikov & Illarionova (2000). Molecular phylogenies based on both nuclear and plastid markers combined with morphological analyses (by Gemeinholzer & al. in prep., Kilian & Gemeinholzer in prep. and Kilian in prep.) confirm a very narrow circumscription of <i>Prenanthes</i> (perhaps being even monospecific) and reveal that species of the former <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l. belong to a large part to the subtribe <i>Crepidinae (Nabalus)</i>, minor parts to genera of the <i>Lactucinae (Cicerbita, Lactuca</i> s.l., <i>Notoseris)</i> and the <i>Cichoriinae</i> (<i>Erythroseris,</i> Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007). Waiting for corresponding progress in the revision of former <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l.(by Kilian and Kilian & Gemeinholzer), <i>Prenanthes</i> in the <i>Cichorieae</i> Portal continues to include besides <i>P. purpurea</i> a number of actually unrelated elements that have not been correctly placed and named so far.</p>\r<h3>References</h3>\rBremer K. 1994: Asteraceae. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber Press.\r\rCerbah M., Coulaud J., Brown S.C. & Siljak-Yakovlev S. 1999: Evolutionary DNA variation in the genus <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae)</i>. &ndash; Heredity 82: 261-266. \r\rGreuter W., Gutermann W. & Talavera S. 2006: A preliminary conspectus of <i>Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae)</i> with validation of the required new names. – Willdenowia 36: 689–692.\r\rHoffmann O. 1890-94: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 87–391 in: Engler A. & Prantl K. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(5). – Leipzig: Engelmann.\r\rKilian N. & Gemeinholzer B. 2007: Studies in the <i>Compositae</i> of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. 7. <i>Erythroseris,</i> a new genus and the previously unknown sister group of <i>Cichorium (Cichorieae</i> subtribe <i>Cichoriinae)</i>. – Willdenowia 37: 283–296.\r\rKilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.\r\rLack H. W. 2006: Tribe Cichorieae Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180–199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.\r\rLack H. W. & Leuenberger B. 1979: Pollen and taxonomy of <i>Urospermum (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)</i>. – Pollen and Spores 21: 415– 425.\r\rSamuel R., Stuessy T. F., Tremetsberger K., Baeza C.M. & Siljak Yakovlev S. 2003: Phylogenetic relationships among species of <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) </i> based on ITS, plastid <i>trnL</i> intron, <i>trnL-F</i> spacer, and <i>matK</i> sequences. – Amer. J. Bot. 90: 496–507.\r\rSamuel R., Gutermann W., Stuessy T. F., Ruas C.F., Lack H.-W., Tremetsberger K., Talavera S., Hermanowski B. & Ehrendorfer F. 2006: Molecular phylogenetics reveals <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)</i> to be diphyletic. – Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1193–1205.\r\rSennikov A. N. 2000: O rodakh iz rodstva <i>Prenanthes</i> L. <i>(Asteraceae)</i>. – Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 32: 178–181.\r\rSennikov A. N. & Illarionova I. D. 2001: Morfologicheskoe i anatomicheskoe stroenie semyiok vidov roda <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l. <i>(Asteraceae)</i>. – Bot. Zhurn. 86(10): 56–66.\r\rShih C. 1987: On the circumscription of the genus <i>Prenanthes </i>L. and <i>Notoseris</i> Shih: a new genus of <i>Compositae</i> from China. – Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 189–203.\r\rTremetsberger K., Weiss-Schneeweiss H., Stuessy T., Samuel R., Kadlec G., Ortiz M. A. & Talavera S. 2005: Nuclear ribosomal DNA and karyotypes indicate a NW African origin of South American Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Chicorieae). – Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 35: 102–116.\r\rWeiss-Schneeweiss H., Stuessy T. F., Siljak-Yakovlev S., Baeza C. M. & Parker J. 2003: Karyotype evolution in South American species of <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)</i>. – Pl. Syst. Evol. 241: 171-184.\r\rWeiss-Schneeweiss H., Tremetsberger K., Schneeweiss G. M., Parker S. J. & Stuessy T. F. 2008: Karyotype diversification and evolution in diploid and polyploid South American <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae)</i> inferred from rDNA localization and genetic fingerprint data. – Ann. Bot. 101: 909–918.\r\rWhitton J., Wallace R.S. & Jansen R.K. 1995: Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of character change in the tribe <i>Lactuceae (Asteraceae)</i> based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. – Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1058-1073.</p>","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"79d6b29a-7a73-42b6-a024-2ab35fbd60ff","<i>Hypochaeris</i> consists of about 60 annual to perennial herbaceous species with a conspicuously disjunct distribution: some 15 species are centred in the Mediterranean region, with a few extending to N Europe and NE Asia, while the remainder of the species occur in South America. The species of the genus are easily recognised by the combination of a stiffly fimbriately plumose pappus and a paleate receptacle. In the phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers of subtribe Hypochaeridinae by Samuel & al. (2006), <i>Hypochaeris</i> is sister to a clade comprising <i>Leontodon</i> s.str., <i>Picris</i> and <i>Helminthotheca</i>, while <i>Scorzoneroides</i> is sister to all four genera. \r\rSamuel & al. (2003) and Tremetsberger & al. (2005) have shown through a phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers that the South American species form a monophyletic group and that <i>Hypochaeris angustifolia</i> from Morocco is sister to this group. <i>Hypochaeris</i> apparently originated in the Mediterranean region and most probably arrived in South America after long-distance dispersal from NW Africa (Tremetsberger et al. 2005). In South America <i>Hypochaeris</i> after rapid migration into the different geographical regions has colonised most parts, except the tropical rainforest and the extreme arid areas of the coastal deserts (Tremetsberger & al. 2006), and from sea level to the higher Andes at elevations to 5100 m (Urtubey & al. 2009).\r\rThe infrageneric classification of <i>Hypochaeris</i> based on morphology, as was revised the last time by Hoffmann (1890), has for the most part been confirmed by the available molecular phylogenetic analyses (Cerbah & al. 1999; Samuel & al. 2003, 2006; Tremetsberger & al. 2005): \r<i>Hypochaeris</i> sect. <i>Hypochaeris</i> includes the four species <i>H. arachnoidea, H. glabra, H. radicata</i> and <i>H. salzmanniana</i> and has a likely SW Mediterranean (Moroccan) origin (Ortiz & al. 2009).\r<i>Hypochaeris</i> sect. <i>Seriola</i> includes <i>H. achyrophorus, H. laevigata, H. leontodontoides</i> and <i>H. rutea</i> (Tremetsberger & al. 2005).\r<i>Hypochaeris</i> sect. <i>Robertia</i> includes only <i>H. robertia</i>; the inclusion of this species in <i>Hypochaeris</i> is still not fully settled (Samuel & al. 2003, 2006).\r<i>Hypochaeris</i> sect. <i>Metabasis</i> includes the two species <i>H. cretensis</i> and <i>H. oligocephala</i>.\r<i>Hypochaeris</i> sect. <i>Achyrophorus</i> includes the Eurasian species <i>H. grandiflora, H. maculata</i> and <i>H. uniflora</i>.\rThe Moroccan <i>Hypochaeris angustifolia</i> and the South American species, which were formerly also placed in <i>H.</i> sect. <i>Achyrophorus</i>, probably will have to be treated as a new, sixth section of the genus.<br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rCerbah M., Coulaud J., Brown S.C. & Siljak-Yakovlev S. 1999: Evolutionary DNA variation in the genus <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae)</i>. &ndash; Heredity 82: 261-266.\r\rOrtiz, M. Á., Tremetsberger, K., Stuessy, T. F., Terrab, A., García-Castaño, J. L. & Talavera, S. (2009): Phylogeographic patterns in <i>Hypochaeris</i> section <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)</i> of the western Mediterranean. &ndash; J. Biogeogr. 36: 1384-1397. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02079.x\r\rSamuel R., Stuessy T. F., Tremetsberger K., Baeza C.M. & Siljak Yakovlev S. 2003: Phylogenetic relationships among species of <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)</i> based on ITS, plastid trnL intron, trnL-F spacer, and matK sequences. &ndash; Amer. J. Bot. 90: 496-507.\r\rSamuel R., Gutermann W., Stuessy T. F., Ruas C.F., Lack H.-W., Tremetsberger K., Talavera S., Hermanowski B. & Ehrendorfer F. 2006: Molecular phylogenetics reveals <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)</i> to be diphyletic. &ndash; Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1193-1205.\r\rTremetsberger K., Weiss-Schneeweiss H., Stuessy T., Samuel R., Kadlec G., Ortiz M. A. & Talavera S. 2005: Nuclear ribosomal DNA and karyotypes indicate a NW African origin of South American <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)</i>. &ndash; Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 35: 102-116.\r\rTremetsberger K., Stuessy T. F., Kadlec G., Urtubey E., Baeza C. M., Beck S. G., Valdebenito H. A., Fátima Ruas C. de & Matzenbacker N. I. 2006: AFLP phylogeny of South American species of <i>Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Syst. Bot. 31: 610-626.\r\rUrtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris sessiliflora</i> complex <i>(Asteraceae, Cichorieae)</i>. &ndash; Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 96: 685-714. doi: 10.3417/2006136\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f3f71bb7-a844-4400-ae7a-563a9275550c","Herb, perennial, (1)-25-60-(100) cm high. Caudex woody. Flowering stems 1-15, erect or ascending, sometimes procumbent, green, glabrous or hispid below, usually branched; branches ascending. Rosette leaves many, oblong-ovate, elliptic, oblong or narrowly obovate, (0.5)-5.0-25.0-(35.0) cm long, 0.5-4.0-(6.0) cm wide, lyrate, pinnatifid or runcinate, dentate, obtuse, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous, pubescent or hispid; lateral lobes up to 8. Cauline leaves usually absent or sometimes 1(-2), ovate, 0.1-0.3 cm long, c. 0.1 cm wide, acute to obtuse, reduced to scales. Synflorescence with (1)-2-7 heads. Peduncle swollen beneath head, glabrous, covered with bracts. Heads with 25-55 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical to campanulate, 10.0-25.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0-20.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts sometimes tinged purple, glabrous, pilose or sometimes hispid, long-ciliate; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 3.0-4.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, obtuse, hispid, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 12.0-18.0-(25.0) mm long, 2.5 mm wide, acute or mucronate. Receptacle flat, pitted, with scales. Flowers opening in morning and closing in afternoon. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-16.0 mm long, yellow or greyish greenish; tube 5.0-6.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent at apex; ligule (8.0)-10.0-12.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, with a red or green stripe or sometimes tinged tinged grey on outer face. Style orange. Achenes cylindrical to fusiform in outline, (3.0)-6.0-10.0 mm long, scabridulous, muricate or transversely striate, sulcate, reddish or brown, with 10-14 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 3.0-5.0-(8.0) mm long, twice to four times as long as the corpus; outer achenes (5.0)-8.0-17.0 mm long, attenuate into an ill-defined or filiform beak or sometimes attenuate. Pappus whitish; outer pappus hairs 3.0-6.0 mm, scabrid, barbellate or sparsely plumose; inner pappus hairs (7.5)-9.5-12.5 mm, plumose.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Bogler, D. J.: 54. <i>Hypochaeris</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 297-299 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Bogler, D. J. & Yatskievych, G.: 37. <i>Hypochaeris </i>L. (cat’s ear). – Pp. 357-358 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.; DeFilipps, R. A. 1976: 158. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. – Pp. 308-310 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Hypochoeris radicata</i>); Grierson, A. J. C. 1980: 57. <i>Hypochoeris</i> – Pp. 270-271 in: Dassayanake, M. D., Fosberg, F. R. Flora of Ceylon I – Washington, D.C. (as <i>Hypochoeris radicata</i>); Kupicha, F. K. 1975: 105. <i>Hypochoeris</i> – Pp. 669-671 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh (as <i>Hypochoeris radicata</i>); Moore, D. M. 1983: 35. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. – Pp. 261-263 in: Flora of Tierra del Fuego – St. Louis (as <i>Hypochoeris radicata</i>); Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f7f9e8d9-1085-49f3-824d-d8658eb0b05f","Rosette herb, annual, 6-25-(80) cm high. Flowering stems 1 to several, ascending or erect, sulcate, glabrous, with the leaves reduced to scales or leafless, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves obovate to oblong, 1.5-5.0-(20.0) cm long, 0.4-1.5-(3.0) cm wide, pinnatifid, dentate, sinuate or subentire, rounded, obtuse or subacute, petiole-like attenuate, subglabrous or hispidulous. Cauline leaves reduced to scales. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 13.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, glabrous; outer involucral bracts variable, 3.0-6.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, subacute; inner involucral bracts up to 15.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, subacute to acute, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, pitted, with scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 5.0-6.0 mm long, glabrous below and pilose at apex; ligule 4.0-5.0 mm long, c. 1.2 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish, c. 1.8 mm long. Style 6.0-8.0 mm long, yellow; branches c. 0.4 mm long. Achenes dimorphic; outer achenes cylindrical, c. 5.0 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, muricate, dark brown, with longitudinal ribs, truncate or rarely with a filiform beak; inner achenes 4.5-5.5 mm long, truncate or with a filiform beak, 4-6 mm long. Pappus brownish or white; outer pappus hairs 3.0-4.0-(6.0) mm, scabridulous, shortly barbellate or sparsely plumose; inner pappus hairs 9.5-15.0 mm, thinly plumose.\r\rBased on: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: Cichorieae. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae (Part 1). – Kew; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5997b64a-2817-469c-980f-9724a3476a8a","Herb, annual, 7-40 cm high. Flowering stems erect, nearly leafless, branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, 1.5-10.0 cm long, 0.5-3.0 cm wide, subentire, entire or dentate, rounded or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, hispidulous. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 6.0-13.0 mm long; involucral bracts linear, densely hispid dorsally; outer involucral bracts up to 5.0 mm long, up to 1.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts up to 13.0 mm long, c. 2.0 mm wide, acute or subacute, margin scarious. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, glabrous below and pilose at apex; ligule 4.0-5.0 mm long, 1.0-1.3 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish, c. 2.0 mm long. Style c. 7.0 mm long; branches c. 0.5 mm long, style branches yellow. Achenes dimorphic, narrowly cylindrical-fusiform in outline, transversely wrinkled, dark brown, with 4 ribs; outer achenes somewhat curved, c. 6.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, attenuate, but not beaked, usually without pappus, remaining enveloped in the persistant inner involucral bracts; inner achenes almost straight, c. 9.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, with a filiform beak, with pappus. Pappus brownish; outer pappus hairs up to 2.0 mm, scabridulous; inner pappus hairs 5.0-6.0 mm, plumose with fragile pinnules distinctly flattened and shortly connate at base.\r\rBased on: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8bc42029-7c8d-4cb2-9e62-2a99e72656da","Herb, perennial, 2-10 cm high. Flowering stems 1 to several, subglabrous or scabrid, very slender, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves linear or obovate, 1.5-10.0 cm long, 0.2-1.0 cm wide, subentire to pinnatifid, sometimes sinuate-dentate, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Involucre 6.0-10.0 mm long; involucral bracts up to 10.0 mm long, up to 2.0 mm wide, sometimes hispid, subglabrous or tomentose. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 4.5-6.5 mm long, with a filiform beak. Pappus plumose, 4.0-4.5 mm long.\r\rBased on: DeFilipps, R. A. 1976: 158. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. – Pp. 308-310 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Hypochoeris tenuiflora</i>); Lack, H. W. and Kilian, N. 1991: 27. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. - Pp. 524-525 - in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh (as <i>Hypochoeris tenuiflora</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"512a8c24-c0de-4431-ab9e-dcd21c4ff32d","Herb, annual, 6-16-(21) cm high. Flowering stems 1-8, erect or ascending, slightly sulcate, green or sometimes tinged red basally, sparsely hispid at base, 0.5-1.1-(1.7) mm in diameter, usually branched in upper half. Rosette leaves obovate, 1.8-5.0-(7.5) cm long, 0.4-1.4-(2.0) cm wide, entire or lyrate-pinnatifid, ciliate and dentate, hispid. Involucre 8.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 7.0-17.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts green or sometimes black at apex or sometimes bluish white due to waxy coatings, sparsely hispid or glabrous, minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts triangular, 1.5-4.0 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 6.0-13.0-(20.0) mm long, 1.3-3.0 mm wide, acute. Receptacle c. 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter, alveolate, with scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 4.0-4.5 mm long; ligule 11.0-13.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide, tinged green on outer face. Anthertube 2.9-3.5 mm long; apical appendages 0.3-0.5 mm long. Style 8.0-9.5 mm long; branches 1.0-1.1 mm long. Achenes heteromorphic or homomorphic with all like the outer achenes; beak c. 9.0 mm long; outer achenes narrowly ovoid, 2.8-3.2 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, scabrid with c. 15 longitudinal rows of scales, terete, attenuate; inner achenes fusiform, c. 3.0 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, scabrid with c. 15 longitudinal rows of scales, with a filiform beak. Outer pappus of simple bristles, up to 4.5 mm long; inner pappus hairs up to 8.0 mm, plumose.\r\rBased on: Oberprieler, C. & Vogt, R. 2002: <i>Hypochaeris arachnoidea</i> Poir., a hitherto neglected species in NW Africa. – Willdenowia 32: 231-236. (as <i>Hypochaeris arachnoidea</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e2b2af79-21bc-4a49-98d8-3b716ca26e9b","Herb, perennial, 10-60 cm high. Flowering stems 1-2, erect, sulcate, hirsute or puberulous near apex, robust, usually unbranched. Rosette leaves elliptic, oblong, oblong-ovate or narrowly obovate, 5.0-22.0 cm long, up to 2.0 cm wide, sinuate-dentate, dentate or rarely subentire, acute, petiole-like attenuate, pubescent, hispid or subglabrous. Cauline leaves few, attenuate, often reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1 head. Involucre 4.0 mm long, tomentose at base; outer involucral bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, up to 15.0 mm long, up to 8.0 mm wide, woolly, hispid or tomentose, margin usually minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, up to 30.0 mm long, up to 12.0 mm wide. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 10.0-20.0 mm long, yellowish, with longitudinal ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus plumose, 9.5-13.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Achyrophorus uniflorus</i>); DeFilipps, R. A. 1976: 158. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. – Pp. 308-310 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Hypochoeris uniflora</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"38fd9691-2dcf-4d7d-9873-c6f1b2387ac8","Herb, perennial, 14-30 cm high. Flowering stems glabrous or sparsely hispid at base, unbranched. Rosette leaves obovate, 3.0-12.0 cm long, pinnatifid or rarely entire, glabrous. Involucral bracts up to 11.0 mm long, up to 3.0 mm wide, puberulous, hispid or glabrous, minutely ciliate at apex. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 3.5-6.5 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, attenuate. Pappus plumose, 5.0-6.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: DeFilipps, R. A. 1976: 158. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. – Pp. 308-310 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Hypochoeris robertia</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"90943959-f2ef-4a3a-8744-c8bcd935c8c2","Herb, perennial, (15)-20-75-(120) cm high. Flowering stems 1 to several, erect, yellowish green, hispid, sparsely hirsute or rarely glabrous, striate, robust, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves elliptic-ovate, obovate or oblong-obovate, 4.0-15.0-(30.0) cm long, (1.5)-2.0-5.0-(7.0) cm wide, more or less sinuate-dentate or subentire, subacute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, subglabrous or hispid, yellowish green, sometimes tinged purple or with red spots. Cauline leaves absent or few, narrowly ovate to obovate, sinuate-dentate or subentire, subacute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, pilose, yellowish green or tinged purple. Synflorescence with 1-4 heads. Peduncle sometimes pilose. Involucre at flowering campanulate or cylindrical, 15.0-20.0-(25.0) mm long, at flowering 15.0-30.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts 12.0-25.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, blackish green; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, hispid; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute, floccose or tomentose, margin more or less scarious. Receptacle flat, pitted, with scales almost as long as the flowers. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes narrowly ovoid in outline, 5.0-7.0 mm long, slightly muricate and transversely wrinkled, brown, with 5 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak about as long as the corpus. Pappus plumose, whitish, 6.0-11.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Achyrophorus maculatus</i>); DeFilipps, R. A. 1976: 158. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. – Pp. 308-310 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Hypochoeris maculata</i>); Lack, H. W. and Kilian, N. 1991: 27. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. - Pp. 524-525 - in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh (as <i>Hypochoeris maculata</i>); Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"62dbc1d8-e1d6-4dee-8e93-c09961a27a5e","Herb, perennial, (10)-15-30-(85) cm high. Flowering stems 1 to several, erect, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, sometimes hirsute or pilose towards the base, branched already from base. Rosette leaves elliptic or obovate, (4.0)-5.0-10.0-(25.0) cm long, (0.4)-0.5-0.6-(0.8) cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, laciniate, entire and sometimes ciliate, somewhat acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, hispid or pilose. Cauline leaves several, ovate to triangular, 0.4-5.0-(7.0) cm long, entire or dentate, acuminate, pilose at the base. Heads nodding in bud. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 12.0-15.0 mm long; involucral bracts linear-ovate, green or tinged purple at the midribs, woolly; outer involucral bracts 2.0-5.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts up to 15.0 mm long, acute. Receptacle flat, with scales. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-15.0 mm long, yellow; tube sparsely pilose at apex; ligule 9.0-10.0 mm long, 2.0-3.5 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0-4.5 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, dark brown, ribbed, with a filiform beak; outer achenes (5.5)-11.0-12.0 mm long; inner achenes (7.5)-12.0-15.0 mm long. Pappus plumose, 5.0-6.0 mm long; pappus of outer achenes sometimes paleaceous.\r\rBased on: Bachetta, G. et. al. 2003: A new species of <i>Hypochaeris</i> L. (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) from Sardinia in: Willdenowia 33 (as <i>Hypochaeris sardoa</i>); DeFilipps, R. A. 1976: 158. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. – Pp. 308-310 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Hypochoeris cretensis</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ff6d107d-1e78-4d90-9962-b37697ccdb89","<p>The placement of <i>Prenanthes</i> s.str. in the <i>Hypochaeridinae</i> is provisional and  is not supported by morphology. Incongruent phylogenies for <i>P. purpurea,</i> which provides the type of the generic name, based on nrITS and <i>matK</i> markers (Gemeinholzer & al. in prep. and in Kilian & al 2009) may be the result of ancient hybridization across lineages.</p> <p>The circumscription of <i>Prenanthes</i>, in particular its delimitation from the <i>Lactuca-Cicerbita</i> alliance,  has been puzzled generations of botanists. As we know today, <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l. has been a dustbin for a number of  totally unrelated elements. Re-circumscription on the basis of morphological data has been recently attempted by Shih (1987), Sennikov (2000) and Sennikov & Illarionova (2000). Molecular phylogenies based on both nuclear and plastid markers combined with morphological analyses (by Gemeinholzer & al. in prep., Kilian & al. in prep.) confirm a  very narrow circumscription of <i>Prenanthes</i> (perhaps being even monospecific) and revealed that species of the former  <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l. belong to a large part to the subtribe <i>Crepidinae (Nabalus)</i>, minor parts to genera of the <i>Lactucinae  (Cicerbita, Lactuca</i> s.l., <i>Notoseris)</i> and the <i>Cichoriinae</i> (<i>Erythroseris,</i> Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007).  Waiting for corresponding progress in the revision of former <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l.(by Kilian & al. in prep.), <i>Prenanthes</i> in the <i>Cichorieae</i> Portal continues to include besides <i>P. purpurea</i> a number of actually unrelated elements that have not been correctly placed and named so far.</p> <p>The circumscription of <i>Prenanthes</i>, in particular its delimitation from the <i>Lactuca-Cicerbita</i> alliance, \rhas been puzzled generations of botanists. As we know today, <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l. has been a dustbin for a number of totally unrelated elements. Re-circumscription on the basis of morphological data has been recently attempted by Shih (1987), Sennikov (2000) and Sennikov & Illarionova (2000). Molecular phylogenies based on both nuclear and plastid markers combined\rwith morphological analyses (by Gemeinholzer & al. in prep., Kilian & al. in prep.) confirm a very narrow circumscription of <i>Prenanthes</i> (perhaps being even monospecific) and revealed that species of the former <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l. belong to a large part to the subtribe <i>Crepidinae (Nabalus)</i>, minor parts to genera of the <i>Lactucinae (Cicerbita, Lactuca</i> s.l., <i>Notoseris)</i> and the <i>Cichoriinae</i> (<i>Erythroseris,</i> Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007).</p> <p>Waiting for corresponding progress in the revision of former <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l.(by Kilian & al. in prep.), <i>Prenanthes</i> in the <i>Cichorieae</i> Portal continues to include besides <i>P. purpurea</i> a number of actually unrelated elements that have not been correctly placed and named so far.</p>\r<h3>References</h3>\r<p>Kilian N. & Gemeinholzer B. 2007: Studies in the <i>Compositae</i> of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. 7. <i>Erythroseris,</i> a new genus and the previously unknown sister group of <i>Cichorium (Cichorieae</i> subtribe <i>Cichoriinae)</i>. – Willdenowia 37: 283-296.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W.  2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R.  (ed.),  Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Sennikov A. N. 2000: O rodakh iz rodstva <i>Prenanthes</i> L. <i>(Asteraceae)</i>. – Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 32: 178-181.</p> <p>Sennikov A. N. & Illarionova I. D. 2001: Morfologicheskoe i anatomicheskoe stroenie semyiok vidov roda <i>Prenanthes</i> s.l. <i>(Asteraceae)</i>. – Bot. Zhurn. 86(10): 56-66.</p> <p>Shih C. 1987: On the circumscription of the genus <i>Prenanthes </i>L. and <i>Notoseris</i> Shih: a new genus of <i>Compositae</i>  from China. – Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 189-203.</p> ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a4c652aa-dbd5-4779-9389-fb08058cc6ee","Perennial. Rhizome slender, woody. Stem 60-100(150) cm high, usually solitary, glabrous or subglabrous, paniculately branched above. Leaves thin, variable, usually lanceolate, oblong-elliptical or oblong-linear, acute, glaucous, beneath, green above; lower leaves mostly on winged petiole, almost entire with slightly toothed margin to sinuate-toothed and lyrate-pinnatipartite with large terminal lobe; middle and upper leaves sessile, semiamplexicaul, more or less entire, upper leaves smaller, with distinctly auriculate base; sometimes all or most leaves oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate to linear, entire or almost entire (var. angustifolia W.D. Koch). Capitula cylindrical, 12-15 mm long and 3 mm wide, drooping, terminal on slender branches of lax panicle, sometimes up to 20-35 cm long; basal branches of panicle arising from axils of rather large upper leaves. Involucre two- or three-rowed; outer involucral bracts oblong-ovate, dark, with more or less dense, often papilliform pubescence (under a hand lens!); innermost bracts two to three times as long as outer, linear or oblong-lanceolate, greenish in lower part, usually dark violet above, bordered along edges, subobtuse, with short barbules of thin; light colored, hairs (under a hand lens!); florets in capitulum usually five; corolla purple or violet-purple, its lobes covered with papilliform hairs. Achenes 4.5-5 mm long, about 1 mm wide, oblong-linear, weakly compressed, dark brown, glabrous, with slightly raised ribs; pappus of numerous white, slightly barbed (under high magnification!) bristles, 7.5-8 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"95214e37-a06d-4e07-a687-244bd8ddcdee","Erect or decumbent annual with indumentum containing lanate hairs and 2-barbed glochids. Flowering stems 8-40 cm, usually branched from base. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 3-12 x 1-3 cm, margins dentate, upper ovate or oblong, ± entire, decreasing in size. Involucres 10 x 10-13 mm; peduncles not becoming thickened in fruit. Ligules exserted c. 5 cm from involucre. Achenes heteromorphic; outer stout, fusiform, 5-6(-8) mm, curved, pubescent, clasped by phyllaries; inner 4-4.5 mm, slenderly fusiform, straight, attenuate and subrostrate, glabrous. Pappus of outer achenes ± coronate, entire or divided into 1-2 mm scales, persistent; of inner few, subpaleaceous, 6.5-7 mm bristles, ± persistent, those of outermost series of inner achenes scabrous, those of remainder plumose. Fl. 4-5.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. <i>Picris</i> – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"87957b51-9fbe-4292-995b-56a5ace5d3bc","Biennial or perennial herb with a thick stock and long, fleshy roots. Stems 15-100(-145) cm, pale green, sometimes suffused brownish-purple, erect, rigid, furrowed, with few to numerous, short to medium, simple, forked and anchor-like eglandular hairs, often with spreading or ascending branches sometimes from the very base, leafy. Leaves yellowish-green on upper surface, paler beneath, sometimes tinted purplish; basal and lower cauline with lamina 6-20 x 1-5 cm, lanceolate, ovate, narrowly elliptical or oblong, obtuse to acute at apex, entire to sinuate-dentate with mammiform or sharply mammiform teeth, narrowed at base into a short petiole; median and upper cauline similar but smaller, sessile and more or less amplexicaul; all with more or less numerous, short to medium, simple, forked and anchor-like, rigid hairs on both surfaces and the margins. Capitula few to numerous, 20-40 mm in diameter, terminal on the main stem and branches, some often sessile; peduncles short to long, bracteate and somewhat thickened distally, with short, curled hairs and numerous to dense, short to long, rigid simple, forked and anchor-shaped hairs. Involucral bracts in several rows, 9-15 x 1.5-2.5 mm, green to blackish, linear-lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, obtuse to acute at apex, glabrous or with numerous very short curled hairs and few to numerous, pale to dark simple, forked and anchor-like hairs. Flowers all ligulate, the ligules bright deep yellow and 5-lobed at apex, the outer often with a reddish stripe on the outer face. Receptacle flat, pitted, without scales. Achenes 3-6 mm, reddish-brown, fusiform, somewhat flattened, slightly curved, with fine, interrupted, transverse wrinkles, weakly ribbed, shortly beaked; pappus cream-coloured, in 2 rows, the outer of simple hairs, the inner of plumose hairs. Flowers 7-9. Freely visited by flies and bees, but may be apomictic. 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"66033de6-170c-497c-ac10-80efa1708d05","Capitula solitary or in clusters at the end of long branches, the inflorescence open. Involucral bracts 10-15 x 2.0-2.5 mm, blackish, narrowly elliptical to oblong-elliptical, with very short, curled hairs and short to long, pale and dusky-based hairs.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a43c25c7-da0e-4aac-95b0-7c60722a33d1","Capitula without clustering in an open corymb on long peduncles. Involucral bracts 11-13 x 1.0-1.5 mm, dull green, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with very short curled hairs and numerous medium to long hairs mainly down the median line. \r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1a974ee8-53ed-493c-b1fb-59c2ab3e2d4d","Capitula crowded at apex of stems on very short peduncles, the lateral capitula often solitary and sessile or nearly so. Involucral bracts 9-11 x 1.0-1.5 mm, dull green, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, with very short, curled hairs and sometimes an occasional longer, straight hair on the median line.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"58f0f39c-6a65-4193-bd4c-8ad695b06d16","Capitula on more or less long peduncles. Involucre 8-11 mm, greenish, with dense short hairs and few to numerous, longer, pale, rigid, simple hairs.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"788f5980-98ce-48cd-b0a4-826bb4400d37","Rosette herb, annual, 20-80-(100) cm high, sometimes with taproot, hispid with 2-barbed bristles with some sparse woolly hairs. Flowering stems erect, inconspicuously ribbed, hispid with 2-4(-5)-barbed bristles intermixed with a much shorter indumentum, branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-15.0 cm long, 1.3-3.0-(5.0) cm wide, sinuate-dentate, rounded or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, thinly hispidulous on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few, obovate or narrowly oblong, 1.5-8.0 cm long, 0.3-2.0 cm wide, entire or dentate, subacute or acute, auriculate with short, rounded projecting auricles, hispidulous. Synflorescence paniculiform. Heads with 30-100 flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, c. 8.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-7.0-(12.0) mm in diameter; involucral bracts margin often scarious; outer involucral bracts narrowly oblong, c. 2.0-4.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, often tinged purple, hispid; inner involucral bracts oblong, c. 1.0-1.5 mm wide, acuminate, purplish or blackish, hispid. Receptacle flat to convex, somewhat pitted, without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow or often purple externally; tube c. 4.0 mm long, pilose near apex; ligule c. 9.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5-4.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style 7.0-8.0 mm long; branches c. 1.0 mm long. Achenes homomorphic or dimorphic, fusiform in outline, curved, at least c. 3.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, dark brown, ribbed transversely, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; outer achenes curved, 3.0-4.0 mm long, finely wrinkled; inner achenes 2.5-3.0 mm long. Pappus of outer achenes (1.0)-2.0-2.5 mm long, scabridulous or barbellate; pappus of inner achenes 5.0-6.0 mm long, plumose, white.\r\rBased on: Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. Picris – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh (as <i>Picris altissima</i>); Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Picris altissima</i>); Strother, J. L. 2006: 58. Picris Linnaeus. – Pp. 302-303 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c8d77a11-cbe9-41b5-a51c-2ed2b119e6eb","Rosette herb, annual, 10-50-(70) cm high, hispidulous. Flowering stems erect or ascending, obscurely ribbed. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-8.0 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm wide, entire or remotely sinuate-dentate, rounded or shortly acute, petiole-like attenuate. Cauline leaves few, elliptic, often entire. Peduncle up to 10.0 cm long, slightly swollen at maturity. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, up to 10.0 mm long, at flowering up to 10.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts linear, 3.0-4.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, hispidulous with fulvous bristles; inner involucral bracts linear, greenish, hispidulous with fulvous bristles. Corolla ligulate; tube c. 6.0 mm long, densely pilose towards apex; ligule 8.0-9.0-(12.0) mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, tinged purple or yellow. Anthertube 2.5-3.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style 7.0-9.0 mm long; branches c. 0.8 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, strongly curved, 2.0-3.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, glabrous or rarely pubescent, brown, ribbed transversely, shortly attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, caducous, plumose.\r\rBased on: Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. Picris – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"419cbc19-791f-48c7-983e-7284afa73c0e","Biennial. Stems 30-70 cm, with numerous unequal, rigid hairs. Leaves with numerous unequal, rigid hairs; basal 40-90 x 15-25 mm, narrowly elliptical or lanceolate in outline, pinnatisect with narrow lobes, subpetiolate; cauline similar but smaller. Capitula few, solitary at the ends of long branches. Involucre 9-10 x 6-8 mm; bracts lanceolate, acute, with dense, short tomentum and sometimes a few short, rigid hairs; outer bracts up to half as long as inner. Achenes 5-6 mm, dark brown, strongly transversely muricate, shortly beaked.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5770bae5-4e45-4a24-86c1-b0fd70af50f0","Biennial. Stems 30-40 cm, with numerous unequal, rigid hairs. Leaves with numerous unequal hairs; basal 40-95 x 15-30 mm, narrowly elliptical to lanceolate in outline, pinnatisect with linear to narrowly triangular lobes, subpetiolate; cauline similar but smaller. Capitula numerous; peduncles thickened above but constricted immediately below apex. Involucre 11-15 x 10-12 mm; bracts lanceolate, acute, strongly pectinate-ciliate and with rigid hairs on the median line; outer bracts up to 2/3 as long as inner. Achenes 5-6 mm, dark brown, strongly transversely muricate, slightly narrowed at apex.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"62bfb02e-54c3-4157-95ac-5b046cfe704b","Erect to ascending perennial with indumentum containing lanate hairs and 2-barbed glochids. Leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, 3-20 x 1-2 cm, ± distantly dentate to pinnatifid; cauline few, linear-lanceolate, smaller. Flowering stems 5-25 cm, ± scapiform, bearing 1-3 capitula, peduncles not or slightly thickened. Involucre 1-1.5 x 1-1.2 cm. Ligules exserted 7-8 mm from involucre. Achenes homomorphic, fusiform, 5-6 mm, glabrous. Pappus hairs numerous, 6-9 mm, plumose. Fl. 7-8.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. <i>Picris</i> – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"57f76f97-3daa-4795-a6fb-d8758de01b7b","Erect or ascending annual with indumentum containing minute lanate hairs and 2-, 3- and 4-barbed glochids. Stems usually branched, 5-45(-80) cm. Basal leaves oblanceolate, attenuate at base, 4-6 x 0.5-1.5 cm, shallowly dentate; median elliptic or oblong, decreasing in size. Involucre 1-1.5 cm long and broad, peduncles thickened at fruiting time but constricted at base of involucre. Ligules exserted c. 1 cm from involucre. Achenes heteromorphic, fusiform, but attenuate and subrostrate at apex; outer stouter, 5.5-7 mm, pubescent, inner slender, 7-8 mm, glabrous. Pappus of outer achenes 4-5.5 mm, plumose, deciduous; pappus of inner ones slightly longer, 5-6 mm, plumose. Fl. 5-8.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. <i>Picris</i> – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1ed19718-23b2-4235-bebc-18f1926ebc2c","Annual, 15-60 cm, with glochidiate bristles varying in length and with sparse crisped hairs. Stems erect, usually branched and loosely. corymbose above. Radical leaves tapering to a petiole, oblong to oblanceolate, entire or repand-denticulate; cauline leaves oblong, sessile, auriculate. Peduncles somewhat thickened in fruit. Flowering heads 1.5 cm in diameter. Inner involucral bracts glochidiate, in fruit indurate and canaliculate below. Achenes dimorphic; marginal achenes falcate, ending in a persistent cupuliform crustaceous brownish crown; inner achenes nearly straight, thinner, fusiform, with a persistent pappus of 5 long feathery bristles dilated at base. Fl. March-May.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c92e3a0f-f8c2-45dc-b10b-ae1a05f5b198","Erect annual with indumentum containing lanate hairs and 2-barbed glochids. Flowering stems usually branched from base, 10-50 cm. Basal leaves oblanceolate or spathulate, 2-5.5 x 1-2 cm; cauline elliptic or oblong, smaller. Involucres 8-12 x 10-13 mm, peduncles somewhat thickened in fruit and constricted at base of capitulum. Ligules exserted 7-9 mm from involucre. Achenes heteromorphic, fusiform, 4.5-5 mm; outer curved, pubescent; inner slightly curved, glabrous. Pappus of outer achenes 2-3 mm, mostly scabrous, deciduous; pappus of inner 5-6 mm, plumose. Fl. 6-7.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. <i>Picris</i> – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1a42779d-9e86-451a-867d-7d646c7c6c82","Perennial. Stems 4-20 cm, with numerous hairs, some rigid and broad-based, some soft. Leaves with numerous broad-based, rigid hairs; basal 25-80 x 10-25 mm, oblanceolate, pinnatisect, the lobes linear to narrowly triangular; cauline similar but smaller and narrower. Capitula 1(-2). Involucre 13-20 x 10-15 mm; bracts lanceolate, obtuse, with short, wavy hairs and longer, rigid hairs mainly on the median line; outer bracts up to half as long as inner. Achenes 9-10 mm, dark brown, slightly curved, weakly transversely muricate, shortly beaked.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f81e09d7-48f8-4498-9f54-f31dda5f5293","Erect biennial or perennial with indumentum containing lanate hairs and 2- and 4-barbed and less frequently 3-barbed glochids. Stems strictly branched (10-)30-75 cm. Basal leaves withered at anthesis; lower cauline elliptic or oblanceolate, 3-10 x 0.5-3 cm, distantly and shallowly dentate, upper smaller or much reduced. Peduncles not thickened in fruit. Involucres obconical, turbinate at base, 1-1.4 x 1-1.5 cm; phyllaries whitish-tomentose and usually bearing rather few glochids c. 1 mm. Ligules exserted c. 5 mm from involucre. Achenes homomorphic, fusiform, but attenuate and subrostrate or sometimes abruptly and very shortly attenuate at apex, 4.5-6.5 x 0.75-1 mm, dark brown, glabrous. Pappus hairs numerous, (4.5-)6-7.5 mm, plumose. Fl. 6-8.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. <i>Picris</i> – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"87735a0a-2dcf-4d91-ba40-48dd8fba3981","Stem 10-50 cm, with rigid hairs. Leaves with rigid hairs; basal C. 30 x 5-6 mm, oblanceolate to oblong, sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, narrowed into petiole; cauline long-acute, dentate or the upper entire. Capitula few; peduncles long, thickened after anthesis. Involucre 10-12 x 7-10 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, with rigid hairs mainly on the median line. Achenes 5-6 mm, tomentose, beaked; outer curved, with short, scarious pappus; inner with pappus of plumose hairs.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8896462b-65bf-4840-aa9b-6f9d0789b5ba","Rosette herb, annual, (10)-20-50 cm high. Flowering stems obscurely ribbed, arachnoid or hispidulous with 2-barbed bristles, usually branched. Rosette leaves narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 2.0-10.0-(12.0) cm long, 0.5-1.3 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, remotely denticulate or entire, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate, thinly hispidulous on both surfaces. Cauline leaves subentire or entire, sometimes semiamplexicaul. Peduncle up to 15.0 cm long, swollen above, but abruptly constricted at apex in fruit, hispidulous. Involucre 8.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-10.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly oblong or linear, 3.0-6.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, hispidulous, with blackish tips; inner involucral bracts linear or narrowly oblong, woolly or hispid with blackish, green margins. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, pilose at apex; ligule c. 8.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, tinged purple externally. Anthertube c. 3.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 6.0 mm long; branches c. 1.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, curved, c. 4.0-6.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, glabrous, brown, ribbed transversely, attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus white, 6.0-8.0 mm long, caducous, plumose.\r\rBased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0005afd2-53bb-4d14-986f-c55e90ccce50","Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers (Samuel & al. 2006) revealed that the traditional genus <i>Leontodon</i> s.l. is diphyletic. While <i>Leontodon</i> subg. <i>Leontodon</i> is sister to <i>Picris</i> and <i>Helminthotheca</i> and the three cluster in a clade with <i>Hypochaeris</i>, <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Oporinia</i> forms a clade of its own basal to the clade of the four taxa. These molecular results are supported by chromosome and phytochemical data and by the indumentum types. The occurrence of 2- to several-fid or stellate hairs on leaves and phyllaries (Widder 1931; Pittoni 1974), of hypocretenolids (Zidorn & Stuppner 2001a+b; Zidorn 2006) and of varied basic chromosomes numbers (mostly <i>x</i> = 4, 7, 11; references in Samuel & al. 2006) are characteristic of <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Leontodon,</i> whereas <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Oporinia</i> is characterised by strictly simple hairs, the occurrrence of guaianolides and rather homogenous basic chromosome numbers of rarely <i>x</i> = 5 and usually <i>x</i> = 6 (see below). Consequently, the two subgenera of <i>Leontodon</i> s.l., <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Oporinia</i> and <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Leontodon</i>, have to be treated as two separate genera. For <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Oporinia</i> the generic name <i>Scorzoneroides</i> is available.\r\r<i>Scorzoneroides</i> comprises about 26 species and its distribution is centred in the Mediterranean area. A conspectus of the names of the species in <i>Scorzoneroides</i> is given by Greuter & al. (2006).</br> \r\r<h3>References</h3>\rGreuter W., Gutermann W. & Talavera S. 2006: A preliminary conspectus of <i>Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae)</i> with validation of the required new names. &ndash; Willdenowia 36: 689-692.\r\rPittoni H. 1974: Behaarung und Chromosomenzahlen sternhaariger <i>Leontodon</i>-Sippen. &ndash; Phyton (Austria) 16: 165-188.\r\rSamuel R., Gutermann W., Stuessy T. F., Ruas C.F., Lack H.-W., Tremetsberger K., Talavera S., Hermanowski B. & Ehrendorfer F. 2006: Molecular phylogenetics reveals <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)</i> to be diphyletic. &ndash; Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1193-1205.\r\rWidder F. J. 1931: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gattung <i>Leontodon</i> II. Die ""nickenden Knospen"" einiger <i>Leontodon</i>-Arten in ihrer Bedeutung für das System der Gattung. &ndash; Österr. Bot. Z. 80: 136-148.\r\rZidorn C. 2006: Sesquiterpenoids as chemosystematic markers in the subtribe <i>Hypochaeridinae (Lactuceae, Asteraceae)</i>. &ndash; Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 34: 144-159.\r\rZidorn C. & Stuppner H. 2001a: Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae)</i>. &ndash; Taxon 50: 115-133.\r\rZidorn C. & Stuppner H. 2001b: Chemosystematics of taxa from the <i>Leontodon</i> section <i>Oporinia</i>. &ndash; Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 29: 827-837.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0005afd2-53bb-4d14-986f-c55e90ccce50","The basic chromosome numbers of <i> Scorzoneroides</i> are <i>x</i> = 5 and 6, the latter being the usual number (Izuzquiza & Nieto Feliner 1991; Izuzquiza 1991).</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rIzuzquiza A. 1991: A new species and two new combinations of <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae, Hypochaeridinae)</i>. &ndash; Nordic J. Bot. 11: 33-40.\r\rIzuzquiza A. & Nieto Feliner G. 1991: Cytotaxonomic notes on the genus <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae, Hypochaeridinae)</i>. &ndash; Willdenowia 21: 215-224.","Chromosome numbers",,"eng",,,,,
"0c17975e-14d9-432b-846a-9f290c1a88fe","Perennial herb with a premorse, oblique, usually branched stock and tap-root with fibrous side-roots, each branch of the stock terminating in a rosette of leaves. Stems single to numerous, 2-60 cm, yellowish-green, sometimes tinted brownish-purple, prostrate to ascending or erect, markedly ridged and channelled, often flexuous, glabrous or with sparse simple eglandular hairs, leafless, but with narrow bracts, simple or branched. Leaves few to numerous, all basal, the lamina 15-20 x 0.3-3.0 cm, dull medium green on upper surface with a pale midrib, paler beneath, sometimes flushed reddish-purple especially on the midrib, rarely fleshy, narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, obtuse to acute at apex, entire to remotely sinuate-dentate or deeply pinnatisect, the segments narrowly lanceolate to linear, obtuse or acute at apex, patent or recurved and usually very irregular, gradually narrowed at base to short or medium, winged petioles, sometimes bearing an occasional tooth, glabrous or with few to numerous, sometimes rather stiff simple eglandular hairs. Capitula 1-numerous on each stem, solitary at the ends of branches, 12-40 mm in diameter; peduncles like the stem, with several small, lanceolate, often colourless bracts particularly just below the capitulum. Involucral bracts in several rows, 6-15 x 0.8-1.5 mm, dull green with dark tips, linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to an acute apex, usually with some arachnoid hairs, without or with few to dense simple eglandular hairs and minute, whitish, soft hairs. Flowers 4-16 mm, all ligulate, the ligules deep yellow, rarely lemon yellow, the outer usually with a reddish or purplish stripe on the outer face, shortly 5-lobed at apex. Stigmas discoloured. Receptacle slightly convex, pitted, without scales. Achenes 3.5-8.0 mm, reddish-brown to dark brown, cylindrical, slightly narrowed above, transversely muricate; pappus 3-8 mm, very pale brown or grey, of 1 row of plumose hairs. Flowers 6-11. Freely visited by a great variety of insects and automatically self-pollinated. 2n = 12, 24.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"df0ece5a-6dc4-44ed-b40a-6a89998c4193","Phylogenetic analyses by Samuel & al. (2006) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers revealed that <i>Leontodon</i> in its traditional circumscription is actucally diphyletic. While <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Leontodon</i>, hence <i>Leontodon</i> s.str., is sister to <i>Picris</i> and <i>Helminthotheca</i> and the three cluster in a clade with <i>Hypochaeris</i>, <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Oporinia</i> forms a clade of its own basal to the clade of the four taxa. These molecular results are supported by chromosome and phytochemical data and by the indumentum types. The occurrence of 2- to several-fid or stellate hairs on leaves and phyllaries (Widder 1931; Pittoni 1974), of hypocretenolids (Zidorn & Stuppner 2001a+b; Zidorn 2006) and of varied basic chromosomes numbers (mostly <i>x</i> = 4, 7, 11; Rousi 1973; Pittoni 1974; Izuzquiza 1991; Mariotti Lippi & Garbari 2004) are characteristic of <i>Leontodon</i>  s. str. In contrast, the former <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Oporinia</i>, now separated as the genus <i>Scorzoneroides</i>, is characterised by strictly simple hairs, the occurrrence of guaianolides and rather homogenous basic chromosome numbers of <i>x</i> = 5 or 6.\r\r<i>Leontodon</i> s.str. comprises some 40 species and has a distribution centred in the Mediterranean area and extending into N Europe and SW Asia. The traditional, morphology based classification of <i>Leontodon</i> s.str. (as <i>L.</i> subg. <i>Leontodon</i>) into three sections by Widder (1975) is well supported by the molecular phylogenetic analyses (Samuel & al. 2006): \r\r(1) <i>Leontodon</i> sect. <i>Leontodon</i> consists of the European and Anatolian-Caucasean <i>L. hispidus</i> group mostly with single capitula on simple stems without leaves. This group also includes <i>L. kulczinskii</i> from the E Carpathians and two aberrant species from the Azores that develop branched and leafy stems with numerous capitula (<i>L. rigens</i> and <i>L. filii</i>, see Paiva & Ormonde 1973, 1975 and Lack 1981). For <i>L. rigens</i>, inclusion in <i> L. </i> sect. <i>Leontodon</i> is clearly supported by the molecular phylogenetic analyses of Samuel & al. (2006).\r\r(2) <i>Leontodon</i> sect. <i>Asterothrix</i> occurs throughout the Mediterranean and is usually characterised by 3- to several-fid or stellate hairs on leaves and phyllaries, and all achenes with pappus bristles. It includes <i>L. incanus, L. berinii</i> and the <i>L. crispus</i> group with <i>L. asperrimus, L. anomalus, L. crispus, L. graecus, L. farinosus</i> etc. Somewhat deviating by, e.g., their variable indumentum are the three species <i>L. boryi</i> (from the Sierra Nevada in SE Spain), <i>L. rosani</i> (from Italy) and <i>L. villarsii</i> (from SW France to Spain). In the analyses by Samuel & al. (2006) the first two are associated in the nrITS tree with <i> L.</i> sect. <i>Asterothrix</i> but in the matK tree with <i>L.</i> sect. <i>Leontodon</i>. As explained by Samuel & al. (2006), these results suggest intersectional hybrid origins of the three taxa.  \r\r(3) <i>Leontodon</i> sect. <i>Thrincia</i> includes about five species centred in the W Mediterranean but extending into NW Europe and SW Asia, which share an indumentum of hairs on leaves and phyllaries with 2-3 terminal, straight, or rarely more or less hooked branches, outer achenes with pappus reduced to scales or short bristles and a chromosome complement of 2<i>n</i> = 8 (Rousi 1973; Pittoni 1974). Two well supported clades can be recognised in the molecular analyses by Samuel & al. (2006), one with the widespread <i>L. tuberosus</i> and the SW Mediterranean <i>L. maroccanus</i>, the other including <i>L. tingitanus</i> (from S Spain and N Morocco) and the widespread <i>L. saxatilis</i> group.</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rIzuzquiza A. 1991: A new species and two new combinations of <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae, Hypochaeridinae)</i>. &ndash; Nordic J. Bot. 11: 33-40.\r\rLack H. W. 1981: Die <i>Lactuceae (Asteraceae)</i> der azorischen Inseln. &ndash; Willdenowia 11: 211-247.\r\rMariotti Lippi M. M. & Garbari F. 2004: <i>Leontodon villarsii</i> (Willd.) Loisel. and <i>L. rosani</i> (Ten.) DC. <i>(Asteraceae)</i>: nomenclatural, palynological, karyological, and micromorphological aspects. &ndash; Pl. Biosystems 138: 165-174.\r\rPaiva J. A. R & Ormonde J. 1973: The species of <i>Picris</i> L. from the Azores. &ndash; Bole. Soc. Brot., ser. 2, 46: 447-448.\r\rPaiva J. A. R & Ormonde J. 1975: Sobre <i>Thrincia carreiroi</i> Gandoger e <i>Thrincia subglabra</i> Gandoger. &ndash; Bole. Soc. Brot., ser. 2, 47(supplement): 271-291.\r\rPittoni H. 1974: Behaarung und Chromosomenzahlen sternhaariger <i>Leontodon</i>-Sippen. &ndash; Phyton (Austria) 16: 165-188.\r\rRousi A. 1973: Studies on the cytotaxonomy and mode of reproduction of <i>Leontodon (Compositae)</i>. &ndash; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 10: 201-215.\r\rSamuel R., Gutermann W., Stuessy T. F., Ruas C.F., Lack H.-W., Tremetsberger K., Talavera S., Hermanowski B. & Ehrendorfer F. 2006: Molecular phylogenetics reveals <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)</i> to be diphyletic. &ndash; Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1193-1205.\r\rWidder F. J. 1931: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gattung <i>Leontodon</i> II. Die ""nickenden Knospen"" einiger <i>Leontodon</i>-Arten in ihrer Bedeutung für das System der Gattung. &ndash; Österr. Bot. Z. 80: 136-148.\r\rWidder F. J. 1975: Die Gliederung der Gattung <i>Leontodon</i>. &ndash; Phyton (Austria) 17: 23-29.\r\rZidorn C. 2006: Sesquiterpenoids as chemosystematic markers in the subtribe <i>Hypochaeridinae (Lactuceae, Asteraceae)</i>. &ndash; Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 34: 144-159.\r\rZidorn C. & Stuppner H. 2001a: Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus <i>Leontodon (Asteraceae)</i>. &ndash; Taxon 50: 115-133.\r\rZidorn C. & Stuppner H. 2001b: Chemosystematics of taxa from the <i>Leontodon</i> section <i>Oporinia</i>. &ndash; Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 29: 827-837.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"282af33c-aeba-4dee-985d-a804cd5ce7d2","Perennial with oblique, truncate stock. Stems 20-50 cm, usually branched, with numerous rigid, simple eglandular and long-stalked 2- to 3-fid hairs; bracts 0-3. Leaves 30-170 x 15-45 mm, elliptical to oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, long-attenuate at base into a winged petiole, dentate with narrow, patent teeth, with numerous rigid, simple eglandular or long-stalked 2-fid hairs. Capitula 1-4, on long peduncles. Involucre 10-13 x 7-10 mm; bracts linear, more or less obtuse, glabrous or with few to numerous, simple eglandular or long-stalked 2-fid hairs. Ligules yellow. Stigmas yellow or discoloured. Achenes 4.5-5.5 mm, pale brown, weakly transversely muricate, shortly beaked; pappus-hairs in 2 rows, the inner plumose, the outer scabrid.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2641b24e-ee09-435f-9f7d-d9ae082577bf","Annuals or perennials, 10-40 cm. Stems 1-15+, ascending, simple, glabrous or coarsely hispid. Leaves: blades oblanceolate to oblong, 2-15 x 0.5-2.5 cm, margins entire, dentate, or deeply lobed, faces hispid or hirsute, hairs minutely bifid. Heads borne singly. Peduncles ebracteate. Calyculi of 10-16, subulate bractlets 1-4 mm, glabrous or hirsute. Involucres campanulate, 6-13 x 4-9 mm. Phyllaries 16-20, narrowly lanceolate, 6-8 mm, subequal, glabrate to coarsely hirsute. Florets 20-30; corollas bright yellow to grayish yellow (outer faces), 8-15 mm. Cypselae fusiform, 4-5.5 mm, (outer curved, thick, not beaked, often enclosed by phyllaries, inner beaked, beaks 1-3 mm); pappi of 2 types: on outer cypselae, crowns of bristlelike scales ca. 0.5 mm; on inner; of dusky white or pale yellow, plumose bristles 5-6mm. 2n = 8.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 52. <i>Leontodon</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 294-296 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ae05c779-3276-4143-84eb-8aba15f4bead","Perennials, rarely biennials; inner cypselae with beaks ca. 1 mm. 2n = 8.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 52. <i>Leontodon</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 294-296 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"97646f38-7c37-44ad-af84-6bb29a8d96f9","Perennial with vertical or oblique, often branched stock. Stems 1-4, 6-30 cm, often branched, with numerous sessile stellate and short-stalked 2- to 4-fid hairs; bracts 0-3. Leaves 25-80 x 3-10 mm, narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, sinuate-denticulate, with numerous to dense small, sessile stellate and short-stalked 3- to 7-fid hairs on both surfaces. Capitula 1-2, on long peduncles. Involucre 10-14 x 10-14 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, with dense sessile stellate and short-stalked 3- to 5-fid hairs. Ligules yellow. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 6-7 mm, yellowish-brown, narrowed above, transversely muricate; pappus hairs in 2 rows, the inner plumose, the outer denticulate.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b2decb09-2069-4756-9631-9eb822550e75","Stems simple. Leaves with few sessile stellate hairs and numerous long-stalked 2- to 5-fid hairs. Involucre 15-16 mm; bracts with long, rigid simple eglandular or long-stalked 2-fid hairs.mainly in a median line, and soft simple eglandular hairs, not or minutely white-pectinate-ciliate. Achenes 10-11 mm.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Leontodon crispus subsp. bourgaeanus</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f8348296-88f8-4ee7-b1fe-78fd05211a37","Perennial with vertical or oblique, usually branched, truncate stock. Stems 1-numerous, 5-70 cm, usually simple, glabrous or with simple eglandular or long-stalked 2- to 3-fid hairs. Leaves 30-350 x 3-40 mm, oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, sinuate-dentate to deeply pinnatifid with the terminal lobe usually large, attenuate into the winged petiole, glabrous or with simple eglandular or long-stalked 2- to 3-fid hairs. Capitula 1(-2). Involucre (9-)10-15 x 6-12(-15) mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, the outermost lax, glabrous, or with simple eglandular and long-stalked 2- to 3-fid hairs mainly in a median line. Ligules bright yellow, the outermost orange or reddish (rarely greyish-violet) on outer face. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 5-8 mm, brown, narrowed above or beaked, the inner with a beak t as long as the remainder of the achene, transversely muricate; pappus very pale brown, of 2 rows of hairs, the inner plumose, the outer denticulate. 2n= 14.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ef3b887b-c9c9-466f-8960-1d08ed3b3239","Stems 5-20 cm, up to twice as long as leaves, glabrous or almost so. Leaves sinuate-dentate, with broad apex, glabrous or subglabrous, shining. Involucre 11-14 mm, glabrous or subglabrous.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5bb561ee-efc9-4abd-a7d5-614628f88e49","Leaves without forked hairs and phyllaries without hispid hairs, glabrous.\r\rfrom: Kupicha, F. K. 1975: 106. <i>Leontodon</i> – Pp. 671-678 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh. (as <i>Leontodon hispidus var. glabratus</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"137351fd-539d-4992-a3c4-c5345d12116d","Perennial with an oblique or vertical, truncate stock. Stems 1-several, 10-30 cm, with short, rigid simple eglandular or 2- to 4-fid hairs; bracts 0-2. Leaves 15-70 x 3-12 mm, regularly pinnatisect with narrow lateral lobes and small terminal lobe, with few to numerous, sometimes dense, long, more or less rigid hairs thickened at the base and minutely 2-fid at the apex. Capitulum solitary. Involucre 9-15 x 5-10 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, obtuse, with few to numerous simple eglandular or minutely 2-fid hairs. Ligules pale yellow, concolorous. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 5-8 mm, brown, narrowed above or shortly beaked, transversely muricate; pappus of 2 rows of plumose hairs or the outer scabrid. 2n = 8.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c258e220-42d6-4216-bc05-4ccb84494e7a","Annual. Stems 1-few, up to 25 cm, simple, with few to numerous, rigid simple eglandular or long-stalked 2-fid hairs; bracts absent. Leaves 100-140 x 30-40 mm, oblanceolate, obtuse, dentate, attenuate into a winged, sometimes dentate petiole, with numerous rigid, long-stalked 2-fid hairs. Capitulum solitary. Involucre 12-16 x 10-14 mm; bracts lanceolate, obtuse, with rigid simple eglandular or long-stalked 2-fid hairs mainly in a median line. Ligules yellow, the outer with a stripe on the outer face. Stigmas yellow. Achenes brown, of 2 kinds: outer shortly beaked, with the pappus of small scales; inner 9-10 mm, with beak 5-7 mm and pappus-hairs in 2 rows, plumose. 2n = 8.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"71e44297-da9c-454c-a6e6-f5fec9ee6ad3","Perennial with vertical stock and vertical rhizome. Stems 1-3, 20-60 cm, simple, with few to numerous rigid, long-stalked 2- to 4-fid hairs and sometimes some weaker simple eglandular hairs; bracts 0-2. Leaves 35-160 x 5-20 mm, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, usually acute, denticulate to remotely dentate, gradually narrowed to the petiole, with dense long-stalked 2- to 5-fid hairs. Involucre 15-18 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, obtuse, with weak simple eglandular hairs and stouter simple eglandular and long-stalked 2-fid hairs. Ligules yellow, concolorous. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 10-15 mm, strongly transversely muricate, the inner with a beak about as long as remainder of achene; pappus-hairs in 2 rows, more or less plumose, pale brown.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ae66034c-de66-4422-964a-ee7070f8cc02","Perennial. Root long, radish-shaped, merging with one-, two- or three-headed rhizome above. Stems 7-30 cm high, simple, or, less often, with one or two branches and one to three capitula at apices of main stem and branches, with few linear or subulate-linear leaves, not thickened below capitulum, scabrous from very short, stellate, straight hairs. Basal leaves 7.5-10 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide, narrowly lanceolate, with winged petiole, sinuately pinnatifid or remotely toothed, with acute lobes and teeth, rather densely covered with very short, stiff, erect three- or four-forked hairs-on both sides and along margin. Capitula obconical, 1.3-2 cm long, 1.12-2 cm wide at flowering; involucral bracts imbricate, outer very short, deflexed, lanceolate; inner bracts dense, appressed, linear-lanceolate, with very short stellate hairs along margin and midrib, remaining part finely arachnoid-hairy; inner involucral bracts scarious along margin, finely arachnoid-hairy on dorsal surface. Ligules yellow, unicolorous with five long teeth; corolla tube and lower part of ligule sparsely sericeous. Receptacle convex, squamose, glabrous. Achenes up to 1 cm long, narrowed into beak above, sulcate, transversely undulate, sharply scabrous on beak, weakly flattened, brown; pappus dirty-white, as long as achene, two-rowed; bristles of outer row short, barbed, of inner row plumose, not thickened near base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1b4e5afc-4513-4493-9882-1e11445ab2c5","Taprooted perennial. Indumentum of slender stellate hairs, or of mixed stellate and stalked branched hairs. Stems 4-33 cm, sparsely bracteate, scapose or branched and leafy, not swollen beneath capitulum. Leaves 15-100 x 2-12 mm, oblanceolate in outline, acute at apex and tapered at base, entire to sparsely dentate, tomentose. Involucre hemispherical to turbinate, 10-22 mm long; phyllaries pluriseriate, ± regularly imbricate, pubescent, outer occasionally ciliate-pectinate, inner sometimes long-acuminate. Achenes beaked, all pappose. Pappus dirty-white, of 15-25 hairs.\r\rfrom: Kupicha, F. K. 1975: 106. <i>Leontodon</i> – Pp. 671-678 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1ffee7a8-4882-4b22-86d0-8b4c21f237d0","Perennial with branched stock and long rhizome. Stems up to 8 cm, simple, thickened at the apex, with numerous stellate hairs; bracts 1-2. Leaves up to 55 x 12 mm, spathulate or oblanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate, narrowed at base, subpetiolate, with dense, short stellate hairs on both surfaces. Capitulum solitary. Involucre 10-13 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, with stalked 2- to 5-fid hairs. Ligules yellow. Stigmas yellow. .Pappus-hairs in 2 rows, the inner plumose, the outer shorter and scabrid.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"be4e9f81-a76f-49eb-bb12-79b2730c0539","Stems up to 20(-30) cm, slender, glabrous or almost so. Leaves more or less deeply pinnatifid, usually with narrow apex, glabrous or almost so. Involucre 13-15 mm, glabrous or almost so.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Leontodon hispidus subsp. hyoseroides</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"16d729e7-9632-4b47-bd7b-5d113b6f14e1","Stems 7-20 cm, with numerous, white, rigid simple eglandular or 2- to 3-fid hairs. Leaves pinnatifid with sinuate, crispate lobes, with dense, white, rigid simple eglandular or 2- to 3-fid hairs. Involucre 11-13 mm, with numerous to dense, white, rigid simple eglandular or 2- to 3- fid hairs.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Leontodon hispidus subsp. pseudocrispus</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7b0fd61c-ac6d-4b5c-a47d-f2903d8e6907","Perennial. Root radish-shaped, merging in many-headed rhizome above, bearing one to four (five) stems. Scapes 15-45 cm high, with a small number of small, linear or subulate, entire, acute leaves and with one -fertile capitulum at apex. Sometimes one or two sparsely leafy twigs with apical capitulum, almost as long as stem, originate from lower half of main stem; stem base with dense rosette of oblong-lanceolate, entire or remotely sinuate-toothed leaves, 5-20 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide; whole plant densely covered with long, stiff, straight, pale-green hairs, stellate above (with three or four upward-directed cusps). Capitula large, 2-2.5(3) cm long, 1.5 cm wide in middle and 2 cm wide above. Involucre cylindrical, bracts imbricate, linear or lanceolate; outer bracts along keel and margin covered with stiff hairs, stellate-forked above; inner bracts flat, with membranous margin, as also others, weakly white arachnoid on dorsal surface. Receptacle weakly convex, densely covered with fimbriate scales. Achenes long, 15-20 mm long, fusiform, sulcate, somewhat flattened, transversely rugose, attenuate at apex into scabrous beak as long as achene; pappus dirty-white, of long (up to 1.5 cm), plumose bristles in two rows, and not thickened near base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1dc71486-aa31-4755-9119-37b3950270b8","Perennial with oblique, truncate stock. Stems 15-60 cm, branched, with few to numerous, rigid simple eglandular and long-stalked 2-fid hairs; bracts numerous. Leaves 90-310 x 30-120 mm, elliptical, obtuse to subacute, narrowed into a winged petiole, regularly dentate with narrowly mammiform, patent teeth, with few to numerous, rigid, simple eglandular or long-stalked 2-fid hairs. Capitula 20-80, in a more or less corymbose panicle. Involucre 8-12 x 4-6 mm; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, more or less obtuse, glabrous or with appressed soft hairs, sometimes with a few longer rigid hairs. Ligules yellow. Styles discoloured. Achenes 4.5-5.5 mm, pale brown, weakly transversely muricate, shortly beaked; pappushairs in 2 rows, the inner plumose, the outer scabrid.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8ec7f90a-ec38-4cee-9721-a3946adf5f37","Perennial with branched, woody stock and long, vertical rhizome. Stems 1-4, 1-4 cm, simple, with few to numerous long-stalked, 2- to 4-fid hairs and shorter, weaker simple eglandular hairs; bracts 0-1. Leaves 10-30 x 6-8 mm, crowded, oblanceolate to elliptical, regularly pinnately divided nearly to the midrib with narrow lobes, with dense indumentum of usually long-stalked 2- to 4-fid hairs. Capitulum solitary. Involucre 11-16 x 6-9 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous or with simple eglandular or long-stalked 2-fid hairs mainly in a median line. Ligules yellow, the outer with a darker stripe on outer face. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 8-10 mm, pale brown, narrowed at apex or shortly beaked, with dense short rigid hairs; pappus-hairs-in 2 rows, the inner plumose, the outer simple. 2n= 14.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e87008b2-210e-4d09-959c-9cbc140b6265","Rosette herb, perennial, 15-30-(50) cm high, with tuberous roots. Flowering stems scapelike, erect, unbranched with a single head. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, (3.0)-6.0-30.0 cm long, 1.0-4.0 cm wide, entire or runcinate, entire or dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate, hispidulous with 2-3 branched bristles. Cauline leaves absent. Heads nodding before anthesis. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-18.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-10.0 mm in diameter, hispidulous or subglabrous; involucral bracts linear-oblong or variable, obtuse or subacute, membranaceous; outer involucral bracts 3.0-4.0 mm long, c. 1.3 mm wide; inner involucral bracts up to 18.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 6.0-7.0 mm long, pilose at apex; ligule 10.0-12.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide, often oliv green externally. Anthertube yellowish, c. 4.0 mm long. Style c. 10.0 mm long; branches 1.0-1.5 mm long, style branches yellow. Achenes dimorphic; outer achenes cylindric-fusiform, partly enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts, curved, 6.0-7.0 mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide, transversely wrinkled, with longitudinal ribs, truncate or with a filiform beak, with pappus of lacerate, yellowish scales about 0.8 mm long; inner achenes narrowly fusiform, slightly curved, c. 8.0 mm long, c. 0.8 mm wide, transversely muricate, brown, with longitudinal ribs, with a filiform beak, with pappus. Pappus dimorphic, white to yellowish; outer pappus hairs c. 3.0 mm, barbellate; inner pappus hairs 6.0-7.0 mm, plumose, somewhat dilated into a scaly base.\r\rBased on: Kupicha, F. K. 1975: 106. Leontodon – Pp. 671-678 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a7446562-2107-4b74-8912-fba35886a9ae","Perennial with branched, oblique stock and long, vertical rhizome. Stems 1-6, 7-40 cm, more or less thickened at apex, simple or branched, with few to numerous, rigid, stalked 2- to 4-fid hairs (often with only their bases remaining) and sometimes shorter, weaker, simple eglandular and sessile stellate hairs; bracts 0-5. Leaves numerous 20-140 x 3-15(-20) mm, more or less oblanceolate, dentate to pinnatifid, usually with numerous 2- to 7-fid hairs, sometimes also with sessile stellate hairs. Capitula 1(-3). Involucre 10-25 x 7-14 mm; bracts oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute, glabrous or with simple eglandular, 2- to 4-fid or stellate hairs, often pectinate-ciliate. Ligules yellow, sometimes reddish-purple on outer face. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 7-12 mm, brown, with beak up to about as long as remainder of achene, with short rigid hairs above and transversely muricate below; pappus of 2 rows of very pale brown plumose hairs dilated at the base, the outer shorter than the inner.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5c2f3e57-e8fe-4994-9393-0fcc6c198724","Stem simple. Leaves with a few simple or long-stalked 2- to 3-fid hairs. Involucre 9-12 mm; bracts with minute simple eglandular hairs or glabrous, not or only minutely pectinate-ciliate. Achenes 7-10 mm.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f9b44cbf-42a3-4962-b0dd-f8d9ff4878be","Perennial with branched, horizontal or ascending stock. Stems I-numerous, 25-45 cm, simple, glabrous or with few simple eglandular hairs in the upper part especially just below the capitulum; bracts 0-3. Leaves 90-230 x 10-30 mm, dark green, oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, subentire to sinuate-denticulate, tapered to base, with very sparse simple eglandular hairs above and more• numerous hairs on the margin and veins beneath. Capitulum solitary. Involucre 10-15 x 5-11 mm; bracts blackish, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, with long, whitish simple eglandular hairs mainly in a median line. Ligules yellow, the outer brownish on the outer face, blackish at apex of teeth. Stigmas yellow. Achenes c. 5 mm, brown, narrowed at apex, but without a beak, transversely muricate; pappus6f 2 rows of hairs, the inner plumose, the outer shorter and scabrid.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Leontodon repens</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5ba3e787-2bad-42ef-af2d-af2cc40d6096","Perennial with vertical or oblique, often branched stock. Stems 1-6, 10-35 cm, simple, with numerous, sessile stellate and short-stalked 2- to 4-fid hairs; bracts 0-3. Leaves 25-150 x 5-20 mm, linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, more or less acute, entire, denticulate or rarely with a few irregular teeth, long-attenuate to the winged petiole, with numerous to dense, short- to long-stalked 2- to 7-fid hairs on both surfaces. Capitulum solitary. Involucre 10-15 x 8-11 mm; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, with few to numerous simple eglandular and stalked 2-fid hairs. Ligules deep yellow. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 7-9 mm, brown, narrowed and with minute rigid hairs above, transversely muricate below; pappus of 2 rows of hairs, the inner plumose, the outer denticulate.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c00984a1-81b9-48da-a481-214e1dcee5a3","Annual, 10-40 cm, more or less hispid to scabrous. Stems erect or diffuse, sparingly branched, sometimes reduced to a 1-2-headed scape. Radical leaves, obovate-oblong, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, tapering to a petiole; cauline leaves few, sessile. Peduncles elongated, hollow, in fruit more or less clavate-thickened and sometimes constricted under the head. Fruiting heads nearly globose. Involucral bracts varying from glabrous to hispid-setose or scabrous at back or at tip at maturity. Achenes scabridulous. Pappus of inner achenes about as long as achene and protruding from the involucre. Fl. March-April.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2ec95a17-c827-4e20-a3a5-d85498b8d8f0","Fruiting peduncles clavate, strongly thickened, 3-6 mm in diameter, not constricted under the head. Involucre as in subsp. rhagadioloides [i.e. varying from glabrous to hispid or scabrous].\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8c782629-7b8f-47fd-bfec-ad60bff8b958","Plant 10-40 cm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Leaves 6-35 x 5-12 mm, lanceolate to oblong-linear, sinuate-dentate, the basal usually with winged petioles, the cauline sometimes semiamplexicaul. Capitula more or less numerous; peduncles not or only slightly thickened. Involucre 11-14 x 8-12 mm; bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the inner sometimes partially enclosing the outer achenes, not or only slightly incurved. Achenes 8-9 mm, with minute rigid hairs, the outer not incurved. Pappus of all achenes of hairs and narrow scales. 2n=6.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 154. <i>Hedypnois</i> Miller – Pp. 307-308 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4acc8474-276e-47d8-a6d2-3aab6cd3468a","Perennial. Stem 18-50 cm, with scattered spines and few to numerous rigid hairs. Leaves with short, bulbous-based spines and a few rigid hairs; basal 30-100 x 10-35 mm, oblanceolate to elliptical, obtuse, shallowly dentate, subpetiolate; cauline small, lanceolate to ovate, sessile, more or less amplexicaul. Capitula few; peduncles thickened after anthesis. Involucre 14-18 x 12-18 mm; bracts glabrous or with rigid hairs, the outer ovate, muricate, the inner lanceolate or oblong, about twice as long as outer. Achenes 8-9 mm, reddish-brown, more or less straight, the beak longer than the body.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Picris aculeata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"27768565-03c9-4e1f-8131-327dcceb0ad4","Herb, biennial, pauciennial or annual, (5)-10-80-(100) cm high, hispid. Flowering stems erect, ribbed, unbranched or branched. Lower cauline leaves obovate to elliptic, 4.0-12.0 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm wide, entire or dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate. Middle and upper cauline leaves ovate to elliptic, acute, semiamplexicaul with shortly projecting auricles. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-5.0 cm long. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, 10.0-18.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-15.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, 10.0-18.0 mm long, (3.0)-6.0-10.0 mm wide, acuminate, hispid at margins and midrib; inner involucral bracts linear, 10.0-18.0 mm long, 2.0-3.5 mm wide, hispid at midrib, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, pitted, without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube c. 6.0 mm long, glabrous below and pilose at apex; ligule c. 7.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, tinged purple. Anthertube c. 2.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 10.0 mm long, greenish; branches c. 1.0 mm long. Achenes dimorphic, the outer achenes a little longer than the inner ones, with a shorter pappus, all narrowly obovoid or cylindrical in outline, compressed, (2.0)-3.0-3.5 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, glabrous, transversely wrinkled, light brown, with a filiform beak; beak 5.0-6.0 mm long. Pappus white, (4.5)-6.0-7.0 mm long, plumose.\r\rBased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge; Tadesse, M. 2004: 27. Helminthotheca - Pp. 71 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"295292cf-85ce-42f1-829c-2562d51b17c5","Annual or biennial. Stems 30-70 cm, with scattered spines and few to numerous rigid hairs. Leaves with bulbous-based spines and rigid hairs; basal 50-150 x 35-50 mm, more or less elliptical, obtuse, entire to sinuate-dentate, subpetiolate; lower cauline similar to basal, the upper broader, sessile, amplexicaul. Capitula numerous. Involucre (15-)20-25 x 13-15 mm; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, with thickened midrib, spiny-pectinate margins, and also rigid hairs; inner bracts more than twice as long as outer, linear-lanceolate, acute, with a dorsal appendage much exceeding the apex of the bracts, with rigid hairs mainly along the median line. Achenes 8-10 mm, reddish-brown, transversely muricate, more or less straight; beak c. 1/2 as long as the body.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Picris comosa</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a9967459-5019-47cf-8f68-0bf2322be6ef","<p>The <i>Hieraciinae </i>in the present circumscription represent the subtribe as in Lack (2006) but two genera were excluded following Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009): (1) <i>Tolpis</i> clusters with <i>Cichorium</i> as part of the <i>Cichoriinae,</i> and (2) <i>Hololeion</i> is part of the <i>Heteracia-Soroseris</i> subclade of the <i>Crepidinae</i>.<i> Hololeion,</i> with a basic chromosome number of x = 8, was odd within the <i> Hieraciinae</i> because all its other taxa have a basic chromosome number of x = 9, which is now characteristic for the subtribe. The <i>Hieraciinae</i> sensu Bremer (1994) also included <i>Arnoseris,</i> a genus that Lack (2006) placed into the <i>Hypochaeridinae,</i> but which clusters according to Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) with <i>Cichorium,</i> too. </p> <p>The systematics of the subtribe has been clarified through molecular phylogenetic analyses by Fehrer & al. (2007) and Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009). The analyses of these authors revealed a sister-group relationship between <i>Pilosella </i>and <i>Hispidella. </i>These two genera form a joint clade with <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>H.</i> subg. <i>Hieracium</i> and <i>H.</i> subg. <i>Chionoracium</i> [= <i>Stenotheca</i>]), to which <i>Andryala</i> is the sister-group. <i>Hieracium intybaceum,</i> which is restricted to the siliceous Alps and which was separated in the 19th century as the genus <i>Schlagintweitia,</i> finally forms the sister-group to all four genera. </p> <p>The molecular phylogenetic analyses thus provide evidence for the separation of <i>Hieracium</i> and <i>Pilosella,</i> and moreover, necessitate the re-establishment of <i>Schlagintweitia</i> as a segregate of <i>Hieracium,</i> with which, however, it produces fertile hybrids (C. Zidorn, pers. comm., May 2007). Intergeneric hybridization within the <i>Hieraciinae</i> resulting in cytoplasmic inheritance has also been reported in earlier studies, e.g., from <i> Hieracium</i> subg. <i>Chionoracium</i> to <i>Pilosella</i> and from the introgressed <i>Pilosella</i> lineage to <i>Andryala</i> (Fehrer & al. 2007), and has been revealed by incongruent topologies of nuclear and chloroplast analyses inferred from chloroplast (<i>trnT-trnL, matK</i>) and nuclear (ITS) sequence data. In general, the ITS data analysis is in accordance with morphological and other evidence and, therefore, is assumed to reflect species relationships.</p> <p>As the single exceptions, for <i>Hieracium </i> and <i>Pilosella</i> the treatment in Euro+Med Plantbase – Compositae (Greuter 2005-07) has not been incorporated into the Portal and both genera have been skipped entirely so far. The users may thus find no data at all for these genera in the Portal for the time being. <br> For tackling <i>Hieracium </i>and <i>Pilosella</i> we anticipate, in close cooperation with their specialists, a feasible and systematically sound two-level-taxonomy solution, differentiating between a set of taxa relevant and manageable for a wide range of purposes and users, and a second set of taxa below the first one displaying the microcosmos of actual diversity. In <i> Hieracium,</i> the principal taxonomic level may largely correspond to the ""Haupt- und Zwischenarten"" of Zahn and many of the sections, subsections and series as well as groups accepted by Russian, Baltic, Skandinavian and British authors. They have been named and treated as species ""groups"" [""aggregates"" or ""swarms""], to each of which, at the second level, the corresponding microspecies (or subspecies) may be subordinated depending on the preferred approach and available data of modern revisions. Taxa which can not be assigned to these ""groups"" are to be found in an additional collective group of micro-taxa.</p><br> <h3>References</h3>\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber. <p>Fehrer J., Gemeinholzer B., Chrtek J. & Bräutigam S. 2007: Incongruent plastid and nuclear DNA phylogenies reveal ancient intergeneric hybridization in <i> Pilosella</i> hawkweeds <i>(Hieracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae).</i> – Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 42: 347–361.</p> <p>Greuter W. 2005-07: <i>Compositae.</i> – In: Greuter W. & Raab-Straube E. von (ed.), The Euro+Med Plantbase, the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. – http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Lack H. W. 2006: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (volume ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.</p> ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d8503ef8-5e75-41a3-80c6-135692cd0c14","Annual to perennial herbs with latex, without stolons. Stems usually solitary, branched, leafy. Leaves alternate, entire to deeply pinnatisect. Capitula few to numerous. Involucral bracts in several rows. Flowers bisexual. Corolla ligulate, yellow, the outer sometimes with a reddish stripe on the outer face, 5-lobed at apex. Anthers tailed, with an elongate apical appendage; filaments smooth. Style with long branches, with both shaft and branches with short hairs. Receptacle flat, pitted, the margin of the pits laciniate-dentate with long hairs. Achenes oblong or obconical, truncate at apex, not beaked; pappus of greyish-white simple hairs, falling entire.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fd635328-bdc7-4eff-91d4-4181bd176deb","Herb, annual, 5-30 cm high. Flowering stems 1. Rosette leaves entire to pinnatifid, entire or sinuate-dentate. Peduncle glandular. Involucral bracts purplish at apex, glandular and hispid. Corolla ligulate, reddish or yellow. Achenes 1.0-1.3 mm long, dark brown, ribbed.\r\rBased on: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 117. <i>Andryala</i> – Pp. 763 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"29bdd270-c99b-45a8-aac7-e31931f6dc64","<p>The <i>Crepidinae</i> as redefined by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) comprise c. 360 species (the <i> Taraxacum</i> microspecies not counted) or more than 1/4 of the species of the tribe, making it the largest subtribe of the <i>Cichorieae.</i> The <i> Chondrilla</i> alliance has been removed from the <i>Crepidinae</i> as a separate subtribe <i>Chondrillinae</i> (see there). </p> <p>The molecular-phylogenetic analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) revealed two large subclades of the <i>Crepidinae </i>clade:</p> <p>(1) The <b><i>Heteracia-Soroseris</i> subclade</b> is predominantly Asian and includes two clades: (a) one with the genera <i>Heteracia, Heteroderis, Lagoseriopsis</i> and <i>Garhadiolus</i>, and, as the sister-group to this clade, (b) one with the four genera <i>Hololeion, Nabalus, Soroseris</i> and <i>Syncalathium</i>. Confirmed (see Whitton & al. 1995) is thus the inclusion of <i>Garhadiolus,</i> formerly placed in <i>Hypochaeridinae</i> (Bremer 1994; Lack 2006), new is the inclusion of <i>Hololeion,</i> formerly placed in the <i>Hieraciinae </i>(Bremer 1994; Lack 2006), as well as of <i>Nabalus </i>and <i>Syncalathium,</i> formerly placed in the <i>Lactucinae</i> (Bremer 1994; Lack 2006).<br> <i>Syncalathium</i> is actually diphylectic; in the sense of the type of the name, which is provided by <i>S. sukaczevii</i> (correctly to be named <i>S. kawaguchii</i>), the genus belongs to the <i>Crepidinae,</i> whereas <i>S. souliei </i> is nested in the <i>Lactuca </i>alliance. This result is also corroborated by karyological data (Zhang & al. 2007, 2009).<br> The recognition of <i>Nabalus </i>as a genus separate besides <i>Prenanthes,</i> including all North American and several Central and East Asian members of the latter genus, confirms Stebbins (1940: 63). He had concluded from studies of the achene vascularisation that the species of <i>Nabalus</i> are much closer to <i> Dubyaea </i>and <i>Soroseris</i> than to <i>Prenanthes purpurea,</i> which provides the type of <i>Prenanthes</i>. <br> <i>Stebbinsia,</i> according to molecular phylogenetic analyses in the Sino-Himalayan <i>Cichorieae </i>by Jianwen Zhang (pers. comm. March 2009), with its only species <i>S. umbrella,</i> is nested right within <i>Soroseris,</i> as was already assumed by Lack (2007). <br> According to Jianwen Zhang (pers. comm. March 2009) the latter group of this subclade also includes the genus <i>Dubyaea</i> in the sense of the type of its name, which is provided by the yellow-flowered <i>D. hispida,</i> whereas, e.g., the purple-flowered <i>D. atropurpurea</i> clusters with the <i>Lactuca</i> alliance.<br> Also part of the <i>Heteracia-Soroseris</i> subclade is according to Gemeinholzer & al. (in prep.) the newly established, bispecific <i>Youngia</i> segregate <i>Sonchella</i> published by Sennikov (in Tzvelev 2007 and Sennikov & Illarionova 2008).</p> <p>(2) The <b><i>Youngia-Crepis-Ixeris</i> subclade</b> comprises predominantly Eurasian taxa. <br> The core of this subclade is formed by <i> Crepis.</i> <i>Crepis</i> species from Babcock’s sections <i>Intybellia, Lagoseris, Microcephalum, Phaecasium</i> and <i>Pterotheca</i> cluster in the nuclear and plastid analyses (by Enke & Gemeinholzer 2008) in a clade that is the sister-group to <i>Lapsana</i> and <i>Rhagadiolus</i>, two genera formerly placed in the <i>Hypochaeridinae </i>(Bremer 1994; Lack 2006, but with affinities to the <i>Crepidinae</i> already shown by Whitton & al 1995). This part of <i>Crepis</i> includes, but is larger than, the<i> Crepis</i> segregate <i>Lagoseris. </i>The major part of<i> Crepis</i> forms the sister-group to the former. The monospecific afroalpine <i>Dianthoseris</i> has been found nested right into, and to form a congener of, this <i>Crepis </i>s.str. by Enke & al. (2008). Both parts of <i>Crepis</i> are morphologically ill-delimited from each other, which speaks strongly against recognition of <i>Lagoseris</i> as a separate genus besides <i>Crepis</i> (Enke & Gemeinholzer 2008). Since <i>Lapsana</i> and <i>Rhagadiolus, </i>in contrast, are morphologically well delimited from <i> Crepis</i>, it appears, at least for the time being, the best solution to maintain both genera and accept <i>Crepis</i> as a paraphyletic genus. <br> Basal to this core group stands the genus <i>Askellia</i> (former <i>Crepis</i> sect. <i>Ixeridopsis</i>), which has been recognized most recently as a separate genus also by Sennikov & Illarionova (2008) on morphological grounds. <i> Askellia</i> is the sister-group to <i>Crepidiastrum</i> and <i> Youngia</i> (in the sense of the type of the generic name). The other branch of the <i>Youngia-Crepis-Ixeris</i> subclade comprises <i>Taraxacum</i> next to<i> Ixeris,</i> and <i>Acanthocephalus</i> in a sister-group position to the former two. Babcock (1947) already recognized the intermediate position of <i>Askellia</i> between <i>Crepis</i> and <i>Ixeris, </i>even though most of the species (e.g., <i>A. nana, A. flexuosa</i>) used to be treated under <i>Youngia</i> to which they were recently reassigned (Adylov & Zuckerwanik 1993). However, <i>Askellia</i> has terete achenes and a basic chromosome number of x = 7 (otherwise not present in <i>Crepis</i>), while the achenes of <i>Youngia</i> are compressed and angular and the chromosome number is x = 8.</p> <p>The phylogenetic relationships of <i>Ixeridium</i> (Pak & Kawano 1992) and <i>Lapsanastrum</i> (Pak & Bremer 1995) as well as of the other two recent <i>Youngia</i> segregates <i>Tibetoseris</i> and <i> Crepidifolium</i> published by Sennikov (in Tzvelev 2007 and Sennikov & Illarionova 2008) are yet uncertain.</p>\r<h3>References</h3>\rAdylov T. A. & Zuckerwanik T. I. (ed.) 1993: Opredelitel rasteniy Srednei Azii 10. [Conspectus florae Asiae Mediae 10]. – Tashkent: Isdatelstvo Fan Respubliki Uzbekistan. <p>Babcock E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 1-2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 21-22.<p>Bremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber.</p> <p>Enke N. & Gemeinholzer B. 2008: Babcock revisited: new insights into generic delimitation and character evolution in <i>Crepis</i> L. <i>(Compositae: Cichorieae) </i>from ITS and <i>matK</i> sequence data. – Taxon 57: 756-768.</p> <p>Enke N., Kilian N., Nemomissa S. & Gemeinholzer G. 2008: Afroalpine <i>Dianthoseris</i> actually a congener of <i>Crepis </i>s.str. <i>(Compositae, Cichorieae)</i>. – Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 127: 389-405.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Lack H. W. 2006: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.</p> <p>Pak J.-H. & Bremer K. 1995: Phylogeny and reclassification of the genus <i> Lapsana (Asteraceae: Lactuceae)</i>. – Taxon 44: 13-21.</p> <p>Pak J.-H. & Kawano S. 1992: Biosystematic studies on the genus <i>Ixeris</i> and its allied genera <i>(Compositae: Lactuceae)</i> 4. Taxonomic treatments and nomenclature. – Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. Biol. 15: 29-61.</p> <p>Sennikov A. N. & Illarionova I. D. 2008 [“2007”]: Generic delimitation of the subtribe Ixeridinae newly segregated from <i>Crepidiinae (Asteraceae - Lactuceae).</i> – Komarovia 5: 57-115.</p> <p>Stebbins G. L. 1940: Studies in <i>Cichorieae: Dubyaea </i>and <i>Soroseris.</i> Endemics of the Sino-Himalayan region. – Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 19(3): 1-76.</p> <p>Tzvelev N. N. 2007: Novye taksony i novye kombinacii taksonov slozhnocvetiykh <i>(Asteraceae)</i> iz central'noy Azii. – Bot. Zhurn (Moscow & Leningrad) 92: 1747-1757.</p> <p>Whitton J., Wallace R. S. & Jansen R. K. 1995: Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of character change in the tribe <i>Lactuceae (Asteraceae)</i> based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. – Canad. J. Bot. 73: 1058-1073.</p> <p>Zhang J.-W., Sun H. & Nie E.-L. 2007. Karyological studies on the Sino-Himalayan endemic <i>Soroseris</i> and two related genera of tribe <i> Lactuceae (Asteraceae).</i> – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 154: 79–87.</p> <p>Zhang J. W., Nie Z. L. & Sun H. 2009: Cytological study on the genus <i> Syncalathium (Asteraceae-Lactuceae), </i>an endemic taxon to alpine scree of the Sino-Himalayas. – J. Syst. Evol. 47: 226–230.</p> ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5d65f017-0c23-43e4-888d-9649de50dd45","Annual to perennial herbs with fibrous roots. Stems usually solitary, 10-125(-150) cm, erect, leafy, pale yellowish-green,  sometimes tinted purplish, striate, often flexuous, with few to numerous, pale, wavy simple eglandular hairs especially below. Leaves dull medium to yellowish-green on upper surface, pale beneath with prominent veins; basal often numerous but dying before anthesis, the lamina 1-20 x 1-10 cm, oblong-obovate in outline, lyrate-pinnatifid, obtuse at apex, the terminal lobe large, ovate or triangular-ovate, undulate and sinuate-dentate and more or less cordate at the base, the lateral lobes several and much smaller, gradually decreasing in size downwards, very unequal, patent or recurved, ovate, oblong or pinnatifid, obtuse to rounded, dentate and sessile or narrowed at base to a winged petiolule, the area between the lobes with a narrow, irregular wing, with a narrowly winged [5etiole; cauline gradually decreasing in size, the lower usually similar to basal, the upper ovate, obtuse to acute at apex, petiolate or sessile, the uppermost  often lanceolate, denticulate or entire and sessile; all with few to numerous simple eglandular hairs on the upper surface and numerous, unequal ones below especially on the veins. Capitula 3-100(-380), 10-30 mm in diameter, in an open, more or less corymbose panicle; peduncles usually glabrous, rarely with glandular hairs. Involucral bracts in 2 rows; outer 0.5-1.2 x 0.5-1.0 mm, pale green, triangular-ovate, obtuse at apex, glabrous; inner 5-10 x 1.2-1.5 mm, pale yellowish-green, often reddish tipped, linear-oblong, more or less obtuse at apex, keeled, usually glabrous, rarely with glandular hairs. Flowers all ligulate, bisexual; ligules a little longer than to 2.5 times as long as the involucral bracts, yellow, with 5 lobes at apex. Receptacle flat, without scales, Achenes 3.5-5.0 mm, the outer longer than the inner, linear-oblanceolate, slightly flattened, about 20-ribbed, not beaked; pappus absent. Flowers 6-9.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7f41175a-e568-44dd-9ef3-f9c4bf434653","Stems usually solitary, usually more than 30 cm, usually branched only above middle; annual, biennial or perennial. Peduncles usually longer; involucre 7-10 mm. Lower part of stem with dense crispate glandular hairs.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D.1975: 126. <i>Lapsana</i> L. – Pp. 785-787 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f5e08f52-3704-4eaa-ae5a-8a2515f42410","Stems usually solitary, usually more than 30 cm, usually branched only above middle; annual, biennial or perennial. Peduncles usually longer; involucre 7-10 mm. Lower part of stem glabrous or with eglandular hairs only. Most leaves broadly ovate and dentate, lower sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid with large ovate-dentate terminal lobe; involucre blackish, at least when young; ligules up to 3 x as long as involucre.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D.1975: 126. <i>Lapsana</i> L. – Pp. 785-787 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"78eb9b44-b377-49f0-8d32-bbbef09288ba","Stems usually solitary, usually more than 30 cm, usually branched only above middle; annual, biennial or perennial. Peduncles usually longer; involucre 7-10 mm. Lower part of stem glabrous or with eglandular hairs only. Lower and median cauline leaves usually lyrate-pinnatifid, upper usually narrower and often entire; involucre greenish; ligules about 2 x as long as involucre.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D.1975: 126. <i>Lapsana</i> L. – Pp. 785-787 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"88468333-2e60-4682-8454-84c61ec577cf","Annual herb. Lateral segments of leaves not as wide as terminal ones. Capitula 10-20 mm in diameter. Involucral bracts 5-7(-8) mm. Ligules about 1.5 times the inner involucral bracts. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7403b973-40cc-4cba-aa73-5d699861a10c","Stems usually numerous, up to 25(-30) cm, often branched below middle; perennial\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D.1975: 126. <i>Lapsana</i> L. – Pp. 785-787 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"85cf20e6-a95b-4448-bfb3-511dba72da2f","Stems usually solitary, usually more than 30 cm, usually branched only above middle; annual,biennial or perennial. Peduncles mostly not more than 2 x as long as involucre; involucre 8-8 mm.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D.1975: 126. <i>Lapsana</i> L. – Pp. 785-787 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"10c14ff6-27fb-4a56-a1fb-6bfc4e125e4a","Annual herbs. Stem usually branched. Leaves dentate or pinnatisect, rarely subentire. Capitula homogamous, ligulate; phyllaries in 2 series, the outer very short, the inner longer, incurved at the apex, accrescent and patent in fruit, enveloping the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked. Flowers yellow. Achenes subulate or narrowly fusiform, straight or curved, without pappus, the outer persistent, stellately patent, smooth, the inner strongly curved, caducous, often hispidulous.\r\rfrom: Meikle in Taxon 28: 133-141. 1979.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"10c14ff6-27fb-4a56-a1fb-6bfc4e125e4a","<i>Rhagadiolus</i> is one of the genera of the <i>Cichorieae</i> without a pappus. Lacking thus one the more important diagnostic features, the placement of these genera provided particular problems. As in other such cases, molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed a rather different systematic position of <i>Rhagadiolus</i> compared to the previous, morphology-based classifications: while from Stebbins (1953) over Bremer (1994) to Lack (2006) the genus was placed in subtribe <i>Hypochaeridinae</i>, thus among <i>Hypochaeris, Picris</i> and <i>Leontodon</i>, molecular analyses have indicated (Whitton & al. 1995) or shown  (Enke & Gemeinholzer 2008) that <i>Rhagadiolus</i> is a member of subtribe <i>Crepidinae</i> and close to <i>Lapsana</i> (s.str.) and <i>Crepis</i>. The results obtained by Enke & Gemeinholzer (2008) clearly show that both <i>Rhagadiolus</i> and <i>Lapsana</i> are even nested within <i>Crepis</i>, being sister to the ""<i>Lagoseris</i> clade"" of <i>Crepis</i>. As has been concluded by Enke (2009: 236), based on the currently available morphological, cytological, palynological, phytochemical and molecular results, ""no argument could be found to encourage an exclusion of the species of the <i>Lagoseris</i> group from <i>Crepis</i> [which would then place <i>Rhagadiolus</i> and <i>Lapsana</i> outside <i>Crepis</i> and make <i>Crepis</i> s.str. monophyletic]; neither could any convincing argument be found to merge <i>Lapsana</i> and <i>Rhagadiolus</i> into <i>Crepis</i>"". Enke (2009: 236) therefore suggests ""to preserve the current generic circumscription of <i>Crepis</i>, even though it would be paraphyletic from a molecular point of view, until further evidence emerges"", whereas ""to include <i>Lapsana</i> and <i>Rhagadiolus</i> seems inappropriate given the morphological distinctness of both genera"".\r\r<i>Rhagadiolus</i> is treated as a genus comprising either one or two species. Meikle (1979) decidely advocated the distinction of two species against a long tradition of usually merging or separating them at infraspecific ranks only, proving that the concepts of the two taxa have been blurred by frequent confusion and misconception. Meikle (1979) emphasised the number and indumentum of the inner phyllaries as crucial diagnostic features and although his key seems to work fairly well, an analysis of the extent of the geographical or ecological separation of the two species and of the extent of intergradation in their core diagnostic features is still wanting.\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>: cladistics & Classification. &ndash; Portland: Timber.\r\rEnke N. 2009: Contributions towards a revised infrageneric classification of <i>Crepis (Cichorieae, Compositae)</i>. &ndash; Willdenowia 39: 229?245.\r\rEnke N. & Gemeinholzer B. 2008: Babcock revisited: new insights into generic delimitation and character evolution in <i>Crepis</i> L. <i>(Compositae : Cichorieae)</i> from ITS and <i>matK</i> sequence data. &ndash; Taxon 57: 756-768.\r\rLack H. W. 2006 [2007]: <i>Cichorieae</i>. Pp. 180?199 in: Kadereit J.W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. &ndash; Berlin: Springer.\r\rMeikle R. D. 1979: <i>Rhagadiolus</i>: a misunderstood genus. &ndash; Taxon 28: 133-141.\r\rStebbins G. L. 1953: A new classification of the tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>, family <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Madrono 12: 65-81.\r\rWhitton J., Wallace R. S. & Jansen R. K. 1995: Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of character change in the tribe <i>Lactuceae (Asteraceae)</i> based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. ? Canad. J. Bot. 73: 1058-1073.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c457d26e-aec5-47c4-b310-1bb4a970360e","Annual, 20-60 cm, short-pubescent to glabrescent. Stems erect or diffuse, spreadingly branched. Leaves tender; radical leaves oblanceolate in outline, sinuate-dentate to lyrate-pinnatipartite; cauline leaves obovate-oblong,.sinuate-dentate or nearly entire. Involucral bracts appressed-setulose along midvein, or puberulent all over, 6-8 mm in flower, about 1.5 cm in fruit. Marginal achenes 6-8, about 1.5 cm, glabrous, linear-subulate, usually slightly incurved, persistent; inner achenes 1-3, shorter, free, puberulent or glabrous. Fl. February-April.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4bbedc40-a9f0-4991-b0ea-669ef057323d","Annual, 30-80 cm, short-pubescent to glabrescent. Stems erect or diffuse, spreadingly branched. Leaves tender; radical leaves lyrate-pinnatipartite with a large round to ovate-angular terminal lobe and a few rounded lateral lobes; cauline leaves generally undivided, sinuate-dentate or nearly entire. Involucral bracts glabrous, 7-8 mm in flower, 1-1.4 cm in fruit. Marginal achenes 5, 1-1.3 cm, glabrous, fusiform, straight, sometimes recurved, deciduous at maturity; inner achenes 1(-2), puberulent. Fl. March-May.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7aa81cff-495c-4cd3-839a-c7a6b8594fec","Annual. Stems usually branched, ascending, 5-40 cm high, more or less hairy or almost glabrous, sometimes whole plant hispid (var. scaberrimus (Franch.) Vass.). Basal and lower cauline leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, petiolate, more or less unevenly sinuate-toothed to lyrately pinnatilobate and pinnatipartite, setose at least beneath along veins; cauline leaves like basal, but sessile and reduced. Capitula terminal and axillary. Inner involucral bracts lanceolate, more or less convexo-concave, usually setose on outer side (sometimes glabrous), and often also  arachnoid-woolly, hardening at fruiting, carinate, short, more or less setose-spinose on dorsal side, tuberculate or smooth (var. suberculatus Vass.), enclosing outer achenes, latter more or less bent (to more or less straight), with slender beak and pappus of short, white, finely barbed bristles; all achenes puberulent, hairs appressed.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"db468f6e-5018-4730-8b43-9a1b0a13a3a5","Annual. Stem 3-40 cm high, 1-3 mm thick at base, with more or less dense long setaceous hairs and not so dense arachnoid pubescence all-over, less often subglabrous. Leaves o basal rosette obovate-oblong, sinuate-toothed or runcinately pinnatipartite,  (1.7)3.0-8.0 cm long, (0.5)1.0-2.0 cm wide, narrowed toward the base into petiole, glabrous, often with setaceous hairs beneath along midrib, spiny along margin; cauline, leaves 3-8 cm long, 1.7-2.5 cm wide, with rather large incised auricles at the base, glabrous, less often sparsely arachnoid-hairy pubescent, with more or less dense setaceous hairs beneath along midrib; lower and middle leaves similar to basal; upper ones smaller, undivided, lanceolate or linear. Capitula 12-14 mm long, 4-5 mm wide at fruiting, clustered in small number, less often solitary, terminal on stem and its lateral branches. Outer involucral bracts broadly ovate, (1.5)2.5-4.0 mm long, about 2 mm wide, acuminate or attenuated, glabrous on the outer side, sometimes with setaceous hairs along midrib; inner bracts 8-12 mm long, without arachnoid-hairy pubescent on the outer side, keeled along midrib, with two rows of dense long setaceous hairs or setaceous hairs over entire surface of inner bracts except the narrow scarious margin. Peripheral achenes 3.5-4.5 mm long, densely papillose over entire length. Body of central achenes 2.5-3.0 mm long; beak 4-5 mm long; pappus 3.0-3.5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"53217e83-2250-4790-bad2-f055eaa7907c","Annual. Plants glabrous, (5)8-25(30) cm high, with erect or often ascending, furcately branched stem. Basal leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, more or less sinuate-toothed to pinnatilobate and pinnatipartite with deltoid lobes, petiolate; cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong-ovate, sessile, caudate-sagittate. Capitula planoconvex, 6-9(12) mm wide at fruiting, apical capitula sessile, lateral on clavate peduncles. Outer achenes wide, obpyramidal, grayish-reddish-brown, somewhat compressed dorsoventrally with two thickened spongy, ridge-like ribs, more or less transversely rugose (outer and inner) and laterally dilated above into wings, also spongy, suberous; achenes of next row obpyramidal with four or five thick ribs (of these two ridge-like, others narrow-winged); achenes of both outer rows with short conical beak, devoid of hairs or with small crown of short inconspicuous scales at the apex; inner achenes thin, cuneately cylindrical, about 3.0-3.5 mm long, light grayish-reddish-brown, with five furrows, upper part fine scaly-toothed and scabrous, apex truncate with filiform beak (two to two and one-half times as long as achenes), with very fine arc of erect bristles; beak terminating into pappus of white, radially divergent, about 3 mm long hairs.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4a4cabb0-1bec-4c7e-b126-f44fc12ade82","Herb, perennial, 10-50 cm high. Flowering stems 1 or few, erect or sometimes procumbent, glabrous, weakly branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 3.0-15.0 cm long, 1.0-3.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, entire or more or less dentate, obtuse or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous, green on upper surface, greyish green on lower surface. Cauline leaves few, linear, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely dentate, acuminate, amplexicaul and auriculate. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform, with at least 10 heads, with many heads. Heads with 5-8 flowers. Involucre 7.0-8.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts up to 1.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 6.0-7.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow or sometimes yellowish white. Achenes 3.0-5.0 mm long, brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 1.0-1.5 mm long. Pappus white or brownish yellow, 4.0-5.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo (as <i>Ixeris dentata</i> var. <i>dentata</i> and as <i>Ixeris dentata</i> var. <i>stolonifera</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4747b11d-ccc3-416b-aba4-b5ee475dea3e","Herb, perennial, 15-35 cm high. Caudex 1.0-3.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, terete, glabrous except at base and bifurcations, striate, slender, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-15.0 cm long, 0.5-3.0 cm wide, runcinate or entire, entire or dentate, acute, tomentose at base or glabrescent; lateral lobes triangular. Cauline leaves few, linear, entire, acuminate or acute. Peduncle glabrous, covered with bracts. Heads with c. 40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-10.0 mm long, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, dark green, black toward apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, with black median dorsal stripe, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, (12.0)-16.0-20.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5-3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule up to 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform and cylindrical in outline, 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, finely scabridulous, subterete, brown, with c. 16 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 4.5-5.5 mm long, persistent, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fb70d093-fea0-4111-b34b-0dd551010c9a","Herb, biennial, (20)-30-80 cm high. Caudex swollen. Flowering stems 1-(3), erect, striate or sulcate, hollow, glabrescent or hispidulous, 3.0-6.0 mm in diameter, robust, branched. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate or obovate, up to 18.0-(21.0) cm long, 2.0-4.0-(5.0) cm wide, entire to runcinate, entire or dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or hispidulous; terminal lobe truncate; lateral lobes oblong-ovate or triangular. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or obovate, entire, runcinate or pinnatipartite, dentate, more or less laciniate or entire, acute, acuminate or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or semiamplexicaul or amplexicaul and auriculate, glabrescent or hispidulous, apically reduced to scales; terminal lobe triangular, truncate; lateral lobes triangular or oblong-ovate. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 1-13 heads. Peduncle 2.0-7.0-(12.0) cm long, striate in section, glandular and pubescent. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, pubescent and glandular; involucral bracts pubescent, woolly and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear to ovate, obtuse, purplish near apex or brownish below, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, glandular and pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle convex, shortly ciliate and alveolate or foveolate. Corolla ligulate, 10.0 mm long, yellow, pubescent; tube c. 3.0 mm long, densely pubescent; ligule c. 1.0 mm wide, tinged purple on outer face. Anthertube 3.0 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.3-1.8 mm long, green. Achenes fusiform in outline, 6.0-8.0 mm long (including beak), 0.4 mm wide, pubescent, pale brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 3.0-5.0 mm long. Pappus yellowish white, c. 5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e4c91e34-7734-4ae8-bdac-412a615f0e5a","Herb, perennial, 15-23 cm high. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, tinged purple near base and green above, glabrous or sparsely hispid and glandular above, striate, slender, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves obovate, up to 9.0 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, remotely dentate, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or rarely hispidulous above. Cauline leaves 3-4, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, denticulate, acute, amplexicaul and auriculate, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 2.0-9.0 cm long, hispidulous or tomentose. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 11.0-13.0 mm long, tomentose, hispid and pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 15.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.0-8.0 mm long, finely muricate, dark reddish brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or attenuate. Pappus whitish or white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dd4161dd-ab22-460a-8268-f488a63afd15","Herb, perennial, 3-6-(8) cm high. Caudex woody. Flowering stems 1-(2), mostly scapelike, terete, glandular, tomentose and pubescent, slender. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 1.5-7.0 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, denticulate or entire, obtuse or acute, pubescent below, tomentose above; lateral lobes 6-8, oblong. Heads with 30-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 8.0-12.0 mm long, tomentose; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, pubescent and glandular, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, with scales. Corolla ligulate, c. 12.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 6.0-8.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.5 mm long. Style branches c. 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, straight or curved, c. 5.0 mm long, smooth, subterete, light brown, with 15 ribs, slightly attenuate. Pappus white, c. 4.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"155d079e-8888-421a-8676-92a31dda1074","Herb, perennial, (15)-25-35-(50) cm high. Caudex woody, 1.0-4.0 cm, 1.0-2.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, terete, glabrescent, glabrous, tomentose or sometimes hispidulous, branched. Rosette leaves elliptic, narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, (6.0)-10.0-15.0 cm long, (1.0)-1.5-3.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, denticulate, entire or dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or sparsely hispidulous; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or triangular. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, pinnatifid or entire, dentate, entire or denticulate, acute or acuminate, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or sparsely hispidulous, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes narrowly ovate. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle (5.0)-8.0-18.0-(20.0) cm long, glabrescent or tomentose near the head, covered with bracts. Heads with 33-55 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (6.0)-11.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-10.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, glabrescent or sometimes hispid, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliat. Corolla ligulate, c. 14.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.0-2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, c. 7.0 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, muricate, reddish brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al. (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"46f87f04-95b0-4f98-a0c5-aad190548f1b","Herb, (28)-30-65-(75) cm high. Flowering stems erect, terete, hollow, pale green, glabrous below, pubescent and glandular above, branched; branches erect. Rosette leaves few, narrowly obovate, 11.0-30.0 cm long, 2.5-10.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, entire or denticulate, acute, semiamplexicaul, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces; terminal lobe oblong or ovate; lateral lobes triangular, oblong or ovate, retrorse. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, lyrate-pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acuminate or acute, auriculate and amplexicaul or semiamplexicaul, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces, apically reduced to scales; terminal lobe ovate or oblong; lateral lobes ovate, retrorse. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, glandular and pubescent, covered with bracts. Heads with c. 12 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-13.5 mm long, at flowering 3.0-5.0 mm in diameter, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute; inner involucral bracts acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 16.0 mm long (in outer flowers) , yellow; tube 4.5-6.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 8.0-12.0 mm long, c. 3.0 mm wide (in outer flowers).  Anthertube c. 6.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6-0.9 mm long. Style branches 2.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5-7.0 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, subterete, yellowish brown, with 5 prominent main ribs, with 3 secondary ribs in between, attenuate. Pappus white, 4.5-6.5 mm long, caducous, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c51cc717-bc17-4f58-b05d-fac74438b966","Herb, perennial, 5-25 cm high. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, terete, tomentose or sometimes pubescent, striate, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves few or many, linear to narrowly obovate, 3.0-15.0 cm long, 0.2-1.7 cm wide, pinnatifid or runcinate, dentate, entire or remotely denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous, puberulous or sparsely tomentose; lateral lobes retrorse. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate to linear, runcinate or pinnatifid, remotely denticulate, dentate or entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, sparsely tomentose, puberulous, glabrous, uppermost leaves hirsute; lateral lobes retrorse. Synflorescence with 2-6 heads. Peduncle hirsute. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 7.0-12.0-(14.0) mm long, at flowering 4.0-8.0-(12.0) mm in diameter, dark green, tomentose and sometimes hirsute; outer involucral bracts linear, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse or acute, glabrous, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 13.0 mm long, bright yellow; tube 3.5 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.5-2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.8 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 2.0-2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes straight or curved, more or less compressed, 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, smooth or wrinkled, somewhat angular, light brown or stramineous, with 10-15-(20) ribs, sometimes 3-5 ribs much stronger, more or less attenuate. Pappus whitish, 7.0 mm long, persistent, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L., 175. <i>Calycocorsus</i> F. W. Schmidt, 176. Heteracia Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. <i>Lapsana</i> L., 178. <i>Crepis</i> L., 179. <i>Hispidella</i> Barnades ex Lam. & 180. <i>Andryala</i> L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"51c7f2da-c49e-4690-90b3-3689ab3404c3","Herb, annual, 45 cm high. Caudex 1.5 cm wide. Flowering stems numerous, ascending, terete, glabrous, striate, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate, up to 12.0 cm long, 3.0 cm wide, irregularly entire to runcinate, entire to denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent. Cauline leaves many, narrowly ovate, denticulate or entire, acuminate, auriculate with acute auricles, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-7.0 cm long, glabrous or tomentose. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 9.0-10.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, acuminate, yellow and purplish at tip, glabrous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, hispid in a dorsal row and pubescent, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla c. 11.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-3.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule c. 1.3 mm wide, tinged purple on outer face. Anthertube 2.7 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.3 mm long. Style branches 1.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic; outer achenes laterally compressed, 4.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, ventrally striate, yellowish, ribbed, attenuate or attenuate into an ill-defined beak, enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts; inner achenes 5.5-6.5 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, brownish-yellow, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible, barbellate.\r\rBabcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f7351d47-d479-42e1-9b00-8ade7432c7e9","Herb, annual, 5-15 cm high. Caudex slightly swollen. Flowering stems several, ascending or spreading or 1, erect, all hollow, hispidulous, slender, remotely branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 10.0 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, runcinate or entire, ciliate and entire or denticulate, acute and mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, puberulous and glabrescent. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, ciliate and entire or denticulate or sometimes laciniate, mucronate, acuminate or acute, amplexicaul, glabrescent or puberulous, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1-3 heads. Peduncle 0.5-4.5 cm long, tomentose, glandular and pubescent, sparsely hispidulous. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 6.0-7.0-(8.0) mm long, tomentose, glandular and pubescent, sparsely hispid; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, in outer flowers up to 8.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm long, in outer flowers reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube 2.6 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, partly united, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.0-1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic, 3.5-5.0 mm long, pale yellow or brownish-yellow; outer achenes laterally compressed, a little shorter than inner ones, with a stout beak; inner achenes fusiform, muricate, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak less than half as long as or half as long as the corpus. Pappus white, 3.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"44a6c9f6-6aac-4457-a72b-68a44f5d1d08","Herb, perennial, 30-70 cm high. Caudex often branched at the summit. Flowering stems 1 to several, erect, sulcate or striate, hollow, unbranched or branched with 1-3 heads. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, 15.0-28.0 cm long, 5.0-8.0 cm wide, entire or runcinate or pinnatifid, denticulate, dentate or entire, petiole-like attenuate with winged petiole; lateral lobes triangular or oblong. Cauline leaves few, linear or narrowly ovate, acuminate. Peduncle long, without bracts or covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, up to 25.0 mm long, at flowering 17.0-18.0 mm in diameter, at fruiting reflexed; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts ovate, acute, acuminate or obtuse, glandular and hispidulous, pubescent or tomentose, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla 16.0-22.0 mm long; tube 4.0-8.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0-3.0 mm wide, pale yellow. Anthertube yellow, 3.5-6.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, c. 1.0 mm long. Style branches 1.5-4.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 8.0-18.0 mm long, subterete, pale yellowish or brown, with c. 15 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, whitish or yellowish, 4.0-11.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"20035ba4-7257-465c-be99-d0ecf9a664e7","Plant (0.7) 1.5-3 (4) dm high, densely hispidulous and/or finely gland-pubescent or ± canescent-tomentose or glabrate; stems simple or 1-2-furcate; caudical leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, pinnately divided or lobed, with narrow acute segments or sinuately lobed or dentate or denticulate, acute or obtuse, petiole short, narrowly winged; cauline leaves few, small, lance-linear or linear, acuminate or bractlike; outer involucral bracts 14-16, lanceolate or (m.v. 1) ovate-lanceolate; inner bracts 16-22, lanceolate, acuminate or filamentous at apex; corolla 16-17 mm long; ligule 2-2.25 mm wide; corolla tube 5-6 mm long; anther tube (4)5 x 1(1.25) mm dis.; appendages 0.5-0.75 mm long, united or free; filaments 0.5 mm longer; style branches 1.5-2.75 mm long, 0.1 mm wide; achenes deep yellow or light brown fading to pale yellow at summit, 9-16 mm long; pappus 6-9 mm long. Flowering May-July; flowers lemon yellow, according to Lacaita.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"804deac5-eb41-499c-aaee-ad09a2206565","Plant 1.2-3(4, 4.5) dm high, canescent-tomentose throughout, conspicuously so on leaves, lower stem, and involucre, tomentum often feltlike, especially on petioles, lower stem, and involucre, very rarely nearly glabrous; stem robust, simple or 1-3-furcate, striate; caudical leaves numerous, obscurely petiolate, elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, irregularly denticulate or dentate or coarsely dentate or runcinately lobed, usually tomentose on both sides, tomentum feltlike, neither hispid nor glandular; cauline leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, or lanceolate or linear and bractlike; outer involucral bracts 14-20, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, apices free of tomentum and black or dark green; inner bracts 12-24, lanceolate, acute; corolla about 20 mm long; ligule 3 mm wide; corolla tube 9 mm long ; anther tube (4) 6 x 1.3 (1.5) mm dis.; appendages 0.6 mm long, obtuse; filaments 0.75 mm longer; style branches 3-3.5 mm long, 0.15 mm wide; achenes yellowish or tawny, 10-15 mm long; pappus 6-9 mm long. Flowering May-July; flowers pale yellow, probably sulphur yellow.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3a32b779-3355-4c94-acdd-f6a1b3b522bd","Plant 1.5-3 dm high, glabrate or sparsely tomentose; stems 1-8 or more, simple or 1-3-furcate or with 1-3 shorter lateral branches, sulcate or striate; caudical leaves narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, denticulate, dentate, sinuately lobed or pinnately divided, with narrow acute lateral segments, petiole narrow above the broader base; cauline leaves lanceolate, linear or bractlike, acuminate; outer involucral bracts 12-16, ovate to lanceolate, the longest often ¾ as long as inner bracts; inner bracts 14-24, lanceolate, obtuse; corolla 16-18 mm long; ligule 2-3 mm wide; corolla tube about 5 mm long; anther tube (4)5-6 x 1.5 mm dis.; appendages 1 mm long, oblong, acute; filaments 0.5 mm longer; style branches 2.5 mm long, 0.15 mm wide; achenes yellowish, tawny or pale brown, 10-18 mm long; pappus 6-8 mm long. Flowering June-July; flowers sulphur yellow ex descr., but in cultivated specimens (hort. genet. Calif. 2088) grown from seeds sent by Lacaita, they are lemon yellow. Chromosomes, 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0147ba0b-fb3f-4659-b17f-1991389bc859","Plant robust, 2.5-5.7 dm high, glandular-hispid or -hispidulous and sparsely tomentulose; stems 1-2-furcate, striate or sulcate, fistulose; peduncles (5) 10-28 cm long, with 1 or 2 small scarious bracts, not thickened at base of head; caudical leaves up to 23 cm long, 5 cm wide, oblanceolate or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, denticulate or irregularly runcinate-dentate or lobed, the segments triangular, acute and dentate, petiole long or short, alate; cauline leaves lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, dentate or lobed; heads very large; involucre cylindrical, 20-25 mm long, 17-18 mm wide at middle; outer bracts 14-20, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; inner bracts 14-28, lanceolate, acuminate or acute; corolla 20 mm long; ligule 2.5 mm wide; corolla tube 8 mm long, beset with short stout acicular hairs; anther tube (5)6 x 1.7 mm dis.; appendages 0.75 mm long, oblong-acute; filaments 0.75 mm longer; style branches 4 mm long, 0.15 mm wide; achenes tawny with yellowish beak or straw coloured, 12-18 mm long, 10-20 ribbed, ribs rounded and very finely spiculate, slightly swollen below pappus disk, the basal callus whitish; pappus 6-11 mm long in the same head, copius, white or tinged yellow, persistent. Flowering June; flowers sulphur yellow (?), but, according to Lacaita, ""very pale lemon yellow, some almost whitish.""\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2ee9ed10-1b4c-45a9-93ab-74441b0828d8","Plant (1.5)2.5-7 dm high, robust, ± tomentulose and/or hispidulous with or without glands, or glabrate; stems simple or 1-3-furcate, striate, fistulose; caudical leaves oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, denticulate, sinuately or runcinately dentate, or pinnately or bipinnately lobed, the lateral segments oblong, acute and dentate, petiole short or long, with a narrow wing above the broader base; cauline leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, acute or acuminate, or bractlike; peduncles in furcate plants 5-25 cm long; heads not so large as in some forms of subsp. scorzoneroides or subsp. longicaulis; involucre cylindrical, up to 13 mm wide at middle; outer bracts 12-18, ovate; inner bracts 14-24, lanceolate, acute, or acuminate; corolla 18-22 mm long; ligule 2-3 mm wide; corolla tube about 8 mm long; anther tube (4.5)6 x 1.5 mm dis.; appendages 0.65-0.85 mm long, narrow, acute; filaments 0.5 mm longer; style branches 3.5-4 mm long, 0.15 mm wide; achenes chestnut brown, 8-12 mm long; pappus 9-11 mm long. Flowering May-Aug.; flowers sulphur yellow. Chromosomes, 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"261f414e-551a-433a-b051-8a0140a46d99","Herb, perennial, (9)-20-25-(40) cm high. Caudex 0.5-2.5 cm wide, swollen, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-3-(4), erect, terete, puberulous or glabrescent, glandular above, striate, weakly branched; branches erect. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 7.0-25.0 cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, entire or lyrate or runcinate or pinnatifid, denticulate or remotely dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent and glandular; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or triangular. Cauline leaves few, linear-ovate, narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, pinnatifid, runcinate or lyrate, denticulate or remotely dentate, obtuse, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, pubescent and glandular; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or triangular, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence with up to 12 heads. Peduncle 1.0-10.0-(12.0) cm long, tomentose and more or less glandular and pubescent, rarely covered with bracts. Heads with 60-70-(80) flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, 9.0-12.0-(15.0) mm long, at flowering (7.0)-9.0-13.0 mm in diameter, brown or green, tomentose, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, 10.0-14.0-(18.0) mm long, acuminate, dark green; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, pubescent, margin scarious. Receptacle 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter, shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 14.0-15.0-(20.0) mm long, yellow; tube 5.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent near apex; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or acute, 0.4 mm long. Style branches 2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or curved, 5.0-7.8 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide, muricate, brown, with c. 20 ribs, 3-5 ribs slightly stronger, attenuate. Pappus white, 8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis baldaccii</i> and as <i>Crepis albanica</i>); Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburg.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d4e19d80-300a-460f-8d21-64a36b5ccf57","Herb, perennial, c. 35 cm high. Flowering stems 3-4, erect, terete, glabrous or puberulous. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 10.0-15.0 cm long, 2.5-3.0 cm wide, irregularly runcinate to lyrate, dentate at the lobes, acute, petiole-like attenuate, puberulous or often glabrous; terminal lobe acute; lateral lobes ovate. Cauline leaves linear-ovate, acuminate, attenuate, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 4.5-12.0 cm long, tomentose, without bracts. Heads with 70-80 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0-14.0 mm long, tomentose, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or acuminate, pubescent to silky on upper half of inner face, margin sometimes scarious. Receptacle c. 4.0 mm in diameter, shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla 18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0 mm long, puberulous at the apex; ligule 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.8 mm long, yellow. Achenes 6.5-7.8 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide, reddish brown, apically yellowish, with c. 20 ribs. Pappus white, 7.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i> (as <i>Crepis albanica</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"adf6e179-7d76-426e-b20d-2814ea6fbd23","Herb, perennial, 8-17 cm high. Flowering stems 1-3, ascending, glandular or sparsely tomentose, robust, weakly branched or branched. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate, 3.0-8.0 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, lyrate or runcinate, glandular and sparsely tomentose. Cauline leaves 1(-2) or absent, reduced to scales. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, 10.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-14.0 mm in diameter, dark green, tomentose and glandular and hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate to linear; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 15.0-20.0 mm long; ligule up to 3.5 mm wide, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 3.0 mm long (not fully mature), smooth or finely muricate above, with c. 15 ribs.\r\rBased on: Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"46200491-2b1f-4a98-82e5-1a764b56135a","Herb, annual or biennial, 6-30 cm high. Flowering stems 1, erect, ribbed or sulcate, hollow, green or sometimes violet in the lower part, often tomentose, hispid or weakly arachnoid, somewhat robust, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate or oblong-obovate, 2.0-7.0 cm long, 0.4-1.5-(2.0) cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid or entire, entire or irregularly sinuate-dentate, obtuse to acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, arachnoid or sometimes subglabrous. Cauline leaves oblong-obovate, narrowly ovate or linear, lyrate-pinnatifid, entire or pinnatipartite, irregularly sinuate-dentate or entire, acuminate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or slightly amplexicaul and auriculate, scabrid, arachnoid and hispid, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes linear. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 5.0-7.0 cm long. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 9.0-13.0 mm long, dark green; involucral bracts hispid or arachnoid; outer involucral bracts linear, acute; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin scarious. Receptacle verrucose or alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, (12.0)-13.0-17.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5-4.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule up to 2.5-(2.8) mm wide. Style branches green. Achenes homomorphic, fusiform in outline, 5,0-5,5-(6,0) mm long, c. 0,5 mm wide, hispidulous, terete, dark reddish or reddish brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 5.5-7.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"511cf042-8855-4dbc-a3c6-0e8e1c865518","Herb, annual, 10-120 cm high. Flowering stems erect, sulcate or ribbed, medullary, scabridulous, more or less tomentose, rarely pubescent and glandular, robust, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate, up to 15.0 cm long, 4.0 cm wide, denticulate, mucronate, attenuate, puberulous or rarely glandular. Cauline leaves oblong to ovate up to 16.0 cm long, up to 5.0 cm wide, denticulate or entire, acute, acuminate, the lower ones mucronate, amplexicaul and auriculate, the lower ones attenuate, puberulous or rarely glandular, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle (1.0)-7.0-23.0 cm long, scabrid, more or less tomentose. Heads with 95-170 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-turbinate, (12.5)-15.0-22.0 mm long, at flowering 7.0-15.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute, glabrous or tomentose, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, ventrally strigose, dorsally tomentose and glandular and pubescent or hispid, margin scarious. Receptacle concave, areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-6.0 mm long, pubescent and hispid; ligule 10.5-14.0 mm long, up to 1.5 mm wide, tinged purple on outer face. Anthertube yellow, 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.4-0.6 mm long. Style branches 2.5-3.0 mm long, greenish or green. Achenes dimorphic; beak 8.0-10.0 mm long; outer achenes curved, ventrally compressed, (12.0)-15.0-17.0 mm long (including beak), 1.0-1.2 mm wide, woolly and pubescent, striate and muricate, light brown, attenuate into an ill-defined beak, enclosed by the inner involucral bracts; inner achenes narrowly fusiform, 15.0-20.0 mm long (including beak), 0.5-0.6 mm wide, pubescent, muricate, light brown, with 15-18 ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus yellowish white, 6.0-8.0 mm long, outer achenes surrounded at base by a crown of hairs 0.5-0.7 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f7af9b33-30d0-447d-96e3-6829d361f0fc","Herb, perennial, (3)-5-12 cm high. Caudex woody. Flowering stems 1-4, striate, glandular and pubescent or glabrescent below. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-13.0 cm long, 0.3-1.0-7.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, entire or dentate, rounded, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent and glandular or hispid. Cauline leaves absent. Peduncle 1.5-10.0 cm long, glandular and pubescent. Heads with 30-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (8.0)-9.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0 mm in diameter, pubescent and glandular or sometimes tomentose at base; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5-3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 7.0-8.0 mm long, 1.8-2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5-4.3 mm long; apical appendages 0.7-0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.8 mm long, yellow. Achenes straight or somewhat curved, dorsoventrally compressed or straight, 5.0-6.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, glabrous, brown or pale greenish-yellow, with 15 ribs, slightly attenuate. Pappus white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"aa943973-1cb8-4910-ba28-64234332f346","Herb, annual, rarely perennial or biennial, (10)-15-70-(80) cm high. Flowering stems erect or spreading-erect, sulcate, subglabrous or hispidulous. Rosette leaves obovate, 5.0-20.0 cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, irregularly runcinate or lyrate, lacerate, entire or denticulate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate, hispidulous or subglabrous. Cauline leaves oblong, linear, elliptic or ovate, pinnatifid, irregularly pinnatisect or runcinate, entire or lacerate, attenuate or shortly auriculate. Peduncle up to 20.0 cm long, slightly swollen at apex, hispidulous or glabrous. Heads with 50 to 100 flowers or with more than 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical or broadly campanulate, 7.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering c. 10.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts green or purplish, shortly tomentose or glandular; outer involucral bracts ovate to linear; inner involucral bracts ovate to linear, 10.0-13.0 mm long, 1.0-2.0 mm wide, subacute, pubescent, midrib strong, prominent. Receptacle pitted or shortly ciliate, naked or sometimes with scales, 5-7 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, 9-20 mm long, yellow, puberulous or glabrous; tube 3.0-5.0-(8.0) mm long; ligule 6.0-8.0 mm long, 0.8-2.0 mm wide, tinged red. Anthertube yellowish, 1.8-3.0 mm long; apical appendages 0.5 mm long, acute. Style 7.0-9.0 mm long, yellow; branches c. 1.5 mm long. Achenes dimorphic or sometimes homomorphic with all like inner achenes, with c. 15 ribs; beak 6.0-8.0 mm long; outer achenes fusiform, somewhat curved, at least c. 6.0 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, scabridulous, brown, with longitudinal ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak, with pappus or without pappus; inner achenes almost straight, 8.0-13.0 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, minutely scabridulous, brown, with longitudinal ribs, with a filiform beak, with pappus. Pappus white, 3.0-8.0 mm long, persistent, scabridulous; pappus of outer achenes up to 6.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis foetida</i> and as <i>Crepis eritreensis</i>,<i>Crepis rhoeadifolia</i> and <i>Crepis schimperi</i>); Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7b965619-3391-48d0-935a-3478b5d6c8c4","Herb, annual or biennial, 20-45 cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.0 cm, 0.5-1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, often tinged purple, glandular and hispid, glabrous below, robust, branched already from base. Rosette leaves elliptic or narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, up to 21.0 cm long, 6.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, denticulate, dentate or entire, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or rarely hispid; lateral lobes often retrorse. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate to linear, acute or acuminate, auriculate and amplexicaul, glabrous. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 1-5 heads. Peduncle 1.0-5.0-(7.0) cm long, hispid and glandular or sparsely tomentose near head. Heads with up to 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, becoming turbinate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, tomentose, glandular and pubescent, sometimes hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, margin purplish, minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-19.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0-2.9 mm wide. Anthertube (3.8)-5.5 mm long; apical appendages 0.7 mm long. Style branches 2.8-3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes homomorphic or dimorphic, fusiform in outline, curved, 5.0-7.0 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide, subterete, dark brown, with 10 ribs, with a stout beak; beak 1.0-2.5 mm long. Pappus yellowish white, more or less persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e3e4b914-edb0-4f11-a49b-85d9ebb36a94","Herb, perennial, (8)-20-40-(60) cm high. Caudex 0.3-0.8 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, hollow, glabrous or puberulous near base, striate, slender, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves obovate, narrowly ovate or elliptic, 1.5-10.0 cm long, 0.8-2.8 cm wide, obscurely denticulate, revolute, remotely dentate or entire, obtuse, acute or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or densely pubescent. Cauline leaves few or absent, reduced to scales. Synflorescence sometimes racemiform or corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-5.0 cm long, glabrous or tomentose. Heads with (12)-20-30-(48) flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 7.0-12.0 mm long, green, glabrous or tomentose; outer involucral bracts acute or sometimes obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle pitted, naked. Corolla ligulate, 9.0-12.0 mm long, white, pale purple, pale pink or yellow; tube 3.0-4.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.0-1.8 mm wide. Anthertube 3.0-4.0 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.0-2.0 mm long, yellow or purple. Achenes 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm wide, smooth, subterete, light brown, with c. 20 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 3.5-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i>2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis incarnata</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"acbc8d5c-5ba5-4a3f-82f7-40a34d3443fb","Herb, annual, 8-80 cm high. Taproot thin. Caudex 0.1-1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 1, erect, striate, terete or sulcate, hollow, pale green and tinged red, coarsely hispid or rarely glabrous, robust, unbranched or branched, branched already from base. Cauline leaves petiole-like attenuate with a broadly winged petiole, finely hispid, yellowish green on both surfaces. Lower cauline leaves elliptic to narrowly obovate, 6.0-30.0 cm long, 2.0-8.0 cm wide, often runcinate or lyrate, dentate, denticulate or entire, obtuse to acute; lateral lobes ovate to deltoid, acute. Middle and upper cauline leaves narrowly ovate, dentate to laciniate, acuminate, auriculate with acuminate auricles and amplexicaul. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform, with 10-20 heads. Peduncle 0.5-8.0 cm long, hispid. Heads with (10)-25-110 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 6.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-10.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts 6.0-10.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, acuminate, pubescent inside and hispid outside; outer involucral bracts linear, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate. Receptacle flat, pitted and shortly ciliate around the pits. Corolla ligulate, (8.0)-10.0-13.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-4.0 mm long; ligule 1.0-1.7 mm wide, sometimes tinged red. Anthertube 2.5-3.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style dark greenish. Achenes homomorphic with the outer achenes sometimes absent or replaced by typical inner achenes or rarely dimorphic, fusiform in outline, 3.0-5.0 (including beak) mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm wide, pale brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; beak 1.0-2.5 mm long; outer achenes dorsally curved or ventrally straight, laterally compressed, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or attenuate; inner achenes subterete, with a filiform beak. Pappus white, 2.5-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae, Tribe Cichorieae. – Enfield; Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6516dcc1-0ea4-42e6-b1f3-d6a9c45ee29f","Plant 0.8-3.5 dm high; involucre 7 mm long, 4-5 mm wide near base; corolla 8 mm long; ligule 1.75 mm wide, pubescent below with short acicular hairs; ligule teeth 0.15-0.5 mm long; corolla tube 3 mm long, pubescent with acicular hairs 0.05-0.4 mm long; anther tube 2.5 x 1 mm dis.; appendages 0.4 mm long, oblong, acute; filaments 0.4 mm longer; style branches 1.5 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, attenuate at tip, pale  greenish-yellow; achenes biform, pale tawny or yellowish; marginal achenes 3 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, laterally compressed, ventrally straight with median ridge, paler, faintly ribbed, dorsally convex, darker, strongly ribbed, constricted at the rounded calloused base, gradually attenuate to the narrow summit, with slightly expanded pappus disk, not beaked or the beak less than 1 mm long, these sometimes absent or replaced by typical inner achenes; inner achenes 3-3.75 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm wide, fusiform, subterete, constricted at the narrow calloused base, gradually or abruptly attenuate into a very slender beak 1-2 mm long, with abruptly expanded pappus disk, 10-ribbed, ribs narrow, rounded, strongly spiculate near base of beak; pappus 3-3.5 mm long. Flowering June-July; flowers yellow, with or without red on outer face of ligules. Chromosomes, 2n = 8; the B-chromosome with distal arm shorter than in subsp. typica.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6961e356-80cc-4440-a028-7807dcff2934","Herb, biennial or annual, 25-110 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems usually 1, erect, sulcate or terete, pale green and tinged red below, hispidulous below, branched in upper half. Cauline leaves hispidulous. Lower cauline leaves many to few, narrowly obovate, up to 19.0 cm long, 4.0 cm wide, runcinate, subentire, denticulate or dentate, obtuse, amplexicaul and petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole. Upper cauline leaves narrowly obovate, attenuate or auriculate with short or long acuminate auricles. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 2-15 heads. Peduncle glandular, tomentose and hispidulous. Heads with 50-60 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-6.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts (7.0)-8.0-10.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, green, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts more or less linear, acute; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate, arachnoid, glandular and hispidulous, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle convex, pitted and shortly ciliate around the pits. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-11.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, thinly pubescent above; ligule 1.6 mm wide, often tinged red. Anthertube 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style dark greenish; branches 1.7 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, 2.5-4.0 mm long, c. 0.6 mm wide, brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate, partly enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts; outer achenes curved, wrinkled. Pappus white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"76dc0b16-9362-4d96-b601-6324ad9e78b6","Herb, perennial, 55-75 cm high. Flowering stems erect, pubescent or glabrous. Rosette leaves obovate, up to 38.0 cm long, remotely dentate, obtuse, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Cauline leaves denticulate or entire, acute, auriculate or truncate. Peduncle 5.0-15.0 cm long. Heads with c. 85 flowers. Involucre (15.0)-18.5-22.0 mm long, tomentose; outer involucral bracts pubescent, margin pectinate. Receptacle shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, yellow; ligule 17.0-21.0 mm long. Style branches yellow. Achenes 9.0-10.0 mm long, 1.5-3.0 mm wide, brown, with c. 20 ribs, attenuate.\r\rBased on: Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8349766d-9dc0-4b28-af9d-a7952ef7080b","Herb, perennial (?), c. 30 cm high. Caudex 7.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 2 or 3, sulcate, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, c. 10.0 cm long, denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate, c. 7.0 cm long, entire, acuminate, amplexicaul and auriculate, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 3-6 heads. Peduncle 1.0-6.0 cm long. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 8.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate. Achenes dimorphic; outer achenes cylindrical, compressed, dorsally convex, ventrally flat, 5.0-5.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, smooth, stramineous, dorsally ribbed, attenuate; inner achenes 6.5-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, subterete, pale brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; beak less than half as long as the corpus. Pappus white, c. 5.0 mm long, exceeding the involucre.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5ecff156-7985-43b2-85c2-e358ff20a049","Herb, biennial, 60-120 cm high. Flowering stems 1, erect, strongly sulcate, hispid, c. 1.0 mm in diameter, robust; branches erect. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate to oblong, up to 28.0 cm long, 8.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatipartite to pinnatifid or entire, remotely dentate or entire, subacute or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous; lateral lobes narrowly ovate, often retrorse. Cauline leaves oblong, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, entire, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite, entire or remotely dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or amplexicaul and auriculate, hispidulous, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes narrowly ovate. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with 1-6 heads. Peduncle 1.0-20.0 cm long, hispidulous or tomentose, sometimes covered with bracts. Heads with c. 70 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (10.0)-12.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-10.0 mm in diameter, hispid or tomentose; involucral bracts tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, obtuse, green, black toward apex, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong or narrowly ovate, obtuse or acute, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin white scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate or foveolate. Corolla ligulate, c. 16.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule c. 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0-5.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.6 mm long. Style branches c. 3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or slightly curved, 4.5-6.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, brownish-yellow or pale brown, with 18-20 ribs, sometimes 3-5 ribs slightly stronger, slightly attenuate. Pappus white, 6.5-8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible, united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"25ff6623-8139-4d9e-9d5b-b942458f6bcb","Herb, annual, 3-30 cm high. Flowering stems erect or ascending, glabrous above or more or less hispidulous, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 0.7-5.0 cm long, 3.0-12.0 cm wide, entire or runcinate, dentate, denticulate or entire, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate, semiamplexicaul and auriculate. Peduncle 0.5-5.0 cm long, glabrous or tomentose. Heads with few or many flowers, sometimes nodding in bud. Involucre 4.0-6.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts linear, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, finely hispid or tomentose, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 5.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 0.7 mm wide, purplish red on outer face. Anthertube 1.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.4 mm long. Style branches 0.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes slightly curved or straight, sometimes compressed ventrally, 3.0-4.0 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm wide, finely muricate at beak, subterete, deep purplish brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus white, 2.5-3.0 mm long, caducous or more or less persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a9522129-0f95-435e-8e1b-86d25ac67901","Herb, perennial, 15-30 cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 2-3, ascending or erect, terete, puberulous or tomentose at the bufurcations, striate, slender, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves obovate, 5.0-15.0 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, denticulate or sinuate-dentate, obtuse or somewhat acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, puberulous or glabrous. Synflorescence with 1-4 heads. Peduncle 2.0-22.0 cm long, tomentose, glandular and pubescent near head, covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 12.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-7.0 mm in diameter, tomentose or sparsely glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 17.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.3 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages 0.9 mm long. Style branches 2.5 mm long, green. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus greyish white, 5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis spathulata</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dac67559-f927-44e1-8be1-270e5f6082f6","Herb, perennial, 24-60-(70) cm high. Caudex woody. Flowering stems 1 to several, erect, sulcate, glabrous, hispidulous or tomentose, robust, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves absent. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate or oblong, up to 16.0-(18.0) cm long, up to 5.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatipartite or lyrate-pinnatifid, irregularly dentate, acute or obtuse, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous or tomentose, apically reduced to scales; terminal lobe deltoid, oblong or ovate; lateral lobes ovate or deltoid, mostly retrorse. Peduncle 6.0-16.0 cm long, sulcate near head in section, glabrous or hispidulous, tomentose near head, covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0-13.0-(15.0) mm long, at flowering 6.0-7.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear, acute or obtuse, tomentose at base; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, subacute or obtuse, tomentose and hispid, margin minutely ciliate, margin white scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and areolate or foveolate. Corolla ligulate, 20.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5-(3.5) mm wide. Anthertube c. 7.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or truncate, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 3.0-3.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes straight or slightly curved, 5.0-7.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, reddish brown, with 18-20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, yellowish at base, 6.0-9.0 mm long, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2c7906bb-ef9b-41f0-9efe-fe76f46d3f01","Herb, perennial, c. 9 cm high. Caudex woody. Flowering stems scapelike, terete, medullary, more or less puberulous and glandular, striate, slender. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 9.0 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, entire or coarsely dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, puberulous and glandular. Cauline leaves absent. Heads with c. 30 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 12.0-14.0 mm long, pubescent, hispid and glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Corolla ligulate, c. 14.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, puberulous; ligule 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.3-1.8 mm long, yellow. Achenes straight or slightly curved, 7.5-0.8 mm long, finely muricate, subterete, greyish brown, with 18-20 ribs, unequal, 4-5 stronger. Pappus white, 6.0-7.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4b55275c-5709-4693-bfb1-ab4858208a42","Herb, annual or biennial, (5)-20-50-(70) cm high. Flowering stems several or 1, erect or ascending, sulcate, hollow, green or violet in lower part, arachnoid or glabrous in lower part, robust or slender, strongly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate, narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, (1.0)-2.0-7.0-(10.0) cm long, 0.4-1.5-(2.5) cm wide, lyrate or pinnatifid, irregularly sinuate-dentate, subacute, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole. Cauline leaves linear or linear-ovate, lyrate-pinnatipartite or mostly lyrate-pinnatifid, revolute and entire or sinuate-dentate, acute, acuminate or subacute, auriculate and amplexicaul; lateral lobes linear. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-7.0 cm long. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 6.0-8.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-5.0 mm in diameter, pale green; involucral bracts arachnoid or hispid; outer involucral bracts linear, acute; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and slightly alveolate. Corolla 7.0-10.5 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0-3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule up to 2.0 mm wide. Style branches dark green or yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 3.0-5.0 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, hispidulous, terete, reddish brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Crepis ramosissima</i> and as <i>Crepis astrachanica<i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"44664b26-bfca-43ee-b7b5-ea346a629ea3","Herb, annual, 15-40 cm high. Caudex up to 1.0 cm wide, swollen. Flowering stems 1 to several, ascending to erect, tomentose and hispid near the base, sometimes glandular, weakly branched, branched already from base; branches ascending or erect. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 12.0 cm long, 3.5 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, more or less ciliate, entire or denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with winged petiole, puberulous or glabrescent. Cauline leaves many, narrowly ovate or linear, pinnatifid or entire, dentate or entire, acute or acuminate, amplexicaul; lateral lobes acute. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-5.0-(9.0) cm long. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at fruiting reflexed; involucral bracts tomentose, pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse or acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate, areolate and alveolate. Corolla 6.0-9.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0-3.0 mm long, pubescent at apex; ligule 1.2-1.5 mm wide, dark purple. Anthertube 2.2-3.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.4-0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.0-2.0 mm long, greenish. Achenes dimorphic; outer achenes 4.0-6.5 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, white, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; inner achenes fusiform, laterally compressed, (3.5)-4.5-6.0 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, striate, dorsally transversely wrinkled, ventrally smooth, subterete, brownish-yellow, ribbed with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak,  enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts; beak about as long as the corpus. Pappus white, 3.0-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e6560c8a-fb1b-45fe-be81-08168325eb8f","Herb, annual, 8-38 cm high. Caudex more or less swollen, simple or weakly branched. Flowering stems erect, glabrous or scabridulous, usually branched already from base. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-12.0 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, denticulate or entire, obtuse or acute, obscurely pubescent or glabrous. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, entire or pinnatifid, entire or denticulate, acute or obtuse, amplexicaul and auriculate, glabrous or obscurely pubescent, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.0-10.0 cm long, glabrescent or glandular and pubescent. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 7.0-10.0 mm long, hispid, pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, pubescent. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-11.0 mm long; tube 2.3-3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.1-1.4 mm wide. Anthertube 2.5-3.2 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5-0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.3-1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes 2.3-4.0 mm long, smooth or muricate, brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak or attenuate into an ill-defined beak; beak less than half as long as the corpus. Pappus white or whitish, 4.0-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis suberostris</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"932e4b54-8a50-4c11-a549-acae4168a311","Herb, perennial, 30-50 cm high. Caudex more or less swollen. Flowering stems 1-3, erect, tomentose, slender, unbranched or branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 10.0-18.0 cm long, up to 4.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, dentate or entire, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose, glaucous on lower surface. Cauline leaves few, pinnatifid, entire, reduced to scales. Peduncle 3.0-16.0 cm long, sulcate in section in fruit, tomentose, sometimes pubescent and glandular near head. Heads with c. 50 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, tomentose, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 13.5 mm long, yellow; tube 4.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.3 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, c. 6.0 mm long, smooth or muricate near apex, brown, with 16-18 ribs, attenuate. Pappus yellowish white, 6.0 mm long, persistent, fragile, united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dc076e9e-7d5f-4b01-a8dd-59c67ba60ed5","Herb, annual, (5)-15-50-(70) cm high, glaucous. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, often tinged purple towards base, glabrous to hispid with yellowish or black-based bristles. Lower cauline leaves narrowly ovate, narrowly obovate or oblong, (2.0)-4.0-14.0-(24.0) cm long, (0.5)-1.0-4.0-(5.0) cm wide, pinnatifid, denticulate, obtuse or acute, amplexicaul and auriculate, glabrous to hispid; lateral lobes oblong to deltoid. Middle and upper cauline leaves pinnatisect-laciniate, amplexicaul to auriculate, reduced to scales upwards. Peduncle up to 4.0 cm long. Heads with 50 to 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 6.0-7.0-(9.0) mm long, at flowering 4.0-7.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts broadly ovate, c. 3.0 mm long, c. 2.0 mm wide, acute, hispid at the midrib or glabrous, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, c. 6.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, acute, hispid at the keeled midrib, margin scarious. Receptacle alveolate. Corolla ligulate, yellow, sparsely pilose; tube c. 3.0 mm long; ligule c. 7.0 mm long, c. 2.0 mm wide, tinged red on outer face. Anthertube yellowish, c. 3.0 mm long; apical appendages acute. Style c. 7.0-8.0 mm long; branches c. 1.0-2.0 mm long. Achenes dimorphic or homomorphic with all like inner achenes; outer achenes straight or curved, laterally compressed, 3.0-6.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, minutely scabridulous, winged with 2 narrow, longitudinal dorsal wings and a broader ventral wing, greenish or stramineous, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; inner achenes fusiform, straight or slightly curved, c. 2.0-2.5-(4.0) mm long, 0.7 mm wide, scabridulous, subterete, brown, prominently ribbed with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak about 2.5 mm long. Pappus white, (3.0)-c. 4.0-6.0 mm long, caducous, flexible, minutely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dc076e9e-7d5f-4b01-a8dd-59c67ba60ed5","Sea-level to 1200 m. Cultivated and fallow fields, roadsides, on rocky ground by the coast or inland.\r\rfrom: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. - Kew.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"3b3e3df2-51a2-4f5b-8b2d-a9570eec0600","Herb, perennial, 4-50 cm high. Caudex simple. Flowering stems few or numerous, ascending, terete, glabrous or apically hispidulous, striate, slender, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 11.0 cm long, 3.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or runcinate, entire or dentate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent or glabrous. Cauline leaves amplexicaul and auriculate, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1-4 heads. Peduncle 2.0-15.0 cm long, tomentose near base of head or glabrous. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 7.0-10.0 mm long, at fruiting reflexed; outer involucral bracts linear, glabrous, pubescent, tomentose or glandular; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, glabrous, pubescent, tomentose or glandular. Receptacle shortly ciliate or areolate. Corolla 9.0-10.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.7 mm wide, red on outer face. Anthertube 2.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 3.5-6.5 mm long, yellow, pale brown or greyish-yellow, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak, sometimes enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts; beak less than half as long as the corpus. Pappus white, 3.0-3.5 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ada45173-86ef-4c70-8d7e-c2364c105c93","Herb, perennial, 8-10 cm high. Caudex mostly simple. Flowering stems 2 or 1, ascending or erect, more or less sulcate, hollow, glandular and hispid, slender. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate, up to 7.0 cm long, 1.5-2.0 cm wide, ciliate, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose, greyish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves absent. Synflorescence with 1 head. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 12.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering c. 8.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts oblong-ovate, acuminate, glaucous, tomentose; outer involucral bracts margin scarious; inner involucral bracts glandular and pubescent and hispid, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin white scarious. Corolla ligulate, 20.0-22.0 mm long, pale pink (when dry); tube 6.0-7.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 2.5-3.0 mm wide. Style branches yellow. Pappus white, 8.0-10.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"69b513fb-9e06-4653-b71c-4e46f1ffc77d","Herb, perennial, 12-50-(70) cm high. Caudex 1.0-2.0 cm, 5.0-10.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 1-2-(3), erect, sulcate, hollow, pubescent and glandular or rarely glabrescent, robust, branched; branches weakly branched. Rosette leaves many, narrowly obovate, 5.0-30.0 cm long, 1.0-4.0-(5.0) cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid or entire, remotely dentate, denticulate or entire, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent, sometimes glandular or rarely glabrescent, green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few, oblong, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, sinuate-dentate, ciliate, denticulate or dentate, auriculate and amplexicaul, the lower ones attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or pubescent, green on both surfaces, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, 10.0-16.0-(20.0) mm long, at flowering 10.0-18.0-(20.0) mm in diameter, dark green, hirsute and glandular or sometimes tomentose or rarely glabrescent; outer involucral bracts linear or narrowly ovate, subacute, acute or obtuse; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, subacute, acute or obtuse, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin white scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and foveolate or alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 18.0-21.0-(23.0) mm long, yellow; tube 5.0-7.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 14.0-17.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.3-6.0 mm long; apical appendages truncate and obtuse, 0.8-0.9 mm long. Style branches 3.0-3.8 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or somewhat curved, 5.0-9.0 mm long, 1.0-1.3 mm wide, smooth, subterete, brownish-yellow, with 15-20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white or pale yellowish, 5.0-9.0-(10.0) mm long, persistent, united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis conyzaefolia</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i> , Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (<i>Crepis conyzifolia</i> subsp. <i>dshimilensis</i> as <i>Crepis pontica</i>; Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8b0b6d14-b19f-45fc-9b80-cdef980cce46","Herb, perennial, 20-50 cm high. Caudex 5.0-12.0 cm wide, swollen. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, hollow, tinged purple below, hispidulous, tomentose or glabrous, robust, weakly branched; branches ascending. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 21.0 cm long, 3.0-7.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or pubescent; lateral lobes triangular. Cauline leaves linear, ovate or oblong, entire or pinnatifid, laciniate or denticulate, acute or acuminate, narrowly amplexicaul, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-11.0 cm long, sulcate in section, pubescent, tomentose or glandular. Heads with c. 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical or cylindric-campanulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute or acuminate, greenish, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, glabrescent near apex, tomentose, glandular or pubescent, margin minutely ciliate. Receptacle shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla 10.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.3 mm wide, tinged red on outer face. Anthertube 3.3 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.8 mm long, yellow or green. Achenes curved or straight, 4.0-6.0 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; outer achenes partly enclosed by the inner involucral bracts. Pappus greyish, 4.0-6.5 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis bourgeaui</i> and as <i>Crepis fontiana</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"95fd5af6-5278-468b-b983-5e82fb76e81b","Herb, perennial, 20-70 cm high. Caudex c. 1.5 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, terete, puberulous below, tomentose above, striate, robust, weakly branched; branches remote. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 8.0-16.0 cm long, 2.0-3.0 cm wide, runcinate or pinnatifid, entire or dentate, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or sometimes pubescent and glandular. Cauline leaves linear-ovate, acuminate, auriculate and amplexicaul, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 5-30 heads. Peduncle 1.0-5.0 cm long, covered with bracts. Heads with c. 70 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0-12.0 mm long, woolly to tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, silky and pubescent. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 15.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.3-2.6 mm wide. Anthertube 4.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6 mm long. Style branches c. 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes 0.6-0.8 mm long, finely muricate at the apex, somewhat angular or subterete, brown, with 10-12 ribs, sometimes 3 ribs stronger, slightly attenuate. Pappus white, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3d97c11a-4d8a-426b-b286-35b1b3a03beb","Herb, annual, 20-40-(65) cm high. Flowering stems spreading or erect, glabrescent or tomentose, unbranched or weakly branched, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 12.0 cm long, c. 2.0 cm wide, entire, denticulate or dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or glabrescent. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, up to 12.0 cm long, up to 2.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, denticulate or dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or auriculate and amplexicaul, glabrescent or tomentose. Peduncle 0.3-15.0 cm long, scabridulous. Heads with many flowers, nodding in bud. Involucre at flowering cylindric-turbinate, 15.0-22.0 mm long, at flowering 7.0-12.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute, tomentose and sometimes hispid; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, glandular, tomentose or pubescent, margin minutely ciliate, margin scarious. Receptacle concave, areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-15.0-(16.0) mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule up to 1.3 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, c. 4.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.7 mm long. Style branches c. 3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic or homomorphic with all like the inner achenes; beak longer than the corpus; outer achenes curved, compressed, 5.0-14.0 mm long, pubescent, striate, strongly angular or subterete, light brown, attenuate, enclosed by the inner involucral bracts; inner achenes narrowly fusiform, 12.0-15.0 mm long (including beak), muricate, light brown, with 15 ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus yellowish white, 4.5-5.5 mm long, persistent, on outer achenes additionally surrounded by a crown of many fine hairs 0.3-0.4 mm long.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"efe43716-266c-4984-9985-6efd5565ce03","Rosette herb, perennial, 5-35 cm high. Taproot thick. Flowering stems scapelike, several to 2, procumbent, terete or striate, glabrous, tomentose or pubescent, slender, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.5-25.0 cm long, 0.6-5.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid or sometimes pinnatipartite, denticulate or dentate, obtuse or acute, glabrous or shortly pubescent; terminal lobe acute, larger than lateral lobes or sometimes as large as lateral lobes; lateral lobes retrorse. Cauline leaves linear, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 2-4 heads. Peduncle tomentose. Heads with 30-60 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter, pubescent, tomentose or glandular; involucral bracts margin sometimes scarious; outer involucral bracts linear, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Corolla 10.0-11.0 mm long, yellow and tinged green below, pubescent towards the base; tube 2.3 mm long; ligule 1.4 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.4-0.5 mm long. Branches 1.3 mm long, style branches greenish. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5-7.0 (including beak) mm long, 0.4 mm wide, pale brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak twice as long as the corpus, whitish. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"92c0f639-7cc4-4a58-bb48-723b44dc9632","Herb, perennial, 8-15-(35) cm high. Caudex 5.0-8.0 cm wide, simple or weakly branched. Flowering stems 1 or 2, hollow, pubescent near base and head, striate, slender. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate to elliptic-ovate, 2.5-12.0 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, remotely denticulate or dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, densely hispidulous and glandular. Cauline leaves absent and few, reduced to scales. Heads with 25-55 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.5-17.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, densely hirsute at base; outer involucral bracts ovate, obtuse or acute, glandular and finely pubescent, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, pubescent. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, 12.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 10.0-13.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, somewhat curved, c. 7.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, greenish or pale brown, with c. 20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus yellowish white, (4.0)-5.0-6.0-(7.0) mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d032cc26-5ec6-4cf3-898b-14e26ae30e2b","Leaves densely hispidulous, with coarse white setae 0.3-0.5 mm long bearing small brown glands; stem scapiform or 1-furcate, fistulose, shortly gland-pubescent near base, glabrescent above, near the head densely hirsute with fine yellow glandular or glandless hairs; involucre 12-15 mm long, 6-8 mm wide at middle, densely hirsute at base, with long curled yellow mostly glandless hairs; outer bracts 10-15, unequal, longest 1/2 as long as inner ones, outermost ovate, innermost lanceolate; acute, irregularly ciliate on margin, like inner bracts finely pubescent with longer glandless and shorter glandular hairs; inner bracts 14-18, in 2 series, lanceolate, long acuminate, slightly exceeding pappus in mature heads, dorsally keeled, spongy-thickened at maturity; florets lacking in type collection (see m.v. 3); achenes very pale brown, about 7 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, fusiform, somewhat curved, definitely attenuate to the broad summit, narrowed to the calloused hollow base, subterete, about 20-striate, smooth, finely rugulose under lens; pappus 5-6 (7) mm long, yellowish-white. Flowering June-July; flowers yellow in m.v. 3.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1f5f9e41-b740-4c22-bae7-84458770e620","Herb, perennial, 15-60 cm high. Caudex 1.0-2.0 cm, 6.0-10.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, sparsely tomentose, striate, 2.0-4.0 mm in diameter, unbranched or rarely weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 4.0-12.0 cm long, 1.5-3.0 cm wide, sinuate or remotely denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or pubescent along veins. Cauline leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, dentate or entire, acuminate or mucronate, attenuate or semiamplexicaul, apically reduced to scales. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, densely hirsute; outer involucral bracts acuminate or acute; inner involucral bracts linear or narrowly ovate, acuminate, densely pubescent. Receptacle areolate or alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 25.0 mm long, yellow; tube 8.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.8 mm long; apical appendages truncate, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 10.0-12.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, smooth, more or less angular, orange-brown or brown at apex, with c. 17 ribs, 5 or 6 stronger, strongly attenuate. Pappus pale orange-brown, 9.0 mm long, persistent, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0a21fb1b-d697-4f4e-b961-e3038d767904","Herb, 20-60-(90) cm high. Caudex simple or weakly branched. Flowering stems erect, terete, pubescent or glandular above, branched. Rosette leaves few, narrowly obovate, 5.0-25.0 cm long, 1.5-6.5 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent; terminal lobe ovate, acute or acuminate; lateral lobes oblong or triangular. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate or ovate, lyrate, denticulate or dentate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or amplexicaul and auriculate, pubescent, apically reduced to scales; terminal lobe ovate, acute or acuminate; lateral lobes triangular or oblong. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-5.0 cm long, pubescent and glandular. Heads with 30-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 9.0-11.0 mm long, brownish green or yellowish, glandular and pubescent. Outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 9.0-10.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 6.5-8.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.6 mm long. Style branches c. 1.0 mm long, green. Achenes fusiform in outline, 3.5-4.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, smooth or sometimes striate, subterete, brown, with 10-15 ribs, attenuate. Pappus pale orange-brown, 5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"209b196f-ee63-432e-8485-49bb46295f36","Herb, annual, 1-30 cm high. Caudex more or less swollen. Flowering stems few or numerous, erect to ascending, tomentose or sometimes hispidulous, glandular and pubescent near base, up to 2.0 mm in diameter, branched in upper half or branched already from base. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or oblong, up to 10.0 cm long, runcinate or pinnatifid, ciliate and entire or denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, sparsely pubescent or sometimes tomentose; lateral lobes triangular or narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves few, linear, narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, entire or runcinate, ciliate and denticulate or entire, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, sometimes tomentose or sparsely pubescent, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes triangular or narrowly ovate. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 0.2-5.0 cm long, tomentose or sometimes glandular and pubescent. Heads with 20-40 flowers. Involucre 5.0-10.0 mm long, green, hispid and tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, 0.2-0.4 mm wide; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate or narrowly ovate, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle sometimes shortly ciliate or areolate. Corolla ligulate, 5.0-8.0 mm long, pale yellow; tube 1.2-2.3 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.3 mm wide, sometimes reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube 2.0-3.3 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or acute, 0.3-0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.0-1.4 mm long, yellow. Achenes strongly compressed, 1.5-2.0 mm long (excl. beak) , 0.4-0.7 mm wide, strongly muricate, brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak twice to three times as long as the corpus. Pappus white, 1.5-3.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d1b7256c-45a2-43d7-88d0-243ec0d3240d","Herb, perennial, (20)-40-45-(48) cm high. Caudex woody, branched. Flowering stems 1-2-(5), erect, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, branched. Rosette leaves many, narrowly obovate, up to 15.0 cm long, c. 2.0-2.5 cm wide, sinuate-dentate, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate, sparsely tomentose, glandular and pubescent. Cauline leaves few, narrowly obovate or the upper ones linear, sinuate-dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate or the upper ones attenuate, sparsely tomentose, glandular and pubescent. Peduncle 10.0-35.0 cm long, slightly swollen near head, finely striate in section, without bracts or sometimes covered with bracts. Heads with c. 40 flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly cylindric-campanulate or cylindrical, 10.0-13.0-(16.0) mm long, at flowering 7.0-9.0-(15.0) mm in diameter, dark green, tomentose; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, dark green, pubescent. Receptacle flat, shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla ligulate, c. 13.0-23.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.5 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule up to 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 5.2 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5-8.0 mm long, orange-brown or yellowish brown, with 16-20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-7.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e88cca37-df94-4e4d-bb59-9a5de51087b7","Herb, biennial or perennial, 8-18 cm high. Caudex up to 8.0 cm, 6.0 cm wide, often branched. Flowering stems erect, terete, glabrous or tomentose, striate, slender; branches spreading or ascending. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, sometimes pinnatifid, denticulate or dentate or entire, acuminate or acute or sometimes obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or hispid; lateral lobes narrowly ovate, retrorse. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, petiole-like attenuate or semiamplexicaul and sometimes auriculate, the upper ones glabrous, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.0-7.0 cm long, tomentose, sometimes sparsely glandular and pubescent. Heads with up to 80 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical or sometimes becoming turbinate, 7.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-6.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, sometimes purplish, tomentose; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse or acute, tomentose, sometimes sparsely pubescent and glandular or sometimes sparsely hispid, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, up to 11.0 mm long, chrome yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm wide, red on outer face. Anthertube 3.8-4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute and obtuse, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.8-2.5 mm long, deeply yellow. Achenes straight or sometimes curved in outer achenes, 4.5-6.0 mm long, finely muricate, subterete, brown, with 10 ribs, with a stout beak; beak 0.5-1.5 mm long. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"43e6aed8-7d8a-4d27-9b9c-e23e0709902f","Herb, annual, 23 cm high, pubescent and glandular. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, hollow, tomentose; branches remote. Rosette leaves few, narrowly obovate, petiole-like attenuate. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or the lower ones narrowly obovate, 1.0-9.0 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, acuminate, auriculate and amplexicaul. Synflorescence racemiform. Peduncle 4.0-12.0 cm long, tomentose. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 7.0-8.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0 mm in diameter, tomentose, pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, pubescent. Corolla ligulate, 11.0 mm long; tube 3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5-4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, green. Achenes 2.8 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, finely muricate, brown, with 10 ribs, slightly attenuate. Pappus white, 4.0 mm long, flexible, united at base.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5dc924e2-1115-4088-b89b-604dd3534b1a","Herb, annual. Flowering stems numerous, ascending, glandular and pubescent near base or hispidulous or glabrescent, very slender, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 7.0 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, dentate or entire, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous; lateral lobes 12-20. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, entire or pinnatifid, dentate, laciniate or entire, obtuse, acuminate or acute, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.0-6.5 cm long, glabrous or pubescent near head. Heads with 30-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 3.0-5.5 mm long, glabrous, omentose or pubescent andglandular; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate. Receptacle areolate and sometimes shortly ciliated. Corolla ligulate, 5.5 mm long; tube 1.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm wide, deeply purple at the teeth in outer flowers. Anthertube 2.0 mm long; apical appendages acute or acuminate, 0.4-0.5 mm long. Style branches c. 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 2.0 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, muricate, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus white, 1.5-2.0 mm long, caducous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"279856bf-7491-4b22-a63e-695584db58bb","Herb, perennial, 10-40 cm high. Caudex woody, 0.2-1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 1-8, nearly erect or ascending, glabrous or tomentose or pubescent near base, slender, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, (3.0)-5.0-15.0-(25.0) cm long, 0.5-5.5 cm wide, entire, lyrate or runcinate, entire or dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or glabrous, often pubescent along veins, sometimes woolly at the base; terminal lobe triangularm, irregularly angled or rounded; lateral lobes triangular to linear. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, entire, lyrate or runcinate, entire or dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, sometimes reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.0-15.0 cm long, sulcate near fruiting heads in section, glabrous or tomentose, rarely pubescent and glandular. Heads with 20-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 7.0-8.0 mm long, tomentose or glabrous, rarely pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts ovate to linear-ovate, acute or acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 9.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm wide, sometimes reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube 2.5 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.3 mm long, yellow or green. Achenes 3.5-5.0 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm wide, muricate and sometimes striate, terete or subterete, apically yellowish or brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or attenuate; beak 1.0-1.5 mm long. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"60b366c4-9e5f-4fe8-b120-c5ab90186aaa","Herb, perennial, (2)-5-12-(16) cm high. Caudex woody, 1.0-6.0 cm, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-6, scapelike, erect, obscurely sulcate or terete, hollow, tomentose or sometimes glandular, hispid especially in the upper part, slender, unbranched. Rosette leaves elliptic to obovate, 2.0-7.0-9.0 cm long, (0.5)-1.5-2.0 cm wide, pinnatisect or pinnatifid, dentate or entire, acute or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with winged petiole, tomentose, sometimes hispid or glandular and pubescent; terminal lobe triangular; lateral lobes triangular. Cauline leaves few or absent, reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 25-60 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (10.0)-12.0-14.0-(16.5) mm long, tomentose; involucral bracts oblong-ovate, acuminate, tomentose, glandular and hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, rarely hispid; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, sometimes glandular and pubescent, margin sometimes minutely ciliate at apex, margin white scarious. Receptacle sometimes ciliate and foveolate or areolate. Corolla ligulate, 14.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-6.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 7.0-13.5 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide. Anthertube c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches c. 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or slightly curved, 5.5-7.0-(9.5) mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide, muricate near the apex, subterete or terete, black or dark brown, with c. 20 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, greyish white or yellowish near base, (6.0)-8.0-9.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis pinnatifida</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b1d57cf8-c50f-4e29-8f49-cfbcae2459c7","Herb, perennial, 15-28 cm high. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-2-(3), erect, hollow, green, glandular and pubescent, striate, weakly branched and branched. Rosette leaves many, narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, (7.0)-7.0-15.0 cm long, 0.6-2.0 cm wide, irregularly sinuate-dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glandular and pubescent. Cauline leaves absent. Synflorescence with 1-2-(3) heads. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 12.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 7.0-8.0-(10.0) mm in diameter; involucral bracts glandular and hispid, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, acute; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle verrucose, naked. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-17.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.5-6.0 mm long, pubescent at apex; ligule up to 2.0 mm wide. Style branches yellow. (Immature) Achenes fusiform in outline, 7.5-8.0 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, smooth, greenish yellow, with c. 20 ribs, slightly attenuate. Pappus white, 7.0-7.5 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8ed712e5-b9dd-44c0-8e8c-add2f22c7d73","Herb, perennial, 8-47 cm high. Caudex 4.0-10.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 1-8, terete, glabrous, branched or unbranched; branches remote. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-23.0 cm long, 1.0-3.0-(5.0) cm wide, pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acute to acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or more or less pubescent, sometimes glandular; lateral lobes linear or triangular, retrorse. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or more or less pubescent, sometimes glandular, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle up to 25.0 cm long, tomentose near head or glabrous. Heads with c. 30 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 10.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-7.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 14.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.2 mm wide, reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.8-2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 7.0-9.5 mm long, finely muricate near the apex, yellowish, with 20-30 ribs, attenuate. Pappus pale yellowish, 5.0-7.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis 2</i>. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9ae936e7-ce5e-4937-b3cf-1e7990a01bef","Herb, perennial, 15-40-(60) cm high. Caudex 7.0-10.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, terete, sparsely tomentose or glabrescent above, hispid below, striate, branched; branches remote. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 12.0 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, sparsely hispidulous, green on both surfaces; terminal lobe oblong-ovate, obtuse; lateral lobes 8-10, oblong-ovate. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, lyrate-pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate, auriculate and amplexicaul, apically reduced to scales; terminal lobe oblong-ovate, obtuse; lateral lobes 8-10, oblong-ovate. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with 2-4 heads. Peduncle 1.5-4.5 cm long, tomentose. Heads with 50-100 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 9.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter, tomentose or pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts triangular or ovate, acute or acuminate; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate or narrowly ovate, acuminate, tomentose or sometimes pubescent and glandular, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 9.0-10.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0-3.0 mm long, pubescent. Anthertube 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.6-0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes more or less curved, laterally compressed, 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, reddish brown, with 10-11 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, caducous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"755b1dd9-daf2-4bc3-a555-55c9bb29df5b","Herb, perennial, 6-12-(15) cm high. Flowering stems several to 1, scapelike, striate, weakly branched to unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-5.0-(7.5) cm long, (0.4)-1.0-2.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, dentate or entire, acute, pubescent and glandular; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or oblong. Synflorescence with 1-2-(3) heads. Peduncle glandular and pubescent. Heads with 20-30-(40) flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (7.5)-10.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts dark green, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts ovate, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla c. 14.0 mm long, white; tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5-3.0 mm wide, white with reddish-purple teeth. Anthertube yellow, c. 4.3 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes more or less curved, 3.8-4.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, subterete, greenish brown or pale brownish-yellow, with 12-16-(20) ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis albiflora</i>). Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8f3560f6-ee0a-4f4c-b9bd-c11ffcc9efa9","Herb, perennial, 20-60 cm high. Caudex simple. Flowering stems erect, villose near head, unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-7.0 cm long, 0.6-1.5 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, entire or dentate, sometimes mucronate or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or pubescent beneath, bright green on both surfaces; lateral lobes rounded or triangular, often retrorse. Cauline leaves several, narrowly obovate or linear, up to 7.0 cm long, up to 1.5 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, dentate or entire, sometimes mucronate, acute, acuminate or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or pubescent beneath, bright green on both surfaces, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes triangular or rounded, often retrorse. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with c. 60 flowers , sourrounded by the upper cauline leaves. Involucre at flowering hemispherical, 7.0-14.0-(20.0) mm long, at flowering 7.0-12.0-(20.0) mm in diameter, blackish green, villose; outer involucral bracts linear or narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or acuminate, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle convex, areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 19.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 6.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 1.0 mm long. Style branches yellow. Achenes cylindrical or narrowly obovoid in outline, somewhat compressed, 3.5-5.0 mm long, 1.0-1.3 mm wide, smooth, subterete, sometimes blackish, yellow or sometimes purplish, with 10-13 ribs, truncate. Pappus white, 8.0 mm long, persistent, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L., 175. <i>Calycocorsus</i> F. W. Schmidt, 176. <i>Heteracia</i> Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. <i>Lapsana</i> L., 178. <i>Crepis</i> L., 179. <i>Hispidella</i> Barnades ex Lam. & 180. <i>Andryala</i> L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"742cdac2-a06d-46dd-a302-c4b563ebebfb","Herb, perennial, 2-9 cm high. Caudex simple. Flowering stems scapelike, erect, densely pubescent. Rosette leaves few, narrowly obovate, 2.0-5.0 cm long, 0.5-1.0 cm wide, entire or slightly dentate, obtuse or sometimes mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, puberulous or glabrous. Cauline leaves few, linear-ovate, acute, attenuate, more or less pubescent. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 35-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0-13.0 mm long, dark green, densely hirsute; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, sparsely strigose. Receptacle shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla ligulate, c. 13.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5 mm long; apical appendages 0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 6.0-8.0 mm long, c. 0.7 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, brown, with 18-20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus greyish or yellowish white, 6.0-7.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L., 175. <i>Calycocorsus</i> F. W. Schmidt, 176. <i>Heteracia</i> Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. <i>Lapsana</i>L., 178. <i>Crepis</i> L., 179. <i>Hispidella</i> Barnades ex Lam. & 180. <i>Andryala</i> L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ec1035ea-7dfd-41a2-b8cb-d23d017aeaef","Herb, perennial, 20-55 cm high. Caudex 8.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, terete or striate, tomentose, often hispid and glandular, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 6.0-16.0 cm long, 1.5-5.0 cm wide, pinnatisect, entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate, puberulous or glabrous. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, pinnatipartite, entire, acute, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, puberulous or glabrous, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence paniculiform or racemiform. Peduncle 1.0-13.0 cm long, tomentose, often hispid, sometimes glandular. Heads with 50-75 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear or narrowly ovate, acuminate, margin later scarious; inner involucral bracts narrow ovate, acute, glabrous, pubescent or hispid, sometimes glandular, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long, pubescent. Anthertube c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, c. 0.8 mm long. Style branches 3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.0-7.0 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide, brown, with 14-18 ribs, attenuate or attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus white, 7.0-8.5 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a919b003-fc5a-4518-9b79-90dd8a2aad0a","Herb, perennial, 15-35 cm high. Flowering stems sulcate, terete or striate, glabrous, robust; branches the lower ones strongly branched, ascending. Rosette leaves elliptic, up to 18.0 cm long, 6.0 cm wide, irregularly dentate or denticulate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous. Cauline leaves elliptic or triangular, denticulate, acuminate or acute, cordate, glabrous. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle tomentose or sometimes glandular and pubescent and glabrescent. Heads with 105 flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, 11.0 mm long, at flowering up to 8.0 mm in diameter, dark green, pubescent and at base tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at the apex. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla 10.0-13.0 mm long, deeply yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0-3.0 mm long, dark green or tinged purple on outer face. Anthertube 3.0-4.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.5-2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.0-4.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide, subterete, light brown, with 10 ribs, partly enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts, with a filiform beak; beak 0.8-1.0 mm long. Pappus whitish, 4.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a919b003-fc5a-4518-9b79-90dd8a2aad0a","From coastal rocks to 600 m (Lanzarote). Cliffs of the Jandia mountains where it is locally common to 800 m, often restricted by over-grazing and trampling (Fuerteventura).\r\rfrom: Bramwell, D. & Bramwell, Z. 2001: Wild Flowers of the Canary Islands. - Madrid.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"9b461318-0688-4c3c-9ac1-fb7d17336adb","Herb, perennial, 4-20 cm high. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems greyish green or more or less purple, tomentose or sometimes pubescent and glandular, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 3.0-11.0 cm long, 1.0-3.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, denticulate, nearly entire or sinuate-dentate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or sometimes pubescent and glandular, greyish green or more or less tinged purple; terminal lobe elliptic or ovate, acute or obtuse; lateral lobes 2-4, triangular or narrowly ovate, retrorse. Cauline leaves many, narrowly obovate, lyrate-pinnatifid, denticulate, sinuate-dentate or nearly entire, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole; terminal lobe elliptic or ovate, obtuse or acute; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or triangular. Peduncle 4.0-20.0 cm long, densely tomentose near the head, covered with bracts. Heads with 40-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-19.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-10.0 mm in diameter, tomentose or often hispidulous; outer involucral bracts linear, pubescent, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate. Receptacle shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla ligulate, 15.0-20.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0-7.0 mm long; ligule 2.5-3.5 mm wide, ligule of outer flowers reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube yellow, c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform or cylindrical in outline, 4.0-9.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, smooth, with 20-25 ribs, more or less attenuate. Pappus orange-brown or white, 7.0-10.0 mm long, persistent, more often flexible or fragile at the base, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L., 175. <i>Calycocorsus</i> F. W. Schmidt, 176. <i>Heteracia</i> Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. <i>Lapsana</i> L., 178. <i>Crepis</i> L., 179. <i>Hispidella</i> Barnades ex Lam. & 180. <i>Andryala</i> L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b8566e7b-4e9d-488e-b15b-e7abbfdbd3be","Herb, perennial, 3-15 cm high. Caudex 1.0-4.0 cm, up to 2.0 cm wide, simple or branched. Flowering stems 1-5, tomentose, robust, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 3.0-13.0 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acute or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or sometimes pubescent; lateral lobes triangular or narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, pinnatifid or entire, dentate or entire, mucronate, amplexicaul, tomentose, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 2.0-13.0 cm long, glandular and pubescent or sometimes hispid, covered with bracts. Heads with 30-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 9.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-7.0 mm in diameter, tomentose or hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 14.0 mm long; tube pubescent at apex; ligule 2.0 mm wide, pink. Anthertube pink and yellow, 4.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.6 mm long. Style branches c. 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes 4.0-6.0 mm long, 0.8-1.4 mm wide, finely muricate or smooth, brown, with 10 ribs, equal or 3-4 slightly stronger, attenuate. Pappus white, 8.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e30b695c-933e-4956-be26-605461a979e5","Herb, perennial, (6)-20-50-(70) cm high. Flowering stems 1-4, angular, reddish purple, in upper part subglabrous, in lower part pilose or pubescent, striate, slender, weakly branched, branched in upper half; branches spreading-erect. Rosette leaves oblong to obovate, (2.5)-8.0-22.0 cm long, (0.8)-1.5-5.2 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid to lyrate-pinnatisect, remotely denticulate, entire or dentate, petiole-like attenuate, glandular, subglabrous, pubescent, hispid and pilose; terminal lobe broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, larger than lateral lobes; lateral lobes oblong, sometimes retrorse. Cauline leaves few, narrowly oblong, narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, entire or lyrate-pinnatifid, rarely subentire, laciniate or dentate, acuminate, bluntly auriculate, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.5-9.0 cm long, tomentose or sometimes pubescent. Heads with c. 25 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or campanulate, 7.0-10.0-(11.0) mm long, at flowering (5.0)-6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, at fruiting starwise spread or reflexed, glandular or thinly tomentose towards base; outer involucral bracts ovate, c. 3.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, acuminate or acute, often purplish, margin narrowly scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear, c. 7.0-10.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, acuminate, often purplish. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-13.5 mm long, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 9.0-10.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide, tinged red. Anthertube yellow, c. 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6-0.8 mm long. Style c. 8.0 mm long; branches c. 2.0 mm long, green. Achenes fusiform in outline, slightly curved, (3.0)-3.5-4.0 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, smooth, subterete or terete, brown, with 15-20 ribs, truncate or attenuate. Pappus white, 3.5-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible, scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis montana</i>); Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ee20c91c-34aa-49d9-bf96-82e7721dc0f8","Herb, annual, (8)-10-25-(35) cm high. Caudex more or less swollen, branched. Flowering stems ascending, terete, hollow, tomentose near base, striate, weakly branched; branches weakly branched, remote. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 4.0-15.0 cm long, 1.0-3.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or runcinate, dentate or entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or tomentose. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, pinnatifid or runcinate, dentate or entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or auriculate and amplexicaul, tomentos or glabrescent, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 0.5-10.0 cm long, apically swollen, tomentose. Heads with 50-70 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate, sometimes hispid; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, hispid, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla ligulate, 14.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, c. 0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic, dark brown; outer achenes compressed, dorsally convex, ventrally flat, 5.0-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, pubescent, striate, attenuate, enveloped by the inner involucral bracts; inner achenes 5.5-9.0 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm wide, finely muricate, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus white, 4.0-6.0 mm long, shorter on outer achenes, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3c85a8e8-95f5-478d-8f7b-7f79be80f03c","Herb, perennial, 15-45 cm high. Caudex woody, 0.5-3.0 cm wide, simple or branched. Flowering stems 1-6, erect, terete, glabrous, striate, slender, weakly branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves elliptic or narrowly obovate, 3.0-15.0 cm long, 0.6-3.0 cm wide, runcinate or entire or pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, finely pubescent or glabrous. Cauline leaves few, reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.0-17.0 cm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent near head. Heads with 19-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 9.0-12.0 mm long, pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 16.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.5 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 9.5-11.5 mm long, 1.8-2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages 0.8 mm long. Style branches c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 6.0-7.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide, smooth, stramineous or greenish, with c. 20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 4.5-5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"51dab596-a53a-43a8-92bb-af7057c98780","Herb, perennial. Rosette disappearing with growing of the flowering stem. 25-75 cm high. Flowering stems erect, hollow, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes glandular, striate, weakly branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves elliptic or obovate to ovate, up to 24.0 cm long, 5.0 cm wide, lyrate to runcinate to entire, ciliate, entire or remotely dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent, glabrous or pubescent. Cauline leaves ovate, narrowly obovate or the lower ones elliptic, dentate or denticulate, acuminate or the lower ones acute, attenuate or amplexicaul, the lower ones petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform. Peduncle 2.0-16.0 cm long, inflated near head, glandular and pubescent, slightly tomentose, covered with bracts. Heads with 30-60 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-10.0 mm in diameter, dark green, finely tomentose, densely pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or narrowly deltoid to linear, acute, densely hispid, tomentose or finely pubescent; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, acute or acuminate, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 21.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-6.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube yellow with 5 reddish-brown nerves, c. 5.8 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or acute, 0.6-0.8 mm long. Style branches c. 2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, rarely curved, rarely compressed, 5.5-8.5 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, smooth, subterete, angular or terete, pale or dark brown, with 25-35 ribs (or striae), sometimes with 3-5 stronger ones in outer achenes, attenuate. Pappus white, c. 6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible or somewhat fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (<i>Crepis viscidula</i> and as <i>Crepis geracioides</i> ); Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh; Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L., 175. <i>Calycocorsus</i> F. W. Schmidt, 176. <i>Heteracia</i> Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. <i>Lapsana</i> L., 178. <i>Crepis</i> L., 179. <i>Hispidella</i> Barnades ex Lam. & 180. <i>Andryala</i> L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Crepis geracioides</i>).\r\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"168b64ef-c690-4605-8dce-2805617151da","Leaves with pale glandular hairs on both surfaces. Stem and involucre canescent-tomentose with many unequal, long, green or yellow glandular hairs; leaves usually with pale glandular hairs on both surfaces.\r\rfrom: Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3035a317-2ad2-43a4-aa10-765c16c94138","Perennial, 3.5-7.5 dm high; rhizome oblique, bearing many long fleshy fibers; Caudical leaves 4-6, up to 24 cm long, 6 cm wide, obovate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, gradually attenuate into a narrow winged petiole 1/4-1/3 as long as the blade, deeply runcinate-pinnatifid or sublyrate, finely and shortly ciliate on margin, pubescent on veins beneath, with yellow glandless hairs, similarly pubescent above, becoming glabrescent; lower cauline leaves similar but sessile or panduriform, amplexicaul or subamplexicaul, acuminate, upper cauline leaves lanceolate or linear, entire, or bractlike; stem erect, terete, fistulose, striate, densely pubescent near base, glabrous above, simple and l-headed or 2-4-branched, branches pedunculate; peduncles erect or sinuate, 10-35 cm long, stout, terete, fistulose, inflated near head but constricted just below the head, like involucre canescent-tomentulose or farinose; heads erect, large, about 60-flowered; involucre campanulate, 11-13 mm high, 5-8 mm wide at receptacle; outer bracts 10-12, unequal, outermost very short, longest 1/2-2/3 as long as inner bracts, lanceolate, acute, like inner bracts, canescent-tomentulose or farinose, densely setose with long green glandless bristles and finely pubescent with appressed hairs; inner bracts 14-18, in 2 series, the inner ones slightly longer and little setose, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, white ciliate at the apex, ventrally glabrous and strongly nerved, little changed at maturity; receptacle areolate, glabrous; corolla 16-18 mm long; ligule 2-3 mm wide; teeth 0.3-0.8 mm long; corolla tube 4-6 mm long, sparsely beset with short (0.2-0.4 mm long), 2-celled trichomes, sometimes with a few coarse several-celled tortuous hairs near the summit; anther tube (4)4.5 x 1.25(2) min dis.; appendages 0.6-0.8 mm long, each appendage distinctly 2-patted, upper part sagittate, lower part oblong, obtuse, or acute, and usually with a short apical claw; filaments 1.3-2 mm longer; style branches 2 mm long, 0.2 wide at base, gradually attenuate to the acute tip; achenes pale brown when mature, 5.5-6.5 mm long, 1mm wide, the marginal strongly curved near base and dorsoventrally compressed, the inner ones nearly straight and subterete or irregularly angular, slightly but definitely attenuate to the apex, without an expanded pappus disk, narrowed at the strongly calloused base, about 30-striate, striae narrow, nearly equal or sometimes with 4 or 5 definitely stronger ones, very finely spiculate under lens and often with a few fine white cilia near the apex; pappus white, 7-8 mm long, 2-seriate, rather coarse (50-65µ wide at the base), stiff, united at base, and coming away in sections, persistent, exceeding the involucre. Flowering June-July; flowers deep chrome-yellow; anther tube yellow, with 5 reddish-brown nerves; style branches yellow. Chromosomes, 2n = 12.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis geracioides</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f51552bc-8b63-4f13-b4dc-51be2269cfcd","Herb, perennial, 2-12 cm high. Caudex 0.5-2.5 cm, branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, tomentose or glabrescent, branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 1.5-6.0-(10.0) cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, runcinate or pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or tomentose, stramineous on both surfaces; lateral lobes triangular. Cauline leaves few, narrowly obovate, runcinate or pinnatifid, dentate or entire, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or tomentose, stramineous on both surfaces; lateral lobes triangular; mostly reduced to scales; Peduncle 0.2-3.0 cm long, sulcate or striate in section. Heads with c. 20 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or campanulate, 8.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-8.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse, pubescent or sometimes hispid, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 9.0-15.0 mm long; tube 2.0-4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.8-2.5 mm wide, purplish red on outer face. Anthertube c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.3-2.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 3.0-5.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, finely muricate, brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6a2bd801-f065-4859-af39-ed87e1899df7","Herb, perennial, 1-5 cm high. Caudex woody, 5.0-8.0 cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-3, ascending, terete, medullary, tomentose, striate, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 13.0-(35.0) cm long, 3.5 cm wide, rarely pinnatifid to entire, coarsely dentate to denticulate or entire, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent. Cauline leaves few, narrowly obovate, rarely pinnatifid or entire, denticulate to coarsely dentate or entire, acute or obtuse, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-6.0-(8.0) cm long, more or less tomentose, often with one bract. Heads with up to 70 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-7.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, acute, sometimes pubescent; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, sometimes pubescent. Receptacle flat, areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-13.0 mm long, bright yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5-2.8 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 3.8 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.6 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5-8.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, finely muricate, dark brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 1.0-3.0 mm long. Pappus white, 4.0-5.5 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c452a0e3-9198-4829-8601-ca5458dacce2","Herb, perennial, 30-150 cm high. Caudex woody, simple. Flowering stems erect or ascending, terete or sulcate or striate, tomentose and hispid, sometimes glandular, 4.0-8.0 mm in diameter, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves ovate, elliptic or oblong, 10.0-40.0 cm long, 4.0-9.0-(13.0) cm wide, sinuate-dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or amplexicaul, pubescent or glabrescent. Cauline leaves oblong, ovate or linear-ovate, up to 40.0 cm long, up to 9.0 cm wide, sinuate-dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, attenuate or amplexicaul, glabrescent or pubescent. Synflorescence corymbiform, with few heads. Peduncle 1.0-15.0 cm long, tomentose and hispid. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (13.0)-15.0-20.0 mm long, at flowering 9.0-12.0 mm in diameter, glabrous, pubescent or tomentose; outer involucral bracts deltoid, ovate or oblong, subacute or acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts oblong or narrowly ovate, margin minutely ciliate near apex, margin white scarious. Receptacle 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, convex, shortly ciliate and areolate or foveolate. Corolla ligulate, 20.0-30.0 mm long, yellow; tube 6.0-9.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule up to 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0-6.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, acute or truncate, 0.7-0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.5-3.5 mm long, green and yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or curved, sometimes compressed, 6.0-11.0 mm long, 1.0-1.3 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, terete, brown, with c. 20 ribs, with 3 of the ventral and sometimes 1 of the dorsal ribs stronger, more or less attenuate. Pappus yellowish white, 8.0-10.0 mm long, persistent, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L., 175. <i>Calycocorsus</i> F. W. Schmidt, 176. <i>Heteracia</i> Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. <i>Lapsana</i> L., 178. <i>Crepis</i> L., 179. <i>Hispidella</i> Barnades ex Lam. & 180. <i>Andryala</i> L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ea41650a-5487-41b4-8372-d240f4c3c3c2","Herb, annual, c. 5 cm high. Flowering stems numerous, sparsely tomentose, slender, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 9.0 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, puberulous or sparsely tomentose. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly obovate, entire or pinnatifid, entire or laciniate, acuminate, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle tomentose. Heads with c. 40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, c. 6.0 mm long, at flowering c. 4.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute, glabrous, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts ovate, acute, hispid, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Corolla ligulate, 7.0-8.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 2.7 mm long; apical appendages acute, united, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 1.5 (-2.5) mm long, 0.4 mm wide, finely muricate, greenish purple, with 10 ribs, shortly attenuate. Pappus white, 2.5 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b14b3632-4ad4-4917-bae8-7b604257c6e3","Herb, perennial, 8-75-(100) cm high. Flowering stems numerous, erect, angular, striate or terete, often purple, glabrous above, sometimes hispidulous to pilose towards the base, slender, weakly branched, branched in upper half; branches spreading-erect. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or narrowly oblong, 15.0-20.0 cm long, 1.0-4.0 cm wide, runcinate, entire or dentate, petiole-like attenuate, tinged purple at petiole, subglabrous or hispidulous; terminal lobe broadly deltoid, obtuse or acute; lateral lobes often retrorse. Cauline leaves absent or much reduced, linear or narrowly ovate, entire or sparsely dentate. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-15.0 cm long, scarcely pubescent at the very apex or glabrous. Heads with 20-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical or narrowly campanulate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, at fruiting spreading or reflexed; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 3.0-4.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, acuminate, puberulous or glabrous, margin white scarious; inner involucral bracts linear, c. 10.0-13.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, subacute, often purplish, sometimes pubescent on upper half. Receptacle shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, pilose towards apex; ligule c. 8.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish, c. 4.0 mm long. Style 10.0-11.0 mm long; branches c. 2.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, almost straight, 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, greenish-yellow or light brown, weakly ribbed, with 15-20 ribs, truncate. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fc0c257d-542a-4dd9-9ca8-b5843451019a","Herb, perennial, 10-30 cm high. Caudex 1.0-2.0 cm wide, swollen, simple. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, puberulous, apically more or less tomentose and pubescent and glandular, robust, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 7.0-20.0 cm long, 2.0-6.0 cm wide, runcinate or pinnatifid or entire, ciliate and entire or dentate, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or puberulous; terminal lobe triangular; lateral lobes triangular. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, entire, pinnatifid or runcinate, ciliate and entire or dentate, laciniate near base, acuminate or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, glabrous or puberulous; terminal lobe triangular; lateral lobes triangular; cauline leaves apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-6.0 cm long, more or less tomentose and glandular and pubescent. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 11.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-8.0 mm in diameter, more or less tomentose and glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts ovate, 1.5-3.0 mm wide, acute, sometimes hispid near tip, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 15.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.8 mm wide. Anthertube 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.8 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 9.0-13.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, muricate, pale brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus white, 5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"06fb1470-9625-457e-bd2d-a62e585d3b26","Herb, annual, 7-35-(40) cm high. Flowering stems erect or ascending, terete, glabrous or pubescent and glandular, striate, branched already from base. Rosette leaves few, narrowly obovate, 1.0-5.0-(8.0) cm long, 0.5-1.0-(1.8) cm wide, runcinate, entire or dentate, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly ovate, entire, acute, auriculate and amplexicaul. Peduncle 0.5-7.5 cm long, terete in section, striate, glabrous or glandular and puberulous. Heads with 30-65 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, (6.5)-8.0-9.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0 mm in diameter, glandular and tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, glabrous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, glandular and hispid, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 7.5 mm long, yellow; tube c. 2.8 mm long, glabrous and pubescent; ligule 1.3 mm wide. Anthertube c. 2.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.5 mm long. Style branches c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic or homomorphic with all achenes like inner ones; outer achenes compressed, ventrally concave, dorsally convex, 3.5-4.0 mm long, smooth or wrinkled, dark brown, ribbed, attenuate, enclosed by the inner involucral bracts; inner achenes fusiform, curved or straight, 3.0-3.5 mm long, finely muricate near apex or wrinkled, dark brown, with 10 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, c. 3.5 mm long, caducous, flexible, united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1da77805-d9e9-4400-bbe2-a3e112616828","Plant annual, 1-4 dm high; involucre campanulate, never reflexed in fruiting heads, 8-11 mm high, 5-7 mm wide, strongly setose with long yellow glandless setae, densely pubescent with short fine gland hairs, glands yellow or purple; outer bracts 12-20, longest 1/2 as long as the inner, lance-linear, acute, becoming indurate, persistent; inner bracts 12-16, lanceolate, acute or obtuse at the ciliate apex; receptacle paleaceous, with two paleae subtending each achene, paleae free or united at base, linear, white or pale yellow, chartaceous, gradually attenuate into a pale brown simple or furcate awn, nearly equal to the achenes; corolla 12-18 mm long; ligule 1.7-2 mm wide; teeth 0.2-0.5 mm long; corolla tube 4-5 mm long, pubescent with  several-celled acicular hairs up to 1.5 mm long; anther tube (3)4 x 1 mm dis.; appendages 0.5-0.6 mm long, oblong, acute or obtuse; filaments 0.3-0.5 mm longer; style branches 2-2.75 mm long, yellow, sometimes fully exserted; marginal achenes (sometimes lacking) gray, tawny, or brown, 5-9.5 mm long, laterally compressed, with oblique basal scar, dorsally ribbed, ventrally pale, ± pubescent, attenuate into a coarse beak; inner (or all) achenes pale or dark brown, 10-14 mm long, body 2.5-4 mm long, fusiform, 10-ribbed, attenuate into a slender or very fine beak 3-5 times as long as body; pappus 3-4 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis foetida subsp. commutata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"27c49ea5-ba95-434b-b1ad-7df55d2f8484","Herb, perennial, 40-70 cm high. Flowering stems 1, ribbed or sulcate, hollow, pubescent, robust or somewhat slender, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves linear-obovate or oblong to obovate, 6.0-20.0-(25.0) cm long, 1.5-4.0 cm wide, mucronate, obtuse, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole. Cauline leaves absent or few, reduced to scales. Synflorescence racemiform or paniculiform. Peduncle woolly and glandular. Involucre at flowering short-cylindrical, (9.0)-10.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 3.5-5.0-(6.0) mm in diameter; involucral bracts dark green, glandular; outer involucral bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute or subacute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin white scarious. Receptacle pitted, naked. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-15.0 mm long, light yellow; tube 3.0-4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule up to 2.5 mm wide. Style branches yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or slightly curved, 5.0-6.0 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, smooth, subterete, reddish brown, with 20 ribs, slightly attenuate. Pappus white, 5.5-6.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> . – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1c2b9941-3ec7-425d-9584-6c50cc368e26","Herb, perennial, (5)-10-40 cm high. Flowering stems 1-3-(6), erect or ascending, hollow, glabrous, pubescent or rarely glandular, striate, more or less robust or slender, unbranched or branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves few or many, narrowly obovate, elliptic or oblong-obovate, 2.0-12.0-(15.0) cm long, 0.5-3.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid or entire, sinuate-dentate, entire, dentate or denticulate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispid, glabrescent or pubescent; lateral lobes narrowly triangular or oblong. Cauline leaves absent or few, mostly reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform, with 2-8 heads. Peduncle 0.2-1.2-(3.5 in cult. specimens) cm long, pubescent and glandular or often tomentose near head. Heads with 30-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate or cylindrical, 7.0-9.0-(10.0) mm long, at flowering 2.5-3.0-(4.0) mm in diameter; involucral bracts pubescent and glandular or tomentose at base; outer involucral bracts ovate-oblong or ovate, 1.0-3.0 mm long, acute; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate or narrowly ovate, 7.0-9.0 mm long, subacute, obtuse or acute, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate or foveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 6.0-7.5 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5-3.0 mm long, densely pubescent; ligule c. 0.6 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 1.0-1.6 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.5 mm long. Style branches c. 0.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes narrowly fusiform in outline, straight or slightly curved, c. 4.0 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide, muricate, subterete, reddish brown, with 10-12 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, c. 4.0 mm long, persistent, united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c62dff09-3f04-4f05-9aac-904d51ac1b77","Herb, annual or biennial, (7)-10-100 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems 1, erect, sulcate or striate, hollow, pale green, hispid and tomentose, branched in upper half and branched already from base. Rosette leaves obovate to ovate, 5.0-15.0-(20.0) cm long, 1.0-4.0 cm wide, often runcinate, lyrate-pinnatifid or entire, entire, dentate or denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or tomentose; lateral lobes deltoid or oblong, retrorse. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly ovate, sometimes revolute, auriculate, tomentose, glandular or glabrous, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with 5-20-(100 or more) heads. Peduncle 3.0-70.0 cm long, more or less tomentose. Heads with 30-70 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 6.0-9.0-(10.0) mm long, at flowering (3.0)-7.0-8.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts 5.0-9.0-(10.0) mm long, 0.8-1.2 mm wide, yellowish green; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate or variable, acute, tomentose to hispidulous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, pitted and shortly ciliate round the pits. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-3.8 mm long, pubescent; ligule up to 2.5 mm wide, tinged red. Anthertube 3.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.5-0.6 mm long. Style dark greenish with yellow on inner face; branches 0.9-1.5 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, (2.5)-3.0-4.0-(6.0) mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, muricate, purplish brown or dark reddish, with 10 ribs, attenuate or scarcely attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, more or less caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae, Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2949fa58-342a-463e-9b90-f755b26d01ca","Herb, perennial, 10-30 cm high. Flowering stems ascending, tomentose, pubescent and glandular or glabrescent, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 8.0-15.0 cm long, 1.5-3.0 cm wide, denticulate or dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent or glabrous. Cauline leaves linear, smaller than rosette leaves, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.5-12.0 cm long, tomentose, often glandular and pubescent. Heads with c. 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, dark green, tomentose, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute, margin somewhat scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, pubescent, margin sometimes minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla c. 11.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule c. 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.3 mm long, yellow with green hairs. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.5-6.0 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, brownish-yellow, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 0.5-1.5 mm long. Pappus white, 4.0-6.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c7946e85-ad92-4c1a-a41a-028e06f80416","Herb, annual, (10)-15-45 cm high. Caudex swollen. Flowering stems ascending or erect, tomentose below and at bifurcations, glabrous or sparsely hispid above, branched already from base. Rosette leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, up to 15.0 cm long, 3.5 cm wide, runcinate or pinnatifid or entire, entire or denticulate, mucronate or acute, attenuate, tomentose, glabrescent or puberulous; terminal lobe larger or smaller than lateral lobes. Cauline leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, runcinate or entire, denticulate or entire, acute, mucronate or acuminate, auriculate or attenuate, glabrescent, tomentose or puberulous, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-15.0 cm long, hollow, more or less tomentose. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 10.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering (1.5)-5.0-7.0 mm in diameter, sometimes hispid or tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, 7.0-10.0 mm long, obtuse, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle alveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-13.0 mm long, orange-yellow or yellow; tube 3.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.8 mm wide, purple at teeth on outer face. Anthertube 3.0 mm long; apical appendages asymmetrical obtuse, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic; beak 2.0-4.0 mm long; outer achenes fusiform, dorsally curved, laterally compressed, 7.0-9.0 mm long, pubescent, dorsally striate and ventrally smooth, sometimes winged, greyish, yellowish or brown, attenuate, enclosed by the inner involucral bracts, with sparse pappus; inner achenes fusiform, (3.0)-5.5-7.0 mm long, glabrous, finely muricate, orange-brown, with 16-18 ribs, 3-4 ribs somewhat stronger, with a filiform beak, with pappus. Pappus white, united at base, persistent; pappus of inner achenes 5.0-6.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c7946e85-ad92-4c1a-a41a-028e06f80416","Sandy loam and limestone.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. - Jerusalem.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"9609a86a-c612-4ae8-ab21-e8154a073f58","Herb, perennial, (5)-8-25 cm high. Caudex simple or branched. Flowering stems 1-3, terete, striate or sulcate, hollow, sometimes glandular, woolly allover, pubescent or scabridulous often glabrous below, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate to oblong, up to 14.0-(16.5) cm long, 0.5-2.0-(2.5) cm wide, sinuate-dentate, subentire or denticulate, acute to obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or glabrescent. Cauline leaves few, oblong-ovate, narrowly obovate or oblong, sinuate-dentate or denticulate, obtuse to acute, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, glabrescent or tomentose, mostly reduced to scales. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (10.0)-14.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-12.0 mm in diameter, hirsute; outer involucral bracts oblong or narrowly ovate, obtuse or acute, pubescent and sometimes glandular; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, pubescent and tomentose, sometimes glandular, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate or foveolate, shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-20.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-6.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.5 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 1.0 mm long. Style branches 2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or somewhat curved, 5.0-7.0-(9.5) mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, finely muricate near apex, subterete, dark purple or reddish brown, with (10)-12-15 ribs, sometimes 3-4 ribs stronger, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-7.0-(8.0) mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"be2a76b3-ab88-4006-9c86-0e6f92ac993a","Herb, perennial. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, tomentose, sometimes hispid and glandular, sometimes glabrescent, robust, branched; branches weakly branched. Rosette leaves obovate and elliptic, up to 20.0 cm long, 8.0 cm wide, runcinate or pinnatifid, entire, denticulate or dentate, ciliate, mucronate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or sparsely hispid, sometimes woolly at the very base; terminal lobe linear to triangular, acuminate; lateral lobes linear or narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves obovate, linear or elliptic, pinnatifid or runcinate, entire, denticulate or dentate, ciliate, acute, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose or sparsely hispid, sometimes woolly at the very base, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence racemiform to corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-6.0 cm long, glabrescent or tomentose, often covered with bracts. Heads with 40-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 8.0-11.0 mm long, tomentose, sometimes hispid; outer involucral bracts linear, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse, glabrous or sparsely strigose near tip. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 13.0 mm long, yellow, pubescent; tube c. 4.0 mm long; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, c. 0.7 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.5-6.0 mm long, 0.9-1.3 mm wide, smooth or muricate, purplish brown or dark reddish, with 16-18-20 ribs, alternate ribs often stronger, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or attenuate. Pappus white, 5.5-6.5 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis latialis</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c756d980-a768-45a8-a73f-8d093335a7b2","Herb, perennial, 5-15 cm high. Caudex woody, 1.0-6.0 cm, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, simple or branched. Flowering stems scapelike, floccose or glabrescent, slender, unbranched with a single head. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-9.0 cm long, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent and sometimes glandular or floccose and glabrescent; terminal lobe elliptic to triangular; lateral lobes linear-ovate to triangular. Cauline leaves absent. Heads with 30-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-11.0 mm long, dark green, floccose, more or less hispid and sometimes glandular; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 12.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.3 mm wide, reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages 0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5-6.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide, muricate toward apex, brown, with 16-18 ribs, alternate ribs often stronger, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b4a2a7e7-b32c-410d-832d-9ec11c42fe5b","Herb, perennial, (15)-25-55-(90) cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, terete, hollow, glabrous or pubescent, striate, slender or robust, branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves oblong, narrowly ovate, narrowly obovate or elliptic, 5.0-20.0-(25.0) cm long, 1.5-6.0 cm wide, revolute and entire or remotely dentate or denticulate, mucronate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or densely pubescent. Cauline leaves mostly absent, reduced to scales. Synflorescence racemiform to paniculiform, with few or with many heads. Peduncle 1.0-2.5 cm long, scabridulous or tomentose, covered with bracts. Heads with 25-30 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering (3.0)-3.5-5.0 mm in diameter, green, pubescent or glabrescent; involucral bracts 4.0-12.0 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, green, pubescent, hispid or glabrous; outer involucral bracts ovate, obtuse, subacute or acute, margin often minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, oblong or narrowly ovate, acute, acuminate or subacute, margin often minutely ciliate, margin white scarious. Receptacle flat, pitted, naked. Corolla ligulate, 11.0-12.0-(14.0) mm long, yellow; tube 3.5-4.0 mm long, densely pubescent; ligule up to 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, c. 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, slightly curved or straight, slightly compressed, c. 4.0 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, smooth, terete or subterete, light brown, with c. 20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 4.5-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"58737e83-9d58-414a-90a2-d5475ff83154","Herb, annual (?). Caudex swollen. Flowering stems spreading, very slender. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, runcinate, ciliate, dentate, sinuate and entire, acute and mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous and puberulous. Cauline leaves absent or few, reduced to scales. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, c. 8.0 mm long, tomentose, hispid, sparsely pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 7.0-8.5 mm long (in marginal flowers), yellow; tube 2.5-3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.0 mm wide, reddish purple on outer face of marginal flowers. Anthertube 2.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.3 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes homomorphic, 5.0-5.5 mm long, finely muricate, subterete, pale brownish-yellow, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak about as long as the corpus. Pappus white, 4.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"74cb28b7-c79d-48c6-8dbf-2e01469ef2a6","Crepis palaestina (Boiss.) Bornm.\rHerb, annual, 30-80 cm high. Flowering stems terete, sulcate or striate, often purple, glabrous or hispidulous to pilose, slender. Lower cauline leaves oblong to obovate, 6.0-15.0-(20.0) cm long, 2.0-6.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatisect or lyrate-pinnatifid, entire or denticulate, petiole-like attenuate, subglabrous or hispidulous to pilose; terminal lobe obtuse or rounded, larger than lateral lobes; lateral lobes oblong, subacute or obtuse. Middle and upper cauline leaves oblong, up to 10.0 cm long, 6.0 cm wide, denticulate, amplexicaul and auriculate with broad, blunt auricles, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform. Peduncle up to 15.0 cm long, swollen at apex just below heads, subglabrous or thinly pilose. Heads with 25-65 flowers. Involucre at flowering narrowly campanulate or cylindrical, 10.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-9.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, 2.0-4.0 mm long, 1.5-3.0 mm wide, acute, glabrous or subglabrous, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts linear or narrowly ovate, up to 16.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, subacute, subglabrous, midrib strong, prominent. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 5.0-6.5 mm long, thinly woolly towards apex; ligule 10.0-12.0 mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish, c. 4.5 mm long. Style c. 12.0 mm long; branches 1.4-2.3 mm long. Achenes dimorphic; outer achenes fusiform, strongly dorsiventrally compressed, c. 10.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, minutely scabridulous, narrowly winged, pale brown, finely ribbed on ventral surface and smooth on dorsal surface, without pappus or with pappus; inner achenes fusiform, almost straight, c. 9.0-10.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, scabridulous or smooth, subterete or terete, pale brown, with longitudinal ribs, truncate. Pappus white, 4.5-6.0 mm long, caducous or persistent, flexible, scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"410903ee-aecb-4215-8806-b78bd3de0bd1","Herb, annual, (5)-30-70-(120) cm high, sometimes glabrous at the synflorescence branches or glandular, viscid. Flowering stems erect, sulcate and angular, strongly branched; branches spreading-erect. Lower cauline leaves obovate, (2.0)-7.0-16.0-(24.0) cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, nearly entire or remotely dentate, obtuse, rounded or shortly acute, petiole-like attenuate. Middle and upper cauline leaves obovate or oblong, 2.0-14.0 cm long, 0.3-5.0 cm wide, denticulate or entire, acute or acuminate, auriculate to amplexicaul. Synflorescence paniculiform with many glabrous or glandular branches. Peduncle 1.0-8.0 cm long. Heads with 15-35 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical to campanulate, (8.0)-10.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-6.0 mm in diameter, at fruiting reflexed to starwise spread; outer involucral bracts triangular-ovate, c. 1.5-2.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, acute to acuminate, glabrous to subglabrous; inner involucral bracts linear, c. 10.0-12.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, subacute, glabrous, midrib strong, prominent. Corolla ligulate, 5.0-12.0 mm long, yellow, somewhat woolly at apex; tube c. 4.0 mm long; ligule c. 7.0-8.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish, 1.5-4.0 mm long. Style c. 8.0 mm long, greenish in dried specimen; branches c. 1.0 mm long. Achenes sometimes homomorphic or dimorphic; outer achenes cylindrical to fusiform, curved or almost straight, 4.0-7.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, glabrous, obscurely ribbed, truncate or scarcely acute, usually without pappus; inner achenes almost straight, 4.0-5.0 mm long, scabridulous, with pappus. Pappus white, (3.0)-6.0-7.0 mm long, minutely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, Compositae, Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. Crepis L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e1fca542-9496-40b4-8eae-8cd24aa1fc06","Flower heads more conspicuous than in subsp. typica, remaining open most of the day; corolla 10-12 mm long; ligule 2 mm wide, reddish-purple on outer face; teeth 0.1-0.3 mm long; corolla tube 3.5 mm long; anther tube 3.2 x 1 mm dis., dark green above, yellowish at base; appendages 0.4 mm long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; filaments 0.5 mm longer; style branches 1.25 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, dark green; achenes biform, the marginal obcompressed, 5.5 mm long, 0.5 mom wide, lacking pappus, the inner terete, 4.5 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, and of these the outermost spiculate, the others smooth and weakly striate; pappus white, about 5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4b1465c4-cb6a-4f62-b188-371d6863ed1d","Flower heads, as in the last, more conspicuous than in typica, remaining open most of the day; corolla 10-12 mm long; ligule 2.5 mm wide, without red on outer face; teeth 0.3-0.6 mm long; corolla tube 2.5 mm long; anther tube 3.75 x 1.25 mm dis., dark green; appendages 0.5 mm long, oblong, sagittate, acute; filaments 0.25-0.75 mm longer, the anterior one longer; style branches 1-1.5 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, dark green; achenes biform, narrower than in subsp. africana, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, the marginal 5-6 mm long, without pappus, the inner terete, 4-5 mm long, and of these the outermost spiculate, the others smooth and weakly striate; pappus white, 3-5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"467f9caf-5663-4b76-903b-abb735b2dc31","Herb with a rosette of leaves in the first year, biennial, 20-120 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems 1, erect, sulcate to striate, pale green and sometimes tinged red below, glabrescent or hispidulous, robust to slender. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-25.0 cm long, 1.5-7.5 cm wide, runcinate or pinnatisect, dentate, denticulate or entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole; terminal lobe ovate; lateral lobes narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate to linear, entire to pinnatifid, acute to acuminate, pilose, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform, with 12-14 heads. Peduncle 6.0-160.0 cm long, sulcate or terete in section, tomentose or pilose with yellow or black hairs. Heads with 30-100 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical or campanulate, 8.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-9.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts nearly black or green, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute, tomentose or glabrous; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, 1.0-2.0 mm wide, acute, greenish, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, pitted  and shortly ciliate around the pits, without scales. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-5.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0-2.3 mm wide. Anthertube 3.8-5.5 mm long; apical appendages acute and obtuse, 0.8-1.0 mm long. Style yellow or rarely greenish; branches 2.2-3.5 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.0-7.0 mm long, 0.6-1.0 mm wide, muricate, yellowish or reddish brown, with (10)-13-18-(20) ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-7.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8db21513-175e-4e75-b43c-e542ceb67480","Herb, annual, (4)-10-25-(40) cm high. Taproot thin. Caudex swollen. Flowering stems scapelike, 1 to several, ascending to procumbent to erect, terete or striate, tomentose, glabrescent or glabrous, weakly branched or branched, branched already from base. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-15.0 cm long, runcinate or entire, denticulate, dentate or entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate, pubescent. Cauline leaves few, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 40-100 flowers, nodding in bud. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 11.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-7.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, puberulous or glabrous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse, pubescent inside and glandular outside. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 16.0-17.0 mm long, white or pink; tube 5.5 mm long, thinly pubescent; ligule 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.7 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.4 mm long. Branches 1.8 mm long, style branches yellow. Achenes dimorphic, fusiform in outline, dark brown; outer achenes curved, enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts, 8.0-9.0 mm long, c. 0.6 mm wide, subterete, ribbed with about 10 ribs, with a stout beak; inner achenes straight, 12.0-21.0 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, terete, ribbed with 15-20 ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus whitish to yellowish, 5.0-8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d2885475-2e63-4663-8ce6-402e78cf21bf","Herb, (20)-25-70-(90) cm high, mostly glabrous. Flowering stems 1, erect, sulcate or ribbed, tinged purple at the base, weakly branched or rarely unbranched. Rosette leaves elliptic or oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole. Cauline leaves ovate or oblong-ovate or the lower ones elliptic or oblong-obovate, subacute or acuminate or the lower ones obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or amplexicaul, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle scabrid, scarcely arachnoid in upper part. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (10.0)-11.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts dark green with a black longitudinal stripe in the middle, minutely ciliate at apex; outer involucral bracts ovate-oblong or triangular, acute; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate or acute. Receptacle convex, foveolate or pitted. Corolla ligulate, (12.0)-15.0-20.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-4.0 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; ligule 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Achenes cylindrical in outline, straight, 4.5-5.5 mm long, c. 0.8 mm wide, smooth, yellowish, with 10 ribs, slightly attenuate. Pappus yellowish white, 6.0-7.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Crepis caucasica</i> and as <i>Crepis glabra</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4206a2ee-61ad-4ec3-b7c3-d9bcc30e8c47","Herb, perennial. Rosette sometimes disappearing with growing of the flowering stem. 30-90 cm high. Flowering stems erect, terete, hollow or somewhat medullary, pubescent or glabrous, striate, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 12.0 cm long, 3.0 cm wide, lyrate, denticulate, truncate to cordate to petiole-like attenuate with a narrow winged petiole, more or less pubescent; terminal lobe ovate, acute, nearly half as long as the whole leaf; lateral lobes oblong and obtuse to triangular and acute. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate or apically ovate, lyrate, coarsely dentate or denticulate, acuminate or acute, auriculate and amplexicaul, pubescent, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 2.0-8.0 cm long, glandular and pubescent. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical to campanulate, 10.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-9.0 mm in diameter, dark green, pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla ligulate, 18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, green. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 5.0-6.0 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, smooth, subterete, brown, with c. 20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white or, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ae7578ed-a15d-4447-b607-ed6dca92f333","Herb, perennial, 10-40 cm high. Caudex woody, 1.0-2.0 cm, 0.5-2.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 1-4, erect, terete, glabrous or puberulous, striate, slender, weakly branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves many, narrowly obovate, 3.0-9.0 cm long, 1.5-3.0 cm wide, runcinate, dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose, tinged purple toward the base. Cauline leaves few, narrowly obovate, runcinate, dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, mostly reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.5-7.0 cm long, more or less tomentose or glabrous. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 10.0-12.0 mm long, tomentose or rarely glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, with scales. Corolla ligulate, 11.0-12.0 mm long, bluish purple; tube 3.5-4.0 mm long, densely pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches c. 1.0 mm long, green. Achenes cylindrical in outline, straight or curved, 4.5-5.0 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, finely muricate, dark brown, sometimes whitish (sterile ones), with 10 ribs, more or less attenuate. Pappus white, c. 4.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7a8810e1-30ec-46ea-8162-c88c70522721","Herb, perennial, 15-35 cm high. Caudex woody, 1.0-1.5 cm wide, simple or branched with 2-3 stems. Flowering stems erect, terete or sulcate, pubescent or puberulous, remotely branched; branches weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 8.0-16.0 cm long, 1.3-2.5 cm wide, ciliate and denticulate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent. Cauline leaves linear to narrowly ovate or the lower ones narrowly obovate, ciliate or denticulate, obtuse, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate or auriculate and amplexicaul, pubescent. Peduncle 1.5-5.5 cm long, tomentose or sometimes scabridulous. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, c. 10.0 mm long, at flowering c. 6.0 mm in diameter, tomentose, sometimes hispid or pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 10.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, green. Achenes 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.4-0.8 mm wide, finely muricate toward apex, subterete, pale brown or brownish-yellow, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; beak 0.5-1.0 mm long. Pappus white or whitish, 4.0-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3bfc9a49-ec85-4142-980d-501ad085dcf7","Herb, perennial, (9)-10-35 cm high. Caudex more or less swollen, branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, striate, terete or sulcate, tomentose to glabrescent, sometimes glandular, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 3.0-12.0 cm long, 0.5-2.2 cm wide, pinnatifid or runcinate or entire, denticulate or entire, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent and glandular, tomentose or glabrescent; terminal lobe narrowly ovate; lateral lobes linear, retrorse. Cauline leaves few, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, pinnatifid, entire or runcinate, entire or denticulate, acute or obtuse, more or less amplexicaul, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole. Peduncle densely tomentose near head, often hispid and glandular. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (9.0)-12.0-15.0-(16.0) mm long, dark green, tomentose, glandular and pubescent or hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 17.0-23.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0-6.0 mm long, more or less pubescent; ligule 11.0-18.0 mm long, 1.8-2.3 mm wide. Anthertube 4.3-5.3 mm long; apical appendages acute, united, 1.0 mm long. Style branches 3.0 mm long, yellow or pale green. Achenes somewhat compressed, 7.0-10.0 mm long, sometimes ciliate at apex, finely muricate, subterete, pale brown, with 10-12 ribs, sometimes 2-4 ribs stronger, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or strongly attenuate. Pappus yellowish white, 5.0-8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3b293c6c-4cd7-4b24-a908-385f68214722","Herb, perennial, (6)-20-35-(40) cm high, with taproot. Caudex 1.0-3.0 cm, 0.8-1.5-(3.0) cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, terete, puberulous, glabrescent or tomentose, sparsely woolly at the bifurcations, striate, slender, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or elliptic, (3.0)-6.0-21.0-(22.0) cm long, (1.0)-1.5-4.5 cm wide, entire or sometimes runcinate, denticulate or dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or glabrescent, glandular and pubescent, woolly at the very base. Cauline leaves few, linear-ovate, entire, reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 1-10-(15) heads. Peduncle 1.0-4.0-(7.0) cm long, tomentose, sometimes pubescent and glandular, often covered with bracts. Heads with c. 80 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate or cylindric-campanulate, (9.0)-10.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering (4.0)-8.0-10.0-(12.0) mm in diameter, yellowish or brownish green, tomentose, occasionally pubescent or sometimes hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, up to 2.0 mm wide, acute, often glabrescent; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, up to 2.5 mm wide, acuminate or acute, pubescent or strigose. Receptacle (3.0)-4.0-5.0 mm in diameter, shortly ciliate or areolate. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-17.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.5-5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0-2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 4.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.0-6.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide, strongly muricate on upper half, subterete or angular, the angles formed by the ribs, stramineous, pale orange-red or pale brown, with 20 ribs, 3-5 ribs stronger, attenuate. Pappus white, 4.0-6.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis auriculifolia</i> and as <i>Crepis raulinii</i>); Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595. - in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"935a2da3-d087-4306-be1e-e12afee7293f","Herb, annual or perennial (?), c. 15 cm high. Flowering stems several, scapelike, erect, medullary, pubescent and glandular or sparsely tomentose near head when young, glabrescent or glabrous when old, slender. Rosette leaves linear-obovate, up to 7.0 cm long, up to 1.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, remotely denticulate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous, more or less fleshy; terminal lobe ovate, acute, mucronate or acuminate; lateral lobes 3.0-5.0, triangular. Cauline leaves absent. Heads with c. 75 flowers, nodding in bud. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, c. 12.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts linear, glabrescent; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, purplish green, tomentose and glandular and pubescent. Receptacle flat, shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla ligulate, 8.5-10.5 mm long, yellow; tube 3.5 mm long, puberulous; ligule 1.0 mm wide, reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube 2.3 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6 mm long. Style branches c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic, blackish; outer achenes strongly curved or ventrally straight, 6.0-8.0 mm long, muricate, obscurely ribbed, attenuate into an ill-defined beak, enclosed by the persistent inner involucral bracts; inner achenes fusiform, curved, 10.0-12.0 mm long, finely muricate or smooth, subterete, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak more than twice as long as the corpus. Pappus pale orange-brown, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2440daa8-3383-4f5f-b2b2-7de163cde98d","Herb, annual, acaulescent. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 10.0-30.0 cm long, 1.5-4.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, dentate or entire, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Involucre c. 5.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts pubescent. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, yellow; ligule 1.0-2.0 mm wide. Style branches more or less black. Achenes 2.5-3.0 mm long, pale brown, finely ribbed, with a filiform beak; beak yellowish.\r\rBased on: Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6e453e86-4e5d-4f87-8147-9c06816d65cc","Rosette herb, annual or biennial, 10-90 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems several to 1, erecet to procumbent or ascending, striate, pale green and sometimes tinged purple, hispid, branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, 5.0-30.0 cm long, up to 4.5 cm wide, runcinate or lyrate-pinnatifid, denticulate, entire or dentate, sometimes mucronate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or hispid, green and sometimes tinged purple on both surfaces; lateral lobes ovate and linear, retrorse. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate, acute, auriculate and amplexicaul, glabrous and hispid, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 5.0-65.0 cm long, tomentose, glabrous or sometimes glandular. Heads with 20-60 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical to turbinate, 5.0-8.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-6.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts green, sparsely glandular, tomentose or glabrous, margin mostly scarious; outer involucral bracts linear, appressed to inner; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, 4.5-9.0 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, more or less acute. Receptacle flat, pitted, naked. Corolla ligulate, 8.0-12.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0-3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule tinged red. Anthertube yellow, 3.0-3.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5-0.6 mm long. Style yellow or greenish; branches 1.2-1.5 mm long. Achenes cylindrical or fusiform in outline, straight or curved, 1.5-2.5 mm long, glabrous or scabrous, brownish-yellow or brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6d6e6524-4889-4793-9696-15981aefc4ed","Herb, perennial, 30-75-(90) cm high. Caudex 3.0-5.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, sulcate or terete, hollow, glabrous or more or less pubescent, 1.0-5.0 mm in diameter, slender, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate to elliptic, 4.0-27.0 cm long, 1.5-5.0 cm wide, dentate or entire, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate to elliptic, dentate or entire, obtuse or acute, amplexicaul or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, more or less pubescent or glabrous, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-9.0 cm long, tomentose, more or less pubescent and glandular. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-10.0-(12.0) mm long, at flowering 5.0-6.0 mm in diameter, dark green, pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or deltoid, acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, areolate or pitted, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 13.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0 mm long, yellow or with purple teeth. Anthertube 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, dark green or greenish yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 3.0-4.5 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, smooth, reddish brown, with c. 20 ribs, attenuate; outer achenes curved; inner achenes straight. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, caducous, flexible, united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1f4faf9a-f729-4d6a-a4ef-3c948f8867ed","Herb, perennial, 4-10 cm high. Caudex woody, 1.0 cm, 1.0-1.5 cm wide, simple or branched. Flowering stems scapelike, pubescent and glandular, tomentose near the head. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-4.0 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm wide, pinnatifid or runcinate, dentate or denticulate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glandular and pubescent. Cauline leaves absent. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 35-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 10.0-11.0 mm long, tomentose, pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear, acute, apically brownish; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 10.5-12.5 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5-3.3 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0-3.0 mm wide, purple on outer face. Anthertube 4.8 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.5-5.0 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, muricate, brownish-yellow, with 10 ribs, sometimes with faint traces of additional ones,  strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7fe2b192-01f0-4ca2-89b5-65c514010142","Herb, perennial, 20-45 cm high. Caudex woody, 0.7-2.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, tomentose, striate, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-20.0 cm long, 1.5-4.0 cm wide, runcinate or lyrate-pinnatifid or entire, entire or dentate, mostly obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, finely pubescent or glabrous; lateral lobes triangular or rounded. Cauline leaves few, narrowly obovate, runcinate, entire or lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate or entire, mostly obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, the upper ones attenuate, finely pubescent or glabrous, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 6.0-24.0 cm long, tomentose below. Heads with c. 50 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 12.0-14.0 mm long, tomentose and hispid, sometimes glandular; outer involucral bracts linear or linear-ovate, acuminate, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, pubescent. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 15.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.7 mm long. Style branches c. 3.0 mm long, yellow, sometimes with green hairs. Achenes sometimes compressed in outer achenes, 5.0-6.0 mm long, 1.0-1.4 mm wide, smooth, subterete or angular, light brown, with 20-30 ribs, sometimes 3-5 ribs stronger, abruptly attenuate, enveloped by the whole involucrum. Pappus white, 0.2-0.4 mm long, caducous, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b94950ec-a156-4841-88d0-cc9585ded2a2","Herb, annual, sometimes acaulescent, 35-40 cm high. Flowering stems 1-3, ascending or erect, terete, hollow, pubescent below, striate. Rosette leaves many, obovate, up to 15.0 cm long, 3.0 cm wide, ciliate and coarsely dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glandular and pubescent. Cauline leaves obovate or linear, up to 6.0 cm long (in cult. specimens), dentate or entire, pubescent, mostly reduced to scales. Synflorescence with few or with many heads. Peduncle 1.0-5.0-(10.0) cm long, glabrous or tomentose, without bracts or covered with bracts. Heads with c. 30 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0 mm long, glabrous; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute or acuminate, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse or acute. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 10.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 2.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.4 mm long, yellow with dark green barbs. Achenes fusiform in outline, curved, 3.0-3.5 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, smooth, brown, with 10 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, caducous, flexible, united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"100c0b5b-dcc0-46fa-a01e-3fdde86a6e54","Rosette herb, annual, 3-55-(85) cm high. Flowering stems scapelike, erect or spreading-erect, sulcate, subglabrous or glandular, unbranched with a single head or branched near apex. Rosette leaves variable or obovate, 1.0-20.0 cm long, 0.5-4.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatisect, pinnatifid or runcinate, dentate or subentire, shortly acute, rounded or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or thinly hispidulous especially along midrib and nerves. Cauline leaves few or absent, reduced to scales. Synflorescence often with 1 head or with up to 5 heads. Peduncle 2.0-12.0 cm long, glandular or glabrous. Heads with (14)-30-60-(100) flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical or campanulate, 4.0-10.0-(12.0) mm long, at flowering 2.5-7.0 mm in diameter, at fruiting strongly reflexed; outer involucral bracts linear to ovate, 2.0-3.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, subglabrous or thinly glandular, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts linear, subacute, glandular or sometimes glabrous, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, with scales. Corolla ligulate, 10-13 mm long, yellow; tube c. 2.0 mm long, woolly at apex; ligule c. 6.0 mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide, sometimes tinged red. Anthertube yellowish, c. 3.0 mm long. Style c. 8.0 mm long, greenish or yellow; branches 1.0-1.5 mm long. Achenes dimorphic or sometimes trimorphic, sometimes homomorphic; outer achenes cylindrical, 3.0-5.0 mm long, 0.6-1.5 mm wide, sulcate or smooth dorsally and mostly winged, stramineous or white, truncate, without pappus, sparsely with pappus; inner achenes narrowly fusiform, 3.0-4.0 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide, sometimes scabridulous, brown or greenish, truncate. Pappus white, up to c. 5.0 mm long, scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"09c7534b-6c51-48b5-9414-b440e5184abf","Herb, annual, 7-15 cm high. Caudex up to 5.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, terete, glabrous, striate, very slender, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 1.0-2.5 cm long, up to 0.9 cm wide, denticulate or dentate, mucronate, acute or rounded, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent. Cauline leaves linear, denticulate or entire, auriculate, mostly reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 2-4 heads. Peduncle 1.5-5.0 cm long, tomentose. Heads with c. 50 flowers, nodding in bud (?). Involucre 6.0-7.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts linear, acuminate, sparsely hispid or glabrous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, tomentose below, densely hispid and pubescent. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 7.5 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.3 mm wide, purple on outer face and at the teeth. Anthertube 2.5 mm long anthers more or less degenerate, partly fertile; apical appendages acuminate or acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.3 mm long, green. Achenes dimorphic, 2.5-3.0 mm long, brownish-yellow; outer achenes, laterally compressed, dorsally convex and ventrally straight, muricate at apex, ribbed, attenuate into an ill-defined beak, enveloped by the inner involucral bracts; inner achenes fusiform, muricate at apex, subterete, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak, beak about 1 mm long. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5a23e50c-8b7d-46aa-b6d1-eac49cccb38e","Herb, perennial, (2)-5-20-(30) cm high. Caudex swollen, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-8, scapelike, terete, rarely glandular, glabrous or hirsute above, striate, rarely branched. Rosette leaves elliptic to obovate, 1.0-11.0 cm long, (0.3)-0.5-2.0-(3.0) cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, dentate or entire, acute or often mucronate, glabrous. Cauline leaves few or absent, reduced to scales. Heads with 20-30-(50) flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 6.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-7.0 mm in diameter, dark green, glabrous, tomentose or hirsute; outer involucral bracts linear, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or oblong, 11.0-13.0-(16.0) mm long. Receptacle shortly ciliate, areolate or alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 7.0-16.0 mm long, reddish, orange and yellow; ligule 6.0-7.0 mm long, up to 2.0 mm wide, reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube 3.0 mm long; apical appendages 0.5 mm long. Style branches up to 2.0 mm long, yellow or green. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.0-5.5-(6.0) mm long, smooth or muricate, subterete, pale brown, with 16-18 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 4.0-6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4b6d80ae-4e41-41be-919f-9cef8c7c47e9","Scapigerous perennial, 3.5-25 cm, with short, fibrous-rooted rhizome. Scapes erect, 1-capitulate, glabrous below, ± glandular-hairy above. Leaves 1-7-5 x 0.3-1.2 cm, elliptic to oblanceolate, ± entire to dentate or pinnatifid, apex acute or obtuse, glabrous or shortly hairy beneath. Capitula 20-30(-50)-flowered. Involucre 7-10 mm, ± dark green with slender glandular hairs. Receptacle glabrous or sparsely ciliate. Ligules 6-7 mm, yellow, conspicuously purple on outer face (in sicco). Style branches yellow or greenish. Achenes attenuate above but scarcely beaked, striate, glabrous. Pappus slightly exserted from involucre. Fl. 6.\r\rfrom: Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis L.</i> – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"76b5bad4-1c99-4321-b319-f526a2c765c7","Herb, annual, biennial or perennial, 2-120 cm high. Taproot thin or thick. Caudex swollen. Flowering stems several to 1, erect to procumbent, striate, green and purple towards the base, hispid, tomentose or glabrous, usually strongly branched, branched in upper half or sometimes branched already from base. Rosette leaves obovate to ovate, 10.0-35.0 cm long, 2.0-8.0 cm wide, often runcinate or entire, dentate, entire or denticulate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged usually reddish-purple petiole, hirsute or glabrous, green and tinged purple on both surfaces; terminal lobe ovate; lateral lobes retrorse. Cauline leaves obovate, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, amplexicaul and auriculate, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 10-20 heads. Peduncle glandular or arachnoid. Heads with 50-70 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 5.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-6.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts (8.0)-10.0-12.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, tomentose or glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, subacute; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle flat, pitted and shortly ciliate around the pits. Corolla ligulate, 6.0-15.0 mm long, yellow; ligule tinged red. Anthertube yellow. Style greenish or rarely yellow. Achenes dimorphic or homomorphic, fusiform in outline, 4.0-9.0 mm long, subterete, yellowish or pale brown, with 10 ribs; beak 2.0-5.0 mm long; outer achenes with a stout beak, attenuate or attenuate into an ill-defined beak, half enclosed in the inner involucral bracts; inner achenes with a filiform beak. Pappus white or yellowish, 4.0-6.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2ad70baa-57ef-4dad-9cd5-1abe4a34208f","Plant 1.3-3.9 dm high; caudex woody, perennial; caudical leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, up to 17 cm long, 4.5 cm wide; upper cauline leaves linear, bractlike; branches 2-5-headed, the very young branches and peduncles strongly bent downward before anthesis; peduncles 1-10 cm long, rather stout, tomentose, setose, the setae black, glandular or glandless; heads erect in anthesis, medium, many-flowered; involucre cylindric-campanulate, becoming urceolate or turbinate, at maturity 10-13 mm long, 5-7 mm wide; outer bracts 6-9, about 1/3 as long as the inner, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acute, tomentose, with a median row of black glandless setae; inner bracts 11-15, with black setae longest near the apex, becoming broadly carinate, spongy-thickened at base; receptacle ciliate, cilia short, white; corolla 12-13 mm long; ligule 1.5 mm wide, in marginal florets with red on outer face; corolla tube about 4 mm long, pubescent with acicular hairs 0.1-0.35 mm long; anther tube 3.5 x 1 mm dis.; appendages 0.7 mm long, narrow, acute; filaments 0.6 mm longer; style branches 2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, green; achenes uniform, pale brown, 5-7 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, subterete, narrowed at the calloused hollow base, attenuate into a fine or rather strong beak nearly equal to the body, 10-ribbed, the ribs prominent; pappus 6 mm long, 2-seriate. Flowering Nov.-March. Chromosomes, 2n = 8.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e9fbe2af-a04a-49ab-ae77-49f8aa1d9bd2","Plant perennial or biennial, sometimes flowering the first year, 1.3-7 dm high; caudex woody, 4-7 mm wide; caudical leaves oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, dentate to lyrately pinnately parted, pubescent especially on lower face or sometimes glabrous, midrib prominent, whitish or reddish; upper cauline leaves lanceolate, nearly entire, auriculate-amplexicaul, uppermost sometimes black-setose; lower branches elongated, arcuate, 3-10-headed in corymbiform cymes, like upper stem and peduncles conspicuously black-setose, sometimes canescent-tomentose at the bifurcations; peduncles 1-6 cm long, not changed at maturity; heads erect, medium, about 60-flowered; involucre cylindric-campanulate, 10-12 mm long, 4-5 mm wide in fruit; outer bracts about 8, about 1/3 as long as the inner, lanceolate or linear, dark green or black, glabrous, tomentose or ± black-setose; inner bracts 12-15, with a median dorsal row of black glandless or glandular setae, these sometimes long and spreading, becoming dorsally carinate and spongy-thickened; receptacle ciliate, cilia short, white; corolla 13-15 mm long; ligule about 2 mm wide, pale yellow without ted on outer face; teeth 0.3-0.9 mm long; corolla tube 3-4 mm long, pubescent with stout acicular hairs up to 0.5 mm long; anther tube (3)4x 1 mm dis.; appendages about 0.7 mm long, lanceolate, acute; filaments 0.5-1 mm longer; style branches 2-3 mm long, 0.15 mm wide, dark green; achenes uniform, dark brown, 5-9 (mostly 7-8) mm long, about 0.6 mm wide, the beak shorter than the body, 10-ribbed, ribs narrow, yellow-calloused at the hollow base; pappus yellowish-white, 4-5 mm long, 2-seriate. Flowering May-July. Chromosomes, 2n = 8.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9ec86548-1a99-4657-8fcd-79bd1cbc155f","Plant annual or biennial, monocarpic, 0.3-8 dm high; caudical leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, often, like the stem, reddish-purple near the base, 4-30 (mostly 10-20) cm long, 1-6 (mostly 2-4) cm wide; upper cauline leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, auriculate- amplexicaul, the uppermost linear or bractlike; branches 1-25-headed, heads usually in open corymbiform cymes; peduncles 1-13 cm long, slender, not changed in fruit; heads erect, medium to small, many-flowered; involucre cylindric-campanulate, 8-12 mm long, 3-7 mm wide in fruit; outer bracts 6-12, lanceolate or sometimes ovate-lanceolate, not imbricate, acute, sometimes pubescent or setulose, rarely setose; inner bracts 9-13, often shortly gland-pubescent, sometimes setulose, rarely setose, becoming carinate, spongy-thickened in fruit; receptacle densely ciliate, cilia white, 0.3-0.5 mm long; corolla (9) 11-12 mm long; ligule up to 1.75 mm wide, reddish-purple on outer face; teeth 0.1-0.15 mm long; corolla tube about 3.5 mm long, pubescent with acicular hairs 0.05-0.2 mm long; anther tube about 3.5 x 1 mm dis.; appendages 0.7 mm long, oblong, acute; filaments 0.5 mm longer; style branches 1.5-2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, green or rarely yellow; achenes monomorphic, pale brown, (5)6-8(9) mm long, subterete, constricted at the narrow pale-calloused base, gradually attenuate into a fine beak equal to or slightly longer than the body, 10-ribbed, ribs narrow; pappus 4-6 mm long, 1-2-seriate. Flowering Feb.-Oct. Chromosomes, 2n = 8, 16.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"337e2909-19e1-445b-b543-2edcb3d31b98","Plant annual, biennial, or sometimes perennial, 1.2-8 dm high; caudical leaves oblanceolate to ovate, up to 26 cm long, 8 cm wide (mostly 10-15 cm long, 2-3 cm wide); upper cauline leaves subtending branches of the inflorescence brown-scarious, often conspicuously vesicular, enclosing the base of the branch, sometimes lanceolate or linear or ± swollen near base; branches 2-8-headed; peduncles 0.5-9 cm long, slender in anthesis, somewhat thickened in fruit, gland-pubescent, tomentulose, setulose or glabrescent; heads erect, small to medium, many-flowered; involucre before anthesis globose and well covered by the membranous outer bracts, in anthesis cylindric-campanulate, at full maturity turbinate, 8-14 mm high, 4-8 mm wide; outer bracts 5-12 (mostly 7-10), sometimes with 1-3 closely subtending ones, 1/4-3/4 (mostly 1/3-2/3) as long as the inner, ovate, imbricate, acute or mucronate, conspicuously brown-scarious or thinly membranous with darker median nerve, glabrous or sparsely pubescent or setulose near apex, sometimes apiculate; inner bracts 10-14, sometimes black-setulose near apex, becoming strongly rounded-carinate, spongy-thickened at base; receptacle ciliate, cilia short, white, disappearing after shedding of fruit, leaving receptacle naked; corolla about 10 mm long; ligule 1.5 mm wide, in marginal florets with or without red on outer face, rarely (cf. m.v. 12, 13) purple or brownish-red; ligule teeth 0.2-0.3 mm long; corolla tube about 3 mm long, pubescent with short stout acicular hairs; anther tube about 4 x 1 mm dis.; appendages 0.7 mm long, lanceolate, acute; filaments about 0.5 mm longer; style branches 2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, green or sometimes yellow; achenes 4-8 (mostly 5-7) mm long, usually biform, but the distinctive marginal achenes sometimes absent; marginal achenes (at least some) wider and merely attenuate or very shortly beaked, flat and paler on inner face, with prominent basal callus or oblique basal scar; inner achenes terete, 0.35-0.5 mm wide, with narrow calloused base, finely beaked, beak equal to or shorter than the body, 10-12-ribbed, ribs narrow; pappus 4-5 mm long, 1-2-seriate. Flowering March-July. Chromosomes, 2n = 8, 16.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis vesicaria subsp. typica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2459e4ca-f1eb-4cf8-8f56-615550bf6dd5","Plant 5-7 dm high; caudex woody, 0.5-1.5 cm wide; caudical leaves 12-30 cm long, 3-7 cm wide, oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, sinuate-dentate, gradually attenuate into a long or short winged petiole; upper cauline leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, auriculate-amplexicaul; stem erect, remotely 8-10-branched beginning near base, lower branches elongated, strict, cymosely branched above, forming few-headed open corymbiform clusters; peduncles 1-9 cm long, slightly thickened at base of fruiting heads, glabrescent or sparsely setulose with yellow or green  glandless setules; heads erect, medium, 50-60-flowered ; involucre 9-11 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, pale greyish-green, the dorsal keels of the inner bracts brownish-yellow, setules yellowish-green; outer bracts 6-8, lanceolate, acute, 1/4-1/3 as long as the inner; inner bracts 12-16, strongly nerved and pubescent on inner face with coarse shining hairs, becoming carinate dorsally, spongy-thickened near base; receptacle strigose, the trichomes coarse, yellow, shining; corolla 12 mm long; ligule 1.75 mm wide, yellow, reddish-purple on outer face; ligule teeth 0.2-0.4 mm long; corolla tube 4-5 mm long, pubescent with stout stalked yellow or hyaline hairs, papilliform at base of tube, increasing to 1 mm long at base of ligule and then several-celled; anther tube 3.75 x 1 mm dis.; appendages about 0.7 mm long, linear, acute; filaments 0.75 mm longer; style branches 1.75 mm long, 0.15 mm wide, yellow (in some variants 2 mm long, light green); achenes brownish-yellow, 7-8 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 10-ribbed, the beak finer and less definitely ribbed than in subsp. proleptica; pappus 4 mm long, 4-seriate (2-seriate in some variants).\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fcda0524-9680-4e59-af7b-e0706c66e74e","Plant 5-7 dm high; caudex woody, 0.5-1.5 cm wide; caudical leaves about 30 cm long, 5 cm wide, oblanceolate, acute, sinuate-dentate or lyrately pinnately parted, gradually attenuate into a long winged petiole; upper cauline leaves lanceolate, acuminate, auriculate-amplexicaul; stem erect, remotely 8-10 branched beginning near base, lower branches elongated, strict, cymosely branched above, forming few-headed open corymbiform clusters; peduncles 3-11 cm long, somewhat thickened near head, hispid with green glandless setules; heads erect, rather large, 50-60-flowered; involucre 11-13 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, cylindric-campanulate, dark green, the dorsal keels and setae of the inner bracts dark green; outer bracts 6-8, lanceolate, acute, 1/4-1/3 as long as the inner; inner bracts 12-16, strongly nerved and densely pubescent on inner face with coarse shining hairs, becoming carinate dorsally, spongy-thickened near base; receptacle strigose, the trichomes coarse, yellow, shining; corolla 15-16 mm long; ligule 1.75 mm wide, yellow, reddish-purple on outer face; teeth 0.1-0.2 mm long; corolla tube 4 mm long, densely pubescent with papilliform hairs and, near summit and base of ligule, with several-celled acicular hairs up to 0.7 mm long; anther tube 4 x 1.25 mm dis.; appendages about 0.7 mm long, lanceolate, acute; filaments 0.75 mm longer; style branches 3 mm long, 0.15 mm wide, dark green; achenes greenish-yellow, 6-7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 10-ribbed, the beak coarse and definitely ribbed to the apex; pappus 5 mm long, 2-seriate.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"80b5c4c9-3ae6-4166-87ba-9c54b5d0592f","Plant 5-10 dm high; caudex woody, biennial or perennial; Caudical leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, denticulate or dentate, up to 30 cm long, 3 cm wide; upper cauline leaves lanceolate, acuminate, auriculate-amplexicaul; branches elongated, much branched near the summit, forming congested many-headed corymbiform cymes; peduncles 0.5-1.8 cm long, slender; heads erect, small, 20-30-flowered; involucre cylindric-campanulate, 6-7 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide; outer bracts 5-6, about 1/4 as long as the inner, ovate-lanceolate to lance-linear, becoming brown-scarious, lax and sometimes narrowly carinate; inner bracts 7-8, becoming strongly carinate, spongy-thickened; receptacle ciliate, cilia short, fine, white; corolla 5.5-7.5 mm long; ligule 0.8-1 mm wide, with or without a median red stripe on outer face; corolla tube 1.5-2.75 mm long, pubescent with acicular hairs up to 1 mm long; anther tube (2) 2.5 x 0.8 mm dis.; appendages 0.5 mm long, acute; filaments 0.5 mm longer; style branches 1-1.5 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, green; achenes 3-4 mm long, biform; marginal achenes gradually attenuate to the apex, scarcely or not at all beaked, laterally compressed, ventrally straight, nearly smooth, pale yellow, dorsally curved, tawny, more definitely ribbed, with small oblique scar near base; inner achenes pale or deep tawny, terete, constricted above the narrow pale-calloused base, abruptly attenuate into a fine beak equal to body, 10-ribbed, ribs fine; pappus 3-3.5 mm long, 2-seriate. Flowering Jan.-June. Chromosomes, 2n = 8, 16.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5c1c898f-33db-47fb-8242-85824e7bbb38","Plant 1-12 dm high; root woody; caudex 0.5-2 cm wide; caudical leaves oblanceolate, dentate to lyrately pinnately parted, up to 35 cm long, 6 cm wide; upper cauline leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, auriculate-amplexicaul, uppermost bractlike; branches elongated, few-headed, the aggregate inflorescence open, corymbiform; peduncles 0.8-7 cm long, slender, little changed in fruit; heads erect, medium, many-flowered; involucre cylindric-campanulate, 8-12 (mostly 9-11) mm long, 4-6 mm wide, sometimes hispid with short black or long greenish hairs with or without glands; outer bracts about 10, lanceolate, acute, about 1/3 as long as the inner, becoming lax, scarious, and sometimes narrowly carinate; inner bracts 8-14, strongly carinate in fruit, half enclosing the marginal achenes, becoming  spongy-thickened at base; receptacle ciliate, cilia white, 0.3-0.5 mm long; corolla 10-11 mm long; ligule 1 mm wide, purplish-red on outer face; corolla tube 3-4 mm long, pubescent with acicular hairs up to 0.7 mm long; anther tube (3) 4 x 1 mm dis.; appendages 0.5 mm long, oblong, acute; filaments 0.5 mm longer; style branches 2-2.5 mm long, 0.1 mm wide; green; achenes biform, variable in size; marginal achenes 4-8 mm long, gradually but sometimes strongly attenuate to the apex, obcompressed, ventrally paler, angled, smooth or obscurely ribbed, dorsally 7-ribbed, with small diagonal basal scar; inner achenes 4.5-9 mm long, pale brown or tawny, 10-ribbed, the beak usually equal to the body, rarely (cf. m.v. 40) much shorter; pappus 4-5 mm long, 2-seriate. Flowering April-July. Chromosomes, 2n= 8, 9, 12, 16.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6b016fcf-6181-4323-a290-223822a05c5b","Herb, biennial, 40-50 cm high, hispid. Flowering stems erect, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 3.0-10.0 cm long, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, irregularly runcinate to pinnatifid, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, thick, glaucous on both surfaces. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or linear, dentate or denticulate, nearly amplexicaul, thick, glaucous on both surfaces, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 4 heads. Peduncle 2.0-9.0 cm long. Heads with at least 60 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, tomentose and pubescent and glandular near the base; outer involucral bracts linear, margin somewhat scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate. Corolla 15.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 6.0 mm long, pubescent above; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.5 mm long; apical appendages 1.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, 6.0 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, pale brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 2.0 mm long. Pappus pale yellow, 4.0-5.0 mm long, caducous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fe2deda5-a244-4fbb-8092-0485d82b4eec","Herb, perennial, cushion-forming, 5-10 cm wide, 4-14 cm high. Caudex woody, up to 3.0 cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, terete, glabrous, tomentose or finely pubescent and glandular, unbranched or branched. Rosette leaves linear to narrowly obovate, 3.0-7.0 cm long, 0.3-1.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or tomentose or rarely pubescent and glandular; lateral lobes triangular, oblong or linear. Cauline leaves absent. Heads with 11-19 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 9.0-10.0 mm long, tomentose, sometimes sparsely hispid, rarely pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute or acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and areolate. Corolla ligulate, 14.0-15.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0 mm long, pubescent above; ligule 2.5-3.0 mm wide, reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube 4.3 mm long; apical appendages truncate, 0.6 mm long. Style branches c. 3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, sometimes compressed, 5.0-5.5 mm long, 1.3-1.6 mm wide, ciliate just below pappus, occasionally ciliate more than 1 mm below pappus, smooth, subterete, brownish-yellow or light brown, with 20 ribs, abruptly attenuate. Pappus slightly yellowish or nearly white, 6.0-7.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"942e4ad4-c28a-40dd-8e93-8ef45ecfd6d5","Herb, annual, (10)-30-80-(100) cm high, glabrous or pilose to hispidulous. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, hollow, green, sometimes purple in the lower part, slender; branches weakly branched, spreading-erect. Lower cauline leaves oblong to obovate, (3.0)-5.0-20.0 cm long, (0.5)-1.5-8.0 cm wide, pinnatisect to pinnatifid, remotely dentate or lacerate, acute to obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, subglabrous or hispidulous to pubescent. Middle and upper cauline leaves obovate to oblong, 1.5-14.0 cm long, 0.3-4.0 cm wide, entire to dentate, acute to acuminate, amplexicaul and auriculate or sagittate. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with many heads. Peduncle up to 3.0 cm long, glabrous or scarcely arachnoid. Involucre at flowering campanulate, c. 4.0 mm long, at flowering c. 4.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts linear or ovate, c. 2.0 mm long, up to 1.0 mm wide, acute, thinly tomentose or arachnoid; inner involucral bracts oblong, c. 4.0-5.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, subacute, sparsely hispidulous or thinly tomentose, margin scarious. Receptacle slightly alveolate. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube c. 2.0 mm long, pilose at apex; ligule (1.0)-4.0-4.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, tinged red externally. Anthertube yellowish, c. 3.0 mm long. Style c. 5.0 mm long; branches c. 0.6 mm long. Achenes fusiform or nearly cylindrical in outline, straight or slightly curved, 1.5-2.0 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, minutely scabridulous, brownish-yellow, with longitudinal ribs, truncate. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, caducous, shortly barbellate or scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, Compositae, Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"15cc939d-e833-4a0f-9a62-a2a887b1f02a","Herb, annual, 10-30 cm high. Flowering stems ascending or sometimes erect, weakly branched or sometimes unbranched, branched already from base. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, c. 3.0 (-15.0 in cult. spec.) cm long, 1.0 (-3.0 in cult. spec.) cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, entire or dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole; lateral lobes oblong or triangular. Cauline leaves few, narrowly ovate, up to 2.0 (-10.0 in cult. spec.) cm long, up to 0.5(-3.0 in cult. spec.) cm wide, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate or attenuate, mostly reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.5-6.0 cm long, glandular and pubescent. Heads with c. 25 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 10.0-14.0 mm long, pubescent and glandular or sometimes hispidulous; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute or acuminate, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-3.5 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.3-3.0 mm wide, reddish purple on outer face. Anthertube 3.0-3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.4-0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.3-1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes 6.5-8.5 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, striate or finely muricate toward apex, with a filiform beak; beak 2.0-3.0 mm long. Pappus white, 3.0-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d43527c5-e0d9-46e0-9a00-1f65e975111d","Herb, perennial, 30-130 cm high. Caudex 0.3-1.0 cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems mostly 1or several, erect, terete or sulcate, tinged purple in the lower part, tomentose, hispidulous, glabrescent or sometimes glandular below, 0.3-1.0 mm in diameter, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate to elliptic, (5.0)-15.0-30.0 cm long, (1.5)-4.0-6.0-(10.0) cm wide, dentate or sinuate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous, scabrid or more or less pubescent and glandular; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or triangular. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, ovate or elliptic, sinuate or dentate, acuminate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or auriculate and amplexicaul, hispidulous, scabrid or more or less pubescent and glandular, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes triangular or narrowly ovate. Synflorescence corymbiform, paniculiform or racemiform. Peduncle 0.2-5.0 cm long, sulcate in section, glabrescent or tomentose, often covered with bracts. Heads with 50-90 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate or cylindric-campanulate, 10.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-8.0-(12.0) mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute, green or black, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or ovate-oblong, subacute or acute, hispid, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate or foveolate. Corolla ligulate, (12.0)-15.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule c. 13.0 mm long, up to 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages truncate, 0.6-0.8 mm long. Style branches 2.8-3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, (4.5)-5.0-6.0-(8.5) mm long, 0.8-1.1 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, brown, with 15-20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-8.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</>. – Enfield; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1502c523-ffac-4562-a909-5037a99d277a","Herb, annual, 5-35 cm high. Flowering stems erect, sulcate or striate, hispid, branched; branches ascending. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-9.0 cm long, 0.6-1.8 cm wide, runcinate or entire, denticulate, dentate or entire, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent, sometimes glandular. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate, dentate or nearly entire, acuminate or acute, auriculate. Synflorescence with few or many heads. Peduncle 0.5-4.0 cm long, glandular and pubescent. Heads with 35-45 flowers, nodding in bud. Involucre at flowering cylindric-turbinate, 6.0-8.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts tomentose, pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla 8.5 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0 mm long, densely pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm wide, tinged purple. Anthertube 2.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes straight or slightly curved, sometimes compressed, 3.0-3.5 mm long, blackish or dark brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak, ending in a distinct apical disk; beak 1.0-1.5 mm long. Pappus white, 3.5 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ba952d75-fc63-46c9-a81a-ed4b9a367bce","Herb, annual, 38-60 cm high. Flowering stems erect, green, hispidulous, sometimes glandular, striate, robust, weakly branched. Rosette leaves obovate to broadly elliptic, 6.0-7.0 cm long, 1.5-2.3 cm wide, pinnatisect, irregularly dentate, obtuse, hispid. Cauline leaves few, pinnatifid or entire, auriculate and amplexicaul. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 2-4 heads. Peduncle 1.0-6.0 cm long, pubescent and glandular. Heads with c. 20 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 7.0-9.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter, dark green, glabrescent to pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, glandular and pubescent or hispid, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 6.0-7.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0-2.3 mm long, densely pubescent; ligule (3.8)-6.0-8.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish green, c. 3.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, c. 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, dark green. Achenes more or less curved, 3.7-4.5 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, glabrous, light brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 3.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ce782876-9a8e-494d-b2d5-283ddb943c16","Herb, perennial, 30 cm high. Caudex swollen, branched. Flowering stems numerous, erect, terete, strongly branched, branched already from base. Rosette leaves many, narrowly obovate, 5.0-10.0 cm long, up to 1.7 cm wide, entire or runcinate, dentate or entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent and tomentose; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or triangular. Cauline leaves reduced to scales. Synflorescence with many heads. Peduncle 1.0-10.0 cm long, terete in section, glabrescent or tomentose, covered with bracts. Heads with c. 15 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 10.0-12.0 mm long, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, sometimes hispid or glabrous, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 18.0 mm long in outer flowers, yellow; tube 6.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5 mm wide, purple on outer face. Anthertube 5.3 mm long; apical appendages acute, 1.0 mm long. Style branches 2.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, finely muricate near the apex or smooth, reddish brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 6.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis taygetica</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cc80ba12-949c-4079-809e-6ca7ef0e4f3b","Herb, perennial, 25-100 cm high. Rhizome strong. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, pale green, often tinged red near the base, glabrous, branched in upper half. Cauline leaves glabrous, thin, dark green on upper surface, pale green on lower surface. Lower cauline leaves few, soon disappearing, narrowly obovate, 8.0-28.0 cm long, 3.0-5.0 cm wide, sinuate to dentate to denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate to a winged petiole or sometimes attenuate. Middle cauline leaves ovate, dentate to entire, acute to acuminate, attenuate to amplexicaul. Upper cauline leaves linear or bract-like. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 1-15-(25) heads. Peduncle 0.5-10.0 cm long, tomentose to glabrous or sometimes glandular. Heads with 35-45 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-6.0 mm in diameter, biseriate; involucral bracts dark green, usually glandular or rarely glabrous; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, c. 3.0 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate to linear, 8.0-12.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, acute, margin apically minutely ciliate. Receptacle flat, pitted, naked. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-17.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-4.0 mm long. Style blackish-green; branches c. 2.0 mm long. Achenes cylindrical, slightly narrowed upwards in outline, 4.0-5.5 mm long, smooth, pale brownish-yellow, with 10 ribs. Pappus pale brown, uniseriate, 6.0-7.0 mm long, fragile.\r\rBased on: Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge. Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. Crepis L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh. Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. Chondrilla L., 175. Calycocorsus F. W. Schmidt, 176. Heteracia Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. Lapsana L., 178. Crepis L., 179. Hispidella Barnades ex Lam. & 180. Andryala L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9e5e3e9b-3ab9-4364-8c78-eb2416f5bd4b","Herb, annual or biennial. Rosette disappearing with growing of the flowering stem. 10-60 cm high. Caudex more or less swollen, branched. Flowering stems several, erect or ascending, subglabrous or pubescent and glandular. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate to narrowly ovate, 4.0-15.0 cm long, 1.0-3.0 cm wide, entire, pinnatisect or pinnatifid or lyrate-pinnatifid, denticulate, mucronate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate or attenuate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; lateral lobes 6-8, broadly triangular. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate, denticulate, acuminate or acute, auriculate and amplexicaul. Peduncle 1.0-25.0 cm long, glabrous, sparsely hispid, tomentose or glandular and pubescent. Heads with 25-70 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, (6.0)-8.0-12.0 mm long, hispid, tomentose and pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute. Receptacle alveolate or areolate, sometimes shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 11.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube pubescent at apex; ligule 7.0-10.5 mm long, 1.5-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 3.0-6.0 mm long; apical appendages truncate, 0.5-0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.5-2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes sometimes homomorphic or dimorphic, 3.5-5.5 mm long, c. 2.0 mm wide, smooth, greenish yellow or brown, with c. 4-10 ribs; outer achenes strongly curved, laterally compressed, dorsally convex, ventrally concave, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or attenuate, enclosed by the inner involucral bracts; inner achenes almost straight or more or less curved, slightly compressed, subterete or sometimes angular, with a filiform beak or attenuate. Pappus white, 1.0-5.0 mm long, caducous.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ffda9896-ca3c-4f3c-ad4a-6152bc3cc4eb","Herb, perennial, (4)-20-50-(70) cm high, with taproot. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, sulcate or terete, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes striate, 2.0-4.0 mm in diameter, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-17.0 cm long, 1.0-2.5 cm wide, dentate or denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, more or less pubescent. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate, dentate or denticulate, acute or acuminate, amplexicaul and auriculate. Peduncle 3.0-12.0 cm long, sulcate in section, tomentose. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 12.0-15.0 mm long, dark green; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, nearly glabrous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse, densely hirsute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla 20.0-23.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0-6.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 2.3-3.0 mm long. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages truncate, 0.5-0.6 mm long. Style branches 2.0-2.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, more or less compressed, 5.8-8.0 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, subterete, brownish-yellow, with c. 20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus greyish or white, 6.0-8.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis blattarioides</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e8abd4db-b3df-4262-ba58-246f5aaa81fe","Herb, 35-70 cm high, brownish glandular. Flowering stems erect, more or less robust. Rosette leaves lyrate; terminal lobe ovate, larger than lateral lobes. Synflorescence corymbiform, with several heads. Involucre tomentose or densely woolly. Achenes with 10-12 ribs.\r\rBased on: Kamari, G. 1991: 39. <i>Crepis</i> L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"93a7b7c1-743b-4032-a9c3-3a8b9b4cd62d","Herb, annual, 5-30-(35) cm high. Flowering stems 1 or several, erect, hispidulous, tomentose or sometimes glandular, unbranched or branched. Rosette leaves few or many, narrowly ovate to linear or narrowly obovate, 1.5-16.0 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, ciliate and denticulate or entire, acute or mucronate, glabrous, tomentose, often pubescent and glandular. Cauline leaves many, narrowly ovate, linear or obovate, 2.5-6.5-(10.0) cm long, 0.8-2.0-(3.0) cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, denticulate or entire and ciliate, mucronate, amplexicaul, semiamplexicaul and auriculate, glabrous, tomentose, often pubescent and glandular. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 2-12 heads. Peduncle 2.0-7.0 cm long, tomentose and hispid or sometimes glandular. Heads with 40-115 flowers, nodding in bud. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (8.0)-10.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-10.0-(15.0) mm in diameter, tomentose, hispid, pubescent or glandular; outer involucral bracts linear, acute, yellow on the keel; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate. Receptacle convex, areolate, foveolate or verrucose, naked. Corolla ligulate, 8.0-9.5 mm long, pale yellow, pubescent; tube 3.5-4.5 mm long, puberulous at apex; ligule 4.0-6.0 mm long, 4.5-5.5 mm wide, yellow or sometimes purple. Anthertube 2.4 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 0.7-0.9 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic; beak about as long as the corpus; outer achenes cylindrical, curved, laterally compressed, 4.5-6.0 mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm wide, pubescent, dorsally striate, smooth or muricate, yellowish, attenuate or sometimes attenuate into an ill-defined beak, enclosed by the inner involucral bracts; inner achenes fusiform, 7.5-13.0 mm long (including beak), c. 0.5 mm wide, reddish brown, with 10-15 ribs, strongly attenuate or with a filiform beak. Pappus yellowish white, 4.0-7.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Barkhausia kotschyana</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. <i>Crepis</i> L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4ab40ac3-2e99-4f87-9871-3e6c3bc0ef26","Rosette herb, annual, (6)-20-30-(40) cm high, thinly hispidulous or subglabrous. Flowering stems 2 to 1, spreading-erect to erect, striate, sulcate or terete, glabrous above and pubescent below, weakly branched or unbranched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate, 4.0-16.0 cm long, 0.8-4.0 cm wide, irregularly pinnatisect, dentate, petiole-like attenuate; terminal lobe obtuse, larger than lateral lobes. Cauline leaves few, often auriculate with acute auricles, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.0-3.0 cm long, hollow. Heads with c. 30 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, becoming indurated and incurved in fruit, enveloping the outer achenes; outer involucral bracts ovate-oblong, c. 3.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, subacute, glabrous or thinly hispidulous, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts linear-oblong, 5.0-6.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, obtuse, shortly papillose, hooded. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 1.0-2.0 mm long, thinly pilose; ligule 8.0-9.0 mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide, tinged red. Anthertube yellow, 2.0-2.5 mm long. Style 4.0-5.0 mm long; branches c. 0.8 mm long. Achenes dimorphic; outer achenes laterally compressed, pubescent, winged with 2 narrow, longitudinal ventral wings, oblique; inner achenes slightly curved, laterally compressed, c. 2.0-2.5 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, glabrous or scabridulous, brown or yellowish, with longitudinal ribs. Pappus white, 1.0-1.5 mm long, caducous, scabridulous or barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. Crepis L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0dfb09e8-3b17-4db7-998a-ec667c868fee","Herb, annual, 10-50 cm high. Flowering stems numerous or 1, mostly erect or ascending, glabrescent above or hispidulous below, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves many or few, narrowly obovate, 2.0-14.0-(17.0) cm long, c. 3.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, denticulate or entire, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous; lateral lobes 4-6. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, entire or pinnatifid, denticulate or entire, acute, mucronate or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or amplexicaul and auriculate, hispidulous, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform. Peduncle 0.5-5.0-(7.0) cm long, glabrous, tomentose, hispidulous or pubescent near head. Heads with up to 50 flowers, nodding in bud. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 4.0-7.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts linear, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse or acute, tomentose or glabrous or glandular and pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle alveolate, areolate and mostly shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 5.0-8.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 2.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.0-1.5 mm wide, sometimes red on outer face. Anthertube 2.8 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or acute, c. 0.5 mm long. Style branches c. 1.5 mm long, yellow or green. Achenes fusiform in outline, ventrally straight or dorsally curved, 1.8-3.3 mm long, muricate, pale brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or attenuate or with a filiform beak; outer achenes sometimes compressed, angular, mostly attenuate; inner achenes with a filiform beak, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or strongly attenuate. Pappus white or sometimes tinged purple, 2.0-3.5 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis neglecta</i>, <i>Crepis corymbosa</i> and as <i>Crepis fuliginosa</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a5ec6748-78f3-44a6-9dcc-f46a35faa7d0","Herb, annual, up to 40 cm high. Flowering stems mostly erect, hispid, branched already from base. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 17.0 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, denticulate or entire, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate, hispidulous. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, entire or pinnatifid, laciniate or dentate, acute, acuminate or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate or auriculate and amplexicaul, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence paniculiform to corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-4.0 cm long, tomentose, hispid or glabrescent. Heads with up to 50 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, up to 6.0 mm long, hispid or sometimes glabrous; outer involucral bracts linear, small, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse, glabrous. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 6.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0 mm long, pubescent at apex; ligule 1.5 mm wide, tinged red on outer face. Anthertube 2.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes dimorphic, 2.0-2.8 mm long, pale brown; outer achenes dorsally curved, ventrally straight, laterally compressed, muricate, angular with 3 angles, often enveloped by involucral bracts, attenuate or attenuate into an ill-defined beak; inner achenes fusiform, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus white, 2.5-3.5 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis corymbosa</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bf59f6e5-1201-4a4d-919c-b2214a27b15d","<p>The subtribe <i>Scorzonerinae</i> forms a well-supported clade in all phylogenetic analyses of the <i>Cichorieae</i> based on morphological (Bremer 1994) and molecular data (Mavrodiev & al. 2004; Gemeinholzer & al. in Kilian & al. 2009). The molecular analyses with high statistical support of the monophyly confirm its recognition as subtribe <i>Scorzonerinae</i> in its traditional morphological characterisation and circumscription (Stebbins 1953, but lacking <i>Koelpinia</i>; Blackmore 1981; Bremer 1994; Lack 2006).</p> <p>The <i>Scorzonerinae</i> are characterised by predominantly linear-lanceolate and parallel-veined leaves, an indumentum being soft or absent, uni- to multiseriate involucral bracts, a softly fimbriate plumose pappus, and distinct types of echinolophate pollen (with equatorial ridges replaced by a lacuna, the aperture being divided into two lacunae, and with a characteristic exine stratification). If the pappus is absent as in <i>Koelpinia</i>, the characteristic pollen type of this alliance still allows unequivocal placement (Blackmore 1981).</p> <p>Generic delimitation within the subtribe has been controversial, mainly regarding the circumscription of <i>Scorzonera</i> and the recognition of the segregates <i>Epilasia,</i> <i>Podospermum, Pterachaenia, Takhtajaniantha</i> and <i>Tourneuxia. </i>A recent molecular phylogeny of the subtribe by Mavrodiev & al. (2004) confirmed the polyphyly of <i>Scorzonera</i> and provided support for recognition of the aforementioned segregates as well as for the separation of <i>Geropogon</i> from <i>Tragopogon</i>. Further molecular analyses of the subtribe (Gemeinholzer & al., in prep.) including more sequences from the core of <i>Scorzonera</i> revealed paraphyletic groupings even within <i>Scorzonera</i> s.str. of Mavrodiev & al. (2004). However, due to the yet incomplete taxon sampling a revised taxonomic treatment of <i>Scorzonera</i> is not yet available, as this is still subject to ongoing studies (Gemeinholzer & al., in prep.).</p><br><h3>References</h3>\rBlackmore S. 1981: Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe <i> Hyoseridinae</i> (<i>Compositae: Lactuceae</i>). – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 1-13. <p>Bremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Lack H. W. 2006: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.</p> <p>Mavrodiev E. V., Edwards C. E., Albach D. C., Gitzendanner M. A., Soltis P. S. & Soltis D. E. 2004: Phylogenetic relationships in subtribe <i>Scorzonerinae (Asteraceae: Cichorioideae: Cichorieae)</i> based on ITS sequence data. – Taxon 53: 699-712.</p> <p>Stebbins G. L. 1953: A new classification of the tribe <i>Cichorieae,</i> family <i>Compositae.</i> – Madroño 12: 65-81.</p>","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e2f8ac88-f5bb-4061-b2a8-1856708c26c5","Perennial. Plant weakly arachnoid-pubescent, glabrescent, with knotty root. Stems numerous, erect or ascending, slender, branched in lower part, (15)20-25 cm high. Leaves pinnatisect, predominantly basal or crowded in lower part of stem; lateral segments of leaves narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, about 1 mm wide, remote; terminal segment oblong; basal and lower cauline leaves with long petioles broadened at base into straw-yellow to brown sheath, covering root collar; cauline leaves reduced, solitary, undivided, narrowly linear, sessile. Capitula narrowly cylindrical, solitary, terminal on stem and branches, 4-5 mm wide at flowering, up to 1 cm wide at fruiting. Involucre arachnoid-pubescent, glabrescent at fruiting; involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate; outer bracts often corniculate at apex; inner bracts two to three times as long as outer ones. Ligulate florets yellow. Achenes (11)12-15(16) mm long, glabrous, smooth, slender, cylindrical, grayish-reddish-brown, with longitudinal ribs; stalks light coloured, one-fourth as long as achene; pappus dirty white, its bristles plumose, longer ones barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera grossheimii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"27342465-15db-40e2-9375-d05ad7288aed","Biennial? Stems up to 25 cm high, more or less pubescent, branched from base. Leaves sessile, pinnatisect; lateral leaf segments linear or linear-lanceolate, with elongate terminal segment. Lateral peduncles longer than leaves, leafless or with one or two linear, acuminate, small leaves. Involucral bracts on outer side densely white lanate; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, two times as long as outer bracts, almost glabrous; all bracts with distinct midrib. Achenes 9-10 mm long, cylindrical, glabrous; pappus snow-white, as long as achene, of plumose bristles.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera lachnostegia</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f569aa17-9185-4fb5-b8a0-728ad7e324ec","Perennial. Rhizome thick, many-headed; whole plant almost glabrous or weakly arachnoid-pubescent, mainly in lower part. Stems (10)15-25 cm high, numerous, slender, virgate, branched, leafy. Leaves pinnatisect; basal and lower cauline leaves numerous, with petioles broadened into sheaths, remnants of which densely cover root collar; lateral segments of leaves few, usually long, narrow (1 mm wide); upper cauline leaves reduced, sessile, undivided, slightly broadened and semiamplexicaul at base. Capitula numerous, solitary, terminal on stem and branches, narrowly cylindrical, 10-15 mm long and 3-4 mm wide (at flowering). Involucre arachnoid-pubescent; outer involucral bracts oblong-ovate; inner ones oblong-lanceolate, two to, two and one-half times as long as outer ones. Ligulate florets yellow, slightly longer than involucre, ligules fimbriate at apex (over 0.5-0.7 mm length). Achenes 9-10 mm long, glabrous, narrowly cylindrical, with longitudinal ribs, base clavately thickened and slightly curved, stalks 1.5-1.75 mm long; pappus dirty-white, as long as achene, pappus bristles plumose.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera schischkinii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9a30b949-58d9-425b-8aef-3dc48d51f917","Perennial. Plant whitish-gray; root collar covered with remnants of sheaths of basal leaves; sheaths hard, shining, often incised. Stem scape-like, 6-12(15) cm high, simple, less often branched above and then with two capitula, pubescent, leafless or with isolated leaves, two times or one-third as long as basal leaves. Leaves predominantly basal, numerous, grayish-pubescent, up to 8 cm long, all leaves pinnatisect with large number of lateral linear narrow (1-1.5 mm wide) segments, terminal segment oblong, narrowly linear; cauline leaves reduced, two or three, or absent. Capitula up to 1.5 cm long at flowering (including ligulate flowers), 1.8-2 cm long at fruiting. Involucre more or less pubescent, pubescence sometimes rubbed off; outer bracts smaller, triangular or triangular-lanceolate, often with cornicles at apex; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, two to two and one-half times as long as outer ones. Ligulate florets grayish-yellow, pink on drying. Achenes slender, terete, 7-8(10) mm long, glabrous, smooth, with more or less distinct longitudinal ribs; stalk short; pappus dirty white, its bristles up to two-thirds plumose, scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera kirpicznikovii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a938f042-729c-45c1-b183-939d92f3552a","Perennial. Root fusiform-cylindrical; root collar covered with numerous blackish-brown hairs. Stems 15-60 cm high, erect or ascending, simple (very rarely branched near base and then with single branch) with single capitulum. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm wide, flat, glabrous; basal leaves often as long as stem; cauline leaves much shorter. Capitula large, up to 5 cm long in full bloom; involucre oblong-cylindrical, 2-3 cm long, weakly lanate at base; involucral bracts 16-20; outer bracts deltoid, oblong, obtuse, scarious along margin; inner bracts two to three times as long as outer, lanceolate, obtuse, mostly with brown spot. Florets pale-pinkish, peripheral ones two times as long as involucre. Achenes 15 mm long, pale yellow or pale reddish-brown, ribbed, ribs in upper part toothed-scabrous; pappus plumose.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera rosea</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8b962ba4-c2aa-4c64-9a4c-b8cd8bd1017c","Rootstock not or only slightly fibrous at apex. Stem usually unbranched, not leafy and less than 10 cm. Leaves usually less than 5 x 0.3 cm, canaliculate, keeled and mostly recurved. Involucre 12-17 mm, with 10-15 phyllaries. Ligules pale lilac. Achenes 8-12 mm, greenish, smooth.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. & Kilian, N. 1991: 29. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. -  Pp. 531-537. - in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece  2. – Edinburgh. (as <i>Scorzonera purpurea subsp. peristerica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a4984c05-3b12-4884-a765-a99524fa3d36","Perennial. Plant greenish, pubescent, especially in lower part, glabrescent. Stems simple or branched, 15-30(40) cm high, usually two to two and one-half times as long as basal leaves. Leaves pinnatisect with linear or linear-lanceolate lateral segments, with undulate margin, and longer linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong terminal segment; basal and lower cauline leaves petiolate, petioles broadened toward base; upper cauline leaves reduced, often entire. Capitula solitary, terminal on stem and branches, large, 1-1.5(2) cm long and 6-8 mm wide. Involucre arachnoid-pubescent or almost glabrous; outer bracts usually corniculate at apex, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, much shorter than oblong-lanceolate inner bracts; margin, especially with fruits, scarious; ligulate florets yellow, bluish on outer side When dry. Achenes 7-10 mm long, with longitudinal ribs, more or less scattered pubescent above, usually dimorphic: outer achenes oblong, up to 3.5 mm wide, with more or less broad-winged lateral ribs (other ribs less prominent), more or less scarious-rugose; inner achenes cylindrical, narrower, wingless; achene stalk 2-3 mm long; pappus slightly longer than achenes, white, pappus bristles plumose.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera armeniaca</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5fb5b888-e6ea-4e26-8cbf-b0e3036370ed","Biennial. Roots usually slender. Plant more or less arachnoid pubescent, especially in lower part, later often almost glabrescent. Stems erect or less often ascending, bent, (10)20-40(50) cm high, solitary or several, sulcate, simple or branched. Basal leaves long-petiolate, broader at base, pinnatisect, with narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate lateral segments; terminal segment longer than, lateral ones, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; cauline leaves reduced, short-petiolate; number of lateral segments highly variable. Capitula cylindrical, 6-8 mm wide at flowering, 10-15(20) mm wide at fruiting. Involucre sparsely arachnoid pubescent, glabrescent; outer involucral bracts deltoid-lanceolate, sometimes corniculate at apex, with more or less distinct midrib; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, two to three times as long as outer ones; all bracts narrow-scarious along margin. Florets pale yellow, longer than involucre. Achenes 10-12 mm long, cylindrical, light gray, glabrous, smooth, with obtuse longitudinal ribs, slightly bent in lower part (approximately one-third to half the length), swollen toward base, and light coloured. Stalk straw-yellow, 4 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera laciniata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7653ba14-193c-40d9-96c7-655d0fce6835","Herb, perennial, up to 15-(50) cm high. Flowering stems shortly woolly or subglabrous, unbranched or branched. Leaves variable. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or linear, up to 20.0 cm long, 7.0 cm wide, pinnatisect, entire or subentire, floccose or subglabrous; lateral lobes oblong and obtuse or linear and acuminate. Peduncle 1.0-15.0 cm long. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-12.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts often purplish, subglabrous or floccose; outer involucral bracts ovate, 3.0-6.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, up to 15.0 mm long, c. 3.0 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 4.0-7.0 mm long, pilose at apex; ligule 6.0-10.0 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide. Anthertube c. 4.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 8.0-9.0 mm long; branches up to 3.0 mm long. Achenes cylindrical in outline, c. 6.0-8.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, thinly woolly in upper half, with five prominent main ribs, with five secondary ribs in between. Pappus brownish, 9.0-10.0 mm long, plumose almost to apex.\r\rBased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Scorzonera jacquiniana</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"49ff0c8d-5f9a-4aed-8a79-41dfda2be13a","Perennial. Plant green or greenish-gray, more or less pubescent or often glabrous plants with thick root; root collar branched, covered with brown sheaths of slightly divided basal leaves; stems scape-like, (3)5-15(20) cm high, few, less often solitary. Leaves mostly basal, half as long to as long as stem, pinnatisect or entire (var. integrifolia Trautv.), narrowed into petiole basally broadened into sheath; lateral segments of leaves remote, usually less numerous, linear, acuminate; terminal segment oblong, linear; cauline leaves reduced, few, two or three (five), linear, often undivided. Capitula solitary at apices of stem and less often of branches, large, (1.5)1.8-2(2.5) cm long and 1-1.2 cm wide (at flowering). Involucre pubescent, later glabrescent. Involucral bracts often dark coloured, especially at apex; outer bracts lanceolate, often corniculate at apex, one-third to half as long as oblong-lanceolate inner bracts. Ligulate florets yellow (in dry condition light lilac), distinctly (one and one-half to two times) longer than involucre: Achenes slender, terete, 9-10 mm long, with longitudinal thin ribs, at base with light coloured, slightly bent, 1(2) mm long stalk; pappus slightly shorter than achene or as long, rusty or dirty white, pappus bristles sparsely plumose, finely barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera meyeri</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"adf59417-c65b-4e21-a7fb-8607007f1d04","Perennial. Plant glaucescent. Stem up to 25 cm high, simple or mostly branched almost from base with apically adpressed branches, leafly, weakly pubescent. Leaves pinnatisect; basal leaves up to 15 cm long, simple, narrowly linear, sometimes with a few short linear segments in upper part; lower and upper cauline leaves similar to basal leaves, narrow-linear, reduced. Capitula obconical, small, 8mm wide at flowering, about 15 mm long and 10 mm wide at fruiting. Involucre weakly pubescent; outer bracts short, middle bracts lanceolate, inner ones oblong-lanceolate; all bracts slightly scarious along margin. Ligulate florets yellow, one and one-half times as long as involucre. Achenes 8 mm long, glabrous, outer achenes appressed, slightly broadened, angular- ribbed; stalk white, 2 mm long; pappus white, almost as long as achene or slightly longer, bristles soft.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera idae</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ee85a09c-bfd8-4f7c-8be3-6fde1c10da51","Plants canescent, sometimes densely so; leaves usually clearly pinnatipartite.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh. (as <i>Scorzonera cana var. radicosa</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bd0c18f7-cf5d-465c-841c-3bf6aa94e74e","Perennial. Root vertical, cylindrical, root collar densely setose with remnants of petioles. Stems (8)15-45(80) cm high, solitary or a few, glabrous, arachnoid at isolated places, especially below capitula or at leaf base, simple (and then with single capitulum) or branched above, with two to five solitary terminal capitula. Leaves narrowly linear, herbaceous, 1-3(4) mm wide, entire, triangular-grooved, glabrous or weakly arachnoid-pubescent; basal leaves 5-25 cm long, somewhat narrowed at base, with more or less densely pubescent sheaths; cauline leaves usually many (five to seven), sessile, somewhat broadened at base. Capitula medium-sized; up to 2.5 cm long and 0.4-1 cm wide. Involucre oblong-cylindrical, almost glabrous or slightly pubescent mainly in lower part; outer involucral bracts ovate, often with brown border along margin; inner bracts two times as long as outer ones, margin scarious, lanceolate, obtuse. Ligulate florets light purple or violet-pink, with vanilla flavour, one and one-half to two times as long as involucre. Achenes up to 12 mm long, glabrous, with ring of hairs only below pappus, ribbed, ribs smooth; pappus bristles plumose. \r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera purpurea</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"920eb422-ab84-4588-8676-629f745d4cfd","Perennial. Plant completely glabrous, forming tussocks; root vertical, thick, many-headed, producing sterile rosette and flowering shoots. Stems ribbed-sulcate, short, 4-12 cm (at fruiting up to 25 cm) high. Leaves crowded at stem base; basal leaves up to 9 cm long, outer [lower] undivided, oblong-spatulate, narrowed or slightly broadened at apex, at base with two teeth; upper leaves oblong, pinnatipartite, terminal segments much larger than lateral ones, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse; lateral segments short, linear; all [basal] leaves with petioles broadened at base, covering root collar; cauline leaves few (one to three), linear-spatulate, obtuse. Capitula at fruiting obconical, 1-1.5 cm wide. Involucre somewhat pubescent; bracts blackish, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; inner bracts sometimes carinate. Achenes 0.8-1 cm long, olive-green slightly curved, with longitudinal ribs, glabrous; stalk indistinct; pappus white, almost two times as long as achene, pappus bristles fragile, up to two-thirds plumose, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera grigoraschvilii </i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a466322c-3155-4386-8a16-18f0cc23b241","Stems glabrous. Leaves not widened at base, glabrous. Achenes with small tubercles or smooth; beak c. 0.5 cm.\r\rfrom: Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (incl. <i>Geropogon</i> L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i> Tragopogon brevirostris subsp. longifolius</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d8271ffd-66c5-4132-bc70-ee5b60171e06","Perennial. Plants 35-50 cm high, sparsely flocculose; root collar covered with fibres and previous year's dry leaves; stems numerous, branched, densely leafy, ascending. Leaves narrowly linear; basal leaves longer, cauline leaves reduced, gradually acuminate, usually slightly falcate, folded. Peduncles exceeding leaves, slender, not thickened below capitula, densely pubescent. Capitula numerous, small; florets pale yellow, as long as or slightly longer than involucre; involucral bracts six to eight, lanceolate. Peripheral achenes about 2.5 cm long, excluding pappus about 1.4. cm long, shallow-sulcate, squamose-tuberculate,  10-ribbed, obtusely angular, with, two rows of solitary indistinct scales, almost smooth at base, narrowed at apex into about 0.5 cm-long beak, almost half as long as body of achene (about 0.9 cm long), glabrous or slightly hairy below pappus; pappus about 1.2 cm long, shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a9e7e24f-9d7b-4510-bb16-9c025f0caf4f","Perennial. Plants glabrous, grayish-green, sometimes arachnoid or flocculose until flowering at stem base and below capitula; root collar sparsely covered with fibres or not. Stems often numerous, less often solitary, 30-60(90) cm high, 1.5-3 mm thick, usually branched above base, with erect virgate branches bearing solitary capitula. Basal leaves long, slightly expanded at base, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 mm wide; cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 1.5-4 mm wide at base, subulately acuminate; upper leaves reduced, 1-1.5 mm wide at base, folded into subulately narrowed lamina, strongly recurved at apex, up to 21 cm long. Peduncles oblong, glabrous, not thickened below capitula, sparsely leafy. Capitula small, 5-7 mm wide at base; involucral bracts eight, almost as long as florets or shorter, bracts lanceolate-linear, 20-25 mm long, 3-4 mm wide at base, sometimes 5-7 mm wide at fruiting, acuminate; florets yellow, slightly exceeding involucre, violet on drying. Peripheral achenes 2.5-2.8 cm long, about 1 mm wide, acutely  dentate-tuberculate-squamose at base, with 12 ribs covered by whitish scales, shallow-sulcate, gradually narrowed into glabrous, smooth, white beak clavately thickened below pappus; beak 3-6 mm long, achenes without beak about 1.3 cm long; pappus longer than achene with beak, white, 10-15 mm long, with hairy annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2740e751-716b-40f0-b49f-f6a69d235bc6","Biennial. Root vertical, robust, cylindrical, with numerous slender and short lateral roots; root collar covered with fibres. Plants glabrous, 30-90(120) cm high; stems simple or branched, straight, mostly robust, sometimes coloured. Leaves long, linear or lanceolate-linear, basally semiamplexicaul, broadened and abruptly narrowed, finely long-acuminate, sometimes undulate along margin, almost carinate in upper part; middle and upper cauline leaves much shorter than lower ones. Peduncles long, significantly exceeding leaves, straight, glabrous; not thickened below capitula. Capitula solitary terminal on stem and branches, at flowering 2.5-3 cm long, 12-20 mm wide, elongated at fruiting. Involucral bracts 8-10, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-4 cm long, 8-12 mm wide, long-acuminate, sometimes brown or pale in lower part, sometimes shorter than peripheral florets and achenes, white-bordered. Receptacle glabrous, initially flat, later on weakly convex, punctate-alveolate. Florets light yellow; anthers yellow, sometimes turning black at apex. Achenes with pappus 3-4 cm long, without pappus 2-2.3 cm long, blackish or brownish-gray; body of achene slightly curved, sulcate, scabrous due to small subobtuse tubercles along ribs, somewhat thick, about 1.1 cm long, abruptly narrowed into 0.8-1 cm-long, slender and smooth beak as long as body of achene, not swollen at apex, and with hairy annulus; pappus 1-1.5 cm long, shorter than achene with beak, whitish. \r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae,</i> Tribe <i>Cichorieae.</i> – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c79e0d10-ce99-4e5b-a8de-86648d8b9b9b","The species is part of a group well supported in molecular phylogenetic analyses (Mavrodiev & al. 2005) with <i>Tragopogon hayekii, T. longifolius, T. pratensis</i> (incl. <i>T. minor</i>) and <i>T. tommasinii</i>. Its previous frequent treatment as a subspecies of <i>T. pratensis</i> (see synonymy), in contrast, received no support by the molecular analyses.\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rMavrodiev E. V., Tancig M., Sherwood A. M., Gitzendanner M. A., Rocca J., Soltis P. S. & Soltis D. E. 2005: Phylogeny of <i>Tragopogon</i> L. <i>(Asteraceae)</i> based on internal and external transcribed spacer sequence data. &ndash; Int. J. Pl. Sci. <a href=""http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425206"" target=""_blank""><span style=""color: #336699"">166: 117&ndash;133</span></a>.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"55cfdb39-6f94-460d-91b1-8beb51127021","Perennial or biennial. Root cylindrical, vertical, thick; root collar covered with fibres and remnants of old leaves. Plants flocculose, glaucous. Stems, 5-25 cm tall, solitary, simple, less often weakly branched, usually each with solitary capitulum, densely leafy. Basal leaves numerous, expanded at base, semiamplexicaul, lanceolate-linear or filiform, flat or undulate and involute, gradually narrowed upward, with white border, almost as long as stem or sometimes slightly longer; cauline leaves whitish toward base and expanded into sheath, lanceolate-linear, undulate, usually curved. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Involucral bracts eight, shorter or almost as long as florets, narrowly lanceolate; capitula 2.5-3 cm long at flowering, 4.5-4.8 cm long at fruiting; florets pink, reddish, or purple, usually longer than involucre, Achenes with pappus 4.8 cm long, 2.5 cm without; body of achene excluding beak 1.5 cm long, about 2 mm wide, scabrous and with sharp ribs in middle, smooth below, gradually narrowed• above into thick, about 1 cm-long, smooth beak two-thirds as long as body of achene, without apical thickening and hairy annulus; pappus 1.8-2 cm long, usually dirty violet.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a9800d28-3d32-4f67-b7bb-26c0bf4d5e03","Biennial. Root robust, cylindrical, hard; root collar densely covered with fibres. Plants 30-110 cm high, more or less pubescent; bases, mainly of basal leaves and stems below capitula more or less flocculose-tomentose, less often almost glabrous. Stems branched, with virgate divergent branches. Basal leaves narrower than cauline ones, 2-6 mm wide, narrowly linear; upper cauline leaves very short, 3-10 mm wide at base, ovate-cordate, abruptly acuminate, with short recurved cusp; cauline leaves pale lilac below, not involute, expanded at base, lamina folded or flat, gradually narrowed. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Involucral bracts (seven) eight, at fruiting 15-28 mm long, 5-7mm wide, shorter than florets, sometimes violet, as also branches. Florets yellow; achenes with pappus 16-19 mm long, about 1 cm long without pappus, sulcate along ribs, weakly squamose, sharply scabrous, less often almost smooth, gradually narrowed toward both ends, without beak; pappus 7-10 mm long, white or greenish-white, as long as achene, less often shorter, with annulus of soft hairs at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"22483c32-8f9e-408b-b963-13be5fdff32c","Perennial. Root vertical, fusiform. Plants almost glabrous or, less often flocculose-lanate, 20-90 cm high, with numerous stems originating from base; root collar covered with fibres of old leaves. Stems simple or branched, with ascending or erect branches. Leaves graminaceous, green, flat, with five veins, linear or linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-8 mm wide, weakly recurved and acuminate; upper leaves reduced, often expanded at base. Peduncles exceeding leaves, not thickened below capitula and slightly hairy. Capitula small or medium, few-flowered; involucral bracts eight, at fruiting 4-8 mm wide, shorter than achenes and slightly shorter than florets; florets pale yellow, whitish on drying, exceeding involucre by one-third. Peripheral achenes terete, shallow-sulcate, 10-ribbed, white-tuberculate-squamose or sharply acicular-tuberculate, 2.5-3 cm long with pappus, about 1.1 cm long without pappus, 1.5 mm wide, almost smooth near base; body of achene about 0.8 cm long, gradually narrowed into finely sulcate, 3-8 mm-long beak slightly shorter or almost as long as achene, with hairy annulus and swollen at apex; pappus about 1.1 cm long, almost as long as achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"788a416d-ed65-45b7-8e5b-f159a3e11206","Biennial. Root vertical, fusiform; root collar with remnants of old dry leaves. Plants 14-35 cm high, whitish-flocculose-tomentose, densely below capitula and near leaf base. Stems solitary or few, often branched from base. Basal leaves narrowly linear, 10-25 cm long, broader at base and flat, 2-5 mm wide, whitish-lilac below, sometimes folded, not exceeding fertile branches; cauline leaves wider, narrowed toward apex and bent, subulately acuminate, 2-6 cm long; upper leaves reduced, 24 mm wide at base, 2-6 cm long, gradually subulately acuminate. Peduncles below capitula not thickened; involucral bracts 7-11, at fruiting elongated up to (25)30-40 mm, basally 5-9 mm wide, shorter than florets, subulate, sometimes violet. Florets whitish-yellow, whitish on drying, peripheral florets more or less one, and one-half times as long as involucre. Achenes yellowish, smooth, roundish, five-angled, 3.3-3.5 cm long with and 1.7 cm long without pappus, about 1 mm wide, very shallow- and obtusely ribbed and finely squamose; beak 0.5-0.7 cm long, more or less one-third as long as achene, glabrous; pappus whitish-golden, 1.2-1.7 cm long, shorter than achenes, with short hairy annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"90fb0ac0-5c19-4668-8f12-16fa37f00300","Slender glabrous biennial, 10-40 cm, stems and leaves often floccose at base. Stems usually unbranched. Leaves narrowly linear. Peduncles scarcely thickened below capitula. Phyllaries 5-8, narrowly lanceolate, ± equal in length to flowers, 2-2.75 cm in flowering capitulum. Flowers violet-purple. Achene c. 20 mm long, ± equal in length to beak, beak clavate at apex. Fl. 7-8.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 103. <i>Tragopogon</i> – Pp. 657-668 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"246d643e-510b-4403-97a6-7e7693674fca","Root cylindrical, vertical; root collar without previous year's leaves. Plants glabrous, up to 45 cm high. Stems cylindrical, erect, simple or branched above, with single capitulum at branch apices. Basal leaves narrowly linear, folded; cauline leaves shorter, expanded at base, semiamplexicaul, folded. Peduncles below capitula not or weakly thickened at fruiting, glabrous or covered with very short, appressed yellowish hairs. Capitula at fruiting large. Involucral bracts five, lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate, shorter than achene with pappus, less often as long; florets purple (?). Peripheral achenes large, about 4 cm long with pappus, without pappus 1.9 cm; body of achenes 1.2 cm long, 4 mm wide, sulcate, with five prominent winged ribs with sharp dentate margin and five indistinct, sharply dentate ribs in between, abruptly narrowed into, thick, sulcate, about 0.6 cm-long beak, slightly swollen at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus about 2.3 cm long, yellowish.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5494206e-4215-420c-b6fb-fee41a73e287","Stems 30-100 cm long, usually relatively strongly swollen at the tip at flowering and fruiting. Leaves 5-30 cm long, usually occasionally curled or recurved at the tip. Involucre 2.5-4.0 cm long at flowering, longer than the florets, becoming elongated to 4-7 cm long at fruiting, the bracts (8-)13. Ligulate florets 100-180 or more per head, the corollas 21-28 mm long, usually lemon yellow, rarely bright yellow. Pappus 12-29 mm long, off white to straw-colored or less commonly yellowish tan. Fruits with the body about 10-14 mm long, tapered to a relatively stout beak 12-20 mm long, the expanded disc at the tip densely pubescent with short, woolly hairs, the surfaces straw-colored to tan or yellowish to reddish brown. 2n=12.\r\rfrom: Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6de7cac4-8999-4fd6-aa49-65da1fe88cf2","Perennial with a tuberous ovoid to globose rootstock. Stems 30-40 cm, simple or branched above, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Leaves widened at base. Peduncles not or scarcely inflated; involucral bracts 8, about as long as ligules. Ligules yellow. Achenes 1.5-2 cm, almost smooth; beak about as long as body. Pappus about as long as achene.\r\rfrom: Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (incl. <i>Geropogon</i> L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fc927646-26d1-4b2c-9d68-415d1c67c6d1","Glabrous or floccose biennial with narrowly linear leaves. Peduncles slightly, thickened below capitula. Phyllaries c. 8, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, longer than flowers. Flowers dirty violet-purple. Achenes 20-23 mm with 5 longitudinal rows of scales, each row with scales ± fused to form a wing, and 5 minute wings in furrows; beak ± equal in length to achene, slightly clavate at apex. Pappus 18-20 mm, greyish-yellow, annulus sparsely hairy. Fl. 6.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 103. <i>Tragopogon</i> – Pp. 657-668 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7fc05a17-c352-4d7b-8e58-32efcf3442c1","Biennial or perennial with a vertical, cylindrical rootstock. Stems 20-50 cm, branched, more or less lanate. Leaves linear, widened at base, the margins undulate. Peduncles not inflated; involucral bracts 7-12. Ligules pale yellow. Achenes 2.3-3.5 cm; beak 0.1-0.3 cm; annulus shortly hairy. Pappus 1-1.5 cm, usually shorter than achene.\r\rfrom: Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (incl. <i>Geropogon</i> L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"798396f8-4b24-4e75-8765-d5aa9907aea8","Herb, perennial, biennial or annual, (10)-60-125-(150) cm high. Taproot thick. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, unbranched or branched. Lower cauline leaves linear or narrowly ovate, 20.0-30.0 cm long, 3.0-4.0-(10.0) cm wide, acuminate, semiamplexicaul, expanded, woolly or glabrous, brownish on both surfaces. Middle and upper cauline leaves few, remote, 10.0-20.0 cm long, acuminate, amplexicaul. Synflorescence with 1 head. Peduncle hollow and swollen just below head. Heads with 85-110 flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, glabrous; involucral bracts linear-ovate, 30.0-40.0 mm long, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, reddish violet or purple, rarely yellow toward the base; tube 9.0-10.0 mm long, pilose at apex; ligule 14.0-15.0 mm long, 3.0-4.0 mm wide. Anthertube purplish, c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages subacute. Style 14.0-15.0 mm long; branches c. 3.0 mm long. Achenes narrowly fusiform in outline, straight or slightly curved, c. 7.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, pale brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 17.0 mm long. Pappus pale brown or white, persistent, finely plumose, the outer series thicker than the inner.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Tragopogon sinuatus</i>); Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. Tragopogon L. (incl. Geropogon L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.; Soltis, P. S. 2006: 59. Tragopogon Linnaeus. – Pp. 303-306 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Tadesse, M. 2004: 29. Tragopogon - Pp 73-74 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. Tragopogon L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"932dbe9f-7784-432d-a438-194b8d634138","Glabrous. Stems 30-125 cm. Ligules almost as long as involucral bracts, lilac to reddish-purple. Beak abruptly widened into body of achene. 2n=12.\r\rfrom: Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (incl. <i>Geropogon</i> L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"932dbe9f-7784-432d-a438-194b8d634138","Often puberulent. Stems 20-50 cm. Ligules c. 1/2 as long as involucral bracts, deep violet. Beak gradually widened into body of achene. 2n= 12.\r\rfrom: Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (incl. <i>Geropogon</i> L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e1b9c270-c7af-48fc-9bca-403015c3daf8","Biennial. Root straight, long, slender, or thick, but not tuberous. Plants 50-60 cm high; stems erect, robust, angular, simple, or mainly in tipper part, weakly branched, densely leafy, finely sulcate, glabrous, flocculose below; internodes short. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, 2-4 cm wide, abruptly narrowed toward apex, semiamplexicaul near base, entire and weakly undulate, 8-12-veined; upper leaves shorter, lanceolate, glabrous or appressed hairy. Peduncles not thickened below capitula, considerably,-exceeding leafy part of stem. Capitula solitary, rather large, 3-4 cm wide; florets yellow, exceeding involucre; involucral bracts 10-12, wide, lanceolate, long-acuminate, shorter than outer florets, flocculose at base at flowering. Outer achenes with five more or less deep furrows, squamose-tuberculate, gradually narrowed into beak much shorter than achenes; pappus whitish or dirty white, shorter than achenes with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1df76834-da93-49ca-9267-d5940516b78c","Perennial(?) or biennial. Root vertical, long, cylindrical; root collar covered with fibrous remnants of old leaves. Plants 20-50 cm high, lanate-tomentose, sometimes mainly in lower parts; stem usually branched from base, densely leafy. Leaves not exceeding stem; lower leaves linear, expanded at base, often folded; cauline leaves amplexicaul, expanded at base, 4-10 mm wide, 3-10 cm long, narrowed upward, not deflexed, subulate; upper leaves reduced, 4-5 mm wide at base, 10-15 mm long,  gradually subulately acuminate, sometimes more or less incurvate. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Capitula numerous, solitary terminal on branches, 3-4 cm long. Involucral bracts 8-12, at flowering 23-30 mm long, shorter than florets and achenes, lanceolate, acuminate, with elongated cusp; florets pale yellow, exceeding involucral bracts. Peripheral achenes with pappus 2.5-3.5 cm long, without pappus 1.3-1.6 cm, about 1 mm wide, sulcate, five-ribbed, finely tuberculate or almost smooth, almost without or with weakly developed, about 2-3 mm-long beak, one-sixth to one-fifth as long as body of achene; pappus about 1.5 cm long, yellowish, with short hairy annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"50dd401b-78c3-471a-bdab-2336d765d3ee","Biennial. Root thickened above middle, vertical, long. Plant glabrous, light green, 45-110 cm high; stem erect, smooth, sometimes in upper part, as also leaves, reddish-violet. Leaves linear or broadly linear, broader at base, 4-8(13) mm wide, semiamplexicaul; lower leaves 20-35 cm long; middle cauline and upper leaves strongly ovately broadened at base and abruptly narrowed in upper part, 4-12(16) cm long. Peduncles weakly thickened below capitula, covered with ferruginous and black hairs. Capitula 15-20 mm long, at fruiting 30-50 mm long, solitary, terminal on stem and branches. Involucral bracts 8(10), 1.5-3 cm long, almost as long as achenes; florets dark red or purple; peripheral florets two-thirds as long as involucre. Achenes with pappus about 4 cm long, without pappus about 2.3 cm long; body of achene smooth, roundish; without sculpture, abruptly narrowed into smooth and slender 6.5-14 mm-long beak, slightly swollen at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus whitish, about 1.7 cm long, almost as long as achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ee18ee9f-168b-40f3-baec-077610f3484c","Annual or biennial with a fusiform rootstock. Stems 10-80 cm, simple or branched. Leaves narrowly linear, scarcely widened at base. Peduncles not inflated; involucral bracts 5-12; outer ligules violet, yellow at base, rarely either yellow or violet throughout; inner yellow, rarely violet. Achenes c. 2 cm, more or less strongly tuberculate; beak stout, distinctly clavate, about as long as body; annulus glabrous or hairy. Pappus about as long as achene.\r\rfrom: Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (incl. <i>Geropogon</i> L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"152be596-e3d3-4545-af93-416555d9edf0","Perennial or biennial. Root vertical, cylindrical; root collar often covered with previous year's leaves. Plants 40-70 cm high, flocculose; stems rather densely leafy, erect, simple or branched from base. Basal leaves linear or lanceolate, up to 25 cm long, 7-8 mm wide, usually seven-veined, often withering during flowering; cauline leaves linear, shorter, gradually narrowed toward apex,; upper cauline leaves reduced, 2-2.5 cm long, broadened at base, semiamplexicaul, short-acuminate, with distinct longitudinal veins. Peduncles at fruiting slightly thickened below capitula, smooth or pubescent. Capitula large; florets yellow. Involucral bracts 8-10(12), often tomentose near base, shorter than achenes and florets, sometimes incurved at fruiting. Peripheral achenes with beak about 5.3 cm long, without pappus about 2.3 cm long; body of achene about 1.5 cm long, deeply five-furrowed and obtusely ribbed or winged, dentate-squamose along ribs, abruptly narrowed into somewhat thick, finely sulcate, about 0.6 cm-long beak, swollen at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus about 3 cm long, lustrous, golden or grayish-golden; inner achenes almost smooth and terete, shallow-ribbed, gradually narrowed into beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0c481bc7-0a9b-4463-aa8f-4a42a758db7b","Perennial, 5-15 cm, pilose to ± glabrous. Stems unbranched. Leaves lanceolate, rarely ovate. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Base of involucre tomentose. Phyllaries c. 8, broadly lanceolate, shorter than flowers, 1.5-2 cm in flowering capitulum, 2-3 cm in fruiting capitulum. Flowers yellow. Achenes 16-20 mm, with 10 longitudinal rows of short scales, beak 3-5 mm. Pappus 12-17 mm, brownish?, annulus sparsely hairy. Fl. 7-8.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 103. <i>Tragopogon</i> – Pp. 657-668 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"775711fa-2e13-49fa-9c94-9d6bf2b3254f","Perennial. Root cylindrical, thick; root collar covered with sheaths of previous year's leaves. Plants glabrous or glaucous, weakly flocculose, 10-20(25) cm high. Stems whitish, branched from base or simple. Basal leaves lanceolate or linear, acuminate, expanded at base; cauline leaves much shorter than basal, semiamplexicaul, apiculate, with white border, glaucous, often undulate. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Involucral bracts eight, lanceolate, acuminate, flocculose at base, shorter than ligulate florets and slightly shorter than achenes with pappus, or as long. Capitula 3-4 cm long at fruiting, 2-2.5 cm long at flowering; florets yellow. Achenes with pappus about (3)3.7-4 cm long, without pappus about 1.5-1.9 cm long, about 2 mm wide, sulcate, whitish,  10-ribbed, scabrous, covered with fine subobtuse scales, gradually narrowed into thick, sulcate, indistinct beak, half as long as scabrous body of achene; pappus about 2.5 cm long, dirty golden, whitish-grayish, slightly shorter than achenes with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"06a60058-0ea1-46a5-97b9-1573274c5cb2","Glabrous biennial, 20-30 cm; base of stem with remains of dead leaf bases. Sterns usually stout, branched. Leaves lanceolate. Peduncles swollen below capitula. Phyllaries 6-9, lanceolate, attenuate, longer than flowers, c. 5 cm in flowering capitulum, 6-9 cm in fruiting capitulum. Flowers liIac to reddish-purple. Achenes buff-coloured, (30-)35-50 mm, with 5 longitudinal rows of scales, each row with scales ± fused to form a wing 1-2 mm broad; beak longer than achene, clavate at apex. Pappus (20-)25-40 mm, purplish-tinged, annulus sparsely hairy. Fl. 6-7.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 103. <i>Tragopogon</i> – Pp. 657-668 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"765ff1a4-cd6d-4ee6-a1e1-f492aa7b49bc","Subglabrous to very sparsely floccose perennial, c. 30 cm. Stems unbranched. Leaves linear. Peduncles slightly thickened below fruiting capitulum. Phyllaries c. 8, lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than flowers, 4.5-5.5 cm in fruiting capitulum. Flowers yellow. Achenes 30-40 mm with 10 longitudinal rows of short scales; beak longer than achene. Pappus c. 30 mm, greyish-brown, annulus sparsely hairy.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 103. <i>Tragopogon</i> – Pp. 657-668 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"eb494406-c794-437c-8d11-6bbc5313d519","Biennial. Root relatively slender, easily pulled out. Plants 90-125 cm high, glabrous; stem erect, solitary, branched. Basal leaves 5-7 cm wide, oblong-lanceolate, more or less long-petiolate, acuminate, undulate-involute along margin; cauline leaves expanded at base, reduced, narrowed into lanceolate lamina, acuminate; upper leaves also expanded at base, up to 5 mm wide, subulately pointed gradually, about 10 mm long. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Capitula at fruiting up to 6 mm wide near base, at flowering 2-2.5 cm long; involucral bracts eight, up to 21 mm long, acute, lanceolate; florets yellow; peripheral florets usually longer than involucral bracts or as long. Peripheral achenes with pappus about 3 cm long, without pappus about 1.4 cm long, 10-angled, curved, sulcate-scabrous, gradually narrowed into thick, short, 3-4 mm-long, sulcate beak; pappus grayish, 11-15 mm long, with scarcely hairy annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"68af3cfa-4143-48c3-8a17-4aacc5895701","Biennial. Roots relatively slender, easily pulled out. Plants 25-130 cm high, glabrous or weakly pubescent or flocculose-arachnoid-tomentose near leaf base and below capitula; root collar usually covered with hairs. Cauline leaves 5-16(35) mm, upper ovate-lanceolate, semiamplexicaul, wider, more reduced at base, narrowed upward in flat lamina with undulate margin, recurved at apex; basal leaves linear, 5-13 mm wide, often folded. Involucral bracts (seven) eight, shorter than florets. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Florets yellow; anthers blackish. Peripheral achenes about 2.7 cm long with pappus, shallow-sulcate, acutely squamose-tuberculate near base, gradually narrowed into scabrous, somewhat thick, 1-5 mm long beak, one-fifth to half as long as achene; pappus about 1.7 cm long, almost as long as achene with beak, whitish, easily detached, with hairy annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4d97be34-aaf7-4998-b841-1d2701d8366b","Biennial. Root cordlike, cylindrical, straight; root collar without old leaves. Plants more or less flocculose and weakly pubescent; stem erect, cylindrical, finely sulcate, 35-60 cm high, simple or sparingly branched, with single capitulum each. Basal leaves linear, often folded, sometimes with fine white border along margin, long, but not exceeding stems; cauline leaves to linear, broadened from base, gradually acuminate toward apex; upper leaves semiamplexicaul, not exceeding inflorescence, finely acuminate, broadened from base. Peduncles strongly thickened below capitula. Capitula up to 6-8 cm long; florets yellow, shorter than involucre; involucral bracts eight, linear, gradually narrowed from broad base to filiform apex, exceeding florets and achenes, 6-8 cm long. Peripheral achenes with pappus about 5 cm long, without pappus 3.1 cm long, curved; body of achene 1.1 cm long, five-angled, with sharply projecting ribs and five rather deep furrows, ribs with indistinct sculpture in the form of somewhat acute scales, abruptly narrowed into filiform, slender, bent and smooth, about 2 cm-long beak, clavate at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus about 2.5 cm long, golden-yellow; inner achenes up to 5.8 cm long and with up to 2.4 cm-long beak, with smooth or weakly rugose body of achene along ribs, basally almost smooth; pappus shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c2e8dc84-dc56-4ae6-853f-7a45a0fcc022","Biennial. Root long, vertical; root collar covered with dry old leaves or fibres. Plants 30-80 cm high, more or less densely pubescent, canescent mainly on young branches and below capitula, arachnoid-tomentose. Stems solitary, often pyramidally branched from base. Basal leaves narrower than cauline, linear, 2-3 mm wide, flat or folded, expanded at base, pale violet, with long lamina; cauline leaves reduced, expanded at base to 6-7mm, with somewhat long lamina, undulate, acuminate, contorted or spirally twisted; upper cauline leaves as also middle, spirally twisted or annular, reduced, 10-50 mm long, 4-8 mm wide at base. Peduncles not thickened below capitula; involucral bracts (seven) eight, 15-23 mm long at fruiting, 5-10 mm wide, basally tomentose; florets yellow, exceeding involucral bracts, less often as long. \rAchenes with pappus about 2.3 cm long, without pappus 1.3 cm long, smooth or weakly scabrous above or throughout, gradually narrowed into short glabrous, somewhat thick, about 3-4 mm-long beak less often half as long as achene; pappus short, shorter than achene, about 1 cm long, with erect hairs and short hairy annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"339ea4b4-ee8b-4be0-be00-5ca8065dc3a8","Perennial(?). Root robust, vertical; root collar covered with remnants of old leaves. Plant 15-75 cm high, more or less densely flocculose-arachnoid, especially below capitula. Stems solitary or few, branched, rather densely leafy. Upper leaves reduced, 1.5-5 cm long, not convolute, expanded at base up to (4)8-12 mm, abruptly narrowed into linear, 2-5(8) mm wide lamina, acute; cauline leaves 8-10(16) mm wide at base, toward apex sometimes curved or involute, gradually narrowed; basal leaves narrower than cauline leaves, narrowly linear, expanded at base, whitish-lilac, folded, acute. Involucral bracts (seven) eight, shorter than florets, narrowly lanceolate, 18-25 mm long, at fruiting (4)8-10 mm wide, narrowly membranous along margin, usually pubescent, sometimes alternating with less pubescent bracts, glabrescent. Capitula medium; peduncles below capitula not thickened; florets yellow. Peripheral achenes five-angled, thin, 2.5 cm long with and 1.3-1.5 cm long without pappus, sulcate, finely squamose, scabrous along ribs, slightly narrowed toward apex, beak not developed; pappus 9-10 mm long, grayish, shorter than achene, with hairy annulus pear base; inner achenes smooth, with pappus about 2.8 cm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ed533d1c-79e9-4d35-bfba-a0de0cad0680","Biennial. Root straight or sinuate, slightly thickened; root collar usually with remnants of previous year's leaves. Plants aeruginous, weakly flocculose at stem base. Stem 30-50 cm high, erect, solitary, angular, branched and thickened in forks. Leaves narrowly linear to filiform, long; cauline leaves shorter, broadened at base, semiamplexicaul, uppermost leaves very short, abruptly narrowed and acuminate. Capitula solitary, terminal on branches, rather large, about 5 cm long, cylindrical; peduncles gradually thickened below capitula, especially at fruiting. Involucral bracts five to eight, narrowly lanceolate, exceeding florets, as long as achenes with pappus or longer, weakly pubescent at base or glabrous; florets reddish violet. Achenes with pappus about 4.2 cm and without pappus 2 cm long, 1.5 mm wide, without beak 1.4 cm long, finely tuberculate-squamose and sulcate, gradually narrowed into slender, about 0.6 cm long, glabrous and clavate beak at apex; pappus dirty white, about 2.2 cm long, without hairy annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Tragopogon sosnovskyi</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"605ff6b2-1bf5-4921-9b06-419dfc4e0200","Capitula small, 5-12-flowered. Receptacle glabrous or with less numerous bristles. Involucre one- or two-rowed; inner involucral bracts five to seven, much longer than outer (latter two); involucral bracts spreading at fruiting, vertical during flowering. Flowers yellow, becoming pale on drying, sometimes turning blue. Achenes free stellately spreading, linear-cylindrical, often falcate, with hooked spines or tubercles on dorsal surface, and with tuft of divergent hooked bristles at apex. Annual herbs with linear, filiform or oblong leaves.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5b50352f-39f0-4de8-97e8-4545afa12125","Herb, annual, (5)-10-30-(40) cm high, sparsely pubescent. Flowering stems ribbed, more or less pubescent or glabrous, branched already from base. Cauline leaves linear or oblong, (1.5)-5.0-10.0-(15.0) cm long, 0.1-0.7 cm wide, entire, acute, amplexicaul, greyish green on both surfaces. Synflorescence with 1-3 heads. Peduncle up to 4.0 cm long. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 6.0-8.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-6.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear-ovate, subglabrous or more or less pubescent; outer involucral bracts linear to ovate, 2.0-3.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, 5.0-8.0 mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide, acute. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, pale yellow or often purple when drying, glabrous; ligule 6.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 1.5 mm long. Achenes cylindrical in outline, curved, (8.0)-12.0-15.0-(16.0) mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, finely pubescent or glabrous, muricate, light brown or blackish, with longitudinal ribs. Pappus of simple bristles.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Halliday, P. 1985: 58. <i>Koelpinia</i> Pallas – Pp. 994-995 in: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. D. 1976: 152. <i>Koelpinia</i> Pallas. – Pp. 306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"523a76a4-48a4-4202-8028-26903fe63541","Perennial 15-70 cm, glabrous except sometimes for base of involucre; rootstock long-creeping, branched, slender. Stems procumbent at base, ascending to erect above, simple or branched in lower half, fistular, leafy. Lower leaves 10-30 x 0.2-0.5 cm, fistular, more or less sulcate, subulate at apex, flattened and widened at base. Involucre 10-20 mm. Ligules 1½-2 times as long as involucre, yellow, purplish outside. Achenes c. 6 mm, narrowly elliptical, with smooth ribs. Pappus-hairs slightly longer than achene, dirty white.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Scorzonera fistulosa</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f7d4b50d-0aca-48cf-9a2c-732f084010d0","Capitula ovoid-cylindrical. Involucre two-rowed; outer bracts three to six, leafy, often longer than inner or almost as long, erect or divergent; inner bracts coriaceous-membranous, less numerous. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, five-toothed, pale yellow, pink or lilac when dry; outer ligulate florets longer, exserted from involucre; inner ones much smaller than outer. Anthers sagittate at base, auricoles pointed or short-setose. Stigmatic branches slender. Achenes black or gray, terete, basally slightly broadened into short hollow stalk, ribbed, sometimes without ribs; ribs (5-10), retrorsely barbate; achenes of two types: 1) with apical ring from which pappus arises; and 2) callous ring in middle of achene, its upper half covered with woolly hairs, continuing into pappus. Pappus dense, ash gray or rusty, five of its bristles (rarely more) fragile, barbed at tip, rest long-plumose. Annuals, with soft grayish pubescence, less often glabrous.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"60fde453-eece-4b9e-967b-37658619c0a1","Annual. Plant sometimes more or less soft floccose, sometimes less often-almost glabrous. Stems solitary or more frequently several (three to five), highly variable in height, (5)10-30(50) cm high, erect or ascending (sometimes prostrate), hollow (especially in lower part), sulcate, simple or often branched, leafy. Leaves variable in shape, finely toothed under hand lens, scabrous, with somewhat prominent veins; basal leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, narrowed into petiole; cauline leaves often less numerous (and then stems with rather long internodes), lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, lower leaves with fairly long petioles, upper leaves sessile. Capitula usually numerous, very rarely solitary, ovoid-cylindrical, up to 1.5 cm long at fruiting. Outer involucral bracts leafy, unequal, with broadened lower part, acuminate, with more or less divergent tips; all involucral bracts, more or less pubescent or glabrous, sometimes much longer than capitulum, sometimes almost as long; inner	 involucral bracts five, coriaceous, slightly membranous along margin, obtuse, almost glabrous or arachnoid-pubescent. Outer ligulate florets slightly exserted from capitulum, light yellow (cream-colored), inner smaller. Achenes slightly broadened at base into hollow stalks, with many whitish hard ribs, covered with retrorse making them highly scabrous; callous ring in middle of achene, very rarely slightly higher; upper half of achene densely covered with woolly hairs, continuing into pappus; shining after removal of wool, dark brown; visible lower half of achene 3-4 mm long; pappus dense, gray; five (sometimes more) of its bristles barbed above, fragile, others long-plumose.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2f75efaf-5c9d-4e29-8af9-c850f823c357","Annual. Canescent or almost glabrous (var. ammophila (Bge.) Kuntze) plants. Stems 6-35 cm high, solitary, or several, erect, ascending or less often even prostrate, simple or branched, sulcate, often hollow in lower part, weakly pubescent, at places floccose-tomentose, glabrescent. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, (1)2.5-5 cm long and 0.3-2 cm wide; basal and lower cauline leaves narrowed into distinct, usually flattened, petiole; upper cauline leaves sessile; all leaves somewhat amplexicaul, with three to five prominent veins, margin flat or undulate-crimped, more or less small toothed (seen under hand lens!), obtuse or acute, cartilaginous. Capitula ovoid-cylindrical, usually numerous, less often solitary, terminal on stem and branches; peduncles slightly thickened below capitula. Involucre more or less pubescent, glabrescent, sometimes glabrous (var. ammophila (Bge.) Kuntze); outer involucral bracts leafly, linear-lanceolate, with somewhat ciliate, triangular or ovate base, small-toothed along margin, apex with cartilaginous, sometimes bent cusp, shorter than inner bracts, as long or distinctly longer (var. ammophila (Bge.) Kuntze); inner involucral bracts 15-20 mm long, slightly membranous along margin. Outer ligulate florets pale yellow (cream-colored), exserted from involucre; inner florets smaller than outer. Achenes black, cylindrical, slightly narrowed toward base, glabrous or weakly pubescent, usually with indistinct ribs (sometimes ribs rather prominent, particularly distinct in lower and hollow part of achene stalk), spinulose or hairly along ribs; callous ring apical, leaving upper half of achene bare, not covered by pappus wool, as in Epilasia hemilasia; pappus gray, dense; five (sometimes more) of its bristles longer, fragile barbed; rest long-plumose.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3eb34bc7-255f-4997-9784-ff099806290b","Perennial 5-40 cm, subglabrous to more or less arachnoid-tomentose especially on leaves and at base of involucre; rootstock vertical, slender, with a deeply buried ovoid tuber, somewhat fibrous at apex. Stems usually several, slender, rigid, sinuous, usually branched in upper half, leafy throughout. Leaves 5-15 x 0.1-0.2 cm, linear, entire, the basal with dilated whitish sheaths. Involucre 10-25 mm, up to 40 mm in fruit. Ligules c. 1¼ times as long as involucre, yellow, purplish outside. Achenes 7-12 mm, cylindrical, with smooth ribs, glabrous. Pappus-hairs 2-2½ times as long as achene, plumose, dirty white.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i> Scorzonera pusilla</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2ed97b64-5742-47ae-80c8-ee63a14d8768","Capitula less numerous, solitary, at apices of main stems, large, often numerous. Peduncle fistular, weakly thickened or not below capitula. Involucre of one row of similar or somewhat similar, usually remote bracts, 3-4 cm long at fruiting, two times as long as florets; involucral bracts five to eight, straight upward-spreading, linear or linear-lanceolate, herbaceous. Receptacle alveolate, ciliolate-ciliate from linear-subulate scales. Florets ligulate, pink or violet. Achenes straight, thin, roundish in cross section, scabrous, gradually narrowed into long straight beak as long as body of achene or two times as long, pappus half to two-thirds as long as achene; pappus different in different achenes: outer achenes with five erect, persistent, sharply scabrous, hard bristles; inner achenes with soft plumose deciduous bristles, without hairy annulus at base. Annuals or biennials with straight, usually unbranched stem, and narrowly linear, basally semiamplexicaul leaves.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d7d6b2ea-a495-47c6-aa54-680466c50598","Herb, annual, 10-40-(80) cm high. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, usually glabrous, weakly branched or unbranched. Cauline leaves narrowly linear, grass-like, up to 18.0 cm long, 0.8 cm wide, acuminate, semiamplexicaul or amplexicaul, glabrous or pubescent at base. Peduncle hollow or swollen below heads. Involucre at flowering campanulate; involucral bracts linear or linear-ovate, c. 30.0 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide, acuminate, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, pink or violet; tube c. 3.5 mm long, glabrous; ligule 12.0-14.0 mm long, c. 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube dark purplish, c. 2.5 mm long; apical appendages subacute. Style c. 7.0 mm long; branches c. 2.5 mm long. Achenes dimorphic, narrowly fusiform or cylindrical in outline, 2.0-2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, pale brown, with a filiform beak; beak c. 2.5 mm long; outer achenes smooth; inner achenes prominently ribbed with 10 ribs. Pappus of outer achenes 2.0-9.0-(12.0) mm long, scabridulous, consisting of 5 unequal awns; pappus of inner achenes 12.0-18.0 mm long, plumose, consisting of 20 unequal bristles.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae, Tribe Cichorieae. – Enfield; Matthew, V. A. 1975: 104. Geropogon – Pp. 668-669 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c1e8a3f2-2b65-4aad-ad25-1cf9df92e290","Annuals, biennials, or perennials [subshrubs], 5-100+ cm; taprooted. Stems 1, erect, branched from bases and/or distally, glabrous or hairy. Leaves basal and cauline; basal sessile or petiolate, distal sessile; blades ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, margins entire or pinnately lobed to pinnatisect (faces glabrous or ± arachnose [tomentose]). Heads borne singly or in loose, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles not inflated, sometimes bracteate. Calyculi 0. Involucres ovoid to cylindric, 6-12[-16+] mm diam. (larger in fruit). Phyllaries 18-30+ in 3-5+ series, deltate or ovate to lanceolate or lance-linear (± flat proximally, not enfolding subtended florets), unequal, margins scarious, apices obtuse to acute. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 30-100+; corollas whitish to yellow or purplish. Cypselae whitish to brownish, narrowly columnar to obclavate or fusiform (sometimes ± stipitate), not beaked, nerves usually 10, sometimes 0, faces mostly glabrous, sometimes distally villosulous [lanate]; pappi persistent, of 28-50+, whitish, subequal, plumose to barbellate, subulate to setiform scales in 2-3 series. x = 7.\r\rfrom: Strother. J. L. 2006: 60. <i>Scorzonera</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 306-307 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f7b97b3d-2fba-49f3-a2c1-c6d5f6e74999","Glabrous or sparsely tomentose perennial 7-30 cm; rootstock vertical, 0.7-1.5 cm thick, tuberous-incrassate, oblong-cylindrical, not fibrous at apex. Stem solitary, simple or branched near the base, erect. Basal leaves 3-15 x 0.2-0.7 cm, linear to linear-lanceolate, flat, entire; cauline similar but smaller, amplexicaul. Involucre 15-25 mm. Ligules 1 1/2-2 times as long as involucre, purplish, very rarely white. Achenes c. 12 mm, cylindrical-ellipsoid, with the ribs scabrid or rugose to squamate above, otherwise glabrous, brownish, with a paler, tubular base c. 1/5 as long as rest of achene. Pappus-hairs about as long as achene, plumose.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9a920dc8-bdbc-4067-b10b-63c633f5bade","Decumbent or ascending perennial; flowering stems 10-25 cm, arising from a thick stock, patchily lanate. Lower stem leaves entire, 4-10 x 0.2-0.4 cm, linear, sessile. Capitula 1(-3) per stem, 10-20 mm long. Longest phyllaries 8-12 mm. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 4 mm, densely lanate; pappus plumose and barbellate. Fl. 4-5.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6292d080-24e5-4811-9ceb-578aef7e775b","Perennial 3-17 cm, more or less densely villous-lanate throughout; rootstock vertical, cylindrical, stout, not fibrous at apex. Stems usually several, simple, ascending, leafy only at or near the base, with 2-3 scale-like leaves above. Leaves 2-10 x 0.3-0.7 cm, linear-lanceolate, flat or folded. Involucre 10-15 mm. Ligules 1¼-1½ times as long as involucre, yellow. Achenes 5-7 mm, oblong-cylindrical, with hairs c. 3 mm. Pappus-hairs about twice as long as achene, plumose for most of their length, pale reddishbrown.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c4a767d1-e6e7-4178-afc6-cb0b11578292","Perennial. Plant glaucous-green. Stems tall, 25-40(50) cm high, usually dichotomously branched above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, (1)1.5-2.5(4) cm wide; basal leaves long-petiolate; cauline leaves sessile. Capitula large, (2)2.5 cm (at flowering) and 3-3.5 cm (at fruiting) long; achenes 9-11 mm long, glabrous, smooth, ribbed.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"228c4081-78a7-4f03-bf3d-891e776c5cc7","Perennial 15-45 cm, subglabrous or arachnoid-lanate at base of stems and leaves; rootstock vertical, cylindrical, stout, not fibrous at apex. Stems solitary or few, slender, rigid, usually with 1-3 branches near the base, erect, sparsely leafy below. Basal leaves 7-25 x 0.1-0.3(-0.6) cm, grass-like, rigid, densely crowded, with prominent erect sheaths. Involucre 15-30 mm; outer bracts 1/4 – 1/3 as long as inner. Ligules 1 1/4-2 times as long as bracts, yellow, often reddish outside. Achenes 15-20 mm, cylindrical, the outer with scabrid to squamate ribs, the inner with smooth ribs. Pappus-hairs about as long as achene, plumose, dirty white. 2n= 14.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"79c1bbd1-7af9-40cb-a9fe-0c10e3dd9345","Perennial. Plant canescent Root vertical; root collar covered with remnants of indurescent sheaths of basal leaves; sheaths often hairy on inner side; latex yellow. Stems 35-50 cm high, more or less pubescent, especially in lower part, usually many (up to eight), ascending at base, straight, relatively slender, sulcate, highly branched, densely leafy. Leaves hard, glaucous-green, linear-lanceolate, narrow, 3-5(8) mm wide, flat with many (three to seven) veins and subulate tip; basal leaves narrowed into sulcate, sometimes weakly carinate petiole; cauline leaves sessile, slightly amplexicaul; all leaves reduced upward. Capitula 1.5-2(2.5) cm long (at fruiting), usually many (3-20), solitary terminal on long flexuous branches - axillary peduncles. Involucral bracts rigid, pubescent, glabrescent, somewhat carinate, acuminate, with narrowly membranous margin; outer bracts small, deltoid, acuminate, often with bent cusps; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, much longer than outer. Ligulate florets yellow, longer than involucre. Achenes terete, (6)7-10 mm long, densely white-lanate; pappus dirty yellow, its bristles rusty, densely plumose, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0162c918-09d2-4fb8-87cd-ed2911dfb6ef","Subscapigerous or shortly caulescent perennial, (5-)15-35 cm; rootstock thick cylindrical. Lower leaves entire, 7-15 x 0.3-0.5 cm, linear; lamina arachnoid to glabrous, tapering into a 1-4 cm petiole, expanded at base and amplexicaul margin plane or undulate. Capitula 1-3 per stem, 20-40 mm long. Inner phyllaries 20-35 mm. Flowers pinkish-mauve to purple. Achenes c. 18 x 1.5 mm, narrowly cylindrical, faintly ridged, smooth or transversely lamellate-rugulose, glabrous; pappus yellowish-white; hairs monomorphic, barbellate above, plumose below. Fl. 4-6.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4a61872d-e97a-4834-9a2a-ed76e4dd4aae","Subscapigerous perennial, 10-25 cm; rootstock cylindrical, expanded into a swollen tuber below. Leaves entire, 8-15 x 0.2-0.4(-0.6) cm, linear, ± lanate, margin usually plane. Capitula 1(-2) per stem, 10-15 mm long. Inner phyllaries 12-15 mm, lanate, also with some short appressed black hairs. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 4 mm, lanate, pappus hairs (in sicco) reddish, plumose. Fl. 4-5.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1c23b7bc-1464-4d19-b8e7-9b0e52a8088e","Caulescent pannose perennial; rootstock thick, cylindrical. Leaves entire, 4-5 x 2-2.5 cm, ovate, tapering into a c. 1 cm petiole, pannose. Capitula 2-3 per stem, 15-20 mm long. Outer phyllaries c. 15 mm; inner 15-22 mm, lanceolate, acute. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 10 x 1-5 mm, cylindrical, ridged, sometimes slightly tuberculate, glabrous; pappus grey, hairs plumose below, barbellate above.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh. (as <i>Scorzonera argyria</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a6f8c84a-74ba-4cf7-ba62-beaccc98fed8","Erect subscapigerous perennial, 5-18 cm; rootstock tuberous, occasionally branched. Leaves entire, 4-16 x 0.2-1 cm, linear, margin undulate, tapering gradually into a 0.5-3 cm petiole. Capitula 1 per stem, 18-42mm long. Inner phyllaries 20-40 mm. Flowers lilac to purple. Achenes 18-21 x 9 mm, obscurely ridged, transversely lamellate-rugulose, glabrous; pappus hairs plumose. Fl. 5-6. \r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ac929cdc-c428-45e9-b0a4-98f8922fc967","Leaves 8-10 mm wide, margin undulate.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"74466f82-273b-49a7-9262-6a3220924906","Leaves 2-5 mm wide, margin plane or undulate.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d5d16a9c-0591-4865-9d74-3225b0fd01af","Perennial 20-50 cm, sparsely tomentose at base of stems and involucre and more or less throughout the leaves; rootstock vertical, cylindrical, not fibrous at apex. Stems solitary, stout, simple or with 1-2 branches at about the middle, leafy only near base or in lower part. Basal and lower cauline leaves 10-30 x 0.2-0.8 cm, linear to linear-lanceolate, folded and keeled, not undulate, long-attenuate at apex, widened and sheathing at base. Involucre 27-35 mm, up to 50 mm in fruit. Ligules c. 1¼ times as long as involucre, yellow, sometimes purplish outside. Achenes 17-22 mm, cylindrical, attenuate above, with smooth ribs or rarely the outer achenes with weakly squamate-rugose ribs, glabrous. Pappus-hairs about as long as achene, plumose, dirty white.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e7cfe0d5-bafe-4be8-b248-e40037c4cb08","Perennials. Leaf blades 120-400 x (1-)3-6 mm, margins entire (flat or undulate). Involucres 20-30 x 8-12+ mm. Phyllaries ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous. Cypselae 10-15(-20) mm; pappi 9-15(-20) mm. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Strother. J. L. 2006: 60. <i>Scorzonera</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 306-307 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7b37cf76-af23-4250-84f8-f492830904d5","Caulescent, herbaceous perennial branched from base; stock thick, crowned by decayed leaf remains. Basal leaves entire, 5-8 x 0.6-0.8 cm, narrowly lanceolate, sparsely lanate, base attenuate. Flowering stems 15-35 cm, divaricately branched. Capitula 10-15 mm long. Inner phyllaries c. 10 mm. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 4 mm, cylindrical, densely lanate; pappus plumose, especially below, and barbellate. Fl. 6-7.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"40683330-3669-46ee-b683-ca7d391a9faa","Perennial or biennial. Plant wholly glabrous; root branched, many-headed, often producing rosette of radical leaves and one or several stems; root collar bare or covered with scales. Stems (10)15-60 cm long, erect or ascending at base, usually hollow, simple, with single capitulum or less often weakly branched, and then with two or three capitula, sparsely leafy, with one to three scaly leaves. Leaves fleshy, slightly curved, with five to seven veins; basal leaves lanceolate or less often elliptical-lanceolate, 7-20 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, acuminate, narrowed at base into petiole broadened at very base into sheath; cauline leaves small, linear-lanceolate. Capitula solitary, less often two or three, rather small, 13-20 mm long and 3-7 mm wide, broadened at fruiting. Involucre glabrous; outer bracts ovate-deltoid, acuminate; inner ones oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, sometimes with blackish apical spot; all bracts narrow and scarious along margin. Ligulate florets yellow-waxy, very slightly longer than involucre. Achenes 7-9 mm long, glabrous, ribbed, ribs smooth; pappus snow-white, two times as long as, achenes, plumose; five of its bristles longer, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c9444bed-fb8c-4a91-a8d5-7f49ef1efc14","Erect, subscapigerous or shortly caulescent perennial; flowering stems 15-45 cm, ultimate branches (bearing single capitula) at least 1/2 total height; rootstock thick, cylindrical, sometimes branched. Lower leaves entire, 12-40 x 0.8-2 cm, linear to linear-lanceolate, margin plane to occasionally ± undulate, base amplexicaul, sparsely lanate when young, becoming glabrous. Capitula 1-4 per stem, 30-50 mm long. Inner phyllaries elongating in fruit, 15-50 mm. Flowers yellow, drying light purple. Achenes 17-30 mm, narrowly cylindrical, swollen at base, sulcate, smooth to transversely lamellate-muricate, glabrous. Fl. 4-6.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c7afc235-109c-4260-8b13-f464c62ebb55","Perennial herb, 20-45 cm, green, with a sparse indumentum of stellate hairs, later glabrescent, many-stemmed; sometimes plant greyish with dense indumentum. Root thick, cylindrical, dark brown; neck, clothed with thin brown remains of old leaf-bases. Stems erect, scape-like, simple or somewhat branched near base, leafy up to their middle. Radical leaves erect, long, linear, 0.3-1 cm broad, grass-like, flat, with a whitish midvein, sheathing at base; cauline leaves shorter, sessile, erect or flexuous, often wavy-margined. Peduncles 1-headed. Flowering heads 3-4(-5) cm in diameter. Involucre 2-2.5 cm in flower, enlarged in fruit up to 3.5 cm; involucral bracts few, stellate-tomentose to glabrescent, often densely ciliate near apex, the, outer ovate, acute, the inner oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Florets yellow, purplish on the outside, much longer than involucre. Achenes 1.5-2 cm, glabrous, striate, with a short hollow base, the outer scabrous-muricate, the inner smooth. Pappus golden-yellow to tawny, slightly longer than achene, with several longer bristles scabrous above. Fl. April-May.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5a75e6fc-308b-480a-9b93-5924d008fdb8","Perennial. Plant glabrescent; root collar with distinct hairs, often producing series of lateral leaf rosettes. Stems (2)10-20(28) cm high, glabrous, fistular, mostly straight, branched, with two to four capitula, less often simple and with single capitulum; lateral branches arising from axils of scaly cauline leaves. Leaves glaucous, coriaceous, mostly  ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, up to 5 cm wide (usually 1.5-3 cm), sometimes falcate, narrowed toward both ends (apex attenuate into hood), with somewhat distinct veins, along margin with cartilaginous and somewhat toothed stripe, undulate-crimped; basal leaves mostly long-petiolate, petioles basally broadened, sometimes floccose on inner side when young, later becoming glabrous; capitula 2.5-3 cm long (at flowering), often covered with scaly bracts. Involucre glabrous; bracts membranous along margin, mostly subobtuse; outer bracts reduced. Ligulate florets yellow, exceeding involucre. Outer achenes somewhat curved, 9-10 mm long, glabrous (sometimes with crown of hairs only at tip), ribbed, sometimes with barely visible tubercles along ribs, usually without them.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fa561a09-ca99-4156-a08f-dbe3bc6fd25d","Perennial herb with a stout, vertical, black rootstock. Stems solitary or few, 5-50(-120) cm, yellowish-green, erect or ascending, more of less arachnoid-hairy at first, becoming almost glabrous, usually simple, leafy. Leaves with lamina 5-30 x 0.3-3.5 cm, medium yellowish-green on upper surface, paler beneath, flat, linear to lanceolate-elliptical or ovate-elliptical, long-acute to long-acuminate at apex, entire, gradually narrowed at base into a half-sheathing, usually distinct petiole, the upper cauline usually much narrower than the lower cauline and basal but more abruptly widened into a semiamplexicaul base, all at first grey-woolly becoming nearly glabrous. Capitula usually solitary, 20-35 mm in diameter, rounded at base. Involucral bracts in several rows, 7-30 x 3.0-4.5 mm, green, with scarious tips and margins, woolly at base, the outer ovate, the inner oblong-lanceolate, all obtuse at apex. Flowers 30-60 mm, all ligulate, the ligules pale to medium yellow, rarely whitish, often reddish or brownish on the outer face of the outer, shallowly 5-lobed at apex. Styles yellow. Receptacle flat, pitted, without scales. Achenes 7-11 mm, the inner straw-coloured, the outer purplish-brown, all cylindrical but angled with minutely crenate-tuberculate ribs; pappus 10-15 mm, dirty white, of several rows of plumose hairs. Flowers 5-7 but actual flowering period very short. Visited by various bees and other insects as well as being automatically self-pollinated. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b169ff25-e219-4325-a0ae-c92b12f269ad","Perennial. Rhizome vertical, with a few caudices, forming tussocks. Root collar densely covered with lanate sheaths of basal leaves. Basal leaves linear, flat or grooved, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, slightly attenuate toward apex, densely villous, sinuate, hairs divergent, white, becoming yellow in herbarium. Scapes ascending from base (4)8-18(20) cm long (including capitula), with single capitulum (less often bifurcated in lower part and then with one or two branches), sulcate, pubescence similar to that of leaves, but hairs usually longer. Capitula turbinate, 1.3-2(2.4) cm long, including ligulate florets; involucre woolly-pubescent; outer bracts particularly densely hairy, foliaceous with uncinate apices; inner bracts blackish-brown, with carinate midrib, somewhat coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, two times as long as outer ones. Ligulate florets lemon-yellow, pinkish when dry, one and one-half times as long as outer involucral bracts. Achenes glabrous, 5-6 mm long, slightly curved, cylindrical, reddish-brown when mature, with smooth longitudinal ribs; pappus dirty yellow or often reddish-brown, as long as achene, its bristles stiff, fragile, plumose, barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"276e3016-615c-4fd4-9a81-62c722f2d256","Ascending caulescent perennial; rootstock cylindrical, thick; stems 15-25 cm. Leaves entire, 8-11 x 0.8-1 cm, narrowly lanceolate, sparsely villous, more densely so below; margin undulate, contracted below into a c. 1 cm petiole. Capitula 2-3 per stem, 17-20 mm long. Outer phyllaries 5-8 mm, aristate-lanceolate; inner 12-14 mm, ligulate. Flowers yellowish when dry. Achenes 9-11 mm, narrowly cylindrical, glabrous. Fl. 5.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"be5a2e25-42a8-4376-a6a1-ede5130353e3","Perennial. Plant densely white tomentose. Root cylindrical, thick; root collar covered with-brown remnants of leaf sheaths. Stems densely white-tomentose, tall, (30)35-60 cm high, densely leafy, branched; branches ascending, slightly flexuous, varying in length, simple, axillary; forming almost corymbose compound inflorescence. Leaves white-tomentose, many-veined, veins covered by hairs, with cartilaginous border along margin, usually undulate-crimped; basal leaves lanceolate, narrowed into petiole, broadened into sheath; cauline leaves sessile, weakly amplexicaul, broadly lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, cusps often subulate, sometimes curved; all leaves gradually reduced upward, uppermost leaves close to capitula lanceolate. Capitula (3)4-10, solitary terminal on flowering shoots in corymbose inflorescence, turbinate or broadly cylindrical, (1.5)2-2.2 cm long and 1-1.2(1.5) cm wide. Involucre white-tomentose, sometimes glabrescent; outer bracts smaller, deltoid-lanceolate; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, often with carinate midrib, subobtusely acuminate much longer than outer bracts. Ligulate florets sulphur-yellow, longer than involucre. Achenes 7-8 mm long, with dense woolly pubescence; pappus ,dirty-yellow, its bristles plumose, hairs barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5fddab4f-4921-4df7-9c56-bba1dad4ef71","Sparsely lanate perennial with vertical, cylindrical rootstock not fibrous at apex. Stems one or few, c. 4-15 cm, ascending, often branched and leafy in lower third. Basal leaves 2-8 x 0.1-0.3 cm, entire, grass-like, usually recurved. Cauline leaves smaller, otherwise similar. Capitula small; involucre 9-12 mm long at anthesis and up to 15 mm in fruit; phyllaries often tinged purplish. Ligules yellow. Achenes c. 5-7 mm, usually densely rufous- villous (rarely glabrous and olive-green). Pappus bristles ± equal in length, purple with whitish lateral hairs.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. & Kilian, N. 1991: 29. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. -  Pp. 531-537. - in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece  2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2d29e715-ce5f-41b9-9528-109fbb4334ad","Dwarf cushion-forming, ± scapigerous perennial, 1.5-11 cm; rootstock thick, cylindrical. Leaves entire, 1.2-6.5 x 0.2-0.3 cm, linear to linear-lanceolate, sparsely lanate, especially below, ± amplexicaul. Capitula 1 per stem, 13-19 mm long. Phyllaries pubescent, inner 9-13 mm, linear-lanceolate; outer 3-5 mm, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers pale yellow. Achenes 5-7.5 mm, cylindrical, ridged, otherwise smooth, glabrous; pappus pink-tinged, hairs barbellate above, plumose below. Fl. 6-8. \r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0b507fa1-b914-4234-9a8d-b96daff8af7e","Flowering stems (3-)5-11 cm; leaves (18-)30-65 mm.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"220f8f59-a5ed-42b5-a8e4-c1eea53e3f83","Flowering stems 1.5-5(-7) cm; leaves 12-19 mm.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"89db10e5-40be-4c97-9b4d-b895c4284d42","Perennial. Plant with vertical cylindrical rhizome, branched at apex, producing several caudices crowded together; collar of caudices very densely covered with hard leaf sheaths, lanate on inner side. Stems (20)30-40 cm high, numerous, slender, hard, erect, spreading, simple or dichotomously branched, glaucescent, sericeous; later almost glabrous, weakly leafy, much longer than basal leaves. Leaves narrow, filiform-linear, glaucescent-green, flat or incurved, flexuous, pubescent; basal leaves broadened at base into stramineous, glossy sheaths, lanate on inner side; cauline leaves few, reduced, filiform, sessile, at base slightly broadened. Capitula small, 1-1.5 cm long, turbinate, solitary, terminal on stem and branches. Involucre pubescent; bracts weakly carinate, slightly membranous along margin; outer bracts very small, deltoid, acuminate; inner bracts. linear-lanceolate, subobtuse, three to four times as long as outer. Ligulate florets lemon-yellow, longer than involucre by  one-third. Achenes 6-8 mm long, glabrous, with obtuse ribs; pappus dirty white, its bristles fragile, plumose, barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"45a44ab5-8fa5-4ada-b662-7913036f0500","Erect caulescent perennial 15-60 cm; rootstock cylindrical. Leaves 7-14 x 2-2.5 cm, lanceolate, 3.5-6 x as long as broad, sparsely villous to glabrous, margin undulate; lower leaves amplexicaul or tapering into a c. 3.5 cm petiole. Inflorescence lax; capitula 10-25(-many) per stem, 18-24 mm long. Inner phyllaries 15-16 mm, narrowly lanceolate, villous; outer 5-7 mm, sparsely villous. Flowers yellow. Achenes 6-9 x 1 mm; densely hairy; pappus plumose. Fl. 7.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"342daa87-687e-4c49-b6e8-6b5223f17b2a","Erect caulescent perennial; stems c. 70 cm; rootstock unknown. Lower stem leaves elliptic-lanceolate, lamina c. 13 x 5 cm, sparsely villous, margin undulate, taping below into a c. 1.5 cm petiole, amplexicaul.Capitula many per stem, 13-17 mm long. Outer phyllaries c. 5 mm, villous; inner 12-15 mm, villous. Flowers pale yellow. Young achenes c. 5 mm, smooth, glabrous; pappus yellowish, hairs plumose. Fl. 8.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"18fd6baa-8b5a-48de-94d3-1acfbc11da1b","Perennial 10-50 cm, subglabrous or arachnoid-tomentose on stems and at base of leaves and involucre; rootstock vertical, cylindrical, stout, not fibrous at apex. Stems solitary or few, rather fleshy, simple or rarely with one branch, erect, leafless or with one small leaf. Leaves 7-30(-40) x 0.1-0.4(-0.6) cm, linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, without prominent, erect bases. Involucre 20-30 mm; outer bracts at least ½ as long as inner. Ligules 1½-2 times as long as involucre, yellow, sometimes reddish outside and often reddish when dry. Achenes 9-11 mm, cylindrical-ellipsoid, the outer with strongly rugose or tuberculate-squamate ribs, the inner with smooth or rugulose ribs. Pappus-hairs 1-1½ times as long as achene, plumose, dirty white. 2n= 14.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d21a6894-2a04-446e-b562-f52a59e9bd1e","Perennial herb, 10-25 cm, grey with dense appressed-stellate hairs. Root brown, very thick, ending in an oblong-ovoid tuber; neck clothed with numerous pale brown, long and thin remains of old leaf-bases. Stems mostly simple, scape-like, densely leafy below, usually overtopping the leaves. Leaves grey, canaliculate, linear-lanceolate, wavy at margin, spreading, curved or coiled. Peduncles thickened in fruit. Flowering heads 2-4 cm in diameter. Involucre 2 cm, in fruit up to 3.5 cm, densely covered with stellate hairs; involucral bracts few, densely ciliate, especially above, the outer ovate, the inner broadly lanceolate, obtuse. Florets yellow, the marginal ones purplish on the outside, much longer than involucre. Achenes 1-1.5 cm brownish, glabrous, striate, with a short hollow base, all densely muricate. Pappus brownish, about as long as achene, with several bristles longer and scabrous above. Fl. March-April.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6bfc83ac-4eb3-4dd9-99a1-efb625bae877","Erect caulescent perennial, c. 75 cm; ultimate branches (bearing single capitula) less than t of total height. Lower leaves entire, 25-30 x 0.6 cm, linear, glabrous, at least when mature, amplexicaul. Capitula c. 4 per stem, 50-60 mm long. Inner phyllaries C. 35 mm. Flowers pale yellow. Achenes 18-20 mm, cylindrical, ridged and minutely verrucose, glabrous; pappus with shorter hairs plumose, and longer hairs plumose below and barbellate above. Fl. 7-8.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"06de8d38-6f47-470f-a6ec-e1631f3dcd22","Divaricately branched, suffruticose perennial, 10-20 cm; rootstock thick, woody. Lower leaves entire, 2-6 x c. 0.2 cm, linear, densely appressed-pubescent, base ± amplexicaul. Capitula 1 per foliaceous stem, 10-15 mm. Inner phyllaries 10-15 mm. Flowers yellow. Achenes 8-9 mm, cylindrical, ridged, otherwise smooth, glabrous; pappus reddish-brown, hairs barbellate above, plumose below. Fl. 7-8.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a6520767-6616-4c01-b035-39528ee83c49","Perennial. Root vertical, cylindrical; root collar sometimes covered with indurescent sheaths of basal leaves, densely velutinous from long rusty hairs. Stems 20-55 cm high, few, less often solitary, slightly flexuous, weakly sulcate, pubescent (often floccose in leaf axils), less often glabrous, densely leafy throughout, usually branched, less often simple. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, 6-25 cm long and 2-6(10) mm wide, apex attenuate into subulate bent cusps, hard, with many veins (rather distinct). Capitula solitary or two to four, terminal. Involucre more or less lanate-velutinous (sometimes pubescence forms white collar around involucre - var. pilosior O. Ktze.); involucral bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate; outer bracts reduced, with bent cusp. Ligulate florets yellow, one and one-half times as long as involucre. Achenes lanate; pappus dirty yellow or rusty, its bristles plumose from base, two to two and one-half times as long as achenes.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9db6b0e4-f9b2-4ef3-a95b-7a5fdef82be9","Perennial. Plant (3)4-6(10) cm high at flowering, 15-25 cm at fruiting, with nut-shaped tuber borne below root collar near soil surface; roots fibrous, arising from tuber base; root collar covered with remnants of leaf sheath. Stems scape-like, one to three (sometimes up to seven), more or less tomentose, becoming glabrescent, slightly bent, leafy mainly in lower part. Leaves usually longer than stem at flowering, later on at fruiting, much shorter, narrowly linear, (1)2-3 mm wide, acuminate, glaucous or green, mostly pubescent, bent, usually folded lengthwise, less often flat, with cartilaginous margin, with more or less curly hairs. Capitula (one) three to seven, 2-2.5 cm long at flowering, with ligulate florets, 3.5-4 cm long at fruiting, cylindrical. Involucre pubescent, becoming glabrescent; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, inner bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, longer than outer, usually acuminate; ligulate florets yellow. Achenes stalked, narrowly terete, 14-15(18) mm long, with longitudinal ribs; ribs verrucose, sometimes smooth; pappus grayish, pappus bristles plumose, five of them stiff, long, barbed above, scabrous.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"634cddf3-a13a-4fbb-9c8e-6b36b7f19e71","Dwarf subscapigerous perennial, 5-7 cm; rootstock thick, cylindrical. Leaves entire, lamina broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 x 1.3-3 cm, densely canescent-lanate, attenuate below to a c. 1.5 cm petiole. Capitula 1 per stem, c. 30mm long. Inner phyllaries c. 22 mm, ligulate, apex rounded, partly glabrous; outer c. 12 mm, lanceolate. Flowers pale yellow. Young achenes glabrous, ridged, verrucose; pappus hairs barbellate above, plumose below. Fl. 7.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f6e32b35-8b44-43af-8ccd-b47aa7b477ef","Perennial. Small spring desert plant with tuberous root; root collar covered with gray or rusty woolly pubescence and less numerous, shining, membranous scales. Stems solitary, less often 2-5, straight or slightly flexuous, (3)4.5-8.5(11) cm high, pubescent; usually branched, with two or three slender, flowering branches. Leaves usually longer than stem or shorter, linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-3(5) mm wide, slightly pubescent or almost glabrous, with three indistinct veins. Capitula small, cylindrical or turbinate, 3-8(15) on single plant. Involucre slightly pubescent, bracts membranous along margins, sometimes reddish-violet; outer bracts small, deltoid or triangular-ovate, appressed to inner bracts, mostly with uncinate cusps; inner bracts lanceolate. Ligulate florets yellow, reddish when dry, slightly exserted from involucre. Achenes lanate; pappus plumose, its bristles sometimes violet at tips, barbed-scabrous.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fb4d931b-47e7-4bb4-a6f3-f6ee77a17efb","Perennial. Plant with thick, vertical, dark brown rhizome, with a few caudices and indurescent remnants of stem bases and basal leaves in upper part. Stems solitary or up to five, 17-20 cm high, slightly bent, usually dichotomously branched above, and then with two capitula, distinctly angular, sulcate, more or less leafy, white tomentose, especially in lower part,  glabrous or with scattered hairs above. Leaves hard, lanceolate, more or less pubescent or almost glabrous, with three to five veins; basal leaves lanceolate, 4-7 mm wide and 12-15 cm long, narrowed into sulcate, tomentose petiole; acuminate, with callous cusp; cauline leaves up to 10, lanceolate, reduced, lowermost narrowed into short petiole, higher ones almost sessile; all leaves slightly falcate. Capitula solitary terminal on stems or dichotomous, flexuous, axillary branches, cylindrical or turbinate, 1.8-2 cm (at flowering), and up to 2.5 cm long (at fruiting). Involucre pubescent, involucral bracts often reddish, narrowly membranous along margin; outer bracts small, lanceolate, acuminate, often with deflexed cusps; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, deltoid, two to two and one-half times as long as outer ones. Ligulate florets yellow, with reddish veins when dry, longer than involucre. Achenes narrowly cylindrical; 7-8 mm long, stramineous, glabrous, with obtuse longitudinal ribs; pappus reddish-brown, slightly longer than achenes; its bristles fragile, plumose, barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera koslovskyi</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"80732bdc-208f-4f25-97da-b664e54711b9","Perennial. Plant with many-headed rhizome, forming dense tussocks. Root collar covered with sheaths; on inner side covered with woolly growth. Scapes ascending, 7.5-10(25) cm long (including capitula), slender, sulcate, slightly pubescent (glabrescent), with one or three or four capitula, and a few (one to three) scaly leaves; almost all leaves basal, numerous, filiform-linear, rather narrow, 0.5-1 mm wide, weakly pubescent, or almost glabrous. Capitula turbinate, 1.1-1.6 cm long; involucre weakly pubescent; outer involucral bracts small, lanceolate; inner ones lanceolate, oblong, several times as long as outer; all bracts with narrow red stripe along margin. Ligulate florets yellow, exceeding involucre by one-third length. Achenes glabrous, narrowly cylindrical, with thin ribs; pappus dirty white or reddish-brown; pappus bristles stiff, fragile, plumose, barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"15bcc3ae-e339-4ab9-862a-2424f66a1ed0","Perennial herb with ± dense tomentose to lanate indumentum (sometimes glabrescent in fruit). Rootstock ± tuber-like, woody, producing one or a few leafy, ascending to erect stems sometimes branched near base, 5-30 cm tall. Leaves 4-20(-25) x 0.2-0.8(-1.3) cm, entire, grass-like, sometimes undulate. Capitula with involucre 14-26 mm at anthesis, up to nearly 40 mm in fruit. Ligules yellow, dorsally reddish to purple. Achenes 10-20 mm (including a paler tubular base c. 2-3 mm), brown, outer with some small scales on longitudinal ribs, inner without such scales. Pappus of 2 types of hairs: a few yellowish, thick, stiff, plumose below and dentate above, longer than the other more numerous, white, soft, thin, plumose hairs.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. & Kilian, N. 1991: 29. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. -  Pp. 531-537. - in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece  2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9f11f985-256d-4cf0-9c1b-d1f87cfa3974","Mostly dwarf plants, but occasionally up to 12 cm; stems often unbranched and mostly not leafy. Involucre 14-20 mm at anthesis. Achenes 10-12 mm.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. & Kilian, N. 1991: 29. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. -  Pp. 531-537. - in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece  2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cbbdeb10-d8e7-46bc-8e44-09563a6aba83","Perennial. Plant more or less lanate (woolly pubescence most abundant near stem base and in leaf axils); root collars sparsely covered with membranous sheaths and woolly pubescence. Stems 10-30(50) cm high, several arising from single root, ascending at base, more or less branched, less often simple. Leaves narrowly linear, (1)2-2.5(3) mm wide, with subulate apex, undulate, three(five)-veined; cauline leaves slightly amplexicaul. Capitula turbinate or ovoid, 1-10 (up to 22!) on single plant (depending upon nature of stem branching), small,  1.2-1.5(1.9) cm long. Involucre weakly pubescent, often almost glabrous; outer bracts small, deltoid, with short cusp; inner bracts lanceolate, much longer than outer, sometimes with distinct carinate midrib. Ligulate florets yellow, turning pink on drying, a quarter longer than involucre. Achenes obovoid, at base acute, lanate; pappus dirty yellow or rusty, its bristles plumose throughout.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7f120576-c032-42bb-8d06-12c1d2990566","Stems simple. Lamina of basal leaves somewhat coriaceous, usually with undulate margin, broadly elliptical, abruptly contracted into a petiole or subcordate at base.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Scorzonera austriaca subsp. bupleurifolia</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5a4b4c08-81e7-49ae-9c7f-90bd9c2d0190","Perennial. Plant weakly tomentose, glabrescent. Root thickened into tuber; root collar almost glabrous. Stems (8)10-18(30) cm high, mostly thick, erect or slightly flexuous, sulcate, more or less strongly branched in upper part or from base; branches (floral) simple or in turn branched, usually many (2)3-7(12). Basal and lower cauline leaves petiolate, varying in size, ovate or oblong, somewhat obtuse or acuminate; middle leaves sessile, semiamplexicaul, long-acuminate; uppermost leaves reduced, lanceolate; all leaves coriaceous, with cartilaginous margin, usually highly undulate-crimped. Capitula large, on long peduncles, broadly cylindrical, (2.5)3-4 cm long, and (0.7)1-1.5 cm wide. Involucre glabrous; bracts coriaceous with membranous margin, sometimes bordered with lilac-coloured stripe, obtuse; outer bracts short-ovate or ovate; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, two to two and one-half times as long as outer. Ligulate florets violet, greatly exserted from involucre. Achenes (7)8-10 mm long, sharply tetraquetrous, white, strongly tuberculate-toothed; pappus dense, snow-white, its bristles plumose, inner bristles, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"525bb756-bb53-4caa-a3b9-36cb9d43a518","Dwarf sericeous cushion-forming perennial, 3-6 cm; rootstock cylindrical. Leaves entire, 1.3-6 x c. 0.15-0.3 cm, linear, sericeous, amplexicaul. Capitula 1 per stem, 15-17 mm long. Inner phyllaries c. 12 mm. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 8.5 x 1 mm, cylindrical, bluntly ridged, otherwise smooth, glabrous; pappus light brown, sparsely plumose below, barbellate above. Fl. 6-7.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dbc72a30-105e-4536-ae61-50f920257c4f","Erect caulescent or subscapigerous perennial, (16-)20-50 cm; rootstock thick, cylindrical. Leaves 3.5-8(-21) x 0.4-1.1 cm, narrowly lanceolate to linear, grey-villous, margin plane; lower leaves amplexicaul. Capitula 1-5 per stem, 15-25 mm long. Outer phyllaries 6-10 mm, ovate-lanceolate, aristate; inner 14-20 mm, lanceolate, sparsely to densely villous. Flowers yellow. Achenes 10-12 x 8 mm, ridged, otherwise smooth, glabrous; pappus with hairs sparsely plumose below, barbellate above. Fl. 7-8.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e102057c-e4d6-47af-a080-cdfedb66c7f7","Procumbent to ascending, caulescent perennial, c. 50 cm; rootstock absent. Leaves entire, 10-15 x 3-4 cm, broadly lanceolate, sparsely villous to lanate, margin plane, subsessile, amplexicaul at base. Capitula c. 35 per stem, c. 22 mm long. Outer phyllaries 6-9 mm, lanate; inner 14-17 mm, sparsely villous. Flowers pale yellow. Achenes 23-27 x 8-10 mm, densely lanate; pappus hairs plumose below, barbellate above. Fl. 6.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"af8e4381-a038-4c31-ba57-3e23ebf3c02a","Caulescent, lanate-pannose perennial, 15-40 cm; rootstock thick, cylindrical. Lower leaves entire, 9.5-30 x 1.2-3.5 cm; lamina narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a 2-3 cm petiole, lanate-pannose. Capitula 1(-4) per stem, 15-35 mm long. Inner phyllaries 20-35 mm. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 10 x 1-5 mm, cylindrical, ridged, like ovaries densely lanate; pappus dirty white, hairs plumose below, barbellate above. Fl. 5-6.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6a7ff30a-ef4b-4fcd-8b92-9047b3506646","Dwarf rosette-forming, ± scapigerous perennial c. 10 cm; rootstock thick, cylindrical. Leaves entire, 5-9 x 0.2-0.3 cm, linear, sparsely lanate towards base, otherwise glabrous; base amplexicaul. Capitula 1 per stem, 12-14 mm long. Inner phyllaries c. 12 mm, glabrous; outer 2-4 mm, ovate-lanceolate, ± lanate. Flowers yellow, purple-striped when dry. Achenes c. 4 x 1.2 mm, obovoid with pointed base, grooved, densely lanate; pappus hairs pink-tinged; plumose below, barbellate above. Fl. 5.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dad82a8d-ca98-4749-a593-f558d7eb2b98","Procumbent, subscapigerous to caulescent perennial; rootstock cylindrical, thick. Lower leaves ± entire to pinnatisect, coriaceous, 5-10 x 2-3 cm, sparsely crisped-pubescent, abruptly contracted below into a 1-2 cm petiole. Capitula 2(-3) per stem, 3-4 cm long. Inner phyllaries 20-30 mm, apex ± rounded. Flowers violet to purple. Achenes c. 10 mm, deeply sulcate, ridges ± undulate; pappus brownish; hairs dimorphic, plumose or barbellate. Fl. 6.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2b5b88ae-29ca-4445-ba1d-f5eec7380b37","Perennial 20-60 cm, more or less hirsute to arachnoid-lanate especially at base of stems, leaves and on outer involucral bracts, more sparsely hairy or glabrous elsewhere; rootstock vertical, cylindrical, sometimes with a deeply buried ovoid tuber, not fibrous at apex. Stems solitary or few, rather rigid, simple or rarely with 1(-2) branches, leafy only in lower half. Leaves 10-25 x 0.2-0.3 cm, linear, entire, keeled, the basal with dilated whitish sheaths. Involucre 17-25 mm. Ligules 1¼-1½ times as long as involucre, yellow, reddish outside. Achenes 9-15 mm, cylindrical-ellipsoid. Pappus-hairs 1½-2 times as long as achene, pale reddish-brown.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a46f34a0-6ff1-468d-b4f9-e5d2017375b5","Leaves not or scarcely callose at apex. At least the outer achenes with spinulose-dentate or acutely lamellate ribs. Pappus-hairs scabrid, the projections c. 0.1 mm.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"13a27f96-75e7-4b21-8431-f1a986011189","Like subsp. (a) [subsp. villosa] but pappus-hairs plumose at base or in lower half, the lateral hairs more than 0.5 mm.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"02faf596-c186-4a0b-bf64-345d6b008c87","Erect perennial; stem single, 30-45 cm tall; rootstock thick. Lower leaves entire, 1-18 x 1.5-1.8 cm, lanceolate, narrowing below hut widening again to an amplexicaul base, subcoriaceous, crisped-pubescent. Capitula 4-5 per stem, 30-42 mm long. Inner phyllaries 20-30 mm, glabrous on outer surface, pubescent on inner surface. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 8 mm, ridged, otherwise smooth, glabrous; pappus hairs barbellate or plumose. Fl. 5.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6401b487-f7b0-4a3c-b922-b582c7e8810a","Herb, perennial, nearly acaulescent, up to 20 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems inconspicuously angular, subglabrous. Cauline leaves very variable, 3.0-20.0 cm long, 0.3-3.0 cm wide, entire or sometimes pinnatisect, lacerate, undulate or entire. Lower cauline leaves numerous, petiole-like attenuate, subglabrous or tomentose. Middle and upper cauline leaves variable, much reduced, amplexicaul. Peduncle up to 12.0 cm long. Involucre at flowering narrowly campanulate, c. 15.0-20.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0-15.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts subacute, subglabrous, minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts ovate, 3.0-5.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts up to 20.0 mm long, 7.0 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 8.0-10.0 mm long, pilose at apex; ligule up to 15.0 mm long, 4.0 mm wide, tinged purple externally. Anthertube c. 6.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 20.0 mm long; branches 7.0-8.0 mm long. Achenes dimorphic, glabrous, pale brown; outer achenes cylindrical, up to 18.0 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide, transversely verrucose or wrinkled, angular, truncate; inner achenes c. 12.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, verrucose or wrinkled, subterete. Pappus greyish, whitish or brownish, up to 12.0 mm long, plumose below and barbellate towards apex.\r\rBased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"30d6f489-1828-4a7a-b691-8140b7eaa676","Stout erect caulescent perennial, ± tomentose, 19-40 cm; rootstock thick; cylindrical. Basal and lower stern leaves entire, lamina 6-12 x 1-5 cm, lanceolate to ovate, 2-6 x as long as broad, sparsely villous-tomentose to densely canescent-pannose, margin often ± cartilaginous, sometimes undulate; petioles 0-5 cm. Upper stem leaves often broader than lower, subsessile. Capitula 4-10 (many) per stem, 20-55 mm long. Outer phyllaries 17-19 mm, aristate-lanceolate, lanate; inner 16-21 mm, villous. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 10 x 1 mm, glabrous, ridges acute, smooth to tuberculate; pappus yellow to brownish, hairs barbellate to base, rarely plumose. Fl. 6-8.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d9f0a26e-be1d-4c7d-8c26-3c8939c74b74","Chamaephyte, 30-60 cm, densely appressed-canescent, many-branched. Branches angular, divaricate. Leaves few, the lower filiform, the upper short, curved. Heads small, few-flowered, on long slender peduncles. Involucre cylindrical-obconical, 8-12 mm; involucral bracts grey, appressed-puberulent, acute, the outer ovate to lanceolate, the inner linear-lanceolate. Florets yellow, longer than involucre. Achenes about 8-12 mm, slender, glabrous, whitish, striate, smooth. Pappus about l l / 2 times as long as achene; bristles scabrous above. Fl. March-April.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c0320a26-0036-4111-a2dc-6651b04c7c54","Perennial 5-50 cm, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid-tomentose especially at base of stems and leaves; rootstock vertical, stout, densely fibrous at apex. Stems solitary or few, erect, usually leafless except for 3-6 almost scale-like leaves. Basal leaves 5-30 x 0.3-3 cm, entire, acuminate. Involucre 15-25(-30) mm. Ligules 1½- 2 times as long as bracts, pale yellow. Achenes 8-14 mm, cylindrical-ellipsoid, with smooth to rugose ribs, glabrous. Pappus-hairs about as long as achene, plumose, white. 2n= 14.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"75212e1b-bc93-4058-b4b5-374b16aa06b3","Erect caulescent perennial, 25-40 cm; rootstock cylindrical, crowned by dead petiole remains. Basal leaves dentate to pinnatifid, 10-23 x 2.4-8 cm (incl. petiole); lamina narrowly to broadly elliptic in outline, irregularly and sparsely arachnoid.. pubescent, usually abruptly contracted below into a 2-5 cm petiole. Stem leaves at most c. 1/2 size of basal leaves. Capitula 1-2(-4) per stem, (35-)40-50 mm long. Inner phyllaries c. 25 mm. Flowers yellow with dark purple tube. Achenes 12-17 mm, deeply sulcate, with warty wings, sometimes swollen above base (galled) so appearing pyriform and stipitate, glabrous; pappus dirty white, hairs short and plumose or longer, barbellate above and plumose below. Fl. 5-7.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"70d6f13f-e16e-4908-9ba4-0036c5f8fb66","Ascending perennial 5-15 cm; rootstock thick, cylindrical; leaf petiole remains persistent. Basal leaves entire to bluntly lobed, 5-8 x 0.7-1 cm, lamina elliptic, thick, with a cartilaginous margin, tapering into a 2.5-4 cm, petiole, crisped-pubescent becoming glabrous. Capitula 1 or 5-7 per stem, c. 12 mm long. Inner phyllaries c. 12 mm. Flowers pale yellow. Achenes c. 5 mm, shortly stipitate, sulcate, smooth to transversely rugose, glabrous; pappus white, monomorphic, plumose. Fl. 6-8.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"742ba161-5f9d-48d7-b72a-d71613d0c61b","Perennial 3-45 (-60) cm, subglabrous to densely villous-lanate especially at base of stems, leaves and involucre; rootstock vertical, cylindrical, not fibrous at apex. Stems solitary or few, rigid, simple or sparingly branched, ascending or erect, leafy in lower half or throughout. Leaves 5-30(-45) x 0.1-1 cm, linear, long-attenuate at apex, rigid or flaccid, often with prominent veins. Involucre 10-30 mm, up to 40 mm in fruit, glabrous to villous or lanate. Ligules 1¼-1¾ times as long as involucre, yellow, often reddish outside. Achenes 5-10 mm, oblong-cylindrical. Pappus-hairs 1½-2 times as long as achene, plumose or scabrid, pale reddish- or whitish-brown.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"39455aa8-cf26-4ef2-a729-6faad355a368","Perennial. Plant with appressed pubescence. Root collar covered with indurescent, undivided or fibrous, sheaths of basal leaves and rusty woolly pubescence. Stems few, 25-45 cm high, straight, upright, virgate, sulcate, pubescent, simple below, dichotomously branched from middle, Leaves linear, herbaceous, with silky-rusty hairs, flat or slightly folded lengthwise, with three indistinct veins, somewhat obtuse; basal leaves 6-8 cm long and 1.5-2 mm wide, broadened at base into membranous, whitish, deltoid-lanceolate sheaths; cauline leaves reduced, filiform. Capitula solitary, on long slender flowering shoots, with few (six or seven) flowers, turbinate, 1-1.5(1.8) cm long (at flowering), 1.8-2.2 cm (at fruiting). Involucre pubescent or almost glabrous (var. glabrescens Grossh.); outer bracts, small, acuminate, with blackish, slightly bent tip; inner bracts lanceolate, considerably longer than outer ones, with more or less distinct midrib. Ligulate florets yellow, slightly longer than involucre. Achenes 9-10 mm long, densely lanate, narrowly-terete, narrowed at base, ribbed almost as long as pappus; pappus of plumose bristles.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"222fc317-3e42-41c5-9f23-947a2e72aa44","Erect caulescent perennial, 25-40 cm; rootstock stout, cylindrical. Lower leaves ± deeply pinnatisect, soft, 11-17 x 1.5-2 cm, narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a short petiole, very sparsely crisped-hairy (especially on midrib). Capitula 1(-2) per stem, 25-35 mm long. Flowers lilac. Inner phyllaries 20-25 mm, narrowly lanceolate, acute. Achenes c. 9 mm, deeply sulcate, transversely rugose, glabrous; pappus hairs dimorphic, plumose and barbellate. Fl. 5-6.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e5c42146-412b-48b7-8302-ed4914a5684c","Erect, much-branched perennial, flowering stems 30-40(-120) cm; root tuberous. Lower leaves 5-20 x 0.1-0.2 cm, linear, glabrous. Capitula (1-)3-7 per stem, 28-32 mm long. Inner phyllaries 19-22 mm. Flowers yellow. Achenes c. 8 mm, cylindrical, ridged, irregularly verrucose, glabrous; pappus of shorter plumose hairs and longer hairs plumose below, barbellate above. Fl. 5-6.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f1c4660d-c99a-4345-bfd2-3e1c083eee3b","<p>Extensive molecular phylogenetic analyses of the <i>Sonchus</i> alliance by Kim & al. (1996, 1997, 1999a,b, 2004, 2007) revealed that the genus <i>Dendroseris</i>, and, according to yet unpublished results (Kim, pers. comm., March 2007) also the monospecific genus <i>Thamnoseris</i>, both formerly included in a separate subtribe <i>Dendroseridinae</i>, are part of the <i>Sonchinae</i> and the <i>Sonchus</i> alliance in particular.</p>  <p>Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009; Kim & al. pers. comm., March 2007) revealed that also <i>Aposeris</i> (lacking a pappus) and <i>Hyoseris</i> (with an inner pappus of basally strongly widened bristles) have to be included in the <i>Sonchinae</i>. Blackmore (1981) stated that the palynological evidence is inconclusive for the placement of <i>Hyoseris</i>, reflecting a possible relationship to the <i>Hypochaeris</i> alliance as likely as to the <i>Launaea-Reichardia-Sonchus</i> alliance. Molecular analyses by Samuel & al. (2003) revealed that neither species is a member of the <i>Hypochaeridinae</i>. <i>Aposeris</i> is sister to all other genera of this subtribe, which are rather closely related to each other, while <i>Hyoseris</i> is sister to the clade including <i>Launaea</i>, <i>Reichardia</i> and the <i>Sonchus</i> alliance. Inclusion of <i>Hyoseris</i> required a change of name of the subtribe from <i>Sonchinae</i> to <i>Hyoseridinae</i> because of the priority rule.</p>  <p>The various species-poor genera, established within the <i>Sonchus</i> alliance for species of the Canary Islands (<i>Chrysoprenanthes, Babcockia, Lactucosonchus, Sventenia, Taeckholmia, Wildpretia</i>) and of Australia/New Zealand (<i>Actites, Embergia, Kirkianella</i>), were nested within <i>Sonchus</i> in all recent molecular phylogenetic analyses (Kim & al. 1996, 1997, 1999a, b, 2004, 2007). The same has been confirmed for the monospecific Mediterranean <i>Aetheorhiza</i> as well as for <i>Dendroseris</i> and <i>Thamnoseris</i>, endemic to the Pacific Juan Fernandez and Desventuradas Islands, respectively (Kim & al. 2007; S.-C. Kim, pers. comm., March 2007). The Canarian, Mediterranean and Australian/New Zealandean genera are morphologically questionably distinct from <i>Sonchus</i> and their inclusion in <i>Sonchus</i> seems therefore a justified consequence. The case seems, however, different with respect to <i>Dendroseris</i> (Carlquist 1966; Crawford & al. 1992; Sang & al. 1994) and <i>Thamnoseris</i>, which apparently have evolved from within <i>Sonchus</i> after long-distant dispersal to these Pacific island groups. They may in fact be exemplary for the need to accept, whenever appropriate, also paraphyletic genera as long as we want taxonomy to reflect evolution (Brummitt 2002, 2008, Hörandl 2007). A reconsideration of the <i>Sonchus</i> alliance aiming at recognition of monophyletic, morphologically delimited entities at generic and/or subgeneric rank is in preparation by Kim and Mejías (pers. comm., March 2007). For the time being, we have chosen to treat <i>Sonchus</i> in a wide sense, but to accept <i>Dendroseris</i> and <i>Thamnoseris</i> as separate genera.</p> <br><h3>References</h3><br>\rBlackmore S. 1981: Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe <i>Hyoseridinae</i> (<i>Compositae: Lactuceae</i>). – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 1-13. <p>Brummitt R. K. 2002: How to chop a tree. – Taxon 51: 31-41.</p> <p>Brummitt R. K. 2008: Evolution in taxonomic perspective. – Taxon 57: 1049-1050.</p> <p>Carlquist S. 1966: The biota of long-distance dispersal II. Loss of dispersibility in Pacific <i>Compositae</i>. – Evolution 20: 30-48.</p> <p>Crawford D. J., Stuessy T. F., Haines D. W., Cosner M. B.,Silva O. M. & Lopez P. 1992: Evolution of the genus <i>Dendroseris</i> <i>(Asteraceae: Lactuceae)</i> on the Juan Fernandez Islands: evidence from chloroplast and ribosomal DNA. – Syst. Bot. 17: 676-682.</p> <p>Hörandl E. 2007: Neglecting evolution is bad taxonomy, – Taxon 56: 1-5.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Kim S.-C., Crawford D. J., Francisco-Ortega J. & Santos-Guerra A. 1996: A common origin for woody <i>Sonchus</i> and five related genera in the Macaronesian islands: molecular evidence for extensive radiation. – Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 93: 7743-7748.</p> <p>Kim S.-C., Crawford D. J., Francisco-Ortega J. & Santos-Guerra A. 1999a: Adaptive radiation and genetic differentiation in the woody <i>Sonchus</i> alliance <i>(Asteraceae: Sonchinae) </i>in the Canary Islands. – Pl. Syst. Evol. 215: 101-118.</p> <p>Kim S.-C., Crawford D. J. & Jansen R. K. 1997 [”1996”]: Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the subtribe <i>Sonchinae</i> <i>(Asteraceae):</i> evidence from ITS sequences. – Syst. Bot. 21: 417-432.</p> <p>Kim S.-C., Crawford D. J., Jansen R. K. & Santos-Guerra A. 1999b: The use of a non-coding region of chloroplast DNA in phylogenetic studies of the subtribe <i>Sonchinae</i> <i>(Asteraceae: Lactuceae)</i>. – Pl. Syst. Evol. 215: 85-99.</p> <p>Kim S.-C., Lee C. & Mejías J. A. 2007: Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA matK gene and ITS of nrDNA sequences reveals polyphyly of the genus <i>Sonchus</i> and new relationships among the subtribe <i>Sonchinae</i> <i>(Asteraceae: Cichorieae).</i> – Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 44: 578-597.</p> <p>Kim S.-C., Lu C. T. & Lepschi B. J. 2004: Phylogenetic positions of <i>Actites megalocarpa</i> and <i>Sonchus hydrophilus</i> <i>(Sonchinae: Asteraceae)</i> based on ITS and chloroplast non-coding DNA sequences. – Austral. Syst. Bot. 17: 73-81.</p> <p>Samuel R., Stuessy T. F., Tremetsberger K., Baeza C. M. & Siljak Yakovlev S. 2003: Phylogenetic relationships among species of <i>Hypochaeris</i> (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) based on ITS, plastid <i>trnL</i> intron, <i>trnL-F</i> spacer, and <i>matK</i> sequences. – Amer. J. Bot. 90: 496-507.</p> <p>Sang T, Crawford D. J., Kim S.-C. & Stuessy T. F. 1994. Radiation of the endemic genus <i>Dendroseris</i> <i>(Asteraceae)</i> on the Juan Fernandez Islands: evidence from sequences of the ITS regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. – Amer. J. Bot. 81: 1494-1501.</p> ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6a4932df-775d-4af1-a596-3273c2d0102a","Perennial with branched, woody stock. Leaves 70-250 x 25-60 mm, ascending or erect, fleshy, oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, glabrous; lobes ovate, sinuate-dentate or -crenate. Scapes 13-16 cm, erect, glabrous or with a few hairs. Involucre 13-19 x 10-15 mm; bracts pale sometimes with dark apex, the outer ovate and contracted into a narrow but obtuse apex, the inner broadly oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Achenes 7-8 mm, pale brown, puberulent, the outer compressed and with a pappus of hairs and scales up to 1 mm, the inner compressed, winged and with a pappus of long hairs and linear scales. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 153. Hyoseris L. – Pp. 307 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6858af28-2d52-4f5c-9bb7-6b7d87c917c4","Annual. Leaves 3-8 cm, narrowly oblong, pinnatifid, often runcinate, glabrous or sparsely mealy. Scapes 4-6 cm, often procumbent, usually swollen below capitulum. Phyllaries glabrous or mealy; outer ovate, c. 2 mm; inner oblong-lanceolate, 7-10 mm; in fruit ± erect. Achenes 7-8 mm, glabrous or puberulent, outer with pappus of short thick hairs, inner with pappus of lanceolate scales and a few hairs. Fl. 3-7.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 101. <i>Hyoseris</i> – Pp. 631-632 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b578836c-ff1f-4e9a-8898-8d5b85beed25","Perennial. Leaves 7-25 cm, oblanceolate, pinnatifid, often runcinate, lobes sometimes imbricate, glabrous or mealy, often hispid on petiole and under midrib. Scapes 10-45 cm, erect, not swollen below capitulum. Phyllaries glabrous or mealy; outer narrowly ovate, 4-5 mm; inner lanceolate, 12-14 mm; spreading in fruit. Achenes 8-12 mm, glabrous or puberulent, all with a pappus of linear scales and rigid hairs. FI. 3-6.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 101. <i>Hyoseris</i> – Pp. 631-632 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"86e19f71-92d5-475d-b613-ca2273556b7a","Perennial. Stem 50-70 cm high, glabrous, sulcate, Leaves glabrous, glaucous-green, sinuate-runcinate, with fairly large, wide triangular, apically attenuate terminal lobe and smaller, retrorse lateral lobes, spinose-toothed, along margin, and with acute auricles at base. Capitula on smooth peduncles, medium, up to 2 cm wide, in lax, divaricate-corymbose inflorescence. Involucral bracts smooth; outer bracts linear-lanceolate, shorter than inner, lanceolate bracts, apically brownish. Achenes brownish, oblong-ovoid, weakly tetrahedral, with thin, almost acute edges and inconspicuous ribs in between, indistinctly rugose transversely or almost smooth.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"edfebf36-6eb2-4a97-8877-9484f320ffe3","Perennial. Plants with creeping rhizomes; stems (6)25-50(80) cm high, weakly sulcate, smooth or arachnoid-tomentose above (especially below capitula). Leaves glaucous or glaucous-green, narrowly linear, linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (2)8-15(22) cm long and (0.2)0.6-1.5(3) cm wide, undivided or, less often, more or less sinuate, with short inconspicuous spinules along margin; lower cauline leaves narrowed toward base into narrowly winged, semiamplexicaul petiole; upper leaves sessile, with auriculate or sagittate base. Capitula two to five (sometimes more), on long peduncles, with about 100 florets, aggregated in lax corymbose inflorescence. Involucre campanulate or bowl-shaped, 8-12 mm long, (7)10-15(20) mm wide, two- or three-rowed, basally pubescent; outer involucral bracts lanceolate or narrowly triangular, inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, with membranous border, acute or subobtuse, sometimes with tuft of hyaline hairs (under lens!). Corolla yellow or pale yellow. Achenes ovoid, oblong or (less often) oblong-ovoid, (2)2.5-3 mm long and 1-1.25 mm wide, usually straw-yellow, more or less distinctly  three- or four-angled or flattened, with several (often five) prominent longitudinal ribs on each side; central achenes often thicker than others, with short angular, reddish-brown ridge at apex; pappus of thin, soft, usually absolutely smooth, readily detached hairs, about two times as long as achene.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c15bcde1-71ee-4910-ae84-f9b3fcbdb453","Herb, annual, biennial or perennial, 20-100 cm high. Flowering stems sulcate towards apex and angular or terete near the base, often tinged purple to red towards base, sparsely glandular towards apex or glabrous, unbranched or branched, branched already from base. Cauline leaves drying soon. Lower cauline leaves oblong, 5.0-25.0 cm long, 1.0-10.0 cm wide, irregularly pinnatisect, denticulate or entire, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces. Middle and upper cauline leaves pinnatisect, sometimes divided into very narrow almost filiform lobes, auriculate with acute, projecting auricles and amplexicaul. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.0-2.0 cm long, often glandular. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-9.0 mm in diameter, at fruiting reflexed, often floccose at base; involucral bracts glabrous or thinly glandular; outer involucral bracts c. 4.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; inner involucral bracts up to 12.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, obtuse. Corolla ligulate, yellow, thinly woolly towards apex; tube c. 7.0 mm long; ligule c. 4.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Anthertube 1.5 mm long; apical appendages subacute. Style 9.0-10.0 mm long; branches 0.8 mm long. Achenes narrowly obovoid in outline, strongly compressed, c. 3.5 mm long, 0.5-1.2 mm wide, scabridulous, wrinkled transversely, light brown or greenish, with 3 longitudinal ribs on each face. Pappus white, up to 8.0 mm long, remotely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Boulos, L. 1976: 166. Sonchus L. – Pp. 327-238 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge; Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"28711816-5d1c-4e5c-aa99-3031c1d252c3","Involucre c. 10 mm; all bracts lanceolate. Achenes elliptical.\r\rfrom: Boulos, L. 1976: 166. <i>Sonchus</i> L. – Pp. 327-238 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Sonchus maritimus subsp. aquatilis</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"918332a2-dfa0-4899-9c19-ffafaf4ed3f9","Perennial. Rhizome short, thick (up to 4-5 cm), producing string-like roots, Stems (30)80-200 cm high (according to published reports up to 425 cm), at base 1.5-3 cm thick, fistular, hard, sulcate, glabrous below, with numerous long glandular hairs above, including peduncles (only very rarely more or less glabrous). Leaves sessile, sagittate at base, spinose-toothed along margin; lower leaves large (15-35 cm long and 5-20 cm wide), pinnatipartite or runcinate, with few lateral triangular lobes and large (attenuate) apical triangular or lanceolate lobe; middle cauline leaves shorter than lower, lanceolate long-acuminate, undivided, spinulose-toothed or almost entire, uppermost leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, small, entire. Flowering shoots hard, usually long, slightly thickened below, bearing more or less large number of -compact peduncles of variable length, usually umbellate. Capitula in corymbose or corymbose-paniculate inflorescence, numerous, each well-developed capitulum comprising about 75 florets. Involucre narrowly or broadly campanulate, 10-15 mm long; involucral bracts two- or three-rowed, dirty-dark green, lanceolate, densely covered on outer side (like peduncles and flowering shoots) with long glandular hairs. Corolla yellow. Achenes light yellow or brownish, 4-5 mm long and about 1 mm wide, almost tetrahedral (prismatic), slightly compressed, weakly finely-rugose transversely, with four relatively thick lateral ribs and two or three not so distinct longitudinal ribs between them; achenes apically truncate with flat, level, quadrangular or roundish-rectangular disk with weakly raised (under high magnification!) reddish margins, slightly narrowed toward base; pappus of white or sometimes yellowish-white, very thin, soft, somewhat barbed (under high magnification!) rather fragile bristles, about two times as long as achene.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8d933581-d0cd-4663-8f59-a8ff62d8a6b1","Plants perennial, with deep-set, branched rhizomes. Stems 40-150 cm long, often somewhat glaucous. Leaves with the clasping basal lobes rounded or pointed, the margins with the teeth having relatively stiff, short, slender prickles at the tips, the upper surface glabrous, not or only slightly shiny, the undersurface glabrous or rarely sparsely pubescent with minute, inconspicuous, unbranched hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves 6-40 cm long, usually irregularly and deeply lobed. Median and upper stem leaves gradually reduced in size, variously shallowly or deeply-lobed, sometimes unlobed and merely toothed. Inflorescence branches glabrous or sparsely to moderately pubescent with spreading, gland-tipped hairs, occasionally with minute, branched, cobwebby to woolly hairs toward the tip. Flowering heads 2.5-4.5 cm in diameter (measured across the spreading corollas). Involucre (10-)14-22 mm long, glabrous or sparsely to moderately pubescent with a central band of spreading, gland-tipped hairs, occasionally with minute, branched, cobwebby to woolly hairs toward the base. Corollas 12-25 mm long, bright yellow to orangish yellow. Pappus 8-14 mm long. Fruits 2.5-3.5 mm long, noticeably 5-8-ribbed on each face, also finely cross-wrinkled, reddish brown to dark brown. 2n=36, 54.\r\rfrom: Yatskievych, G. 2006: 47. <i>Sonchus</i> L. (sow thistle) – Pp. 383-387 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"654eba04-2d59-4c7e-acbd-cd0bceff46cd","Branches of the inflorescence moderately to densely pubescent with spreading, gland-tipped hairs toward the tip, rarely also sparsely to moderately pubescent with minute, branched, cobwebby hairs. Involucre with a central stripe of moderate to dense, spreading, gland-tipped hairs, rarely also sparsely to moderately pubescent with minute, branched, cobwebby hairs toward the base. 2n=54.\r\rfrom: Yatskievych, G. 2006: 47. <i>Sonchus</i> L. (sow thistle) – Pp. 383-387 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"837cddb7-13c4-4da4-b245-c00ba06cefc6","Perennial; stem 10-40 cm, simple, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, auriculate, entire to pinnatifid, irregularly spinose-dentate, the lower spathulate, the upper oblong to oblong-elliptical, the uppermost triangular-ovate. Capitula axillary and terminal, subsessile. Involucral bracts c. 35. Ligules about as long as corolla-tube. Achenes 2-3 x 1-1.4 mm, elliptical to oblong-elliptical, rugose between the ribs; pappus 7-10 mm, persistent.\r\rfrom: Boulos, L. 1976: 166. <i>Sonchus</i> L. – Pp. 327-238 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4d8afcfe-91f2-4148-9991-1b7a642c3cb0","Perennial; stem 15-30 cm, branched, woody and with greyish-yellow bark below. Lower leaves few, the upper grouped below inflorescence, white-tomentose at base, pinnatisect, with ovate to elliptical, entire lobes. Involucral bracts c. 24. Ligules about twice as long as corolla-tube. Achenes 3.5-5 x 1.5 mm, narrowly rectangular or more or less elliptical, often curved, slightly rugose between the ribs; pappus c. 8 mm, most of the long hairs deciduous and the short cottony ones persistent.\r\rfrom: Boulos, L. 1976: 166. <i>Sonchus</i> L. – Pp. 327-238 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b2702695-cc7b-466a-9b30-106551c577ce","Herb, annual or biennial, 10-150 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, hollow, often glaucous and tinged red or purple, glabrous or sometimes glandular at the uppermost nodes, unbranched or weakly branched. Lower cauline leaves oblong or narrowly obovate, 6.0-30.0 cm long, 2.0-12.0 cm wide, usually pinnatisect, pinnatipartite or entire, spinose or entire, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole; terminal lobe deltoid or nearly circular; lateral lobes 4-6, oblong, obtuse or acute. Middle and upper cauline leaves amplexicaul and auriculate with acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate auricles, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with 5-15 heads. Peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, glandular, floccose or glabrous. Heads with more than 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-10.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts glandular or glabrous, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts narrowly deltoid, 3.0-5.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, up to 12.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, yellow or less often white; tube c. 7.0 mm long, thinly woolly towards apex; ligule c. 6.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 2.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 12.0 mm long; branches c. 1.2 mm long. Achenes narrowly obovoid in outline, strongly compressed, c. 3.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, scabridulous, wrinkled transversely, pale brown, with 3 longitudinal ribs on each face. Pappus white, up to 7.0 mm long, flexible, remotely scabridulous or barbellate.\r\rBased on: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: Cichorieae . – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae (Part 1). – Kew; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London; Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. Sonchus - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. Tragopogon L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"52286d74-b905-4f12-967e-ef7cc4ea8f7c","Herb, annual or biennial, 10-120-(220) cm high. Flowering stems erect, sulcate and sometimes angular, hollow, glaucous, glabrous or glandular in the upper part, unbranched or branched. Lower cauline leaves ovate to oblong, 6.0-21.0-(40.0) cm long, 1.5-8.0 cm wide, entire, pinnatifid or pinnatisect, spinose or dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous, green or glaucous on both surfaces. Middle and upper cauline leaves spinose, auriculate and amplexicaul. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 4-10-(20) heads. Peduncle 1.0-2.0 cm long, glabrous or glandular. Heads with more than 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, c. 10.0 mm long, at flowering (6.0)-8.0-10.0-(25.0) mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 3.0-4.0 mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm wide, glandular or glabrous; inner involucral bracts linear, up to 10.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, acuminate. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube c. 6.0 mm long, thinly woolly towards apex; ligule c. 6.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, tinged purple externally. Anthertube black at apex, c. 1.5 mm long; apical appendages acute. Style c. 8.0 mm long; branches c. 0.8 mm long. Achenes obovoid or fusiform in outline, strongly compressed, c. 3.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0-(1.8) mm wide, mostly smooth, remotely ciliate at the ribs and wings, sometimes wrinkled, brown, with 3 longitudinal ribs on each face. Pappus white, 6.0-10.0 mm long, flexible, remotely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Grierson, A. J. C. 1980: 59. Sonchus – Pp. 272-275 in: Dassayanake, M. D., Fosberg, F. R. Flora of Ceylon I – Washington, D.C.; Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: Cichorieae . – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae (Part 1). – Kew; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 46. Pyrrhoppapus DC. (flase dandelion), 47. Sonchus L. (sow thistle). – Pp. 382-387 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"97a5321a-665d-4ee5-ba74-43e63de91aeb","Leaves often shining dark green, rarely glaucescent; margins and ribs of achene not retrorsely ciliolate. Annual (or ? biennial). Fl. Febr.-Oct.\r\rfrom: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7fe8a8b6-b0ba-4869-90b3-177b76c1753f","Leaves generally glaucescent, often rigidly spinulose along the margins; margins and ribs of achenes ciliolate with minute retrorse bristles. Biennial. Fl. Febr.-Oct.\r\rfrom: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8eb0d3e0-89ad-455e-b0d2-350d4098399c","Rhizomatous perennial; stem 15-60 cm, not or sparingly branched. Lower leaves glabrous, linear, entire to dentate, the upper slightly tomentose beneath when young, linear to oblong, undivided or rarely pinnatisect, with denticulate margins; auricles rounded, often dentate. Base of capitula and upper part of peduncles often white-tomentose, eglandular. Involucral bracts c. 27. Ligules much longer than corolla-tube. Achenes 2.2-3 x 1-1.6 mm, oblong to elliptical, weakly rugose between the ribs or smooth, with wide margin; pappus 5.5-9 mm, usually deciduous. 2n= 18.\r\rfrom: Boulos, L. 1976: 166. <i>Sonchus</i> L. – Pp. 327-238 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a4665d88-d11e-46de-ac6b-95c067444c4c","Erect perennial herb 6.5-31 cm high, with a branched woody rootstock, growing in clumps, leafy for half the length of the stem; stems long, ribbed, slender, branched, sparsely papillose near nodes, with several bracts scattered along peduncle from topmost node to base of involucre, where they are crowded and grade into involucral bracts; basal leaves obovate in outline, 2.5-11.5 cm long, 0.3-3.2 cm wide; petiole broadly winged, causing leaf to appear sessile, or leaf tapering at base into petiole, the latter often equalling the length of the leaf-blade; apex obtuse to rounded, spinulose; margins inconspicuous, cartilaginous, often sparsely spinulose, regularly or irregularly dentate or pinnatifid; cauline leaves amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, 6.8-15.2 cm long, 2.4-4.4 cm wide, decreasing in size upwards, obtuse to acuminate, margins entire, spinulose, sometimes pinnatifid, especially towards base of stem; peduncles usually more than 5 cm long, often as much as 15 cm, bracts ovate-cordate, acute to acuminate, 2-4 mm long, with narrow scarious margins; capitula solitary, terminal, never subsessile nor clustered at centre of plant, the receptacle swollen in the fruiting state, the base spongy in appearance, 1.2-1.3 cm diam.; phyllaries 3-seriate, overlapping in flowering state, but becoming spaced or barely overlapping as achenes develop, usually pouched at the tip; with a cushion of minute hairs inside the pouch, otherwise glabrous; outer and middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide with scarious margins usually less than 0.5 mm wide, inner phyllaries lanceolate with narrower scarious margins, (8-) 12-13 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide; florets yellow, exceeding involucre in length; tube slender, 1/3 to 1/2 the length of the floret, densely hairy near the mouth externally; ligule strap-shaped, often slightly widened at base, about 10 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, with 4-5 veins; anthers linear or oblong, 3.5-4 mm long, with a well-developed collar at base, tails very short, adpressed, appendages oblong with rounded apex and no constriction at junction with thecae; style forked for at least 1.5 mm with the upper 4-5 mm. minutely pubescent. Outer achenes subcylindrical or oblong, somewhat curved longitudinally, ± 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, transversely rugose-verrucose, truncate with distinct apical rim and scar inner achenes subcylindrical, but broader at the base, 4.5 mm. long, 1 mm wide; pappus 6.5-8 mm long.\r\rfrom: Halliday, P. 1985: 74. <i>Reichardia</i> – Pp. 1032-1035 in: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c4ecde40-e879-4345-81fc-2b3c9bde0973","Perennial. Stem (30)60-100 cm high, weakly sulcate, glabrous, more or less strongly divaricately branched, with long, upward-directed branches, terminating in capitulum. Leaves flat, glaucous, oblong-linear, linear-lobate, or broadly lanceolate, sinuate-lobate or more or less undivided, spinose-toothed or spinose along margin, weakly crisped-flexuous; lower leaves on winged semiamplexicaul petiole, often clustered in rosette, upper leaves reduced, sessile, auriculate. Capitula with (35)50-70(100) florets. Involucre campanulate-cylindrical or campanulate, (6)10-15(20) mm long; involucral bracts four- or five-rowed, herbaceous, usually purple; scarious along margin, very finely appressed-hairy dorsally (under high magnification!); inner (longest) bracts subobtuse with barbules of very thin and short hairs (under a hand lens!). Corolla light yellow. Achenes polymorphic: outer achenes prismatic or campanulate, four-, less often five-angled, 4-5(7) mm long and 0.7-0.8(1.2) mm wide, dark brown, with four or five longitudinal furrows, transversely rugose; becoming lighter in colour towards centre of achene, tubercles disappearing gradually; innermost achenes light or stramineous, more or less smooth; pappus one and one-half to two times as long as achene, of almost entirely smooth, numerous thin hairs white or yellowish below, few among them thicker (under lens !).\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"25983a79-47fd-447e-a2d1-84822a8ddb1e","Erect annual, 2.5-10 (-19.3) cm high; stems 1 or more, ribbed, stout, branched or unbranched, variably white-papillose or glabrous, or plant almost stemless; leaves pale grey-green, usually forming a pseudo-rosette, the basal most commonly obovate in outline, 15-80 mm long, 4-16 mm wide; leaf-blade tapering to winged petiole or subpetiolate with a widened clasping base (sometimes the petiole is so broadly winged that the leaf appears to be sessile); apex obtuse to acute, spinulose, margins subentire or more usually regularly or irregularly, shallowly or coarsely dentate to pinnatifid, lobes toothed and spinulose, surrounded by a narrow, usually white, cartilaginous border from which arise white spinules of varying length; cauline leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate or oblong, 5-14.2 cm long, 2.2-6.5 cm wide, the uppermost much smaller, with broad, clasping, often ,I auricled, bases; apex obtuse to acuminate, margins shallowly or more deeply toothed or lobed, furnished with spinules like basal leaves; midrib often densely white-spinulose, sometimes with scattered multicellular hairs towards the base of the upper surface; peduncles 0.9-5.6 cm long to first node, 4-5 mm diam. at widest point, ebracteate except for 1 or 2 bracts at extreme tip; bracts with scarious margins, glabrous; capitula usually solitary, on an unbranched peduncle, or at ends of branches; involucre cylindrical, about 1 cm long, phyllaries erect, commonly 3-4-seriate, glabrous, or rarely the outer and middle series pubescent in the upper half, all with conspicuous scarious margins to 1.5 mm wide, and with a cushion of minute hairs inside at base of mucro; outer phyllaries ovate-cordate, 5-6 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, acute; middle phyllaries oblong, emarginate, mucronate or cuspidate, 8-10 mm long, 4-6 mm wide; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 10-14 mm long, 2-4 mm wide; florets golden-yellow with purple bases, tube of floret very slender, 1/3 to 1/2 the floret-length, apex of tube densely hairy on outer surface; ligule elliptic, with 3-5 apical teeth and 5 veins, about 15 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide; stamens inserted just below mouth of tube; anthers linear to narrowly elliptic, 2.5-3 mm long, with well-developed anther-collars at base, tails closely adpressed, abruptly tapering, acute; appendages oblong, obtuse or rounded, not constricted at junction with thecae; style forked, the branches usually spreading, the apical 2.5-4 mm slightly swollen and minutely pubescent. Outer achenes subcylindrical or oblong, somewhat curved lengthwise, 2.5-3 mm long, 1 mm wide, transversely rugose-verrucose, truncate, with slight but distinct collar or rim and scar; inner obconical, smooth to slightly wrinkled, 3.5-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide; pappus 7.5-10 mm long. Fl. March-May.\r\rfrom: Halliday, P. 1985: 74. <i>Reichardia</i> – Pp. 1032-1035 in: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"90f23692-f1cf-4fb0-93cc-4e3891c38750","Erect, somewhat glaucous, glabrous or sparsely papillose annual up to 43 cm high, leafy near base only; stems long, ribbed, slender, branched, the ultimate divisions sparsely bracteate with top of scape usually naked; basal leaves as m R. picroides but more regularly toothed and less deeply divided, 3.2-9.1 cm long, 1.4-3.2 cm wide, tapering abruptly to a winged petiole; apex acute to obtuse, spinulose, margins spinulose, more noticeably so than in R .picroides; cauline leaves 4.5-7.2 cm. long, 0.6-1.4 cm wide, decreasing in size upwards, lanceolate, acuminate, spinulose, sometimes minutely so, or the lower cauline leaves sometimes shallowly toothed with an obtuse apex, resembling basal leaves; peduncles long, swollen beneath capitulum, often up to 21 cm long, with bracts 4-8 mm long, fewer than in R. picroides, well spaced, never crowded beneath involucre; capitula as in R. picroides, but receptacle not particularly swollen in fruiting state; phyllaries 3-seriate, overlapping, entire, glabrous, with conspicuous (in dried material) scarious margins c. 1 mm wide, sometimes more, the dark central zone forming a linear central stripe, pouched at the tip, with or without apical cushions of minute hairs; outer phyllaries ovate, cordate, 3-4 mm long, 2 mm wide; middle phyllaries oblong or obovate, 5-7 mm long, 2 mm wide; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 12-13 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; florets yellow or purplish on outer surface or at apex; tube about 1/2 the length of the floret, long-hairy externally; ligule strap-shaped or elliptic, gradually tapering to base, 8-9 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, with (2-) 5 teeth at apex, and 4 (-5) veins; anthers linear, oblong, 1.5-2.5 mm long, with inconspicuous collars at the sagittate base, the tails short, obtuse, appendages oblong-ovate without constriction at base; style forked for up to 2 mm; the top 4 mm pubescent. Outer achenes cylindrical, transversely rugose-verrucose, 3-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide; inner achenes occasionally with a few slight transverse rugosities, curved and cylindrical, but with a slight beak and abruptly widened at base, the extremity inrolled to a central cavity, 5-6 mm long, 0.75-1.5 mm wide (at base); pappus 9-10 mm long. Fl.  March-May.\r\rfrom: Halliday, P. 1985: 74. <i>Reichardia</i> – Pp. 1032-1035 in: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"38bc9407-e379-4c15-b566-9b87b0fb7c20","Perennial herbs. Stems several, simple. Leaves all basal, pinnately divided. Capitulum solitary. Involucral bracts in 1 row. Receptacle flat, without scales. Ligules yellow. Achenes oblong-cuneate to obovoid, 5-angled; pappus absent.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 156. <i>Aposeris</i> Cass. – Pp. 308 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3a324c83-4961-4a07-9856-e8cec119390f","Herb, 10-20-(35) cm high. scapelike, glabrous or subglabrous. Rosette leaves many, narrowly obovate, pinnatifid, dentate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or subglabrous; lateral lobes elliptic, patent or retrorse. Involucre 10.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-6.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear-ovate or linear, obtuse, glabrous. Achenes 4.0-4.5 mm long, yellowish brown.\r\rBased on: Sell, P. D. 1976: 156. <i>Aposeris</i> Cass. – Pp. 308 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"444c6fc7-0c34-430c-a128-3c1379749c0c","The known basic chromosome numbers present in <i>Launaea</i> are x = 9, 8, 7, 6 and 5 (Kilian 1997: 80-81). The ancestral basic chromosome number of <i>Launaea</i> has been assumed by Stebbins & al. (1953: 415) to be x = 9 and can be confirmed on the basis of the much larger number of species studied today for two reasons: (1) the genus exhibits a consecutive series from x = 9 to 5; (2) the highest basic number (x = 9) is correlated with a higher caryotype symmetry, which is indicative of an original caryotype, compared with the lower numbers x = 8 and 7 (see, e.g., Mejias 1993) and particularly with the lowest number of x = 5 (<i>L. cornuta</i> with no metacentric chromosomes at all) (Kilian 1997: 80-81).\r\rThe members of <i>Launaea</i> sect. <i>Cervicornes, Launaea, Microrhynchus</i> and <i>Pseudosonchus</i> so far investigated, all show x = 9. Reduction from the ancestral basic number of x = 9 can be observed in three sections the genus: all members of <i>L.</i> sect. <i>Zollikoferia</i> so far cytologically investigated, show a basic number of x = 8; the lowest numbers x = 7, 6 and 5 are found in <i>L.</i> sect. <i>Acanthosonchus</i> and <i>Cornutae</i>, which are closely related with each other (Kilian 1997: 80-81).\r\rPolyploidy has been found in <i>Launaea</i> sect. <i>Launaea, Microrhynchus</i> and <i>Zollikoferia:</i> in species of <i>L.</i> sect. <i>Launaea</i> <i>(L. procumbens)</i>, in <i>Microrhynchus</i> <i>(L. nudicaulis, L. petitiana)</i> and <i>Zollikoferia</i> <i>(L. fragilis)</i>, tetraploid, and in one case also hexaploid cytotypes <i>(L. petitiana)</i> occur beside the diploid cytotype, whereas of two species of <i>L.</i> sect. <i>Microrhynchus</i> <i>(L. gorgadensis</i> and <i>L. thalassica)</i> only the tetraploid cytotype is known (Kilian 1997: 80-81).</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rKilian N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. <i>(Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae)</i>. &ndash; Englera 17.\r\rMejias J.A. 1993: Estudio cariologico del genero <i>Launaea</i> Cass. en la Peninsula Iberica. &ndash; Lagascalia 17: 135-149.\r\rStebbins G. L., Jenkins J. A. & Walters M. S. 1953: Chromosomes and phylogeny in the <i>Compositae</i>, tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. &ndash; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 26: 401-430.","Chromosome numbers",,"eng",,,,,
"444c6fc7-0c34-430c-a128-3c1379749c0c","Perennial to pauciennial herbs, small rosette shrubs, subshrubs, spinescent shrubs or annuals, all taprooted and roots often shootbearing. <i>Leaves</i> sessile, commonly rosetted at least in juvenile plants, sometimes leaf development preceded by anthesis; adult herbaceous plants often with sessile and frequently clasping to auriculate cauline leaves, aging subfrutescent or frutescent plants sometimes leafless; lamina of saladlike consistency or somewhat leathery, more rarely somewhat succulent, rarely &#177;entire, usually sinuate-dentate to variously pinnatifid, more rarely bipinnatifid, often denticulate, teeth frequently white-cartilagineous. <i>Synflorescence</i> mostly with inconspicuous bracts only, sometimes with smaller, cauline leaves; either (sub)acaulescent and tufted or glomerate, rarely subscapose, or, more frequently, caulescent; caulescent synflorescences either few-capitulate or &#177;many-capitulate and divaricate, herbaceous, or indurate and &#177;spinescent, or virgate or glomerate. <i>Peduncles</i> sometimes greatly reduced, usually little differentiated from preceding branches and with few to several bracts grading into the outer involucral bracts, usually spreading erect, rarely nodding in bud or at fruiting time; in indurate synflorescences usually subulate and persisting as spinelike segments after the shedding of the capitula. <i>Capitula</i> mostly slender and with c. 7-40 flowers, sometimes (sub)globose with up to > 100 flowers. <i>Receptacle</i> flat to slightly convex, epaleate, glabrous, very indistinctly areolate and pitted. <i>Involucre</i> with &#177;imbricate, usually ovate-acute to lanceolate outer bracts and a single row of linear-lanceolate inner bracts of &#177;equal length at anthesis. Inner bracts either being 5 or 8 and &#177;constant in number, or varying between either (3)4- c. 8 or c. 8-12(14); either prolonged after anthesis and then becoming &#177;unequal in length, or not prolonged. Fruiting involucre (6-)1o-16(-25) mm long. <i>Flowers</i> with a narrowly spathulate to linear, (4-)6-12(-20) mm long ligule of some shade of yellow, sometimes &#177;tinged red or violet on fading. Corolla tube pubescent with unicellular trichomes in upper part, shorter than the ligule or equalling the ligule in length, rarely little longer. Anther tube proper (0.8-)2-4(-4.8) mm long, and with rounded apical and sagittate basal appendages. Style branches 0.5-3.0(-4.0) mm long, yellow, with either concolourous or blackish sweeping hairs. <i>Achenes</i> &#177;cylindric to columnar, &#177;cuneate in outline or &#177;subfusiform, either subterete or prismatic, truncate or cuspidate to short- or long-rostrate, (1.6-)3-7(-12) mm long, &#177;homomorphic to moderately heteromorphic; either all with five main ribs, each usually accompanied by one &#177;distinct secondary rib on either side, or inner with four and outer with five main ribs, and capitula either with a higher ratio of the first or the second type; marginal achenes often somewhat compressed and curved, glabrous or variously papillose, their ribs smooth or, more commonly, with narrow transverse wrinkles of various shapes, the innermost achenes at the same time often &#177;smooth, or &#177;glabrous. <i>Pappus</i> (3.5-)5-9(-14) mm long, white and soft, (sub)homomorphic with only setaceous rays and persistent to cacduous, or dimorphic and usually persistent, with downy outer and setaceous inner rays, or with numerous cottony rays and setaceous rays may or may not be present.\r\rbased on: Kilian in Englera 17: 83-84, 1997.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b8636c77-347e-4d15-8088-90ecae2db2af","Annual (to pauciennial?) herb with slender taproot, flowering 5-25(75) cm high, with a single, ± erect, leafy, ± branched stem, often robust but considerably varying in thickness, or with a few to several ascending to erect stems. Basal leaves ± crowded, (1.5)4-8(12) x (0.2)l-3(5) cm, spathulate in outline, rarely subentire, otherwise sinuate-dentate to more frequently pinnatifid, pectinate-pinnatifid, or bipinnatifid, attenuate into a semiamplexicaule base, margin white-cartilagineously denticulate; cauline leaves in outline ± lanceolate, broadly auriculate, irregularly ± pectinate at base, otherwise similar, higher up the stem reduced to lanceolate, auriculate to cordate, ovate-acute bracts variable in size. Synflorescence of a single stem fairly variable in richness, sometimes with a single or a few capitula, sometimes with several, in general, however, rather poor. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering axes 1.5-8 cm long, with a few to several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts; capitula nodding before anthesis, being erect during anthesis and nodding at fruiting time again. Capitula with c. 60- >l00 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 4-12 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis somehow campanulate, 9-16 mm long, after anthesis scarcely prolonged but receptacle becoming conspicuously larger, finally fruiting involucre globose; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts somewhat spreading and their midrib as well as the basal part of the capitulum swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts c. 8-12, without scarious margin, apically contracted into a white-cartilagineous prickle, the outermost 2.5-7 x 2-5 mm, ovate-acute, the following bracts gradually larger but similar in shape, the innermost spathulate to lanceolate, at anthesis in length ± equalling up the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts c. 10-12, with ± obtuse, ± white-scarious tip, otherwise at most with indistinct scarious margin, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, at anthesis ± equal in length. 9-14(16) x 2-4 mm, towards fruiting time becoming little different in length to each other. Flowers with a ligule of (9)13-20 x (2.2)3.0-5.2 mm, bright yellow (the marginal dorsally greyish), and a tube 1/3- <1/2 as long as ligule; anthertube without appendages 2.6-3.4 mm long, longer in inner than in marginal flowers, apical appendages 0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 2.0-2.6 mm long, sweeping hairs yellow. Achenes 2.3-3.3 x 0.4-1.8 mm, heteromorphic, all, or all except for the innermost, densely papillose with long hyaline papillae; inner stout cylindrical, ± 4-angular, apically truncate, basally 4-horned, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 ± distinct secondary ribs, towards the margin of the receptacle achenes slightly compressed and curved; papillae forming a longitudinal, spreading, hyaline fringe on the main ribs and, less obvious, on the secondary ribs, making the achenes ± distinctly winged; the very marginal achenes with 5 (unequal) main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, somewhat compressed and curved, otherwise like the inner. Pappus 4-6 mm long, persistent, homomorphic with numerous cottony rays of ± equal length and diameter, or (sub)dimorphic. with 2-6 setaceous longer inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8984f12e-4fca-4b89-bf70-c2de019878a9","Plants annual (to pauciennial?). Mature innermost achenes (they are mature, if their pappus is as long as in the others) always completely glabrous and brown; others densely papillose and papillae on the longitudinal main ribs and, less distinctly, on the secondary ribs being arranged in ± dense juxtaposition, thus forming a wing, but the papillae are not or only basally connate with each other. Pappus apart from the numerous cottony rays, usually with c. 2-6 longer, setaceous inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c47bdca4-4be7-495e-9af4-78aab7f3422e","Annual herb. Achenes all densely papillose, papillae connate on each main rip to a hyaline wing of up to c. 0.5 mm in width with the lateral surface smooth and the egdes eroded; also each secondary rib with a similar wing, but narrower and papillae less connate. Pappus homomorphic, of cottony rays only.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8b93f220-6580-4209-b8de-6c7c9b9cb740","Annuall (to occasionally pauciennal) herb, with a taproot, flowering (5)25-50(80) cm high, fairly polymorphic, whole plant conspicuously preyish-glaucous, usually with a single, erect, leafy flowering stem corymbosely branched in upper part: otherwise plants branched ± from base on. ± without a dominant main stem and leaves basally rosulate. Lower cauline leaves (narrowly) spathulate in outline. 2-23 x 0.5-9 cm, rather variable but in general irregularly. deeply pinnatifid with narrow, acute segments, with acute apex, and deeply, white-cartilagineously sinuate-dentate and ± undulate margin; except for the very basal leaves, all regularly with large, cochleate and pinnatitifid auricles; upper cauline leaves lanceolate in outline, smaller, otherwise pinnatifid and auriculate as the lower leaves, in synflorescence region gradually reduced to shortly lanceolate or ovate-acute bracts with (semi)amplexicaule base. Synflorescence of a flowering stem ± divaricately branched, number of capitula considerably varying; main axis ending in a capitulum and overtopped by their branches; lower order branches usually monopodial, higher order branches monochasial; branching from accessory buds rather common in the later fruiting time. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the synflorescence axes (1.5)3-6(10) cm long, usually many-bracteate, spreading-erect. Capitula with c. 29-80 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time (2.5)3-5(7) mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis 8-12(14) mm long, at fruiting time up to 12-16(18) mm long: involucral bracts with ± (in)distinct or almost without scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib in lower part swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 7-12, apically contracted into a white prickle and often bent back already in bud, the outermost ± ovate-acute 2-4.5 mm long, the following bracts longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, reaching 3/4 and more of the length of the inner involucral bracts: inner involucral bracts with ± obtuse white-scarious tip, 8-12, linear-lanceolate, subequal at anthesis, 8-14 x 2-3.5 mm. with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre becoming different in length. Flowers with a ligule of 7-10 x 1.8-3.2 mm. bright yellow (in particular the outer ligules dorsally greyish with blackish veins). and a tube 4.5-6 mm long; anthertube without appendages (2.2)2.4-2.8(3.0) mm long, somewhat longer in the inner than in the marginal flowers, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.4-2.3 mm long, sweeping hairs usually yellow, in easternmost part of the distribution area (SE Arabian Peninsula, SE Iran. SE Pakistan), however, predominantly black. Achenes 2.9-7.0 x 0.3-0.8 mm, heteromorphic, the inner ± columnar, with 4 main ribs, secondary ribs not differentiated, transversally finely ± papillosely wrinkled, pale brown or greyish to darker brown, rips exceeding base of achene corpus forming a connate and often slightly ventricose tubular base with a ± even basal edge: the following papillose-pubescent achenes with the papillae arranged in dense wrinkled lines; achenes towards the margin of the receptacle densier papillose, somewhat curved, compressed and somewhat shorter, ribs at base less connate, more spreading, otherwise similar; the very marginal 5-ribbed, somewhat curved and compressed. otherwise like the former. Pappus homomorphic of setaceous rays only and deciduous, or dimorphic, of downy and setaceous rays, and persistent.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2bced5b7-6f99-4458-aaac-efac2b363cd1","Achenes 2.9-5.0(6.0) x 0.4-0.7 mm. Pappus 4-7(9) mm long, deciduous, homomorphic, of c. 20-30 setaceous rays, ± equal in length and diameter, or sometimes the outermost gradually shorter and thinner. Otherwise plants like the typical subspecies.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17. (as <i> Launaea mucronata subsp. cassiana</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ff47d22a-0d61-498e-ab56-b1662a2d4eea","Achenes (2.9)3.5-5.5(7.0) x 0.3-0.8 mm. Pappus 6-9 mm long, persistent, white, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of setaceous and longer rays. Otherwise plants as described above.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d518caa4-dc6b-4535-b615-288e5a60ceb6","Spinescent dwarf rosette shrub forming dense, hemispherical cushions up to 30 cm high, from base on repeatedly and intricately branched; young shoots with leaves basally crowded or in ± prolonged rosettes terminated by a <10 cm long, leafless, stout, persisting, lignified Synflorescence, with secondary synflorescences of the same type from axillary buds of the uppermost 1-3 leaves, and with innovations from axillary buds of basal nodes subsequently adding further synflorescences. Leaves 1 .5-4.0(5.0) x 0.5- 1.0(1.5) cm, early deciduous, narrowly spathulate, acute, attenuate towards base, base semiamplexicaule, ± persisting after withering of the leaves; margin denticulate; lamina in the lower half sinuate-dentate, in upper half pinnatifid with narrowly triangular. ± sinuate-dentate segments, somewhat fleshy, upper surface glaucous dark-green, with ± prominent, pale veins, lower surface greyish-green. Synflorescence stout, divaricately branched, with monopodial main axis soon terminated by a capitulum and overtopped by branches from the lowermost 3-4 nodes; upper branches monochasial, ± erect, zigzag, with subulate, spinelike terminal segments, up to c. 5 mm long; lower branches ± repeating the structure of the main axis; capitula exclusively developing at the lower terminal segments of the monochasia, upper subulate spinelike terminal segments sterile, capitula thus overtopped and protected by sterile synflorescence branches. Peduncles 1-5 mm long, with a few bracts, mostly being a short, erect. ± herbaceous prolongation of a subulate segment, later withering and aborted with the emptied capitulum, leaving back the subulate segment as a short spine. Capitula with c. 10-14 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time ± 1 mm in diameter. Involucre 6-9 mm long, towards fruiting time slender-cylindrical to slender-conical, at time of fruit dispersal inner involucral bracts spreading-erect and midrib of all involucral bracts swollen and hardened; involucral bracts with distinct, rather broad scarious margin; outer involucral bracts c. 8-10, imbricate, the outermost ovate-acute, ± 1 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate, c. 1/3-1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8, ± equal, linear-lanceolate, 6-9 x ± 2 mm. F1owers with a bright yellow ligule of 6-8 x 1.8-2.2 mm and a tube 4.5-5.5 mm long: anthertube without appendages 2.2-2.8 mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm and basal appendages ± 2.3 mm long; style branches 2.2-2.6 mm long, yellow, with concolorous sweeping hairs. Achenes 2.4-3.3 x 0.4-0.6 mm. all with 5 main ribs, the accompanying secondary ribs lacking or being at most very indistinct, subhornomorphic: inner achenes columnar to cylindrical, ± terete to very weakly 5-angular, glabrous, ± smooth, pale; marginal achenes slightly compressed and somewhat curved, ± obcolumnar, ± smooth to very minutely and inconspicuously transversally wrinkled, pale-brownish or greyish-olive-green to blackish. Pappus 4-5 mm long, persistent, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"74648a5c-39bf-434d-ab4a-6981158b5d6d","Perennial herb with a taproot and often shoot bearing lateral roots, up to 40-50 cm high at anthesis, when older with a short woody caudex, with one or a few basal leaf rosettes each usually with several procumbent to ascending-erect, already at the basal nodes ± divaricately branched, occasionally straggling flowering stems, leafless or with a few (± reduced) leaves at the lower branching. Caudical leaves 2-12(28) x 0.5-3.5(7) cm, rather variable, narrowly spathulate in outline, sinuate-dentate to irregularly pinnatifid to mostly runcinate, with acute apex and acute segments, sometimes also with roundish segments, tapering into a narrow, semiamplexicaule base, margin white-cartilagineously sinuate-dentate and denticulate; cauline leaves, if any, with (semi)amplexicaule to clasping base, smaller, otherwise similar, soon reduced to inconspicuous, ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem ending in a single capitulum and with a variable number of flowering branches; uppermost branch prolonging, other branches overtopping the main axis; usually the basal first and second order branches monopodial the upper branches and branches of higher order monochasial. Peduncles 2-15 mm long, wiry, spreading-erect, with a few to several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 16-30 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 2.0-3.5 mm in diameter. Involucre 10-16 mm long, slender, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts imbricate, scarious except for the herbaceous middle rib, the outermost ovate-acute, 1.5-3 mm long, the following gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost c. 1/2 of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8, in one row, ± equal, 11-14 x 2.0-3.0 mm, with broad scarious margin. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 8-11 x 2.2-2.6 mm and a tube 6-9 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.8-4.0 mm long, basal appendages 0.4-0.7 mm and apical appendages 0.3-0.6 mm long; style branches 2.0-3.2 mm long usually with yellow (very rarely ± blackish) sweeping hairs. Achenes (2.2)2.6-5.5 x 0.5-1.0 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, with 4 main ribs, secondary ribs not differentiated or weak, smooth to somewhat transversely wrinkled, pale; the central achene often loosing its pappus and persisting on the receptacle; marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by ± distinct secondary ribs, slightly curved, rather weakly compressed, (often weakly) transversely wrinkled, wrinkles on main ribs towards base with tuberculose, patent, acuminate projections, pale to greyish, dark brownish or black. Pappus 7-10 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7f1924ed-74f7-4f17-880f-a226a68d22b1","Perennial herb with taproot and woody base when older, flowering 4-40 cm high, with basally ± rosulate leaves and, usually several poorly branched or even scapelike flowering shoots fleafy in lower part; root system shoot bearing. Basal leafes fairly variable, 3-16 x 1-4 cm, (narrowly) spathulate in outline. usually deeply pinnatifid to bipinnatifid with (almost) linear segments often only 1-2 mm wide, lamina with ± acute apex and attenuate into a narrow semiamplexicaule base, margin white-cartilagineously denticulate; cauline leafes with ± auriculate base, auricles small, otherwise largely similar than former, soon grading into lanceolate to ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence of a single flowering stem poorly branched, few-capitulate or often mono-capitulate. Peduncles as the terminal segment of a flowering stem longer than 3 cm (mono-capitulate, scapelike stems reaching a length of 14 cm and more), variable in diameter but generally rather stout, with the capitula nodding in bud, and with several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 40 to more than 100 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 5-10 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis 12-18 mm long, ± campanulate, prolonged after anthesis, finally up to 25 mm long and (sub)globose; involucral bracts at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib basally swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts ± contracted into a white-cartilagineous tip and without or with indistinct scarious margin, the outermost 3-5 mm long, ovate-acute, the following bracts longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, at anthesis almost equalling up the inner involucral bracts in length; inner involucral bracts 10-12 and more, ± linear-lanceolate, with ± obtuse to subacute white-scarious tip and a usually ± distinct scarious margin, at anthesis ± subequal, 12-17 x 2-3.5 mm, at fruiting time becoming longer and a little different in length. Flowers with a sulfur yellow ligule of 10-14 x 2.4-3.8 mm and a tube 8-10 mm long; anthertube without appendages 3.2-4.0 mm long, somewhat longer in the inner than in the marginal flowers, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm, basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.6-2.4 mm long, with yellow sweeping hairs. Achenes 4.2-7.3 x 0.6-0.9 mm, columnar to cylindrical, ± prismatic, brown, heteromorphic, the inner with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 prominent secondary ribs similar to the main ribs, ± glabrous; the following papillose-pubescent to densely papillose, slightly shorter than inner; the marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, somewhat compressed and curved, densely papillose, otherwise like the former. Pappus 10-12 mm long, persistent, subhomomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays, sometimes a few very marginal being downy and shorter.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1ad7630a-290b-464f-99e3-43c9dfb3c38b","Perennial herb, flowering c. 20-25 cm high, with a basal leaf rosette and several leafless, divaricately branched, procumbent to ascending, greyish-glaucous flowering stems. Rosette leaves 3-10 x 1.5-3 cm, deeply pinnatifid to bipinnatifid with rounded segments and denticulate margin, in outline spathulate with a narrow terminal segment and tapering into a narrow base; stems with cordate, ovate-acute bracts only. Synflorescence of a flowering stem in the lower part usually monopodially, higher up monochasially branched with the terminal capitulum overtopped by the (upper) branches, with several capitula single at the end of the axes. Peduncles as the terminal part of the flowering axes wiry, 0.7-3.5 cm long, below the capitulum with a few bracts passing over into the outermost involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 20-30 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time ± 2 mm in diameter. Involucre slender, at flowering time 7-9 mm long, prolonged after anthesis. at fruiting time narrowly cylindrical, up to 8-11(-12) mm long; involucral bracts mucronate, the outer (and often also the inner) with white-cartilagineous tips, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts c. 6-9, the outermost ovate-acute, cordate, ± 2 mm long and little narrower, the following bracts longer and spathulate, the innermost ± linear-lanceolate, usually 1/2-c. 2/3 of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts c. 7-10, linear-lanceolate. 8-11 x 1-2 mm, subequal at anthesis, at fruiting time the innermost somewhat longer than the others. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 5.3-7.5(9) x 1.5-2.6 mm and a tube 3-4 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.0-2.4(-2.6) mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.3-0.4 mm long; style branches 1.6-2.0 mm long, sweeping hairs yellow. Achenes 2.5-5.1 x 0.3-0.5 mm, ± darkish brown, inner columnar to slightly fusiform (but stronger tapering towards apex than towards base), slightly prismatic, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, ribs very finely white-squamulosely wrinkled; marginal somewhat shorter, slightly curved and slightly compressed, ± 5-angular, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, with both minute, dustgrain-like as well as patent, 0.04-0.08 mm long papillae, otherwise like inner. Pappus 4-8 mm long, ± deciduous, white, dimorphic, of downy and a similar number of setaceous, longer rays, or occasionally (sub)homomorphic (almost) of setaceous rays only.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fff7227f-0124-41af-b1a2-04f6b6ef6ddf","Perennial rosette plant flowering c. 20-70(100) cm high, with a woody caudex and one or more leaf rosettes shooting forth one or a few ± erect and, except for the basal part, leafless flowering stems. Rosette 1eaves c. 2-10 x 0.3-2 cm, narrowly spathulate to elliptical with ± acute apex, and tapering into a narrow base: margin sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid with ± triangular segments, scarcely (always?) denticulate. Cauline leaves none or a few, like caudical but smaller, soon reduced to inconspicuous ± ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence consisting of the suberect, throughout monopodially branched main axis terminated by a capitulum and of several virgate, curved-ascending, throughout monopodial flowering branches up to 30-40 cm length, situated in the lower third or half of the main axis; capitula (sub)sessile, single or through accessory buds clustered by a few at the nodes of the flowering axes giving them a spikelike appearance. Peduncles 0-3 mm long with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 8-11 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter. Involucre slender, 10-12 mm long. at anthesis narrowly cylindrical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib swollen and hardened in lower part; outer involucral bracts ± imbricate, with distinct and rather broad scarious margin, the outermost ovate-acute, c. 1 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost almost 1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts: inner involucral bracts 5(-6), linear-lanceolate, ± equal, 10-12 x 1.5-2 mm, with distinct but rather narrow, scarious margin. Flowers yellow: anthertube without appendages c. 3 mm long. Achenes c. 4.0-4.2 x 0.3-0.5 mm, heteromorphic, inner columnar to cylindrical, ± truncate at both ends, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 rather indistinct secondary ribs, ± 4-angular, densely transversally wrinkled, pale: marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, slightly compressed, black (always?), otherwise like inner. Pappus 7 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner. setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ebb55ff8-2902-4705-9dd4-a119244e7846","Rosette shrublet with taproot, flowering 8-25(35) cm high, with a woody, erect caudex of several cm in length, carrying one or more terminal (prolonged) leaf rosettes; rosette shoots producing a basally branched, rather stout flowering stem, often basally leafy, or also higher up with leaves supporting the branches. Rosette and basal leaves 2.5-18 x 0.8-6 cm, spathulate in outline, shallowly sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid with rather broad, conspicuously white-cartilagineously dentate and denticulate segments, lamina leathery, with obtuse to acute apex and attenuate into a semiamplexicaule base. Cauline leaves smaller than basal leaves, with entire, non-decurrent auricles, otherwise similar, passing over into broadly lanceolate to ovate-acute, ± amplexicaule bracts, usually with white-scarious tip. Synflorescence rather sturdy, sometimes only with 2, and only in very vigorous plants with more than c. 10-15 capitula. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering axes (3)4-8(11) cm long and rather robust, with the capitula nodding in bud and with a few to several ± distant bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with more than 100 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time (5)7-10 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis 12-16(19) mm long, ± campanulate, prolonged after anthesis, finally 14-21 mm long and ± globose, involucral bracts white-tipped, at time of fruit dispersal spreading with their midrib in the very basal part swollen and hardened, finally reflexed; outer involucral bracts ± 15, imbricate, their apex ± contracted into a white-scarious prickle, otherwise herbaceous, the outermost broadly ovate-acute, 4-7 x 3-5 mm, the following bracts larger, broadly ovate to broadly lanceolate, the innermost passing over into the (± linear)-lanceolate inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts ± 12, with rather thin, ± distinct scarious margin at least in basal half, at anthesis ± subequal in length, at fruiting time becoming only little different to each other in length, finally 14-20 x 2-4 mm. Flowers with a golden yellow ligule (dorsally greyish in marginal flowers) of 11-16 x 2.2-2.8 mm and a tube c. 7-10 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.4-3.5 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.2-1.8 mm long, sweeping hairs yellow. Achenes 2.6-4.2 x 0.3-0.8 mm, heteromorphic, inner columnar to cylindrical, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, ± 4-angular and, due to the main ribs basally exceeding the corpus, 4 horned at base, the innermost glabrous, ± smooth, pale brown; the following distinctly prismatic, somewhat shorter and stouter, ± densely covered with hyaline papillae: marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, strongly 5-angular, somewhat compressed, somewhat curved, otherwise similar. Pappus 9-10 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous cottony and some setaceous longer inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"74d189e1-2f31-46bb-bfe0-bbc343373bfc","Strictly annual herb with slender taproot, flowering c. 15-70(and more?) cm high, usually with a single, erect, leafy main stem strongly branched in upper part, in other cases with a few stems ± branched from base on; stems and branches often somewhat blackish. Basal leaves crowded, at flowering time often withered, 2-18 x 1.5-6 cm (probably also larger), the early ovate and almost entire, the later spathulate in outline with rounded apex, deeply lyrate to subruncinate, all tapering into a narrow, sometimes even petiolelike base, margin ± white-cartilagineously denticulate (sinuate-dentate and denticulate), lamina thin. Cauline leaves usually well developed in the lower half of the stem, only in poor plants stem with a single small cauline leaf or even naked; lower cauline leaves distinctly amplexicaule, lamina deeply lyrate to subruncinate with rounded apex and deeply clasping, cordate base, otherwise similar; higher cauline leaves smaller and grading into decreasingly acuminate, narrowly ovate-acute, cordate bracts. Synflorescence densely and divaricately branched, in case of well developed plants rich, always with capillaceous higher order branches and peduncles; main axis and lower order branches monopodial, terminated by a capitulum and overtopped by their branches; higher order branches monochasial; develoment of capitula from accessory buds on the main axis and the branches common, but capitula never glomerate. Peduncles capillaceous, spreading-erect, always well developed, 1.0-2(3.5) cm long, naked except for 1-3 inconspicuous bracts ± immediately below the capitulum and passing over into the outermost involucral bracts, rarely also with a single bract further down. Capitula with 7-14 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 0.7-1.0 mm in diameter. Involucre 7-10 mm long, slender, before anthesis subobconical to cylindrical, after anthesis conical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 5-7, imbricate, with broad, scarious margin, the outermost c. 1 mm long, broadly ovate-acute, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost 1/3 to 2/5 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5, linear-lanceolate, 7-9 x 0.8-1.1 mm, ± equal, with distinct but rather narrow scarious margins. Flowers with a pale to medium yellow ligule of 4.0-5.6 x 0.8-1.1 mm and a tube 3.6-4.4 mm long; anthertube without appendages 0.8-l.0(l.2) mm long, basal appendages 0.3-0.4 mm, apical appendages 0.1-0.2 mm long, usually blackish; style branches 0.6-1.0 mm long, usually with blackish sweeping hairs. Achenes 2.2-3.8 x 0.4-0.7 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar with truncate base and cuspidate apex, ± 4-angular, with 4 main ribs and very inconspicuous secondary ribs, smooth to slightly wrinkled, pale; innermost achene often persisting with broadened base and deciduous pappus; marginal slender subfusiform, subrostrate to shortly rostrate, somewhat compressed and curved, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, transversally ± sharply wrinkled, dark brown or blackish brown to coal-black. Pappus 4-5.5 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17. (as <i>Launaea massauensis</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f012cda4-146d-4a50-b269-046679499f79","Annual herb with slender taproot and a basal leaf rosette, subacaulescent or with a few to several scapelike, procumbent to ascending or (more rarely) ± erect flowering stems up to c. 15(40) cm long and with a few (mostly short) flowering branches in upper part; flowering stems only occasionally with a single leaf subtending the first branch. Rosette leaves 2-16 x 0.5-5.5 cm, oblong to spathulate in outline, with ± rounded apex and tapering towards a narrow base, first leaves subentire to sinuate-dentate, later leaves runcinate, margin white-cartilagineously denticulate; leaves of the flowering stems ± reduced to inconspicuous bracts. Synflorescence with clustered (in groups of 2-7 or more), subsessile capitula situated in the centre of the rosette in acaulescent plants, otherwise at the end of the monopodial flowering stem and its one or two (or rarely more) branches. Peduncles almost lacking or, more rarely up to c. 0.5 cm long, wiry, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 25-50 flowers, at fruiting time ± nodding. Receptacle at fruiting time 4-6 mm in diameter. Involucre 8-12 mm long, thickly cylindrical before anthesis, thick subcampanulate to subglobose at fruiting time; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts c. 12-16, imbricate, their scarious margin distinctly wider than the herbaceous middle parts, the outermost bracts broadly ovate(-acute), c. 2-3.5 mm long and almost as wide as long, the following bracts longer and oblong to (broadly) lanceolate, the innermost up to c. 2/3 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8(-12), lanceolate, 8-12 x 2.5-4 mm, with the scarious margin distinctly narrower than in the outer involucral bracts. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 4.5-6.0 x 1.2-1.6 mm and a somewhat longer tube; anthertube without appendages 1.1-1.3 mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm, basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 0.8-1.2 mm long, with yellow sweeping hairs. Achenes 3.1-4.3 x 1.2-2.1 mm, with pericarp of soft tissue, pale, heteromorphic, inner with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs; ribs somewhat transversally wrinkled; both median main ribs expanded into smooth to ± transversally striate wings with crenulate edge, each up to somewhat more than 1/2 of the achene diameter wide, commonly in single achenes 1-2(3) further ribs ± expanded into wings; marginal achenes somewhat curved, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, otherwise wrinkled and winged as in inner achenes. Pappus 4-7 mm long, deciduous together with the pappus disk, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9c7fe849-9999-470b-8046-8932f597a7e4","Cushion forming, spinescent rosette shrublet up to c. 40 cm high, with a strong taproot and a shortly branched, woody caudex carrying several, closely neighbouring leaf rosettes; axils of the former and present rosette leaves with a persisting white-lanate indumentum; rosette shoots terminated each by a spinescent, from base on intricately and divaricately branched, lignified, leafless synflorescence intermingled with the others and thus together constituting a persistent, spiny cushion; innovations from the axils of rosette leaves protected by the spiny cushion and later overtopping it with their synflorescences. Rosette leaves obovate to broadly spathulate in young stage of rosette, later ± narrowly spathulate in outline, (3)5-20 x 0.3-2 cm, with ± acute apex, long-attenuate towards base, ± denticulate and sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid with triangular-acute segments, lamina dark green on upper and paler green on lower surface, leaf base semiamplexicaule, ± persistent; above the often somewhat prolonged rosette, leaves immediately reduced to inconspicuous ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence of a rosette shoot basally monopodially and higher up monochasially branched; branches in their majority enclosing an angle of 50-80°; monochasial flowering branches characteristically ± zick-zack. Peduncles being the terminal segments of a synflorescence branch, slender, subulate, lignified, spreading-erect, or archederect in case of longer peduncles, 0.5-3(5) cm long, with one or a few bracts immediately below the capitulum and passing over into the outer involucral bracts, on longer peduncles with one or few additional bracts further down; peduncles remaining as spines after shedding of the capitula. Capitula with 15-24 flowers. Receptucle at fruiting time 2-3 mm in diameter. Involucre 11-16 mm long, towards fruiting time slender-cylindrical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts imbricate, with distinct, broad scarious margin, the outermost ovate-acute to narrowly triangular, mostly twice as long as wide, 1.5-2.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the innermost 1/3 to 1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8, in one row, with a scarious margin almost as broad as in the outer involucral bracts, linear-lanceolate, ± equal. 11-15 x 2-3 rnm. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 10-13 x 2.2-2.8 mm and a tube 5.5-7 mm long; anthertube without appendages 3.6-4.0 mm long, apical appendages 0.4-0.6 mm, basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 2.6-3.2 mm long, with yellow sweeping hairs. Achenes (3.2)4.4-6.2 x 0.7-0.9 mm, heteromorphic, inner columnar. prismatic, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 ± indistinct secondary ribs, smooth to slightly transversally wrinkled with roundish wrinkles, pale; marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 ± distinct secondary ribs, ± columnar, weakly compressed and somewhat curved, usually densely and distinctly transversally wrinkled, pale to brownish or greenish. Pappus 6-8 mm long, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1b4c109c-a072-42d4-b7a2-776caaac6173","Herb, perennial, (5)-10-40-(60) cm high. Taproot tough and lignified. Flowering stems sulcate, unbranched or branched. Leaves very variable. Rosette leaves linear, narrowly oblong or narrowly obovate, irregularly pinnatifid, irregularly dentate or entire, semiamplexicaul. Cauline leaves pinnatifid or rarely entire, sometimes auriculate. Upper cauline leaves apically increasingly smaller and reduced to scales apically. Peduncle (0.5)-2.0-6.0-(9.0) cm long. Heads with c. 20-60 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 9.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-10.0 mm in diameter, glabrous; involucral bracts glaucous or purplish, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts ovate to linear, 2.0-4.0 mm long, c. 3.0 mm wide, acute, margin sometimes minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, 9.0-14.0 mm long, 1.5-3.5 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, yellow and tinged purple externally; ligule (6.0)-8.0-12.0-(16.0) mm long, 2.2-3.4-(4.0) mm wide. Anthertube (2.2)-2.6-3.2-(4.0) mm long; apical appendages subacute, 0.3-0.4 mm long; basal appendages 0.3-0.5 mm long. Style c. 9.0 mm long; branches 1.8-2.5 mm long, style branches yellow. Achenes dimorphic, 3.9-8.2 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, 4-horned, truncate; outer achenes curved, somewhat compressed, pubescent of hyaline papillae, with 5 main ribs, with 2 secondary ribs in between; inner achenes cylindrical, compressed, glabrous, smooth, brown, with 4 main ribs, with 2 secondary ribs in between. Pappus dimorphic, white, (7.0)-10.0-12.0 mm long, persistent; inner pappus hairs shortly barbellate or scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of Launaea Cass. (Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae). – Englera 17; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Launaea resedifolia</i> ).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0d2eebe5-22fb-422c-9070-6acb1757ce62","Polymorphic perennial herb with shoot bearing roots (therefore plants often growing in groups), flowering up to c. 20-40(?) cm high, with basal leaf rosette and with (one to) several, rather weak, procumbent to ascending-erect, ± leafy to leafless flowering stems; aging plants with woody (and often branched) base; rosulate leafy innovations at lower nodes of the stems often present. Rosette leaves 2-26 x 0.5-5 cm, broadly to narrowly spathulate in outline, tapering into a narrow base, with roundish to somehow acute apex, sinuate-dentate to variably pinnatifid, margin variably white-cartilagineously sinuate-dentate and denticulate; cauline leaves with base ± clasping, smaller, otherwise similar, higher up grading into inconspicuous bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem variable in extent of branching; the monopodial main axis ending in a capitulum and being overtopped by the uppermost of its branches strongly variable in length; lower branches either short and monochasial like the upper, or longer in more vigorous plants and repeating the structure of the main axis; development of capitula from accessory buds very common and capitula thus often fasciculate by a few or in even larger numbers at the nodes. Peduncles mostly a few mm long, rarely somewhat longer than 1 cm, wiry and with a few to several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 16-27 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-3 mm in diameter. Involucre (8)10-12(14) mm long. slender; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts c. 10-14, imbricate, with rather broad scarious margin, the outermost ovate-acute, 1-2 mm long, the following bracts longer and more lanceolate, the innermost up to 2/3 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8 (or, occasionally, more in single capitula), linear-lanceolate, with distinct scarious margin somewhat narrower than in outer bracts, ± equal, in one row, 8-13 x 1-2 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 6-9 x 1.6-2.2 mm and a tube 5-7.5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.0-2.8 mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.5 mm long; style branches 1.3-1.5 mm long, sweeping hairs blackish. Achenes 1.8-4.4 x 0.4-0.9 mm, with the pappus disk deciduous together with the pappus, heteromorphic, inner with 4 thick main ribs of soft tissue and usually lacking secondary ribs, stout-columnar to slightly thickend above middle and tapering towards apex, ± 4-angular, smooth to somewhat transversally wrinkled, pale to greyish or brownish; the innermost 1-2(3) achenes either as long as the others or up to 50% larger and often remaining enclosed in the basally hardened involucre after the dispersal of the others; marginal with 5 main ribs accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs (ribs considerably varying in thickness and prominence), ± compressed and somewhat curved, ± fusiform, with distinctly pointed apex after loss of the pappus disk, transversally wrinkled (more rarely inconspicuously wrinkled), brownish or greyish to black: sometimes a few of the outer achenes also pale, with thick or very prominent ribs of the same soft tissue as in inner and scarcely wrinkled. Pappus 5-8 mm long, deciduous with the pappus disk. homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays. The latex of Launaea procumbens is reported to be yellow or orange (Misra & Verma 1992: 203; Sharma & Sharma 1989: 153; Parker in sched. 0.57 (BM) and Larnond in sched. 434, E), whereas it is white in most other Launaea species.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"efb85d05-9d5e-4fd3-af5d-27c8967f975b","Spinescent, divaricately and intricately branched, dense, ± (henzi)spherical, almost leafless shrub up to 0.5-1(-2) m height. Leaves, often ± crowded, on the base of young shoots, soon deciduous, 1.5-8 x 0.2-3.5 cm, linear or linear-spathulate and entire to (narrowly) spathulate or (narrowly) lanceolate in outline and pinnatifid with a few linear, acute segments, glaucous and somewhat succulent; higher up the shoots soon reduced to inconspicuous, ovate-acute bracts. All innovations terminated by a synfloresceace being lignified, divaricately and intricately branched with subulate, spinescent terminal segments 0.5-2(-3) cm long; capitula single at the end of the subulate terminal segments (peduncles) as well as, in their majority, situated lateral at the nodes of the higher order synflorescence branches due to development from accessory buds, and (sub)sessile to shortly pedunculate. single or in clusters; the terminal peduncles with 1-2 inconspicuous bracts, after shedding of the emptied capitula or abortion of the capitulum buds persisting as lignified spines. Capitula with 8-13 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time ± 2 mm in diameter. Involucre 9-11 mm long, towards fruiting time (slender)-cylindrical to conical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; involucral bracts with rather indistinct scarious margin; outer involucral bracts 5-7, ± imbricate, the outermost broadly ovate and ± acute, 1-1.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and ovate-lanceolate, the innermost broadly lanceolate, up to c. 2/3-3/4 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5, in one row, ± linear-lanceolate and of ± equal length, 9-11 x 2-3.5 mm. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 6-7 x 2.0-2.3 mm and a tube 5-6 mm long; anthertube without appendages 3.0-3.2 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages ± 0.4 mm long; style branches 3-4 mm long, yellow, with concolourous sweeping hairs. Achenes 2.7-4.5 x 0.5-1.3 mm, straw-coloured, all with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, subhomomorphic, inner ± columnar to ± slender cuneate, smooth or with ± conspicuous, rounded, thick transversal wrinkles; marginal cuneate, somewhat compressed and curved, truncate at both ends, with distinct, ± rounded, often thick, transversal wrinkles. Pappus 4-5 mm long, persistent, subhomomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays gradually somewhat decreasing in diameter from centre to periphery.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"398e7957-e7f8-45b3-9bd1-d348c1713f20","Dense, intricate, spinescent, ± irregularly hemispherical shrub, c. 50-100 (-150) cm high, almost leafless, with a deep-reaching strong taproot and strong lateral roots; roots shoot bearing. Branches terete, divaricately and intricately branched with subulate spinescent terminal segments; young branches lignified and glaucous, with ± succulent cordex becoming greyish-brown with age. Latex whitish and of unpleasant smell. Leaves rosulate to crowded at the base of the innovations, usually somewhat succulent, glaucous-green, narrowly spathulate to ± linear in outline, acute, (0.8)2-5(8.5) long, either 0.1-0.5 cm wide and entire to scarcely sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid with few linear to narrowly triangular segments and then up to 1.5-2(4) cm wide, soon deciduous, higher up the shoots reduced to inconspicuous, ovate-acute bracts. All innovations terminated by a divaricately branched, spinescent synflorescence with branchings in their majority enclosing an angle of 80-100°; capitula always situated terminal and single on the subulate, 0.5-2(3) cm long peduncles, which after shedding of the capitula persist as spines. Capitula with 7-19 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter. Involucre (7.5)8.5-12(15) mm long, towards fruiting time cylindrical to conical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib swollen and hardened in lower half; outer involucral bracts 4-7, ± imbricate, with narrowly scarious margin, the outermost broadly ovate(-acute), 1-2 mm long and ± equally wide, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate, 1/2-3/4 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts, particularly in mainland populations, variable in number, 5-6(8), linear- lanceolate and of ± equal length, 7-12 x 1.5-3.5 mm. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 5-8 x 2.1-2.8 mm and a tube 4.4-7.2 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.6-3.8 mm long, basal and apical appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long. Achenes (2.5)3-4(4.8) x 0.7-1.3 mm, prismatic, all with 5 main ribs accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, with ± distinct, transverse, roundish, ± tuberculate wrinkles, often somewhat pulverulent-papillose; inner slender cuneate, (pale) brown: marginal somewhat curved and slightly compressed, distinctly thicker and cuneate, (dark) brown. Pappus 5-8 mm long, subhomomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays gradually somewhat decreasing in diameter from centre to periphery.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"398e7957-e7f8-45b3-9bd1-d348c1713f20","[...] a xerophyte chiefly confined to semidesert vegetation types. An annual mean precipitation above 400 mm and a minimum temperature below 0 °C delimit its distribution in SE Spain [...]. This largely holds true also for NW Africa as its abscence from the more humid areas [...] indicates. [...] Inland populations [in NW Africa] are most frequently confined to wadi beds and certain habitats in mountain areas.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. <i>(Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae)</i>.- Englera 17: 151-157.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"4dce07d3-6268-4806-b9a4-e117f052876b","Herb, biennial or perennial, 50-100 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, thinly pilose or glabrescent, usually branched in upper half. Lower cauline leaves sometimes in rosette, narrowly ovate or oblong-obovate, 5.0-18.0-(20.0) cm long, 1.0-4.0 cm wide, subentire or remotely denticulate, subacute or acute, petiole-like attenuate, thinly pilose, papery. Middle and upper cauline leaves few, elliptic-ovate or linear, 4.0-15.0 cm long, 0.3 cm wide, denticulate or entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate or attenuate. Synflorescence paniculiform. Peduncle 1.0-18.0 cm long, covered with bracts. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 5.0-6.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear, acuminate, thinly tomentose; outer involucral bracts (2.5)-3.0-4.0 mm long, 0.3-1.0 mm wide, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts up to 10.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide. Corolla yellow, turning greenish on drying; outer flowers corolla tube 3.0-4.0 mm long, shortly pilose, ligule 6.0-7.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide; inner flowers corolla tube glabrous, ligule 4.0-5.0 mm long. Anthertube 3.0-4.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 9.0 mm long; branches c. 0.3 mm long. Achenes cylindrical in outline, c. 1.8 mm long, 0.4-0.5-(1.0) mm wide, scabridulous, angular, dark brown, with longitudinal ribs. Pappus dimorphic, white or brownish yellow; outer pappus hairs 0.1 mm, palaeceous; inner pappus hairs 0.5-5.0 mm, scabridulous or barbellate, with 4-8(14) bristles. \r\rBased on: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Tadesse, M. 2004: 26. Tolpis - Pp. 70-71 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala; Tutin, T.G. 1976: 150. Tolpis Adanson. – Pp. 306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e1a49571-0a30-475d-8eaf-852320a6afc9","<p>The molecular analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) revealed a subclade comprising the genera <i>Chondrilla</i>, <i>Phitosia</i> and <i>Willemetia,</i> which has been recognised as a separate subtribe <i>Chondrillinae</i> by Kilian & al. (2009). Whereas the sister-group relationship of <i>Chondrilla</i> and <i>Willemetia</i> received strong statistical support, there was no statistical support for the subclade also including <i>Phitosia</i>, a monospecific genus recently established for a species removed from <i>Crepis</i> for cytological and carpological reasons (Kamari & Greuter 2000).</p><p><i>Chondrilla</i> and <i>Willemetia</i> have been hitherto treated as members of subtribe <i>Crepidinae</i> (Bremer 1994; Lack 2006). Also in the analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) the <i>Chondrillinae</i> and <i>Crepidinae</i> subclades formed a monophyletic group of 100 % bootstrap value and posterior probability of 1.0 in the ITS phylogeny. However, since the sister-group relationsship of <i>Crepidinae</i> and <i>Chondrillinae</i> has been proven less stable when different molecular datasets (<i>matK</i> and nrITS) were combined (Gemeinholzer & al., in prep.), Kilian & al. (2009) refrained from treating the <i>Chondrilla</i> alliance as a part of the subtribe <i>Crepidinae.</i></p>\r<h3>References</h3> <p>Bremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Kamari G. & Greuter W. 2000: <i>Phitosia,</i> a new genus for <i>Crepis crocifolia (Compositae, Cichorieae),</i> a local endemic of Mount Taigetos (Greece). – Bot. Chron. (Patras) 13: 11-36.</p> <p>Lack H. W. 2006: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.</p> ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ba16b506-7c4c-46f6-9b53-7926f87a0b86","Caespitose perennial with a branched woody caudex, forming large, dense clumps or mats from which the flowering stems emerge. Perennial shoots short, bearing rosulate leaves producing innovations from their axils and surrounded by the remnants of persisting brownish leaf bases. Annual stems terminal to these shoots, almost scapiform, erect, slender, up to 40(-45) cm, not or sparingly branched. <i>Rosular leaves</i> several, (3-)7-15 x 0.2- 0.5 cm, linear or linear-lanceolate, entire (rarely with 1-2 triangular-acuminate, up- or downcurved teeth or lobules in their middle part), glaucous, glabrous; <i>stem leaves</i> few and distant, resembling the basal ones but smaller, the lowermost often producing axillary innovations in the fall, the upper narrowly linear. <i>Capitula</i> erect, 9-15-flowered, at the end of long (up to 15 cm) peduncles which are gradually thickened upward then suddenly constricted at the base of the flower heads. <i>Involucre</i> 8-11 x 6-8 mm, obconical-campanulate to narrowly campanulate, sparsely appressed-canescent with simple, crispate-interwoven, uniseriate, pluricellular hairs, neither setose nor glandular. <i>Outer phyllaries</i> up to 10, unequal, less than &#189; as long as the inner ones, linear, dark green; <i>inner phyllaries</i> 8-10, lanceolate, acute, glabrous on their ventral surface. <i>Receptacle</i> non-areolate, glabrous and naked, with only the scars of the central cypsela strands visible after fruit abscission. <i>Corolla</i> 9-13(-15) mm; tube glabrous; ligules up to 2.5(-3) mm wide,yellow. <i>Cypselas</i> 5-7 mm, smooth, yellowish brown, fusiform, with c. 20 longitudinal striae or weak ribs; gradually attenuate toward the apex then expanded into a pappus disk; carpopodium of (3-)5 ± irregularly semilunar calli surrounding a cavity with a central sclerenchyma strand to which the cypsela is attached. Pappus 5-7 mm long, 2-seriate, dirty yellowish; setae unequal, rather rigid, the larger compressed dorsiventrally in their lower part, scabrid all round with asperities that increase in density towards the base, breaking away singly from a basal coronula capping the pappus disk.\r\rfrom: Kamari & Greuter in Bot. Chron. 13: 14-15. 2000.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ba16b506-7c4c-46f6-9b53-7926f87a0b86","<i>Phitosia</i> is a genus established by Kamari & Greuter (2000) to accommodate the single species formerly treated as <i>Crepis crocifolia</i>. The species has a localised distribution in the SE Peloponnes (Kamari & al. 2011) and was apparently misplaced in <i>Crepis</i>. It differs from that genus, most strikingly, because of its chromosome number of 2<i>n</i> = 18 (Kamari & Greuter 2000: 18, fig. 3a-b, 4a-b), which is not known from the entire subtribe <i>Crepidinae</i>, its achene and pappus micromorphology (Kamari & Greuter 2000: 18-20, fig. 5-12) and its growth form as a cushion forming rosette shrub (Kamari & Greuter 2000: 17-18, fig. 1). \r\rKamari & Greuter (2000) assumed <i>Phitosia</i> to represent an isolated branch that arose from the common anchestral stock of the morphologically weakly differentiated crepidioid subtribes. Lack (2006) treated <i>Phitosia</i> as a member of subtribe <i>Crepidinae</i>.  Essentially confirming the separation of <i>Phitosia</i> from <i>Crepis</i>, the ITS phylogeny of the tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) showed <i>Phitosia</i> in a clade with the genera <i>Chondrilla</i> and <i>Willemetia</i>, but whereas the sister-group relationship of <i>Chondrilla</i> and <i>Willemetia</i> received strong statistical support, there was no statistical support for the more comprehensive clade with <i>Phitosia</i>. The placement of <i>Phitosia</i> along with <i>Chondrilla</i> and <i>Willemetia</i> in the subtribe <i>Chondrillinae</i> is therefore tentative and in need of confirmation.</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber.\r\rKamari G., Kyriakopoulos C. & Kofinas G. 2011 [""2010""]: New finding of <i>Phitosia crocifolia (Compositae)</i> in E Peloponnisos. – Fl. Medit. 20: 235-238.\r\rKilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.\r\rKamari G. & Greuter W. 2000: <i>Phitosia,</i> a new genus for <i>Crepis crocifolia (Compositae, Cichorieae),</i> a local endemic of Mount Taigetos (Greece). – Bot. Chron. (Patras) 13: 11-36.\r\rLack H. W. 2006 [""2007""]: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8f971ae8-dbc6-45ea-b5b0-aac3cda89d95","Perennial, up to 2.6 dm high, root vertical, very slender, 0.5-3 mm wide below the much thicker caudex; caudex 0.3-2 cm wide including the numerous brown bases of old leaves, simple or divided, 1-4-stemmed; caudical leaves numerous, caespitose, 4-8 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, linear or the lowest narrowly oblanceolate, acute or somewhat obtuse, entire, gradually narrowed into the winged petiole, with broader scarious or purplish base, greyish-glaucous; lowest cauline leaves similar, up to 6 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, the others remote, gradually reduced or bractlike; stems stiffly erect or sinuate, slender, terete, striate, glabrous, bearing a terminal flowering or fruiting head and developing a very slender 1-2-headed branch in the axil of each cauline leaf; peduncles 3-13 cm long, definitely thickened upward but constricted at base of head, glabrous; heads erect, small, 11-14-flowered; involucre campanulate, about 10 mm high, brownish-black in sic., sparsely canescent-tomentulose; outer bracts about 8, unequal, longest 1/3 as long as the inner, lanceolate, acute; inner bracts 9-10, lanceolate, acute, glabrous on inner face, becoming weakly carinate and spongy-thickened at base in fruit; receptacle glabrous; corolla about 14 mm long; ligule about 2.5 mm wide; teeth about 0.6 mm long; corolla tube 4 mm long, glabrous; anther tube 5 x 1.7 mm dis.; appendages 0.6 mm long, lanceolate; filaments 0.6 mm longer; style branches 2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, yellow; achenes stramineous, 5-5.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide, slightly curved or straight, subterete, more strongly attenuate upward, 0.3-0.4 mm wide below the expanded pappus disk, slightly narrowed at the thin-calloused hollow base, about 20-striate, striae weak, smooth; pappus pale yellowish, about 5 mm long, 2-seriate, setae unequal in width, coarsest about 50µ finest about 16µ at base, outermost setae coarser, rather rigid and brittle, persistent. Flowering July-Aug.; flowers yellow.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis crocifolia</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"de197b01-98d6-4b53-9736-eda6764d581d","Herb, biennial or perennial, 75-150 cm high. Flowering stems light green or glaucous, hispid in the lower part, medium tomentose or subglabrous, 10.0 mm in diameter, branched in upper half or branched already from base. Rosette leaves indistinct. Cauline leaves ovate, the upper ones linear-ovate or elliptic-oblong, up to 8.5 cm long, 0.8-1.0 cm wide, entire or runcinate, strongly attenuate, sometimes hispid or arachnoid, glaucous on both surfaces. Peduncle up to 0.1 cm long, densely tomentose. Heads with 10-11 flowers. Involucre 15.0-17.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 13.0 mm long, pubescent or sometimes hispid. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 3.0-4.5 mm long, scabrid with scales in the upper part and with a crown of 1 mm-long scales; beak 2.0-5.0 mm long. Pappus 7.0-9.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a582f252-3d93-485b-9e7e-b7d9d2ed632d","Herb, perennial, 50-100 cm high. Flowering stems hispid in the middle and in the lower part, 1.5-10.0 mm in diameter, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate, c. 11.0 cm long, c. 1.5 cm wide, runcinate. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly ovate, 1.5-11.0 cm long, 0.1-0.5 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, sometimes hispid in the lower part. Peduncle up to 0.1 cm long, pubescent. Heads with (9)-11-(12) flowers. Involucre 12.0-16.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 10.0-12.0 mm long, arachnoid or sometimes hispid. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 4.0-5.0 mm long, scabrid with scales in the upper part and with a crown of 0.2-0.5 mm long scales; beak (0.5)-1.0-2.5-(3.5) mm long. Pappus 7.0-10.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"17839b1d-b16b-4e10-80c3-df418a9315fd","Like 1 [<i>Chondrilla juncea</i>] but capitula with 5-7 florets; involucre with 5-7 inner bracts; achenes 5-7 mm, with a very short beak up to 0.7 mm or rarely beakless, the collar of scales sometimes partially or completely absent.\r\r[<i>Chondrilla juncea</i>: Greyish-green biennial to perennial. Stems usually solitary, 50-100 cm, with numerous ascending branches, glabrous or with rigid hairs particularly below, sometimes with short appressed hairs. Leaves glabrous or with a few rigid hairs; basal 40-120 x 15-45 mm, soon withering, oblanceolate, more or less acute, deeply and irregularly runcinate-dentate, narrowed to a short, winged petiole; lower cauline usually like basal, the remainder usually long-linear, sometimes lanceolate, entire or denticulate. Capitula numerous, with 9-12 florets, terminal, lateral or axillary, solitary or in groups of 2-5, sessile or with rather short peduncles. Involucre 9-12 x 2.5-5 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, sometimes with a row of rigid hairs on the median line, the inner 7-9. Achenes 8-10 mm; beak slender, about half as long as to longer than the body. 2n= 14+ 1B, 30.]\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L. – Pp. 343 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fb4dbcab-4e7a-4373-8f11-c3c29816b6b6","Perennial herb with short woody stock, and leaves in basal rosette. Stem usually solitary, rigid, erect, 10-35 cm tall, sparingly branched in upper half. Rosette leaves 3-10 x 0.5-2 cm, ± spathulate, incised-dentate with rounded incisions and short, acute to acuminate teeth. Cauline leaves few, bract-like, ± linear, up to c. 1cm. Capitula terminal, with c. 10-12 yellow ligules. Involucre 8-11 mm, cylindrical; phyllaries in 2 rows, the outer 1/5-1/4 as long as inner which are somewhat tomentose and with a few black hairs towards apex. Achenes 5.5-7 mm; body of achene 3.0-3.5 mm, 14- to 16-ribbed with a crown of 5 thick scale; beak 2.5-3.5 mm. Pappus white, somewhat shorter than achene.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. and Kilian, N. 1991: 36. <i>Chondrilla</i> L. - Pp. 572-573 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d0046081-222b-4e80-8c67-9958fc5bb791","Herb, biennial or perennial, (20)-30-100 cm high. Flowering stems mostly glabrous, sometimes arachnoid, hispid in the lower part, 1.5-5.0 mm in diameter, branched already from base or slightly above. Rosette leaves 13.0-15.0 cm long, 0.5-4.5 cm wide, runcinate. Cauline leaves narrowly linear to linear-ovate, 5.0-8.5-(13.0) cm long, 0.5-3.0-(4.5) cm wide, entire to runcinate, acute, sometimes hispid in the lower part. Peduncle up to 0.1 cm long, densely tomentose. Heads with 11 flowers. Involucre 14.0-18.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 12.0-14.0 mm long, arachnoid or sometimes hispid. Achenes 2.5-4.0 mm long, scabrid with scales in the upper part and with a crown of 0.5 mm long scales; beak 3.0-4.0-(5.0) mm long, mostly slightly longer than the corpus. Pappus 6.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cafbf406-eeb7-4efd-a23b-22ae496cd643","Cusion-forming subshrubby perennial with a woody caudex, bearing old petiole remains. Stems 14-20 cm, erect, leafless, persistent, glabrous. Leaves all basal, petiolate, glabrous, narrowly oblanceolate with irregular lobes. Peduncles (1-)3-4(-7) cm, rigid, spinescent, bearing solitary 10-15-flowered capitula. Phyllaries spreading-hairy, minutely white-pubescent at apex; innermost often with scarious margin. Achenes 4.5-5.5 mm, straw-coloured or fawn, apex ± smooth; beak 1.25-1.5 mm, stout, articulated at base; pappus 4-4.5 mm. Fl. 7-8.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 128. <i>Chondrilla</i> L. – Pp. 812-814 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"db273fb5-d0b7-406d-8c73-38f6f4acc474","Like 1 [<i>Chondrilla juncea</i>] but branches divaricate; stems and sometimes branches with a short, whitish tomentum and few to numerous rigid hairs.\r\r[<i>Chondrilla juncea</i>: Greyish-green biennial to perennial. Stems usually solitary, 50-100 cm, with numerous ascending branches, glabrous or with rigid hairs particularly below, sometimes with short appressed hairs. Leaves glabrous or with a few rigid hairs; basal 40-120 x 15-45 mm, soon withering, oblanceolate, more or less acute, deeply and irregularly runcinate-dentate, narrowed to a short, winged petiole; lower cauline usually like basal, the remainder usually long-linear, sometimes lanceolate, entire or denticulate. Capitula numerous, with 9-12 florets, terminal, lateral or axillary, solitary or in groups of 2-5, sessile or with rather short peduncles. Involucre 9-12 x 2.5-5 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, sometimes with a row of rigid hairs on the median line, the inner 7-9. Achenes 8-10 mm; beak slender, about half as long as to longer than the body. 2n= 14+ 1B, 30.]\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L. – Pp. 343 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5c766387-b07f-47b2-8e6a-236447c3b640","Rosette herb, perennial or biennial, up to 100 cm high, glaucous. Flowering stems erect, ribbed, subterete or angular, scabridulous, hispid or toward the apex glabrous, strongly branched; branches ascending. Rosette leaves narrowly oblong, elliptic or obovate, 4.0-10.0-(13.5) cm long, 1.0-3.5-(4.5) cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, subentire at lateral lobes or denticulate, usually acute, attenuate. Cauline leaves few, linear, 2.0-8.0 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm wide, sometimes denticulate at lower leaves or entire. Peduncle very short or absent. Heads with (5)-8-12 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, c. 8.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts finely tomentose or glabrous; outer involucral bracts ovate, 1.5-2.0 mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts linear, 8.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, midrib conspicuously pale, margin narrowly scarious. Corolla ligulate, yellow, minutely brownish-papillose; tube c. 6.0 mm long; ligule c. 8.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages subacute. Style c. 12.0-14.0 mm long, c. 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes narrowly cylindrical in outline, slightly curved, c. 3.5 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, in lower two-thirds smooth, in upper third muricate with an apical corona of small scales, pale brown, with a filiform beak; beak c. 5.0 mm long. Pappus white, uniseriate, copious, 6.0-8.0-(9.0) mm long, remotely scabridulous.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Matthew, V. A. 1975: 128. Chondrilla L. – Pp. 812-814 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. Chondrilla L., 175. Calycocorsus F. W. Schmidt, 176. Heteracia Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. Lapsana L., 178. Crepis L., 179. Hispidella Barnades ex Lam. & 180. Andryala L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5570dd9e-7d0a-4648-815d-5abb6faa6efb","Herb, biennial or perennial, 50-120 cm high. Flowering stems weakly ribbed, mostly glabrous, sometimes arachnoid or sometimes hispid in the lower part, up to 9.0 mm in diameter, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves obovate, 7.0-13.0 cm long, 2.0-4.0 cm wide, runcinate, attenuate. Cauline leaves ovate or obovate, (1.0)-3.5-9.0-(13.0) cm long, (0.5)-1.0-2.5-(4.0) cm wide, runcinate, acute or obtuse, attenuate, glabrous, sparsely arachnoid or hispid. Peduncle up to 0.1 cm long, densely tomentose. Heads with 11 flowers. Involucre 13.0-17.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 11.0-12.0 mm long, densely tomentose or sometimes hispid. Achenes 3.0-4.0 mm long, scabrid with a crown of 0.8-1 mm long scales, tuberculate in the upper part; beak 3.5-5.0 mm long, half as long or about as long as the corpus. Pappus (5.0)-6.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7cda4e51-630d-4310-b8c8-38f5049b4d0d","Herb, perennial, 10-35 cm high, glabrous or subglabrous. Flowering stems 1-5. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, linear or narrowly elliptic, 2.0-7.0 cm long, 0.3-0.9 cm wide, entire or dentate, acute to obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glaucous on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few, linear or narrowly obovate or narrowly elliptic, entire or dentate, acute to obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glaucous on both surfaces, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence with many heads. Involucre 8.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 3.5-5.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear or linear-ovate, obtuse. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 5.0-6.0 mm long; beak slightly shorter than the corpus.\r\rBased on: Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. <i>Chondrilla</i> L. – Pp. 343 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"770b1759-0383-4c27-959f-d894d35a4840","Herb, biennial or perennial, (40)-60-125 cm high. Flowering stems hispid, up to 7.0 mm in diameter, branched already from base. Rosette leaves 8.0 cm long, 3.5 cm wide. Cauline leaves linear-ovate or narrowly linear, 1.0-8.0-(12.0) cm long, c. 0.3-0.6 cm wide, entire, acuminate, hispidulous. Peduncle 0.5-0.7 cm long, densely tomentose. Heads with c. 11 flowers. Involucre 13.0-15.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 9.0-12.0 mm long, hispid and arachnoid or subglabrous. Achenes 2.5-3.0 mm long, scabrid with a crown of 0,5 mm-long scales, tuberculate in upper part; beak (3.5)-4.0-5.0 mm long, about as long to twice as long as the corpus. Pappus 6.0-7.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b50505b6-8c78-4481-ae44-0c6726fb6893","Herb, perennial, (30)-40-100 cm high. Flowering stems sometimes reddish violet in the lower part, glabrous, 6.0-10.0 mm in diameter, mostly branched already from base or branched in upper half; branches strongly branched. Lower cauline leaves narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, 3.0-7.0 cm long, c. 2.0-5.0 cm wide, entire or sometimes dentate. Middle and upper cauline leaves narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, 0.5-7.0 cm long, up to 0.1 cm wide, entire, glabrous. Peduncle tomentose. Heads with 5 flowers. Involucre (11.0)-13.0-18.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 10.0-14.0 mm long, green, glabrous or arachnoid. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 5.2-7.0-(8.5) mm long, smooth, sulcate; beak 0.1-0.3-(9.5) mm long. Pappus 6.0-10.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"af219673-c210-4067-9536-6f9a6946e235","<p>According to the recent molecular phylogenetic analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) the subtribe <i>Cichoriinae</i> comprises six genera<span lang=""de"">. F</span>our of <span lang=""de"">them</span>, <i>Arnoseris, Cichorium, Rothmaleria</i> and <i>Tolpis</i>, were united already by Stebbins (1953) in his <i>Cichoriinae<span lang=""de"">,</span></i> <span lang=""de"">together </span>with other<span lang=""de"">,</span> unrelated genera. Later classifications (Jeffrey 1966; Bremer 1994; Lack 2006) split the four <span lang=""de"">genera</span> apart again. To these four genera the analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. added (1) <i>Erythroseris,</i> a genus most recently established for two species from the Horn of Africa and Socotra island formerly placed in <i>Prenanthes</i> (Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007), and (2) the localized SW North American monospecific <i>Phalacroseris</i>, with oblong-ellipsoid, unbeaked achenes and no pappus, which was revealed to branch off basally to all other taxa of the North American clade (<i>Microseridinae</i> s.l.) by Lee & al. (2003).<p>The six genera of the <i>Cichoriinae</i> form two subclades. In the first subclade <i>Erythroseris</i> is sister to <i>Cichorium,</i> while <i>Phalacroseris</i> branches off basally to both. In the second subclade <i>Arnoseris</i> is sister to <i>Tolpis,</i> while <i>Rothmaleria</i> branches off basally to both.</p> <p>Two possible relationships have been suggested in the past for the monospecific SW Mediterranean genus<i> Rothmaleria,</i> namely either with <i>Catananche </i>and <i>Hymenonema</i> (Jeffrey 1966; Bremer 1994; Lack 2006) or with <i>Cichorium </i>(Stebbins 1953; Lack & al. 1980). The latter relationship is not only favoured by the molecular results, it is also supported by similar achenes, the non-aristate paleaceous pappus and the long collecting trichomes of the style (Lack & al. 1980).<br> The relationship of <i>Arnoseris</i> with <i>Tolpis</i> (Stebbins 1953; Jeffrey 1966; Bremer 1994) rather than with the <i>Hypochaeris</i> alliance (Lack 2006) is morphologically supported by short style branches with short trichomes, corolla tubes covered externally with crisped trichomes and has otherwise been supported by palynological data (Blackmore 1981) featuring small pollen grains with double rows of spines on the equatorial ridges.<br> The relationship of <i>Tolpis</i> with the <i>Cichorium</i> clade is only revealed in phylogenies of the nuclear marker (<span lang=""de"">nr</span>ITS), whereas phylogenies of chloroplast markers reveal <i>Tolpis</i> (and <i>Arnoseris;</i> Gemeinholzer & al., in prep.) to cluster far away from the <i>Cichorium</i> clade (Whitton & al. 1995; Park & al. 2001). The deviating phylogenies of nuclear and the chloroplast markers, with different underlying modes of inheritance, can only be explained by reticulate evolution with an unknown parent preceding generic and species divergence of <i>Tolpis</i> and <i>Arnoseris</i> and resulting in subsequent chloroplast capture. The available molecular analyses have different samplings with respect to ingroup and outgroup taxa and result in slightly different placements of <i>Tolpis,</i> which is, however, most often closely related to <i>Hyoseris</i> and <i>Urospermum</i>. This may indicate former potential hybrid partners. The analyses of the most comprehensive sample was carried out by Gemeinholzer & al. (in prep.), where, in contrast to Park & al. (2001), <i>T. staticifolia</i> as well as <i>T. capensis</i> cluster right within the <i>Tolpis</i> group in both the nuclear and the chloroplast analyses, most likely as result of the broader taxa sampling.</p><br> <h3>References</h3>\rBlackmore S. 1981: Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe <i> Hyoseridinae (Compositae: Lactuceae).</i> – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 1–13. <p>Bremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber Press.<p>Jeffrey C. 1966: Notes in <i>Compositae</i> I. The <i>Cichorieae</i> in East Tropical Africa. – Kew Bull. 18: 427-486.</p> <p>Kilian N. & Gemeinholzer B. 2007: Studies in the <i>Compositae</i> of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra – 7. <i>Erythroseris,</i> a new genus and the previously unknown sister group of <i>Cichorium</i> (<i>Cichorieae</i> subtribe <i>Cichoriinae</i>). – Willdenowia 37: 283-296.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Lack H. W. 2006: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.</p> <p>Lack H. W., Ern H. & Straka H. 1980: Die Gattung <i>Rothmaleria</i> Font Quer <i> (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)</i>. – Willdenowia 10: 37-49.</p> <p>Lee J., Baldwin B. G. & Gottlieb L. D. 2003: Phylogenetic relationships among the primarily North American genera of <i>Cichorieae (Compositae)</i> based on analysis of 18S-26S nuclear rDNA ITS and ETS sequences. – Syst. Bot. 28: 616-626.</p> <p>Park S. J., Korompai E. J., Francisco-Ortega J., Santos Guerra A. & Jansen R. K. 2001: Phylogenetic relationships of <i>Tolpis (Asteraceae: Lactuceae)</i> based on <i>ndhF</i> sequence data. – Pl. Syst. Evol. 226: 23-33.</p> <p>Stebbins G.L. 1953: A new classification of the tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>, family <i>Compositae.</i> – Madroño 12: 65-81.</p> <p>Whitton J., Wallace R.S. & Jansen R.K. 1995: Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of character change in the tribe <i>Lactuceae (Asteraceae)</i> based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. – Canad. J. Bot. 73: 1058-1073.</p> ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"21d7161a-455e-4f4d-9d61-7f0100c38ff3","<i>Cichorium</i> is a genus of seven species (Kiers 2000), which is centred in the Mediterranean region but extends with one species, <i>C. bottae</i>, into the highlands of the SW Arabian Peninsula. <i>Cichorium</i>, in particular because of its scaly pappus, has long been considered an isolated genus of the <i>Cichorieae</i> (Kiers 2000), until Kilian & Gemeinholzer (2007) found a closely related species pair from the Horn of Africa region, which they recognised as a separate genus <i>Erythroseris</i>, to represent the sister group of <i>Cichorium</i> on the basis of morphological and molecular evidence.\r\r<i>Cichorium</i> is very uniform in its general appearance and easily recognisable. According to Kilian & Gemeinholzer (2007), the combination of the following four features is most characteristic of <i>Cichorium</i>: (1) comparatively thick peduncles of those capitula that are not sessile and clustered in the leaf axils, (2) bright blue flowers, (3) a minute, (1-)2-seriate, irregularly scaly pappus, and (4) sturdy, obovoid to subcylindrical and faintly ribbed achenes. The species of <i>Cichorium</i> are fairly similar to each other in both morphological and molecular features, indicating a sudden and rather recent speciation (Kiers 2000). <i>C. bottae</i>  from the highlands of the SW Arabian Peninsula has been found in the nuclear and chloroplast marker sequence analyses as well as in a AFLP fingerprint analysis in a basal position and as sister group to the rest of <i>Cichorium</i> (Kiers 2000).\r \r\r<h3>References</h3>\rKiers A. M. 2000: Endive, chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic and phylogenetic study of <i>Cichorium (Asteraceae)</i>. &ndash; Gorteria, Suppl. 5.\r\rKilian N. & Gemeinholzer B. 2007: Studies in the <i>Compositae</i> of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra &ndash; 7. <i>Erythroseris</i>, a new genus and the previously unknown sister group of <i>Cichorium (Cichorieae</i> subtribe <i>Cichoriinae)</i>. &ndash; Willdenowia 37: 283-296.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ce2a4efc-13e8-441f-b531-a8a99d43b2db","Annual herb with slender taproot. Stem 40-80 cm, much branched from the base, slender. Basal leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 10-25 x 1.8-4 cm, rounded, irregularly dentate, glabrous to puberulous. Cauline leaves like basal leaves, but in upper part of inflorescence somewhat triangularly shaped, smaller towards apex, often with long hairs on margins and surface. Capitula solitary or clustered in groups of 4-9, sessile or on 10 to 20 cm long, slender peduncles, which are 1 1/2-2  (rarely up to 3 1/2) mm in cross-section. Involucrum 4-5 mm wide. Outer phyllaries very unequal in size, 1/2-1 1/2 times as long as inner phyllaries, upper part reflexed, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6-20 x 2-15 mm, the lower 1.5-4.1 mm part  fleshy, upper part acute to acuminate, sometimes mucronate, entire; glabrous or set with few to many, 0.1-2.5 mm long, glandular or non-glandular hairs; one of the phyllaries usually much larger than the others, especially so in long peduncled capitula and then ca. 10-20 x 8-15 mm. Inner phyllaries 8, slightly reflexed after opening of the flowers, 8-10 x 1.0-3.0 mm; hairs absent or up to 2.0 mm long, glandular or not. Florets 9-13, when fully flowering half-patent, together forming a wide cup; tube 2-4 mm long; plate 6.2-12.5 x 2.4-4.1 mm with acute, 0.15-0.85 mm long lobes. Style 6-10 1/2 mm long, upper part with spreading hairs over 1.1-3.5 mm, blue; stigmatic lobes 0.8-2.5 mm long, blue. Pappus apparently absent, consisting of a single row of minute, patent, irregularly shaped, rounded to acute, up to 0.1 mm long scales; scales rarely longer (1.0 mm including a 0.3 mm long  apical tip). Achenes shortly obconical (i.e. widest near top), 2-2.5 x 1.2-1.7 mm and mainly light brown.\r\rfrom: Kiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic amd phylogenetic study of <i>Cichorium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e64a9ec7-94c8-49ee-92ba-18f2065a960a","Herb, perennial, 30-200 cm high. Taproot thick, lignified. Flowering stems stiffly erect, sulcate, yellowish green and often tinged brownish-purple, glabrous or thinly hispidulous, weakly branched; branches spreading-erect. Cauline leaves very variable. Lower cauline leaves ovate to obovate, 6.0-30.0-(60.0) cm long, (1.0)-5.0-12.0-(20.0) cm wide, runcinate, pinnatifid, entire or lyrate, petiole-like attenuate or sometimes cordate, pilose below and subglabrous with glandular hairs above. Middle and upper cauline leaves more or less amplexicaul, pilose on both sides, apically increasingly smaller. Synflorescence spiciform with the heads terminal or in groups of 2-4-(-8) in the axils of upper leaves. Peduncle very short, slightly swollen, glabrous or subglabrous. Heads with (12)-15-19-(25) flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-14.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts elliptic to ovate, 4.0-12.5-(16.0) mm long, 2.0-4.0 mm wide, acuminate to acute, subglabrous or thinly glandular, midbrib conspicuously pale, indurated, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts linear, 7.5-14.5-(16.5) mm long, 1.5-2.0-(4.0) mm wide, subacute, somewhat hooded, thinly glandular or glabrous. Receptacle flat, pitted, naked. Flowers closing soon after midday. Corolla ligulate, light blue, rarely white or pink; tube 1.5-3.2 mm long; ligule (10.0)-15.0-19.0 mm long, 4.0-5.0 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0-6.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or rounded. Style (6.5)-10.0-12.0 mm long, blue; branches (1.5)-2.5-3.0 mm long. Achenes cylindrical to obovoid in outline, 1.0-3.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, densely verrucose, brown with darker marbling, weakly ribbed, truncate. Pappus white, 0.2-0.5-(0.6) mm long, paleaceous with subacute, ovate, erose scales.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Kiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic amd phylogenetic study of Cichorium ( Asteraceae ). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"467d5e0f-f82e-41c4-9495-6e3b893ef609","Herb or subshrub, perennial, (3)-5-15-(30) cm high. Flowering stems sulcate, glabrous, mostly leafless, bluntly spinose or spinescent, strongly branched. Cauline leaves mostly restricted to the bases of the stem. Lower cauline leaves narrowly obovate, 3.0-10.0-(14.0) cm long, 0.3-1.0 cm wide, lyrate to runcinate to entire, entire or sometimes dentate at lateral lobes, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous; terminal lobe oblong, acute to obtuse; lateral lobes deltoid to oblong, obtuse. Middle and upper cauline leaves apically increasingly smaller. Synflorescence with 1 head or with up to 5 heads, lateral or in the axils of the branches, rarely terminal. Peduncle absent. Heads with 5-6-(7) flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 2.0-2.7 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate to elliptic, 2.5-4.0 mm long, c. 2.0 mm wide, acute to subacute, glabrous, midbrib conspicuously pale, indurated; inner involucral bracts oblong, 8.0-9.0 mm long, (1.2)-2.0-3.0 mm wide, subacute, slightly hooded, glabrous, margin narrowly scarious. Corolla ligulate, mostly blue, rarely white or pink, subglabrous or glabrous; tube 1.4-2.0 mm long; ligule (7.2)-9.0-12.0 mm long, c. 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 4.0 mm long; apical appendages rounded. Style 5.5-8.5 mm long; branches c. 2.0 mm long. Achenes cylindrical to turbinate in outline, 1.5-2.5 mm long, 0.7-1.3 mm wide, glabrous, minutely verrucose, pale brown, ribbed. Pappus white, up to 0.4 mm long, paleaceous with oblong, erose-laciniate scales.\r\rKiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic amd phylogenetic study of Cichorium ( Asteraceae ). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5; Sell, P. D. 1976: 145. Scolymus L., 146. Cichorium L., 147. Catananche L., 148. Rothmaleria Font Quer und 149. Hymenonema Cass. – Pp. 304-306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4f6c68d0-63f2-4235-83c2-5bff14532f90","Herb, annual, (5)-10-60-(170) cm high. Taproot thin. Flowering stems erect or spreading-erect, sulcate, yellowish green, glabrous to pubescent or sometimes woolly, usually strongly branched with divaricate branches. Cauline leaves very variable. Lower cauline leaves oblong or narrowly obovate, 15.0-30.0-(45.0) cm long, 2.0-6.0-(18.0) cm wide, subentire, runcinate, pinnatifid or lyrate-pinnatifid, sometimes undulate in cultivars, rounded to acute. Middle and upper cauline leaves variable, entire to pinnatifid, sometimes dentate, rounded or acute, amplexicaul and auriculate, the auricles exceeding the stem-diameter, apically increasingly smaller. Synflorescence spiciform or paniculiform with the lateral heads in dense clusters. Peduncle (0.0)-9.0-20.0 cm long, 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter, often swollen. Heads with 15-20 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering (3.5)-6.0-8.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate to elliptic, 7.0-12.0 mm long, (2.0)-4.0-5.0-(10.0) mm wide, acuminate to acute, midbrib conspicuously pale, margin minutely ciliate with often remote cilia; inner involucral bracts oblong, 10.0-12.5 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide, obtuse to subacute, margin minutely ciliate to glabrous. Receptacle flat, somewhat pitted, naked. Corolla ligulate, light blue, puberulous dorsally; tube 2.0-3.2 mm long; ligule 9.0-14.0-(19.0) mm long, 3.0-4.5 mm wide. Anthertube c. 3.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style (6.5)-9.0-10.5 mm long, blue; branches 1.5-3.0 mm long. Achenes obovoid or turbinate in outline, 2.0-3.5 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, densely verrucose, brown with darker marbling, prominently ribbed, truncate. Pappus white, 0.4-1.5 mm long, paleaceous with oblong or obovate, erose-laciniate scales.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Kiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic amd phylogenetic study of Cichorium ( Asteraceae ). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"207435bb-a64e-4f36-be2d-b4c39532ffc7","Annual herb with slender taproot. Stem 6-40 cm, the main axis with usually 2-3  lateral branches or rarely branched from the base. Basal leaves ovate to obovate, rounded to acute, 2 1/2-20 x 0.7-4 cm, irregularly dentate to deeply incised, glabrous to puberulous. Cauline leaves like basal leaves but much smaller and ovate with entire to dentate margins, in upper half of inflorescence always smaller than 1 x 1/2 cm. Capitula solitary or clustered in groups of 2(-4), sessile or on up to 4-8(10) cm long, apically thickened peduncles, which are 3-4 mm in cross-section. Involucrum 3-4 1/2 mm wide. Outer phyllaries 3/4 times as long to slightly longer than inner phyllaries, upper part reflexed, ovate or elliptic to (ovate-)lanceolate, 3 1/2-12 x 1 1/2-4 1/2 mm, the lower 2-5 mm part fleshy, upper part acute to acuminate, rarely rounded or mucronate, more or less entire or dentate in upper part; glabrous or set with 0.10-2.5(3.9) mm long, glandular or non-glandular hairs. Inner phyllaries 8, 6-11.5 x 0.8-2.8 mm; hairs absent or up to 2 1/4 mm long, glandular or not, situated outside at midvein in upper part. Florets 9-14, when fully flowering half-patent, together forming a wide cup; tube 2.2-4.5 mm long; plate 8.8-14.5 x 2.5-4.5 mm, with 0.2-1 mm long lobes. Style 6-10 1/2 mm long, upper part with spreading hairs over 1.1-3.5 mm, blue; stigmatic lobes 0.8-2.5 mm long, blue.  Pappus consisting of 1 to 3 rows of irregularly shaped, erect to erecto-patent, 0.15-1.2 mm long, rounded to acute scales, in the outer florets narrower at centripetal side, pappus of inner florets narrower and often ending in 1/2-2 mm long tips. Achenes 2.0-2.5 x 1-1.5 mm, obovoid to cylindrical, weakly ribbed.\r\rfrom: Kiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic and phylogenetic study of <i>Cichorium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"032f7aa5-e971-4981-80dc-5875405e3620","Annuals, (5-)10-30+ cm; taprooted. Stems 1-10+ (scapiform), erect, simple or branched distally, glabrous. Leaves mostly basal; obscurely petiolate; blades oblanceolate to spatulate, margins dentate (faces usually scabridulous, mostly near margins). Heads borne singly or (2-3) in loose, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles inflated (fistulose) distally, not bracteate. Calyculi 0 or of 1-10+, lanceolate bractlets. Involucres broadly campanulate or urceolate, 4-8 mm diam. Phyllaries 10-22+ in 1(-2) series (basally connate), lanceolate to lance-linear (abaxially keeled proximally), equal or subequal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices acuminate. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 20-50+; corollas yellow. Cypse1ae dark brown, obovoid, not beaked, ribs 8-10 (3-5 stronger), stramineous, faces smooth or rugose between ribs, glabrous; pappi 0. x = 9.\r\rfrom: Strother, J. L. 2006: 49. <i>Arnoseris</i> Gaertner. – Pp. 276-277 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ec87503c-6a84-4abc-a545-39813de2c7d2","Herb, annual, 5-32 cm high. Flowering stems numerous, scapelike, erect, hollow above, pale green and often tinged red, pilose or glabrous, striate, branched or unbranched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves few to many, obovate, (0.5)-1.0-9.0 cm long, 0.3-2.0 cm wide, dentate, acute to obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, puberulous or scabridulous, yellowish green on both surfaces, sometimes tinged purple on upper surface. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 1-3 heads. Peduncle long, apically inflated, glabrous or pilose, without bracts. Heads with 20-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, 3.0-6.0 mm long, at flowering (4.0)-7.0-11.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts oblong-ovate or narrowly ovate, green, glabrous or scaly, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts linear or linear-ovate, 1.5-3.0 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 5.0-6.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, acuminate. Receptacle flat, pitted, without scales. Corolla ligulate, 8.0-9.0 mm long, yellow or sometimes greenish when dry. Achenes obovoid in outline, slightly compressed, 1.5-2.2 mm long, smooth or transversely wrinkled, stramineous, with 8-10 ribs, with 3-5 stronger ribs. Pappus membranous.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield.; Sell, P. D. 1976: 151. <i>Arnoseris</i> Gaertner, 152. <i>Koelpinia</i> Pallas, 153. <i>Hyoseris</i> L., 154. <i>Hedypnois</i> Miller, 155. <i>Rhagadiolus</i> Scop., 156. <i>Aposeris</i> Cass. und 157. <i>Urospermum</i> Scop. – Pp. 306-308 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge; Strother, J. L. 2006: 49. <i>Arnoseris</i> Gaertner und 50. <i>Tolpis</i> Adanson. – Pp. 276-277 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fa10fe9c-7e55-41da-ac47-d1d2b6b6a44f","<i>x</i> = 9  (Lack H. W., Ern H. & Straka H. 1980: Die Gattung <i>Rothmaleria</i> Font Quer <i>(Asteraceae, Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Willdenowia 10: 37-49.)\r","Chromosome numbers",,"eng",,,,,
"fa10fe9c-7e55-41da-ac47-d1d2b6b6a44f","The generic name <i>Rothmaleria</i> commemorates the German botanist Werner Rothmaler (b. 20.8.1908 in Sangerhausen, d. 13.4.1962 in Greifswald), a student of the flora of Iberian Peninsula, who made important collection from this region in the 1930s (Lack & al. 1980: 41).</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rLack H. W., Ern H. & Straka H. 1980: Die Gattung <i>Rothmaleria</i> Font Quer <i>(Asteraceae, Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Willdenowia 10: 37-49.","Etymology",,"eng",,,,,
"fa10fe9c-7e55-41da-ac47-d1d2b6b6a44f","<i>Rothmaleria</i> exhibits two features that are otherwise rather rare in <i>Cichorieae</i>: a pappus of usually 5 scales and a receptacle with persistent, in fruit moreover indurate paleae. The genus is monospecific with a localised distribution in the mountains of Andalusia. In particular because they share both the scaly pappus and the paleate receptacle, <i>Rothmaleria</i> was associated by Schultz Bipontinus (1841) with <i>Catananche</i> and <i>Hymenonema</i>, a treatment followed by subsequent authors including the more recent systematics of the tribe by Stebbins (1953), Jeffrey (1966), Bremer (1994) and Lack (2006). \r\rStebbins (1953) placed <i>Rothmaleria, Catananche</i> and <i>Hymenonema</i> together with <i>Cichorium, Arnoseris, Tolpis</i> and other genera, in a very widely defined subtribe <i>Cichoriinae</i>. Jeffrey (1966) placed the three genera as <i>Catananche</i> subgroup in his <i>Tolpis</i> group. Blackmore (1981) associated <i>Rothmaleria, Catananche</i> and <i>Hymenonema</i> with <i>Scolymus</i> for palynological reasons. Lack & al. (1980), similar to Stebbins (1953), considered a possible relationship of <i>Rothmaleria</i> with <i>Cichorium</i>, because of the similar achenes, the non-aristate paleaceous pappus and the long collecting hairs of the style. Most recently, the association of <i>Rothmaleria</i> with <i>Cichorium</i>, as well as with <i>Tolpis</i> (see Stebbins 1953, Jeffrey 1966), and its placement in subtribe <i>Cichoriinae</i> gained support through the molecular phylogenetic analyses of the <i>Cichorieae</i> by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009). In contrast, the hitherto almost unanimously accepted association with <i>Catananche</i> and <i>Hymenonema</i> gained no support at all and the latter two genera instead were placed far away from <i>Rothmaleria</i> together with <i>Scolymus</i> (see Blackmore 1981) and <i>Gundelia</i> in subtribe <i>Scolyminae</i>.</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBlackmore S. 1981: Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe <i>Hyoseridinae (Compositae: Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 1-13.\r\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>: cladistics & Classification. &ndash; Portland: Timber.\r\rJeffrey C. 1966: Notes in <i>Compositae</i> I. The <i>Cichorieae</i> in East Tropical Africa. &ndash; Kew Bull. 18: 427-486.\r\rKilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. &ndash; In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Vienna: IAPT.\r\rLack H. W. 2006 [""2007""]: <i>Cichorieae</i>. Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J.W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. &ndash; Berlin: Springer.\r\rLack H. W., Ern H. & Straka H. 1980: Die Gattung <i>Rothmaleria</i> Font Quer <i>(Asteraceae, Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Willdenowia 10: 37-49.\r\rSchultz-Bipontinus C. H. 1841: Sceleton systematis articulati <i>Cichoriacearum</i>. &ndash; Jahrb. Pract. Pharm. Verwandte Fächer 4: 153-156.\r\rStebbins G. L. 1953: A new classification of the tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>, family <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Madro&#241;o 12: 65-81.\r\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ee829a5c-b647-420c-b028-6422560f40ff","Stems 2-30 cm, several, glabrous or scabridulous, with a thick stock. Basal leaves 15-100 x 5-20 mm, in a rosette, thick, glaucous, obovate-oblong, narrowed to the petiole, incise-dentate to pinnatifid with crispate, dentate lobes; cauline leaves similar but smaller, often sessile, remote. Involucre 10-12 x 10-12 mm; bracts imbricate, oblong, obtuse to acute, with a wide, whitish, scarious margin. Receptacular scales linear, acute. Achenes 4-5 mm.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 148. <i>Rothmaleria</i> Font Quer – Pp. 305 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"70399639-279b-4adf-953b-10388b748c00","<p>The <i>Scolyminae</i> are treated here in the revised circumscription based on the molecular phylogenetic analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009), comprising four genera with about a dozen species. According to these authors, within the <i>Scolyminae</i>, <i>Catananche</i> is sister to the clade including <i>Hymenonema</i> and <i>Scolymus,</i> while <i>Gundelia</i> is sister to all three genera. For the inclusion of <i>Gundelia</i> see also under <i> Cichorieae: </i>Systematics: Circumscription of the <i>Cichorieae</i>.</p> <p>Usually <i>Scolymus</i> was treated as an isolated genus without apparent relationship and thus, if formally placed in a subtribe, as the only member of the <i>Scolyminae</i> (Jeffrey 1966; Bremer 1994; Lack 2006). <i>Catananche</i> and <i>Hymenonema,</i> on the other hand, were placed together with <i> Rothmaleria </i>in a separate subtribe (or informal entity, respectively, by Jeffrey (1966), Bremer (1994) and Lack (2006). As an exception, Blackmore (1981), however, for palynological reasons already associated <i>Scolymus</i> with <i>Catananche</i> and <i>Hymenonema,</i> but also saw <i>Rothmaleria</i> as a member of this alliance, which he treated as subtribe <i>Scolyminae</i>. According to the molecular analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009), <i>Rothmaleria</i> is not related to <i>Catananche</i> and <i>Hymenonema</i> but to <i>Tolpis,</i> as Stebbins (1953) already assumed from morphological data, and therefore placed in subtribe <i>Cichoriinae.</i></p> <p>Morphologically the <i>Scolyminae</i> are characterized by an annual or perennial life form, entire to pinnatisect or coarsely lobed, pinnatisect leaves, heads with receptacular scales or bristles, and the pappus being either absent or of scabrid bristles or lanceolate scales. Both <i>Gundelia </i>and <i> Scolymus</i> are spiny leafy herbs with similar pollen morphology and sessile heads (or syncalathia, respectively). <i>Gundelia</i> morphologically holds an isolated position because of its heads with non-ligulate but tubular flowers and its much-derived synflorescence, in which usually six one-flowered heads (with much reduced involucres) form a secondary head, of which again a few dozens are aggregated in what appears to be the real head, but actually represents a second order syncalathium or secondary head (Classen-Bockhoff & al. 1989).</p><br><h3>References</h3>\rBlackmore S. 1981: Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe <i> Hyoseridinae</i> (<i>Compositae: Lactuceae</i>). – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 1-13. <p>Bremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber.</p> <p>Classen-Bockhoff R., Froebe H. A. & Langerbeins D. 1989: Die Infloreszenzstruktur von <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i> L. <i>(Asteraceae)</i>. – Flora 182: 463-479.</p> <p>Jeffrey C. 1966: Notes in <i>Compositae</i> I. The <i>Cichorieae</i> in East Tropical Africa. – Kew Bulletin 18: 427-486.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Lack H. W. 2006: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.</p> <p>Stebbins G. L. 1953: A new classification of the tribe <i>Cichorieae,</i> family <i>Compositae.</i> – Madroño 12: 65-81.</p>","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e940c257-bd6d-4dcf-83f6-bdb0c4e630b1","Herb, annual or biennial, 40-160 cm high, with taproot, glabrous or subglabrous. Flowering stems winged with deltoid, denticulate lobes, whitish, branched. Cauline leaves greyish green with white margins and veins on both surfaces. Lower cauline leaves narrowly obovate, 10.0-20.0 cm long, 2.0-5.0-(8.0) cm wide, pinnatipartite or pinnatifid, dentate to spinose, petiole-like attenuate. Middle and upper cauline leaves oblong-deltoid, 2.0-7.0 cm long, 2.0-5.0 cm wide, coarsely spinose, green with white margins and nerves on both surfaces. Synflorescence paniculiform. Peduncle absent. Involucre at flowering ovoid, c. 15.0 mm long, at flowering 7.0 mm in diameter, glabrous; outer involucral bracts ovate-oblong, 12.0-30.0 mm long, 3.0-5.0 mm wide, margin coarsely spinose; inner involucral bracts oblong or ovate, 4.0-15.0 mm long, 3.0-4.0 mm wide, mucronate, margin scarious. Receptacle with scales almost totally enveloping the achenes and winged all round. Corolla ligulate, yellow, pilose with crispate, brown hairs; tube 5.0-6.0 mm long; ligule 9.0-10.0 mm long, c. 1.8 mm wide. Anthertube bluish black, c. 6.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style 9.0-10.0 mm long; branches up to 0.4 mm long. Achenes cylindrical-obovoid in outline, dorsally compressed, 4.0-5.0 mm long, c. 3.0 mm wide. Pappus paleaceous or absent.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge; Strother, J. L. 2006: 34. Scolymus Linnaeus und 35. Cichorium Linnaeus. – Pp. 220-222 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0f3ca507-9713-4cc8-9c3e-2140ac4a29d5","Herb, biennial or perennial, (10)-30-80-(100) cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems narrowly winged with very unequal, sharply spinose lobes, arachnoid to pilose, branched. Lower cauline leaves narrowly oblong, 12.0-20.0 cm long, 2.5-4.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, spinose to denticulate, glabrescent or pilose; lateral lobes broadly deltoid. Middle and upper cauline leaves spinose, amplexicaul. Synflorescence spiciform. Peduncle absent, the heads sessile in the axils of the uppermost leaves. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 10.0-20.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts 15.0-40.0 mm long, 5.0-10.0 mm wide, margin spinose; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 8.0-20.0 mm long, 3.0-7.0 mm wide, acuminate, margin minutely ciliate, margin scarious. Receptacle with scales almost totally enveloping the achenes and forming membranous-margined lateral wings. Corolla ligulate, yellow, pubescent below; tube 8.0-10.0 mm long; ligule 14.0-15.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube c. 6.0 mm long; apical appendages rounded. Style 18.0-20.0 mm long; branches c. 1.5 mm long. Achenes obovoid or broadly ovoid in outline, dorsally compressed, 8.0-9.0 mm long, 7.0-8.0 mm wide. Pappus up to 6.0 mm long, paleaceous and barbellate with a few (2-4) bristles.\r\rBased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge; Strother, J. L. 2006: 34. Scolymus Linnaeus und 35. Cichorium Linnaeus. – Pp. 220-222 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8a421dda-a545-4b83-a42e-3664040f8f40","Annual to biennial up to 160 cm. Stems shortly branched, glabrous, scabrous to slightly pubescent. Basal leaves (4)6-14(25) cm, pinnatifid, glabrous to pubescent, with spiny margins; spines up to 2.3 mm. Capitula solitary, in a spike-like paniculate inflorescence with an elongate appearance.Receptacle (5)7-11(15) mm in diameter. Ligules (14)16-20(25) mm, yellow. Achenes (4)4.5-5.5(6.5) mm. Some central pappus with two bristles, another with three. Flowering April to November.\r\rfrom: Vázquez, F. M. 2000: The Genus <i>Scolymus</i>. – Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 58: 83-100.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"23768df3-ad1c-49ba-ba6d-d44b3681002e","Annual or biennial up to 75 cm. Stems with uninterrupted spiny-dentate wings, pubescent to glabrous, sometimes scabrous. Basal leaves (8)10-16(24) cm, ovate to oblong, pinnatifid, spiny-dentate. Capitula terminals, sometimes axillary, with 2-3 involucral leaves per capitulum, in a spike-like paniculate inflorescence with an elongate appearance. Involucral leaves (7)9-15(19) mm, ovate to lanceolate, sometimes obtuse, pubescent to scabrous, spiny-dentate, with scarious margin. Receptacle (10)13-18(21) mm in diameter. Ligules (20)25-37(44) mm, yellow to orange. Achenes 3.5-5.5(6.5) mm. Pappus of three to seven bristles in central achenes, otherwise three to five. Flowering May to July.\r\rfrom: Vázquez, F. M. 2000: The Genus <i>Scolymus</i>. – Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 58: 83-100.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"230d02e1-3a98-48f7-b2e3-af88f941a9e8","Perennial herbs. Stems solitary to few, branched. Leaves pinnatifid. Capitula few. Involucral. bracts in several imbricate rows, margins scarious. Receptacle pitted, with scales near the margin. Ligules yellow. Achenes 5-angled with rigid, appressed hairs, the marginal enfolded within the inner involucral bracts (or bract-like scales); pappus of rigid, sub-plumose hairs and scales in 2-3 rows, or sometimes only of scales.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 149. <i>Hymenonema</i> Cass. – Pp. 305-306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"230d02e1-3a98-48f7-b2e3-af88f941a9e8","<i>Hymenonema</i> is a little known genus of two species restricted to Greece with a scaly-aristate pappus and a paleate-ciliate recepatacle. It has been associated with two other Mediterranean genera, <i>Hymenonema</i> and <i>Rothmaleria</i>, both with scaly pappus and paleate receptacle, first by Schultz Bipontinus (1841) and followed by subsequent authors including the more recent systematic treatments of the <i>Cichorieae</i> by Stebbins (1953), Jeffrey (1966), Bremer (1994) and Lack (2006). \r\rStebbins (1953) placed <i>Hymenonema</i> together with <i>Catananche</i> and <i>Rothmaleria</i> along with <i>Cichorium, Arnoseris, Tolpis</i> and other genera, in a very widely defined subtribe <i>Cichoriinae</i>. Jeffrey (1966) classified the three genera as <i>Catananche</i> subgroup of his <i>Tolpis</i> group. Blackmore (1981) associated <i>Catananche, Hymenonema</i> and <i>Rothmaleria</i> with <i>Scolymus</i> for palynological reasons. Most recently, the molecular phylogenetic analyses of the <i>Cichorieae</i> by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) supported the relationship of <i>Hymenonema</i> and <i>Catananche</i> with <i>Scolymus</i>. Both genera have therefore been placed by Kilian & al. (2009) in subtribe <i>Scolyminae</i>. <i>Rothmaleria</i>, in contrast, turned out to be unrelated with the other two genera and clustered instead with <i>Cichorium</i> and <i>Tolpis</i> in a clade representing subtribe <i>Cichoriinae</i>.</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBlackmore S. 1981: Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe <i>Hyoseridinae (Compositae: Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 1-13.\r\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>: cladistics & Classification. &ndash; Portland: Timber.\r\rJeffrey C. 1966: Notes in <i>Compositae</i> I. The <i>Cichorieae</i> in East Tropical Africa. &ndash; Kew Bull. 18: 427-486.\r\rKilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. &ndash; In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Vienna: IAPT.\r\rLack H. W. 2006 [""2007""]: <i>Cichorieae</i>. Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J.W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. &ndash; Berlin: Springer.\r\rSchultz-Bipontinus C. H. 1841: Sceleton systematis articulati <i>Cichoriacearum</i>. &ndash; Jahrb. Pract. Pharm. Verwandte Fächer 4: 153-156.\r\rStebbins G. L. 1953: A new classification of the tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>, family <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Madro&#241;o 12: 65-81.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5eeb3b54-ca40-4964-872d-c99e36aaa7ae","Stems 20-70 cm, with pale, minute glandular and longer eglandular hairs. Leaves with dense, appressed, rigid hairs; basal 70-250 mm, pinnatifid, with dentate segments, the terminal (10-)15-30 mm wide, larger than the lateral; cauline 1-6, like basal or bract-like. Capitula 1-3. Involucre 15-24 x 15-22 mm: bracts ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire or dentate, glabrous. Receptacular pits long-ciliate. Achenes 4-5 mm; pappus of outer achenes of trifid scales, the central point of each scale prolonged as a rigid, subplumose hair; pappus of inner achenes with an outer row of rigid, subplumose hairs and an inner row of lanceolate scales, the midrib prolonged as a rigid, subplumose hair.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 149. <i>Hymenonema</i> Cass. – Pp. 305-306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e57d1e9a-a7c1-4960-b6f4-568f6f6c3397","Coarsely pubescent perennial, 10-40 cm. Basal leaves pinnatifid, segments usually dentate; cauline leaves similar or linear. Capitula 1-3 per stem, peduncles 10-30 cm. Phyllaries cartilaginous, .glabrous, margin subscarious; outer ovate, inner narrowly ovate to lanceolate. Ligules yellow, sometimes with a purple spot at base; tube hairy. Achene 4-5 mm, stiffly hairy. Pappus scales 12-14 mm.\r\rfrom: Matthews, V. A. 1975: 96. <i>Hymenonema</i> – Pp. 625-626 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7ff4686a-c1c1-48ee-956d-7d7619e95a2e","\r<i>Catananche</i>, a NW African centred Mediterranean genus of five species, is easily recognisable by a pappus of 5-7 ovate, long-aristate scales, a receptacle with with long filiform paleae and an involucre of largely scarious scales. In particular for the scaly pappus and the paleate receptacle, it has been associated with two other Mediterranean genera, <i>Hymenonema</i> and <i>Rothmaleria</i>, first by Schultz-Bipontinus (1841) and followed by subsequent authors including the more recent systematic treatments of the tribe by Stebbins (1953), Jeffrey (1966), Bremer (1994) and Lack (2006). \r\rStebbins (1953) placed <i>Catananche, Hymenonema</i> and <i>Rothmaleria</i> together with <i>Cichorium, Arnoseris, Tolpis</i> and other genera,in a very widely defined subtribe <i>Cichoriinae</i>. Jeffrey (1966) placed the three genera as <i>Catananche </i>subgroup in his <i>Tolpis</i> group. Blackmore (1981) associated <i>Catananche, Hymenonema</i> and <i>Rothmaleria</i> with <i>Scolymus</i> for palynological reasons. Most recently, the molecular phylogenetic analyses of the <i>Cichorieae</i> by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) in fact supported the relationship of <i>Catananche</i> and <i>Hymenonema</i> with <i>Scolymus</i>, but also revealed that <i>Rothmaleria</i> is not at all related with the former two genera and instead related with <i>Cichorium</i> and <i>Tolpis</i> (see Stebbins 1953, Jeffrey 1966) being a member of subtribe <i>Cichoriinae</i>. Consequently, <i>Catananche</i> is placed by Kilian & al. (2009) together with <i>Hymenonema</i>, and also with <i>Gundelia</i>, in subtribe <i>Scolyminae</i>.</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBlackmore S. 1981: Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe <i>Hyoseridinae (Compositae: Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 1-13.\r\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>: cladistics & Classification. &ndash; Portland: Timber.\r\rJeffrey C. 1966: Notes in <i>Compositae</i> I. The <i>Cichorieae</i> in East Tropical Africa. &ndash; Kew Bull. 18: 427-486.\r\rKilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. &ndash; In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Vienna: IAPT.\r\rLack H. W. 2006 [""2007""]: <i>Cichorieae</i>. Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J.W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. &ndash; Berlin: Springer.\r\rSchultz-Bipontinus C. H. 1841: Sceleton systematis articulati <i>Cichoriacearum</i>. &ndash; Jahrb. Pract. Pharm. Verwandte Fächer 4: 153-156.\r\rStebbins G. L. 1953: A new classification of the tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>, family <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Madro&#241;o 12: 65-81.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7ff4686a-c1c1-48ee-956d-7d7619e95a2e","Perennial herbs with latex, without rhizomes or stolons. Stems erect, solitary or few. Leaves alternate, linear, entire or with few, narrow teeth. Capitula 1-5(-numerous) on very long peduncles. Involucral bracts in several rows, ovate-cuspidate, scarious, with a darker midrib. Flowers bisexual. Corolla ligulate, mauve-blue, with 5 lobes at apex. Anthers tailed, apical appendage elongate; filaments smooth. Style with slender branches, evenly hairy on both shaft and branches. Receptacle flat, with long filiform scales. Achenes conical, obscurely 5-angled; pappus of one row of 5-7, ovate, long-aristate scales.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7ff4686a-c1c1-48ee-956d-7d7619e95a2e","<i>Catananche caerulea</i> is cultivated as an ornamental plant.","Uses",,"eng",,,,,
"d932183e-b5cd-478e-b575-0bbe21f4e03c","Herb, annual, 8-40-(58) cm high, woolly. Flowering stems erect, pilose, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves many, linear, narrowly ovate, narrowly linear-obovate or narrowly linear-elliptic, 3.0-27.0 cm long, 0.7-2.0 cm wide, entire or remotely dentate, acute or obtuse, sometimes petiole-like attenuate, pale green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few, attenuate, apically increasingly smaller. Synflorescence with several heads at the base at base of stem and with 1 to several heads terminal on long peduncles. Peduncle absent or long, up to 20.0 cm long, mostly without bracts. Heads with 1-3 flowers or with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 15.0-30.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-15.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, 4.0-5.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 9.0-20.0 mm long, 3.0-6.0 mm wide, acute or acuminate. Receptacle bristly. Corolla ligulate, 1.3-1.5 mm long, yellow; tube pilose. Anthertube 2.0-3.0 mm long; apical appendages truncate. Achenes homomorphic or sometimes dimorphic, turbinate in outline, 3.0-4.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, pilose, angular or ribbed. Pappus up to 8.0 mm long, paleaceous with aristate or acute scales.\r\rBased on: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem; Halliday, P. 1985: 54. <i>Catananche</i> L. – Pp. 986-988 in: Meikle, R. D. 1985: Flora of Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. D. 1976: 147. <i>Catananche</i> L. – Pp. 305 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ca6eb087-bf6e-492d-8866-d177478896b2","<i>Catananche caerulea</i> is cultivated as an ornamental plant.","Uses",,"eng",,,,,
"ca6eb087-bf6e-492d-8866-d177478896b2","Herb, perennial, 20-90 cm high. Flowering stems 1 or few, erect, green, pilose, strongly branched. Rosette leaves many, linear, 2.0-30.0 cm long, 0.2-0.7 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, acute or obtuse, attenuate, green on both surfaces; lateral lobes linear, usually antrorse. Cauline leaves few, linear, up to 30.0 cm long, up to 0.7 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, acute or obtuse, attenuate; lateral lobes up to 4, linear, usually antrorse. Synflorescence with 1 head. Peduncle up to 30.0 cm long, pilose, covered with bracts. Involucre 13.0-25.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0-20.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts oblong-ovate or ovate, 10.0-25.0 mm long, 3.5-5.0 mm wide, mucronate, glabrous. Receptacle flat, with scales. Corolla ligulate, 25.0-28.0 mm long; ligule bluish purple or blue. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 5.0-6.0 mm long, pilose, angular, with 5-10 ribs. Pappus paleaceous.\r\rBased on: Sell, P. D. 1976: 147. <i>Catananche</i> L. – Pp. 305 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge; Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"261f7efe-21e0-4a45-9ea4-e7f3f8b8ecdc","Systematic placement and circumscription of <i>Faberia</i> have been revised based on molecular phylogenetic analyses (N. Kilian, Z.H. Wang & J.W. Zhang in prep.). Still placed by Kilian & al. (2009) in subtribe <i>Crepidinae</i> when no molecular data were available, ITS phylogeny shows it on a very basal branch in subtribe <i>Lactucinae</i>.<br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rKilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. &ndash; In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae </i>.&ndash; Vienna: IAPT.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"33c2eddf-b375-4494-9ebd-3d3594c95749","Stems usually c. 10 cm. Leaves lanate. Ligules somewhat shorter than involucral bracts, purple. Beak gradually widened into body of achene.\r\rfrom: Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (incl. <i>Geropogon</i> L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cab0ec07-999e-4ae9-8821-a08cc2e42769","Herb, perennial, 10-25-(50) cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.5 cm wide. Flowering stems 1-3-(8), erect or ascending, terete or sulcate, hollow, glabrescent or glabrous, striate, slender, unbranched or weakly branched; branches remote. Rosette leaves obovate, 2.0-10.5-(15.0) cm long, 1.0-1.8-(3.0) cm wide, pinnatifid to entire, denticulate, mucronate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, puberulous and glandular, glabrescent, green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves obovate, ciliate and denticulate, mucronate and acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or amplexicaul, glabrescent, glandular and puberulous, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 1-4 heads. Peduncle 2.5-15.0-(25.0) cm long, tomentose, hispidulous, pubescent and glandular near head. Heads with 20-30 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-10.0-(12.0) mm long, at flowering 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter, glandular and pubescent, sometimes hispid; involucral bracts green; outer involucral bracts linear, 2.0-6.0 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, glabrescent, margin sometimes minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts linear or narrowly ovate, up to 13.0 mm long, obtuse or acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle alveolate or areolate, with scales or without scales. Corolla ligulate, c. 12.0 mm long, yellow to orange-yellow; tube c. 4.0-(8.0) mm long, pubescent; ligule c. 1.8 mm wide. Anthertube c. 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute or acuminate, 0.4-1.0 mm long. Style branches c. 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical or fusiform in outline, more or less laterally compressed, 7.0-8.0-(10.5) mm long, 1.0 mm wide, muricate near the apex, orange-red or brown, with 10-14 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or with a filiform beak; beak 1.5-4.0 mm long. Pappus yellowish white, 4.0-5.0-(9.0) mm long, persistent, flexible, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis caudicaulis</i>, <i>Crepis chirindica</i>, <i>Crepis congoensis</i>, <i>Crepis hypochaeridea</i> ssp. <i>genuina</i> and <i>Crepis simulans</i>); Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f4182910-1500-449d-9cc5-961a1c5dfe09","Babcock & Stebbins (1937) treated <i>Youngia japonica</i> as a species with three subspecies, subsp. <i>japonica</i> (including <i>Y. lyrata</i>), subsp. <i>longiflora</i> and subsp. <i>elstonii</i>. While subsp. <i>longiflora</i> is fairly well characterised by longer involucres (6-7 mm instead of 4-5.5 mm), longer anther tubes (c. 3 mm instead of up to 2 mm) and larger achenes (2-2.5 mm instead of 1.5-2 mm), the delimitation between subsp. <i>japonica</i> and subsp. <i>elstonii</i> appears questionable in view of frequent transitions and a probably scattered distribution pattern (Shih & Kilian 2011). Until convincing evidence is available for their distinctness, the latter two subspecies are not distinguished in the treatment provided here.\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBabcock E. B. & Stebbins G. L. 1937: The genus <i>Youngia</i>. &ndash; Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484.\r\rShih C. & Kilian N. 2011: <i>Youngia</i>. &ndash; In: Wu Z. Y., Raven P. & Hong D. Y. (ed.), Flora of China 20&ndash;21. &ndash; Beijing: Science Press & St Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f4182910-1500-449d-9cc5-961a1c5dfe09","Stems up to 60 cm tall, glabrous. Leaves mostly radical, oblanceolate simple or lyrate, pinnatifid, up to 18 cm long, 4.5 cm broad, usually shortly petiolate at the base, lateral segments somewhat irregular, 0-3 pairs, glabrous or puberulent on both surfaces; cauline leaves few, smaller. Capitula numerous in cymose corymbs; involucres urceolate-cylindric, 2 mm diam. at base; outer phyllaries c. 5, very small, inner ones linear-lanceolate, pubescent on the inner surface, glabrous without, midrib thickened near the base. Flowers 10-20 per capitulum; corollas orange-yellow, 6 mm long. Achenes 1.5-2 mm long, compressed, c. 12-ribbed. Pappus uniseriate, 3.5 mm long. Chromosome number n = 8 (Shetty in Taxon 16: 572. 1967).\r\rfrom: Grierson, A. J. C. 1980: 56.<i>Youngia</i>. – Pp. 268-270 in: Dassayanake, M. D., Fosberg, F. R. Flora of Ceylon I – Washington, D.C.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"10eb1300-c939-4c99-96c2-f55d7c2cc014","Herb, perennial, 90-150 cm high. Caudex woody, 7.0 cm, 1.0 cm wide, weakly branched. Flowering stems erect, terete, angular, sulcate or striate, hollow, yellowish green, tomentose, scabrid or hispid at apex, 5.0-10.0 mm in diameter, often unbranched or branched. Rosette leaves several, oblong-ovate, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, 10.0-28.0 cm long, 2.0-5.0 cm wide, remotely denticulate, acute, mucronate or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous or scabrid. Cauline leaves oblong or narrowly obovate, remotely denticulate or sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, semiamplexicaul or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, scabrid, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes triangular. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 10-13 heads. Peduncle 1.0-4.0 cm long, hispid and tomentose. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or campanulate, 7.0-10.0 mm long, glandular and tomentose or densely hispidulous; outer involucral bracts linear, 3.0-45.0 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 8.0-10.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, acute or obtuse, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 13.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-5.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 3.5-8.0-(15.0) mm long, 1.0-1.3 mm wide. Anthertube 2.6 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 0.8 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5-6.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, brown, with 10-13 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus yellowish white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, caducous, flexible, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa.; Tadesse, M. 2004: 18. <i>Crepis</i> - Pp 46-51 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fe93d6da-a9d4-4c86-93ce-2e29439b1b16",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"09664bee-7dc8-4e27-9774-7569622691a2","Probably always perennial. Stem 25-40 cm, pubescent. Leaves 50-190 x 10-40 mm, hispid; lower usually runcinate-pinnatifid (rarely entire), with winged petiole; upper lanceolate to ovate, entire to dentate, amplexicaul. Capitula up to 5 cm in diameter, 1-3 on very long peduncles. Involucral bracts 15-25 x 2.5-6 mm, lanceolate, subacute, softly hairy. Ligules pale yellow, often with a red stripe on the outer face. Body of achene 4-5.5 mm, oblong, with short, obtuse projections; beak 9-14 mm, scabrid, very narrowly pyramidal, confluent with the body; pappus pale reddish-brown. 2n= 14.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 157. <i>Urospermum</i> Scop. – Pp. 308 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r","Description","Tutin, T. G. & al., Flora Europaea. 1964-1993","eng",,,,,
"09664bee-7dc8-4e27-9774-7569622691a2","Cultivated and waste ground","Ecology","Tutin, T. G. & al., Flora Europaea. 1964-1993","eng",,,,,
"ffaa2421-14b4-4e78-9c37-cc5c3f4f67b3","Herb, perennial, 4-18 cm high. Caudex 0.3-5.0 cm, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, simple or branched. Flowering stems 1-4, scapelike, erect, terete, medullary, hispidulous, striate, slender. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-7.0 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, dentate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, more or less hispid, stramineous on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few or absent, reduced to scales. Heads with 15-20 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering c. 5.0 mm in diameter, hispid especially at the base, pubescent and glandular; involucral bracts dark green with broad yellow margins; outer involucral bracts triangular-ovate or ovate, acuminate or acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, purplish at apex. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-17.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.5-6.0 mm long, pubescent at apex or on upper half; ligule 2.0-2.5 mm wide, reddish purple, glandular on outer face. Anthertube 4.0-5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, united, 0.6-0.8 mm long. Style branches (1.5)-2.5-3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 6.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, finely scabridulous, dark greenish brown, with 18-20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, united at base, 6.0-8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus Crepis 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bf3e6ee1-1480-476e-b67a-4c2a4fdaac7a","Caudical leaves 2-4, 6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, pinnately parted, with 4-6 pairs of rather close narrow lateral segments and short narrow terminal segment, lateral segments sometimes 1-dentate on lower margin near base; scapes 4-6 cm long, sometimes canescent-tomentose at summit; outer involucral bracts 12-18, ovate, acuminate; corolla about 14 mm long; ligules in marginal florets 2 mm wide, the teeth 0.25 mm long; anther tube 4 mm long, the filaments extending beyond appendages 1.75 mm; style branches 1.5 mm long; achenes (immature) 3 mm long greenish, columnar, slightly attenuate at summit; pappus white, copious, 7-8 mm long, 3-seriate, united at base, the setae very unequal in length and width, 2-8 cells wide at base, soft, persistent.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c2d43e74-641d-4806-a7b8-92031823ee0f","Caudical leaves 2-7 cm long, 1 cm wide, usually with a few remote short very narrow teeth or shallow lateral lobes; scapes 2-16 (mostly 8-14) cm long; outer involucral bracts 6-10, mostly ovate-triangular, acute; corolla 13-17 mm long; ligules in marginal florets 2-2.5 mm wide, the teeth 0.3-1 mm long; anther tube 4.25-5 mm long, the filaments extending beyond the appendages 0.75 mm; style branches 2.5-3 mm long; achenes and pappus typical.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis heterotricha subsp. typical</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4a418749-92c9-4d23-a633-789a7a7bfe70","Biennial. Root robust, long, vertical; root collar densely covered with fibrous remnants of old leaves. Plants 30-80(115) cm high, flocculose-tomentose, especially above, on young branches and in leaf axils. Stems erect or slightly flexuous, usually robust, thick, highly sulcate, usually branched above, densely leafy from base, fistular below. Lower basal leaves usually expanded at base, 20-40 cm long, 4-12 mm wide, often folded, withering at seed maturation, acute; middle leaves semiamplexicaul, 9-15(18) cm long, expanded at base, 8-25 mm wide, gradually narrowed upward and glabrous in this part, conduplicate along keel, sometimes undulate; uppermost leaves reduced, 2-6 cm long, 6-10 mm wide at base, spatulate, narrowed above, with long, arcuate cusp, usually flocculose-tomentose. Peduncles not thickened below capitula, 1-2(3) mm thick. Capitula 3-30, at fruiting 20-40 mm long, 10-15 wide. Involucral bracts 7-12, at fruiting (18)25-35 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, more or less pubescent, especially very young ones, acuminate, glaucous from flocculose tomentum, slightly shorter as long as florets but shorter than achenes; florets light yellow. Peripheral achenes 1.5-3 cm long with pappus, without pappus 1.2-1.5(2) cm, somewhat thick, about 1-1.5 mm wide, shallow-sulcate, with 8-12 alternating smooth and finely tuberculate ribs, straight or somewhat curved, without beak, sometimes smooth in upper part, not spinulose; pappus 1.5-1.8 cm long, as long as or longer than achene, sometimes reddish with hairy annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"026fdbed-1bd9-49e4-8b61-06783b9e2641","Perennial. Rhizome? Stem 70-110(160) cm high, paniculately branched above, 6-8 mm near base and here, usually with setose scaly hairs, more or less glabrous above to general inflorescence. Leaves thin, with distinct network of veins, on long petioles, as also lamina, more or less densely covered with scaly hairs or spinules; lower leaves lyrate, large, with hastate-cordate or triangular-hastate, terminal segment, terminating in hastate cusp; segment unequally toothed with isolated spinules and scaly hairs in-between; lateral segments remote, one pair, ovate-oblong or oblong; middlecauline leaves smaller, lower of entire (without lateral segments), with less distinct cordate base; upper cauline leaves irregularly rhombic or angular-ovate, uppermost leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate. Capitula cylindrical, 9-10(12) mm long, on erect branches, in lax, often very large, paniculate general inflorescence, peduncles short, slender, densely covered with large or scaly glandular hairs, often with one to few reduced, scaly, reddish leaves. Involucre two-or three-rowed; outer involucral bracts very short, inner usually five, one-rowed, oblong-linear or linear, with isolated erect curly or scaly, but fine, usually glandular, hairs on dorsal side (under lens!). Florets in capitulum usually five; corolla light blue or pale with violet tips. Achenes about 4 mm long and 0.6-0.8 mm wide, terete, usually with five longitudinal, prominent ribs, dark brown, almost glabrous (at high magnification very short hairs visible), slightly narrowed toward base, with broad apical disk bearing pappus of numerous thin, dirty-rusty or rusty, barbed, 6-7 mm long bristles.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Prenanthes tatarinowii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"90eaeb42-a18d-479b-ba2d-53aca6ded849","Perennial. Plants often with strong rhizome, Stem 70-100(120) cm high, sulcate, up to 9 mn thick at base, in lower part densely covered with scaly, dark brown, hairs or (less often) more or less glabrous, branched above and covered with crisped, less often mixed with scaly setose, hairs. Lower leaves (early-withering) and middle cauline leaves large, lyrate-pinnatisect, on very long, winged, expanded at base and semiamplexicaul petiole, usually covered beneath with scaly hairs; terminal segment triangular or irregularly rhomboid, lateral segments two to four, oblong or broadly ovate, or rhomboic, sometimes irregular in shape; all segments acute, irregularly coarsely toothed-sinuate, with teeth terminating into obtuse spinules; upper leaves strongly reduced, sessile, usually lanceolate or oblong, often densely setose at base. Capitula with 25-30 florets, narrow-campanulate, at fruiting about 15 mn long, on unequal peduncles, densely covered with short crisped hairs (under a lens!) and often in compact racemose-paniculate inflorescence. Involucre two- or three-rowed; involucral bracts dirty green, with scaly erect hairs on back. Corolla yellow. Achenes 7-8 mn long and about 0.6 wide, terete, with numerous, prominent longitudinal ribs, yellow or dark brown, very densely covered with light colored, upward-directed, short hairs (under high magnification!), somewhat distinctly narrowed toward base, with almost quadrate, smooth, corona-like process at apex, bearing pappus of numerous, dirty-rusty or rusty, finely barbed 6-7(8) mm-long bristles.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Prenanthes maximowiczii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4825360b-1532-4e53-9927-9cd8c9aa9f0b","<i>Ixeris</i> is a genus centred in E Asia and extending to S and SE Asia. Originally created by Cassini to accommodate the SE Asian <i>I. polycephala</i>, later Gray (1859) added several similar E Asian species to it. Bentham (1873), however, merged it into <i>Lactuca</i> as a section, a treatment followed by most workers until Nakai (1920) again treated <i>Ixeris</i> as a separate genus. Nakai (1920) also split some of the E Asian species into two segregate genera, <i>Crepidiastrum</i> and <i>Paraixeris</i>. Stebbins (1937) agreed with Nakai (1920) in the separation of <i>Ixeris</i> from <i>Lactuca</i>, but did not follow him in the segregation of <i>Crepidiastrum</i> and <i>Paraixeris</i>. \r\rA taxonomic revision of <i>Ixeris</i> and its relatives was provided by Pak & Kawano (1992), in particular based on carpological and cytological investigations (Pak & Kawano 1990a, b, c). Pak & Kawano's circumscription of <i>Ixeris</i> largely corroborates the narrow genus concept of Nakai (1920) and recently has been corroborated itself in molecular phylogenetic analyses of subtribe <i>Crepidinae</i> by J. W. Zhang & al. (in prep.). In this circumscription, which is followed here, <i>Ixeris</i> comprises close to ten species characterised by a basic chromosome number of <i>x</i>n =8, fusiform, uncompressed achenes with 10 ± equal, very prominent, ± winglike ribs, the space between which is narrowly v- or u-shaped, and an apex contracted or attenuate into a filiform or slender beak.</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBentham G. 1873: <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Pp. 163-533 in: Bentham G. & Hooker J. D., Genera plantarum 2. &ndash; London: Reeve.\r\rGray A. 1859: Diagnostic characters of new species of phanerogamous plants, collected in Japan by Charles Wright. &ndash; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, ser. 2, 6: 377-452 [<i>Ixeris</i>: pp. 395-398].\r\rNakai T. 1920: Notulae ad plantas Japoniae et Koreae, XXIII. &ndash; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 34: 147-158.\r\rPak J.-H. & Kawano S. 1990a: Biosystematic studies on the genus <i>Ixeris</i> and its allied genera <i>(Compositae-Lactuceae)</i> I. Fruit wall anatomy and its taxonomic implications. &ndash; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 41: 43-60.\r\rPak J.-H. & Kawano S. 1990b: Biosystematic studies on the genus <i>Ixeris</i> and its allied genera <i>(Compositae; Lactuceae)</i> II. Karyological analyses. &ndash; Cytologia 55: 553-570.\r\rPak J.-H. & Kawano S. 1990c: Biosystematic studies on the genus <i>Ixeris</i> and its allied genera <i>(Compositae - Lactuceae)</i> III. Fruit wall anatomy and karyology of <i>Crepidiastrum</i> and <i>Paraixeris</i>, and their taxonomic implications. &ndash; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 41: 109-128.\r\rPak J.-H. & Kawano S. 1992:  Biosystematic studies on the genus <i>Ixeris</i> and its allied genera <i>(Compositae; Lactuceae)</i> IV. Taxonomic treatments and nomenclature. &ndash; Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. Biol. 15: 29-61.\r\rStebbins G. L. 1937: Critical notes on the genus <i>Ixeris</i>. &ndash; J. Bot. 75: 43-51.\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4825360b-1532-4e53-9927-9cd8c9aa9f0b","The basic chromosome number of <i>Ixeris</i> is <i>x</i> = 8 (Pak & Kawano 1990: Biosystematic studies on the genus <i>Ixeris</i> and its allied genera <i>(Compositae; Lactuceae)<Ii> II. Karyological analyses. &ndash; Cytologia 55: 553-570).\r\r","Chromosome numbers",,"eng",,,,,
"659b2164-9396-454f-8d1e-dce266f2d4bb","Herb, perennial, (5)-10-15-(20) cm high, glabrous. Flowering stems usually numerous, erect or ascending. Rosette leaves narrowly linear, entire or rarely pinnatifid. Cauline leaves usually absent or rarely 1-2, narrowly linear, entire, often reduced to scales. Synflorescence with (1)-3-10-(15) heads. Heads with 15-25 flowers. Involucre 6.0-8.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, pink, yellow or white. Achenes 4.0-5.5 mm long, brown. Pappus whitish, 4.0-4.5 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Ixeridium graminifolium</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"34052b15-8a5d-4848-9c1b-ceb1bafea497","Herb, perennial, 15-50 cm high. Flowering stems 1 or few, erect or sometimes ascending. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, pinnatipartite to entire, dentate, attenuate, greyish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves 1(-2), attenuate. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform. Heads with 20-25 flowers, with many flowers. Involucre 8.5-11.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellowish white or yellow; ligule tinged purple or pink, pink on drying. Achenes 5.5-7.0 mm long, brown. Pappus whitish, 4.5-5.5 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Ixeridium strigosum</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"487f0308-5d66-4f26-ac68-54bf2ec074bb","Herb, perennial, (5)-15-35-(40) cm high. Flowering stems numerous, erect or sometimes ascending, glabrous. Rosette leaves linear to obovate, 8.0-25.0 cm long, 5.0-15.0 cm wide, entire to pinnatipartite, entire to dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, green or glaucous on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few, ovate or narrowly obovate, sometimes pinnatifid, subentire to denticulate, amplexicaul, green on upper surface, greyish green on lower surface. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform, with many heads. Heads with 15-27 flowers. Involucre 6.0-8.5 mm long; outer involucral bracts up to 1.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 9.0-11.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow, white or pink. Achenes 4.0-6.0 mm long, brown, with a filiform beak; beak c. 3.0 mm long. Pappus whitish, 4.0-5.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, <i>Tribe Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Ixeridium chinense</i> and as <i>Ixeridium gramineum</i>); Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"95ef656a-a1d8-4891-bb55-bc047cc09fe4","In absence of any evidence that the holotype of the name <i>Lapsana japonica</i> was to be excluded from this taxon, <i>japonica</i> is used as the earliest epithet, published in 1768. The two sheets of the holotype, collected in Japan by C. Kleynhoff and preserved at G-Burman, carry material at early anthesis. Its involucres measure 8.5 mm and are thus rather small, but similar small involucres are seen occasionally also in material from China; otherwise the type material matches well the taxon. The name <i>Ixeris debilis</i> (based on <i>Prenanthes debilis</i> from 1784) has been used instead in works on the flora of Japan since the 1950s, while the basionym <i>L. japonica</i> has been omitted entirely (C. Shih & N. Kilian in Flora of China 2011),\r\rIn works on the flora of Japan, several infraspecific taxa are recognised.  ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"95ef656a-a1d8-4891-bb55-bc047cc09fe4","Herb, perennial, 10-30 cm high. Flowering stems procumbent. Rosette leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, 4.0-20.0 cm long, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, entire or dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, yellowish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few. Synflorescence with 1-5 heads. Heads with 20-24 flowers. Outer involucral bracts 0.5-1.5 mm long; inner involucral bracts 12.0-14.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes c. 4.0 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 2.5 mm long. Pappus white, c. 7.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. Tokyo; under <i>Ixeris debilis</i>.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d0a74a59-ef6c-498d-a6c4-00f3c8161fc2","Herb, perennial, 10-20 cm high. Rosette leaves oblong-ovate, 3.0-8.0 cm long,-1.5 cm wide, entire, obtuse, attenuate, glabrous. Cauline leaves few, 1.0-8.0 cm long, 0.8-2.5 cm wide, cordate. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 5-20 heads. Outer involucral bracts up to 2.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 9.0-10.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes c. 4.0 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 2.0-2.5 mm long. Pappus white, c. 5.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6d017c64-43af-461a-8973-646a08af3911","Herb, perennial, stoloniferous, (1)-5-15 cm high. Rosette leaves ovate, 0.5-3.0 cm long, 0.5-1.5-(3.0) cm wide, dentate or entire, obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, yellowish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves absent. Synflorescence with 1-3 heads. Heads with 18-29 flowers. Involucre 8.0-10.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts up to 1.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 8.0-10.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 4.0-6.0 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 2.0 mm long. Pappus white, 4.0-7.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo; Strother, J. L. 2006: 39. <i>Ixeris</i> Cassini. – Pp. 254 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York & Oxford.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9af8a4dd-91f5-4da6-8eb3-13fe4d02ebe3","Herb, biennial, 15-50 cm high. Flowering stems whitish green, glabrous. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate, 10.0-25.0 cm long, 0.7-1.5 cm wide, dentate or entire, glabrous, whitish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate, 7.0-15.0 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, dentate or entire, sagittate, glabrous, whitish green on both surfaces. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 5-10 heads. Heads with 20-25 flowers. Outer involucral bracts up to 1.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 5.0-6.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 3.0-3.5 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 1.5 mm long. Pappus white, c. 4.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"09cc8149-3ded-45a2-8d76-e2d91fd997b2","Herb, perennial, 15-30 cm high. Flowering stems glabrous. Rosette leaves linear-ovate, 8.0-15.0 cm long, 3.0-5.0 cm wide, entire, glabrous, whitish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few, linear. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 5-15 heads. Heads with 28-40 flowers. Outer involucral bracts up to 1.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 9.0-10.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes c. 6.0 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 6.0 mm long. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0f18bc1a-523a-4f1e-9300-4ed0fc60cd1b","Herb, perennial, 3-15 cm high. Rosette leaves 3.0-5.0 cm long, 3.0-5.0 cm wide, obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, whitish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 2-10 heads. Heads with 13-15 flowers. Outer involucral bracts 2.0-5.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 11.0-14.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes c. 5.0 mm long, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus white, c. 7.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"58fdc1cc-19a8-498c-94ae-ad04c0cf5fa5","Herb, perennial, 20-40 cm high. Flowering stems glabrous. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate, 5.0-20.0 cm long, 0.8-5.0 cm wide, entire or dentate, acuminate, attenuate, glabrous. Cauline leaves linear. Synflorescence corymbiform, with many heads. Heads with 10-11 flowers. Inner involucral bracts 6.0-7.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 3.0-3.5 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus white, 3.0-3.5 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo (as <i>Ixeris laevigata</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bb9b0a45-3a33-49de-abb3-8c683be43434","Herb, perennial, 30-100 cm high. Flowering stems erect, glabrous or pubescent above. Cauline leaves oblong or narrowly obovate, 9.0-32.0 cm long, 2.5-7.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or runcinate, attenuate. Peduncle long. Heads nodding. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 2.0-4.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts 5.0-10.0 mm long, 3.5-5.5 mm wide; inner involucral bracts subacute, margin sometimes minutely ciliate. Corolla ligulate, blue. Achenes fusiform or obovoid in outline, sometimes compressed, 10.0-11.0 mm long, smooth. Pappus white or yellowish white, 9.0-10.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Mamgain, S. K. and Rao, R. R. 1985: <i>Cichorieae</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) – Pp. 226-345 in: Hajira, P.K. et al., Flora of India 12. – Calcutta (as <i>Cicerbita macrantha</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"aecd40ae-b77d-495b-a63f-a294c8287089","Concerning synonymization of Chaetoseris hispida see Zhu S.-X., Qin H.-N. & Shih C. 2004: A new synonym in Chaetoseris (Compositae). - Acta Phytotax. Sin. 42: 268-270.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"aecd40ae-b77d-495b-a63f-a294c8287089","Herb, perennial, 40-80 cm high. Flowering stems erect, glabrous or glandular in upper part. Cauline leaves oblong to ovate, 3.0-10.0 cm long, 2.0-7.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, denticulate, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous. Synflorescence paniculiform, with several heads. Heads with 15-30 flowers. Involucre at flowering narrowly campanulate, 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or ovate-oblong, 3.5-6.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, obtuse or subacute, sparsely pilose or glabrous; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong, 9.0-12.0 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, obtuse to subacute, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, purple; tube 5.0-7.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 4.0-5.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, compressed, 1.0-1.3 mm long, glabrous, brown. Pappus white, 5.0-7.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo. (as <i>Cicerbita cyanea</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5c0b9d9a-145a-4336-9ff0-daee905590f5","Perennial herb 5-150(-240) cm high, erect (said to be scrambling in Bidgood et al. 3870), with a long thick taproot and with milky latex; stems solitary or few, branching distally, glaucous, sometimes with reddish tinge, glabrous or setose. Leaves scattered or crowded on the lower stem, sometimes almost absent at flowering time, glaucous green, membranous, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 5-20 cm long, 0.3-1.6 cm wide (up to 7 cm wide including lobes), base semi-amplexicaul in basal leaves, sagittate in cauline ones, margins entire or remotely denticulate and sometimes with a few lateral lobes to 3 cm long, apex acute or mucronate, glabrous or sparsely setose beneath on midrib and main veins. Capitula few (3-4) to over a hundred in a leafy panicle, the branching of the inflorescence congested to lax, the bracts sagittate; involucre cylindric, 8-12 mm long, lengthening to 18 mm and flask-shaped with swollen base after anthesis; phyllades lanceolate, green with reddish to purple markings and tips, 2-17 mm long, acute, the very apex with a little hair-tuft. Florets 2-14 per capitulum; corolla blue or mauve, less often pink, yellow or white, tube cylindric, 4-6 mm long, densely, pilose distally, ligule 6-11 mm long, 1-2.6 mm wide. Achenes dark brown to black, ellipsoid, 4.5-8.5 mm long including a beak of 1.5-2.5 mm long, 1-ribbed on each face, glabrous or hispidulous; pappus in several series, white, 5-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5d66d473-f943-4689-9a80-810f07894c71","Herb, annual, 15-40-(60) cm high. Flowering stems mostly 1, erect, weakly ribbed, medullary, green or reddish violet in lower half or reddish brown especially in the upper part, glandular or hispidulous, branched in upper half or branched already from base; branches spreading-erect. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, 5.0-16.0-(22.0) cm long, 0.8-3.0-(3.5) cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, sinuate or sinuate-dentate, obtuse to subacute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent, subglabrous or hispidulous, green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, oblong-obovate, oblong or linear-ovate, up to 16.0-(22.0) cm long, up to 3.0-(3.5) cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, sinuate, entire or sinuate-dentate, acuminate, obtuse or subacute, mostly semiamplexicaul or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous, subglabrous or pubescent, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Involucre c. 15.0 mm long; involucral bracts glandular and hispidulous; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute, pubescent; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, obtuse, pubescent, margin scarious. Receptacle foveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-14.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0-6.0 mm long, pubescent at apex; ligule purple on outer face. Style branches yellow. Achenes dimorphic; beak c. 6.0-10.0 mm long; outer achenes slightly curved, slightly compressed, 6.5-8.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide, pubescent, greenish yellow, with longitudinal ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; inner achenes 6.0-7.0 mm long (excl. beak), subglabrous, reddish brown, with longitudinal ribs. Pappus white, 7.0-8.5 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"168d4ed8-e289-4df9-91dd-72287887a911","Herb, perennial, 20-60-(75) cm high. Flowering stems erect, glabrous. Rosette leaves 4.5-6.0-(16.0) cm long, 3.0-4.0 cm wide, pinnatipartite, sinuate-dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate or hastate, sparsely pilose. Cauline leaves attenuate. Synflorescence racemiform. Heads with 3 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical; outer involucral bracts ovate, 2.0-4.0 mm long, 1.0-1.4 mm wide, subacute; inner involucral bracts obovate or linear-oblong, 9.0-11.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, obtuse. Corolla ligulate, bluish purple. Achenes brown, truncate or rounded. Pappus white, fragile; inner pappus 5.0-6.0 mm.\r\rBased on: Bano R. & Qaiser M. 2009: A new species and a new combination of <i>Prenanthes</i> L., (<i>Lactuceae-Asteraceae</i>) from Pakistan and Kashmir in: Pak. J. Bot. 41(5): 2087-2091.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5e0c7175-087d-4aaf-bdf5-68e78320b848","Herb, perennial, c. 30 cm high. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems sulcate below or striate above, glabrous, villose above or tomentose below, robust, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 12.0 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, irregularly denticulate, obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent, tomentose or glandular and pubescent. Cauline leaves or narrowly obovate or the upper ones narrowly ovate, up to 12.0 cm long, irregularly denticulate, obtuse or the upper ones acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or the upper ones semiamplexicaul and auriculate, more or less villose. Peduncle 1.0-4.0 cm long, glandular or densely villose. Heads with up to 50 flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, 10.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-12.0 mm in diameter, densely villose; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or deltoid, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate. Corolla ligulate, c. 14.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-4.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.7 mm wide. Anthertube c. 4.3 mm long; apical appendages acute, 1.0 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long, black or dark brown. Achenes fusiform in outline, 6.0-7.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, smooth, black, dark brown or pale yellow at the apex, with 10-12 ribs, slightly attenuate. Pappus whitish, 7.0-8.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e644733a-d34a-4cbc-b06a-1111ca5708cf","Perennial. Rhizome slender, creeping, tuberculately thickened at places. Stem 10-50(60) cm high, 2-3 mm thick in the lower part, simple, leafless, glabrous or scatteredly hairy. Leaves of basal rosette 2.5-25.0 cm long (including petiole), 1-6 cm wide, thin, glabrous above, with scattered hairs beneath, lyrately pinnatipartite with rather large, 3.0-6.5 cm long, cordate, obtuse, ,sinuate-toothed, terminal lobe and one to three(five) pairs of smaller, oblong, obtuse, more or less deflexed lateral lobes, reducing toward leaf base; petiole 1.5-8.0 cm long, glabrous or scatteredly hairy, broadened at the base. Capitula 2 cm long and 1.0-1.5 cm wide at fruiting, solitary. Outer involucral bracts 4-8 mm long, with long blackish hairs over entire length of midrib, denser in the lower part of bract; inner bracts 10-15 mm long, with occasional blackish hairs along midrib, denser in the upper part of bracts. Achene body 2-2.5 mm long, crown of five short, about 2 mm long, thickish scales rounded at the apex; beak 13 mm long, slender, with small (0.5 mm long) ribbed thickening in the lower  part, pappus 6 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8c7e37f5-214b-4761-b49b-a0c738b53d45","Perennial herb with erect stems 1.4-2.4 m high; taproot fleshy or semi-woody; stems solitary or in pairs, often purplish proximally, ribbed, sparsely glandular-setose with purple setae. Leaves all cauline, lanceolate, 4-24 cm long, 1-4.5 cm wide, base cuneate to rounded or semi-amplexicaul, margins sinuate-dentate, apex acute, sparsely setose to subglabrous. Capitula many, in lax panicle to 40 cm long; involucre cylindric to narrowly campanulate, 6-10.5 mm long; phyllaries often purplish, ovate to lanceolate, 3-10 mm long, glabrous except for the ciliate margins in the outermost and the ciliate-lobed apices. Florets ± 5 per capitulum; corolla yellow, tube cylindric, 2-2.5 mm long, ligule erect, 4-5.5 mm long. Achenes orange to dark brown, flattened ellipsoid, 4-4.5 mm long, not or hardly beaked, 1(-2)-ribbed on each side, minutely puberulous; pappus white, 3-5.5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0966f429-78e8-46f1-b998-daf3bd660e02",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3d6bd3dd-8c39-4ce9-8d76-715b42c7d0d3",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3e8e754f-c342-47d5-8f4b-5307ab013a08","Herb, perennial, 7-11 cm high. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 3.0-5.0 cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm wide, remotely dentate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, puberulous or tomentose. Cauline leaves few, linear, reduced to scales. Peduncle 5.0-7.0 cm long, covered with bracts. Heads with c. 20 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, scabridulous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, dark green, strigose or hispid, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-15.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule reddish purple. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages 0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long. Pappus basally brown or yellowish white, c. 7.0 mm long, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5407bcc8-28ef-4c12-b83a-1ffbedc6ebb6","Biennial (or perennial?). Root thick, vertical, branched above,  terminating into few stems. Stems divaricately branched from base, 10-25 cm high, with remnants of petioles of dead leaves in lower part and slightly sulcate, glaucous surface, very shortly and unevenly pubescent (under a hand lens!), distinctly mixed with glandular hairs; fully developed leaves arranged in basal rosula or on lowermost part of stem, glaucous, oblong-spatulate or oblong-obovate, undivided, with distinct network of veins, finely rugose-plicate, densely appressed hairy (under a lens!), shortly and unevenly toothed, with dark cartilaginous spinules; upper cauline leaves more or less reduced (to scaly), semiamplexicaul, auriculate at base. Capitula cylindrical or oblong-cylindrical, of 10-20(25) florets, with fruits 5-7(10) mm long, in lax compound paniculate inflorescence; peduncles usually shorter than capitulum, bearing less often sessile, relatively large, glandular hairs. Involucral bracts (two) three- or four-rowed, reddish-violet, less often green with violet stripes or spots, thinly pubescent on outer surface, mixed with glandular hairs; innermost bracts less densely pubescent, often greenish, with thin membranous border. Corolla? Achenes about 3 mm long and 0.5-0.75 mm wide, dark or blackish-brown, narrow-obovoid or ellipsoid, almost entirely smooth (under high magnification, very short whitish hairs visible), more or less flat, with one distinct central rib, passing through center of ventral or dorsal sides continuing into a whitish, light yellow or greenish beak, more or less as long as achene and terminating in almost as long pappus of very thin, white, somewhat barbed hairs.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0b46854c-cce8-4c6c-a8a2-3201c2ce59d5","Herb, perennial, 20-40-(60) cm high. Caudex c. 5.0 cm, 5.0 cm wide, branched with 1-3 stems. Flowering stems erect, terete, medullary, sparsely tomentose, more or less glabrescent or pubescent and glandular, striate, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate to elliptic, 5.0-9.0 cm long, 1.8-3.0 cm wide, irregularly denticulate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, densely pubescent and glandular. Cauline leaves linear, acuminate, sometimes reduced to scales. Peduncle 0.3-4.0 cm long, scabridulous or sparsely tomentose, densely pubescent and glandular, covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 7.0-10.0 mm long, sparsely tomentose, sometimes densely pubescent and glandular, sometimes hispid; outer involucral bracts linear, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse. Receptacle areolate. Corolla ligulate, 11.0-12.0 mm long, yellow, pubescent; tube 4.5-5.0 mm long; ligule 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.8 mm long, yellow. Achenes narrowly fusiform in outline, 5.0-6.5 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, dark brown or purplish, with 10-12 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus whitish or pale yellow, 5.0-6.5 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"00698d18-cbe7-4fd4-a76e-3c05544c2e5f",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"aff0c9cc-51dc-434f-80fd-9a32602b13ee","Herb, perennial, c. 30 cm high, mostly glabrous except the heads. Caudex 1.0 cm wide, branched. Flowering stems terete, striate, robust, branched. Rosette leaves 10.0-18.0 cm long, 2.0-3.0 cm wide, runcinate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, sometimes sparsely puberulous beneath or at the margin; terminal lobe oblong, obtuse; lateral lobes triangular. Cauline leaves oblong, coarsely dentate, acute, amplexicaul and auriculate, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle tomentose, covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre 12.0-15.0 mm long, tomentose; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, pale greenish, midrib darker, often strigose, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Corolla ligulate, 20.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0 mm long, strigose at apex; ligule 3.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 1.0 mm long. Branches 2.8 mm long, pale yellow. Achenes glabrous, attenuate. Pappus white, 6.0 mm long, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"334971d8-f92f-4161-9385-fbbd0fd99c92","Perennial. Root mostly vertical, swollen at some depth as globose or cylindrical, sometimes elongated tuber; root collar sometimes covered with sheaths of dead leaves. Plants 20-40(45) cm high, glabrous or flocculose; stems erect. Basal leaves linear, long, numerous; cauline leaves 3-10 cm long, strongly broadened at base, five- to seven-veined, gradually narrowed, almost amplexicaul, sometimes weakly pubescent. Peduncles weakly thickened below capitula. Capitula large, 2-4 cm long at flowering, 4-5 cm long at fruiting; florets bright yellow, with four violet stripes on lower side, pale violet on drying. Involucral bracts eight, as long as ligulate florets or shorter, lanceolate, almost as long as achenes with pappus at fruiting. Peripheral achenes with pappus 3.7-4.3 cm long, without pappus 1.6-2.4 cm long; body of achene 1.1-1.4 cm long, tuberculate-squamose along ribs and deeply sulcate, gradually narrowed into ribbed, glabrous, about 1 cm-long beak, shorter than body of achene, with hairy annulus at apex; pappus 1.7-1.9 cm long, white or grayish, shorter than achene with beak; inner achenes narrower, indistinctly ribbed.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"08e31e1c-859a-4de4-b4d9-b04cc534326e",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f3d6715f-54e7-467d-850a-7cdc65978dc3",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"61e33ff3-8a9b-49fe-b31e-1ff11284b83e","Herb, perennial, 25-70 cm high. Flowering stems 1 or 2, erect, sulcate, hollow, green, glabrous or sparsely pubescent and glandular, striate, branched in upper half; branches remote. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate or narrowly obovate, 8.0-25.0 cm long, 1.5-6.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate, denticulate or sinuate, subacute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, pubescent or glabrous; terminal lobe ovate or elliptic, obtuse or acute; lateral lobes 6.0-8.0, oblong, retrorse. Cauline leaves few, oblong-ovate or narrowly obovate, dentate or denticulate, acute or subacute, amplexicaul and cordate, glabrous or pubescent, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 1.5-7.5 cm long, glabrous or pubescent and glandular. Heads with c. 40 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 9.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-6.0 mm in diameter, at fruiting reflexed, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate or narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 13.0 mm long, deeply yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, pubescent above; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.7-0.9 mm long. Style branches 2.5 mm long, green. Achenes fusiform in outline, slightly curved or straight, 4.0 mm long, muricate or smooth, terete, dark brown, with c. 15 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-7.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i> , Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"73c7e733-b12e-419e-8498-5e0075f30e5b","Herb, perennial, (15)-20-60-(65) cm high. Caudex 2.0-3.0 cm, c. 1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 1-2-(4), erect, sulcate or striate, glabrous above or sparsely pubescent below, robust. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, c. 22.0 cm long, 3.0-4.0-(5.0) cm wide, undulate and irregularly dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous above, pubescent on lower face, more or less hispid or. Cauline leaves ovate, 6.0-14.0 cm long, 4.0-6.0 cm wide, acuminate or acute, amplexicaul, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-4.0 cm long, glabrous or tomentose or pubescent and glandular, covered with bracts. Heads with 30-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, (11.0)-13.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-8.0-(10.0) mm in diameter, tomentose, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts linear or narrowly ovate, brownish green, glabrescent, tomentose or pubescent and glandular; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse or acute, glabrescent or pubescent and glandular, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin white scarious or scarious. Receptacle alveolate. Corolla ligulate, c. 21.0 mm long, yellow; tube (6.0)-9.0-10.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule c. 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute or truncate, c. 0.8 mm long. Style branches c. 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, slightly curved or straight, 6.0-8.0-(10.0) mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide, finely muricate, reddish brown, orange-red or yellowish near apex, with 16-18-(22) ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 8.0-9.0-(10.0) mm long, persistent, flexible, united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis darvazica</i> and as <i>Crepis songorica</i> ); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3a69d6c0-2e0d-4453-957d-39f356c662c1","Biennial. Root vertical, thick, sometimes branched; root collar covered with remnants of old leaves. Plants 7-30(60) cm high. Stems glabrous, densely leafy, branched or simple, erect. Basal leaves long, narrow; cauline leaves semiamplexicaul, expanded at base, flat, lanceolate-linear or narrowly linear, long-acuminate, undulate, often exceeding peduncles. Peduncles, especially at fruiting, strongly clavately thickened, short, often drawn out below capitula. Capitula solitary on each peduncle, 4-4.5 cm long on fruiting. Involucral bracts six to eight lanceolate-linear, narrowed towards apex, acuminate, expanded at base, and membranous along margin, especially at fruiting; florets purple, pinkish, or violet, half to two-thirds as long as involucre. Achenes including pappus 5.3 cm, excluding pappus 2.7 cm long; body of achene 1.5 cm long, finely sulcate, with 10 ribs, scabrous from small dense scales or tubercles; gradually narrowed into somewhat thick, 1.2 cm-long, straight, glabrous, almost smooth beak, without hairy annulus at apex and clavately thickened; pappus 2.4 cm long, dirty violet, with few longer hairs, almost as long as achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c0cb1aee-30a3-41cb-8b89-22f675ab24e8","Perennial. Root cylindrical, vertical; root collar densely covered with reticulate fibres. Stems several, 20-65 cm high, erect, initially tomentose, glabrescent, simple, densely leafy. Leaves numerous; basal leaves linear, acuminate, many-veined, slightly shorter than stem; cauline leaves 5-12 mm long at base, amplexicaul, oblong, acuminate, often undulate-crisped, not exceeding peduncles, often flocculose along margin. Peduncles not thickened below capitula; involucre of eight lanceolate bracts weakly flocculose at base. Capitula 3-4 cm long at flowering; florets bright yellow, usually pale lilac on drying, much longer than involucre. Achenes with pappus about 3.6 cm long, without pappus about 1.5-1.9-cm long, slightly curved, sulcate,• finely tuberculate-squamose, scabrous, beak flat, 0.25-0.5 cm long, somewhat thick, sulcate; weakly swollen at apex and with undulate annulus; pappus 1.7-2 cm long, white or grayish.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4cb000d0-5aa6-4693-8b00-4e5fc1b52005","Perennial. Root long, vertical, slender, swollen at some depth, as mostly oblong tuber, deep in soil; root collar covered with hairs or sheaths of previous year's leaves. Plants short, 5-15(25) cm high, loosely flocculose in lower part, glabrescent. Leaves numerous; basal leaves narrowly linear, slightly broadened at base, semiamplexicaul, densely pubescent, one- to three-veined, erect or slightly twisted and coiled at apex, furrowed, sometimes pubescent along margin; cauline leaves wider at base and shorter, oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate. Peduncles one-headed, slightly exceeding leaves or as long, not thickened below inflorescence. Capitula 2-3 cm long. Involucral bracts eight, narrowly lanceolate, as long as florets or shorter; florets pale yellow, weakly lilac on drying with brownish veins in lower part. Achenes with pappus about 3 cm long, without pappus 1.6 cm, about 1 cm long excluding beak, about 1 mm wide in body of achene, scabrous, shallow-sulcate, gradually narrowed into slender, about 0.6 cm-long, rugose beak, sulcate and without hairy annulus at apex; pappus about 1.3 cm long, shorter than achene with apex; pappus about 1.3 cm long, shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3662e0ef-5c01-440c-bda2-02919a3a76d3","Biennial. Root thick, vertical; root collar with remnants of leaves. Plants loosely flocculose, up to 45 cm high. Stem erect, solitary, very densely leafy, strongly branched above, nodose at base of branches, flocculose at nodes. Basal leaves narrowly linear to filiform, folded, long; cauline leaves exceeding capitula. Peduncles thickened below capitula, weakly pubescent; capitula about 4 cm long. Involucral bracts five to seven, longer than florets, as long as achene with pappus at fruiting, narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, broadened toward base; florets yellow. Achenes with pappus 3.5-4 cm long, without pappus about 2 cm long and 1 mm wide, more or less distinctly ribbed, whitish, shallow-sulcate, glabrous; beak slender, about 0.9 cm long, without thickening and hairy annulus at apex; pappus about 1.8 cm long, shorter of as long as achenes.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Tragopogon segetus</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9a1e3fc7-a3b2-4071-8c9c-6ed421fb11a3","Perennial. Root thick, cylindrical, but not tuberous; root collar densely covered with fibres. Stems 20-30 cm high, numerous, erect. Basal leaves numerous, narrowly linear, slightly narrowed toward base, much shorter than peduncles, up to 20 cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide; upper cauline leaves semiamplexicaul, filiform-acuminate; upper leaves 4-5 cm long. Peduncles exceeding leaves, erect, not thickened below capitula. Capitula medium, 2-3 cm long, tomentose at base; involucral bracts seven or eight, lanceolate, finely acuminate, expanded at base to 0.5 cm, 2-2.5 cm long; florets yellow or orange-yellow, two times as long as involucre. Achenes with pappus about 2 cm long, without pappus about 1 cm long, 1 mm wide, smooth, obtusely sulcate, not scabrous, almost without beak; pappus about 0.9 cm long, white or grayish white.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3cedad4a-77ac-41cd-a263-d4c6bfb47385","Perennial herb, scapose, with solitary or twin flowering stem(s) 20-75 cm high; roots somewhat woody; root-crown with old laciniate leaf bases, otherwise glabrous; stem sparsely to densely setose on the ribs, the setae purple, leaves in a rosette, sessile, broadly elliptic, 5.5-22.5 cm long, 2-12 cm wide, base cuneate to attenuate, margins sinuate-dentate, apex obtuse or retuse with a mucro, pale green and glabrous above, with purple veins and sparsely setose beneath; cauline leaves absent or 1-2, similar to the rosette ones. Capitula many, in narrow panicles; involucre cylindrical, 8-12 mm long; phyllaries 3-seriate, green, ovate to lanceolate, 2-12 mm long, glabrous or the very apex minutely hairy. Corolla yellow, tube cylindric, 2.5-3.5 mm long, ligule 7-12 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide. Achenes fusiform, 4.2-5.8 mm long, 3-ribbed on each side, sparsely puberulous, not or hardly beaked; pappus 4-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"adbafc29-14c1-4f05-a5e8-95e3465bd735","Biennial. Root vertical, fusiform; root collar covered with remnants of old leaves. Plant glabrous or grayish, more or less weakly flocculose-tomentose, 25-90 cm high, strongly branched from middle; stems solitary or sometimes numerous, usually erect. Lower leaves linear, 10-25(35) cm long, 3-8(14) mm wide, usually with prominent veins; middle cauline leaves expanded at base, amplexicaul to middle, gradually narrowed upward, acuminate, flat or sometimes folded and pubescent, with obtuse callose thickening; upper leaves short, relatively broad, lanceolate-linear, finely and long.-acuminate, sometimes apically contorted. Peduncles not thickened. Capitula numerous, at fruiting 20-30 mm long, in panicles at branch apices. Involucral bracts eight, lanceolate, acuminate, 15-20 mm long, shorter than florets and achenes; florets light yellow, peripheral florets slightly exceeding involucral bracts. Peripheral achenes smooth, indistinctly obtusely ribbed, without sculpture, indistinctly squamose-scabrous at base, less often with indistinct sculpture; better developed achenes, acicular, with pappus about 1.8 cm long, gradually narrowed into beak, achenes 1.2 cm long without pappus, about 1 mm wide, with short 3-4 mm-long beak; pappus easily detached, shorter than achenes, about 0.8 cm long, with soft hairy annulus at base and slightly thickened.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9b8d0755-8897-4440-b223-0be3ef0f4f7e","Biennial. Root robust, vertical; root collar covered with fibrous sheaths of previous year's leaves. Plants glabrous or slightly flocculose, branched above, whitish, finely sulcate, leafy, with short internodes. Basal leaves narrow, long, linear, finely and long-acuminate, usually folded, glabrous, withering at flowering; cauline leaves shorter, expanded in lower part, up to 10-13 mm, amplexicaul, subulately acuminate, usually-five-veined. Peduncles not expanded below capitula, glabrous or flocculose. Capitula rather large, about 2.5 cm wide and 3 cm long. Involucral bracts 8-10, lanceolate, two-thirds as long as peripheral florets, about 2 cm long, erect, broadened toward base; florets yellow. Peripheral achenes 3.5-4.5 cm long, excluding pappus, 2-2.5 cm long, 1.5 mm wide, sharply five-angled, along margin acerose and verrucose or finely squamose, shallow-sulcate, with more or less distinct, distant, acute, erect, curved spinules along ribs; body of achenes gradually narrowed into about 1 cm-long, sulcate beak, somewhat slender, swollen at apex, and with hairy annulus, less than half as long as achene; pappus about 1.7-2 cm long, dirty white or grayish, slightly shorter or almost as long as achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"18a33e1f-2dd4-4ee1-8442-28999d0ff9a2","Herb, perennial, 15-40 cm high. Caudex woody, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, branched. Flowering stems stiffly erect, angular, sulcate or terete at the base, green, glabrous or hispidulous, branched; branches erect. Rosette leaves reduced to scales and triangular, acute, semiamplexicaul. Cauline leaves linear in mid-region of stem or triangular, up to 3.0 cm long, entire, reduced to scales at the base and the very apex. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-5.0 cm long, glabrous or pubescent and glandular near head, covered with bracts. Heads with 7-12 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 7.0-9.0 mm long, glabrous, tomentose or pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute or acuminate; inner involucral bracts obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-11.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 3.5 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.6 mm long. Style branches c. 1.0 mm long, green, yellow, blackish, brown or grey. Achenes fusiform in outline, more or less compressed, 4.0-5.0 mm long, muricate, subterete, brown, with 10-12 ribs, attenuate or attenuate into an ill-defined beak; beak less than half as long as the corpus. Pappus white or cream-white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible or somewhat fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5af21564-a79c-4706-80c9-8a1203a52031","Herb, perennial, 4-18 cm high. Caudex woody, 0.5-1.5-(5.0) cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, glandular and pilose. Rosette leaves oblong or narrowly obovate, 2.0-9.0 cm long, 0.6-3.0 cm wide, entire or runcinate, remotely dentate, mucronate or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glandular and pubescent. Cauline leaves oblong or apically linear or obovate, runcinate or entire, remotely dentate, apically acute, obtuse or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.5-6.0 cm long, glandular and pubescent, covered with bracts. Heads with c. 30 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 8.0-12.0 mm long, glandular; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate. Corolla ligulate, c. 14.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule c. 2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.7 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, 8.0-10.0 mm long, c. 0.6 mm wide, smooth or muricate toward apex, stramineous, with 10-13 ribs, with 5 prominent main ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 1.0-2.5 mm long. Pappus white, 5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9ce17d11-2c4f-4415-b94b-c278e07c9a2d","Perennial. Tap root vertical, thick. Plants 10-40 cm high, branched from base or middle or stems simple, young branches sometimes reddish, glaucous, sometimes flocculose-tomentose, glabrescent. Stem rather thick, sulcate, glabrous. Basal and cauline leaves broadly lanceolate, 10-20(30) mm wide, their maximum width below middle, semiamplexicaul,  many-veined, often with undulate cartilaginous whitish border, more or less undulate, somewhat attenuate toward apex,  thin; upper leaves reduced, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong. Peduncles below fertile capitula weakly thickened or not, 3-5(7) mm thick, fistular. Capitula solitary, large, 20-40 mm long at flowering, 40-60 mm at fruiting. Involucral bracts eight, lanceolate, with more or less prominent midrib, acuminate, shorter than florets and achenes; florets pink-violet. Peripheral achenes with pappus about 4 cm long, without pappus about 2 cm, sharply five-angled and sulcate, imbricate-squamose, sometimes winged along ribs, yellowish, abruptly narrowed into somewhat thick, angular, ribbed, about  6 mm-long beak, sharply squamose below and one-third to half as long as achene, less often as long, not swollen at apex; pappus about 2.5 cm long, yellowish or reddish-brown, somewhat longer or almost as long as achene with beak. 2n =12.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"26d960ef-e2b3-47f3-86be-b008d0a70167","Rosette herb, perennial, 7-55 cm high, with tuberous roots. Flowering stems scapelike, often tinged red, in lower half glabrous, in upper half glandular with black hairs, 13.0-50.0-(60.0) cm long, usually unbranched with a single head or sometimes with 2-4 heads. Rosette leaves elliptic or narrowly obovate, 3.0-30.0 cm long, 0.5-5.0 cm wide, sometimes runcinate, dentate to entire, acute to obtuse, attenuate, glabrous, thinly papery, sometimes glaucous on both surfaces. Cauline leaves usually absent, but sometimes 1-2 near the base. Involucre (8.0)-9.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering (3.0)-6.0-12.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear to oblong, rounded, obtuse or acute, glabrous or blackish glandular, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts c. 5.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide; inner involucral bracts up to 15.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, in lower part woolly; tube c. 6.0 mm long; ligule 10.0-12.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube yellowish, c. 3.5 mm long. Style 9.0-10.0 mm long; branches 2.0-2.5 mm long. Achenes fusiform to cylindrical in outline, 3.0-4.0 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, minutely scabridulous, brown, with 4 ribs, scarcely attenuate or truncate. Pappus white, up to c. 8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. Kew (as <i>Aetheorhiza bulbosa</i> ); Sell, P. D. 1976: 165. Aetheorhiza Cass. – Pp. 326-327 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4 – Cambridge. (as <i>Aetheorhiza bulbosa</i> (L.) Cass.).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"eb12f91f-a1cc-4295-872d-0c7daddc53f7","Leaves slightly sinuate-denticulate. Involucral bracts 13-15 x 1-1.8 mm, narrowly linear, long-attenuate to the acute apex. Achenes c. 5 mm.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 165. <i>Aetheorhiza</i> Cass. – Pp. 326-327 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i> Aetheorhiza bulbosa subsp. willkommii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0b2aeb2b-9538-4b74-9d07-610f11b3de0f","Leaves sinuate- to runcinate-dentate or sinuately lobed. Involucral bracts (8-)9-10(-1l)x l.5-2 mm, linear, abruptly narrowed to the subacute apex. Achenes 4-4.5 mm.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 165. <i>Aetheorhiza</i> Cass. – Pp. 326-327 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i> Aetheorhiza bulbosa subsp microcephala</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"57777188-d6c9-4fb5-bd8b-3e8778df153d","Herb, perennial, 20-40 cm high. Caudex woody, at least 5.0 cm, up to 4.0 cm wide, simple or weakly branched. Flowering stems erect, more or less sulcate or angular, terete near base, glabrous, striate, weakly branched. Rosette leaves reduced to scales. Cauline leaves linear, up to 6.0-(10.0) cm long, 1.5-4.0 cm wide, revolute and entire or sometimes denticulate, acuminate, attenuate, glabrescent or glabrous, pale green on both surfaces. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-3.5 cm long. Heads with 12-18-(23) flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 8.0-9.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-2.5-(4.0) mm in diameter, tomentose or pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear, acute or acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse or acuminate, sometimes acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Corolla ligulate, 12.0 mm long, orange yellow; tube 3.0 mm long. Anthertube yellow, 3.6-4.5 mm long; apical appendages acuminate or acute, c. 0.6 mm long. Style branches yellow or green.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e4e9f48e-0c04-4daf-ac0a-ee5a9cfcd901","Plant 2-4 dm high; stem branched above middle or, if branched below, lower branches short, sterile, leafy; flowering branches short, cymose-corymbiform, few-headed; middle cauline leaves conspicuous, up to 6-10 cm long, 3-4 mm wide; involucres canescent-tomentulose; outer bracts lance-linear, acuminate; inner bracts 8-12, acuminate, white-ciliate near apex; corolla 11-12 mm long; ligule teeth 0.3-0.5 mm long; corolla tube 2-2.5 mm long; anther tube 3.6 x 1 mm dis.; appendages about 0.6 mm long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; filaments 0.6-1 mm longer in different florets, strongly attenuate from base of filament to appendages; style branches yellow.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i> Crepis rigescens subsp. typica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e5f51097-298f-46f9-b19f-6a172d8e1189","Plant about 2 dm high; stem branched from near base, lower branches elongated, strict, floriferous and with occasional sterile leafy branchlets, aggregate inflorescence cymose-corymbiform; cauline leaves inconspicuous, up to 4 or 5 or sometimes 7 cm long, about 2 mm wide; involucres canescent- or fuscous-tomentulose and usually shortly gland-pubescent, especially at base; outer bracts lanceolate, acute; inner bracts 10-12, obtuse or sometimes acute, densely ciliate near apex with finely mottled hairs; corolla 12 mm long; ligule teeth 0.25-0.35 mm long; corolla tube 3 mm long; anther tube 4.5 x 1.25 mm dis.; appendages 0.7 mm long, narrow, acuminate; filaments unequal, 0.4-0.75 mm longer; style branches green. Flowering Apr.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d64581d8-fd8f-4356-9f34-2fee92370eaf",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"31a9cf26-486a-49b6-a716-078d5984f95c","Biennial. Root vertical; root collar often covered with previous year's leaves. Plants glabrous, glaucous. Stems branched from base, whitish, up to 60 cm high. Basal leaves longer than cauline, leaves; cauline leaves broadened at base, finely and long-acuminate, semiamplexicaul, remote. Peduncle weakly thickened below capitula, fistular. Capitula large. Involucre bracts eight, shorter than achene with pappus; florets unknown. Peripheral achenes about 3.5 cm long, slender, abruptly narrowed into beak, rather deeply narrow-sulcate, with 10 ribs, white squamose along ribs, curved, convex in middle or below, grayish; inner achenes ferruginous, shallow-sulcate, flater and squamose, almost smooth, especially in lower part, with beak as long as or slightly longer than body of achene, hairy (?) at apex below pappus; pappus about 1.7 cm long, shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"89cf9dab-6d0b-4df3-911c-d24a675f02c5","Biennial. Root vertical, cylindrical; root collar often covered with remnants of dead basal leaves. Plants almost glabrous, 30-55 cm high, with erect, thick stems, simple or branched from base, angular in cross section. Basal leaves long, almost half as long as plant, linear, not broadened at base; cauline leaves basally broadened, gradually narrowed, acuminate. Capitula large, solitary. Peduncles long, far exceeding leaves, not thickened below capitula; involucral bracts eight, lanceolate, slightly pubescent at base, almost as long as achenes with (pappus or slightly shorter; florets yellow, as long as involucral bracts or slightly longer. Peripheral achenes with pappus 5.5 cm long, without pappus 2.5 cm long; body of achene 1.3 cm long, about 2.5 mm wide, grayish, deeply sulcate, winged, with five prominent winged ribs covered with upright, short, denticulate spinules, abruptly narrowed into straight, somewhat slender grayish beak almost as long as body of achene, about 1.2 cm long, scabrous and finely sulcate below, slightly swollen at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus about 2.5 cm long, with isolated nonplumose hairs, up to 3.2 cm long, light golden-yellow; inner achenes almost indistinguishable from peripheral.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"24cbe15f-031a-401d-9e12-8e65f8904294","Perennial. Root vertical, cylindrical, robust; root collar covered with old leaves. Plants 8-25(40) cm high, glaucous, young plants arachnoid, later glabrous and dark glaucous. Stems straight, erect, branched below or simple, flocculose-tomentose in leaf axils and below capitula. Basal and lower leaves linear, 10-20 cm long, (5)7-15(20) mm wide, expanded at base; cauline leaves lanceolate, all entire; middle leaves shorter and broader than lower, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, with broad semiamplexicaul base, more or less undulate, less often almost flat, acuminate and sometimes involute, scarious along margin. Peduncles long, at fruiting not or weakly thickened, 2-4(7) mm in thick. Capitula solitary at apices of stem, and branch, large, 4.5-6 cm long at fruiting, 3-5 mm long at flowering; involucre of 8-10 bracts, shorter or almost as long as florets and achenes. Involucral bracts 8-12 mm wide, 25-30 mm long, arachnoid-flocculose, glabrescent, smooth, lanceolate, long-acuminate. Florets pink-violet, purple, or light violet; peripheral florets one, and one-half times as long as involucre. Peripheral achenes with pappus 4-5 cm long, exceeding involucre, without pappus 2.1-2.15 cm long; body of achene 1.4-1.6 cm long, about 1.5 mm wide, sulcate, densely covered with white, obtuse scales, sometimes weakly sculptured, gradually narrowed into somewhat thick, sulcate beak weakly squamose below, shorter than achene, 0.7-1.0 cm long, without apical swelling; pappus dirty violet or yellowish, about 2.5 cm long, almost as long as achene including beak, usually without hah-y annulus at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9e598c84-4edc-4439-8e28-acf6e7a3f9da","Glabrous glaucous suffrutescent herbs from stout, short, rhizomes, stems solitary to several, decumbent, 10-20 cm tall. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves rosulate spatulate, 3-10 cm long 1-2 cm wide, apex gradually rounded, shallowly toothed; cauline leaves many, gradually smaller upward, spatulate, sessile, mucronate-toothed, uppermost leaves oblong, amplexicaul. Heads ca. 1.5 cm across, many, rather densely arranged in corymbs; peduncle 8-12 mm long, slender, bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm long; involucre tubular, 8-9 mm high, 1 or 2 bracteoles at base; phyllaries in 3 series, outer 2 series of phyllaries ovate or ovate-oblong, 1-2 mm long, obtuse, ciliolate, inner phyllaries 7-8, linear-oblong, obtuse, margin hyaline. Flowers August to December, 8-13 per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 12-13 mm long, 2 mm wide, tube 2-3 mm long, minutely hairy. Achenes 5-ribbed, 2.5-3 mm long, ca. 0.7 mm wide. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, white, ca. 5 mm long, scabrous upward. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9a105b8d-e77d-4f53-8a8c-83ea0d7700a3","Subshrubs; stems erect or ascending, 1-2 m tall, simple. Leaves petiolate, oblanceolate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 14-32 cm long, 4-6.5 cm wide, apex obtuse or acute; petiole 4-5 cm long, clasping; upper leaves few, bract-like, ovate-oblong, 12-15 mm long, acute, base rounded. Heads many, in corymbs; peduncle slender, 5-13 mm long, bracteoles ovate, 0.8 mm long, apex rounded; involucre tubular, 7 mm long, 2-4 mm across; phyllaries in few series, outer phyllaries 1 or 2, similar, inner phyllaries 5, linear-oblong, rounded at apex, glabrous abaxially, margin hyaline. Flowers November to January, 5 per head, ligulate, white, ligule 7 7.5 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, deeply 5-cleft, tube 3-3.5 mm long, minute hairy. Achenes 4-4.5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, slightly compressed, longitudinally striate, 10-ribbed. Pappus of capillary bristles, white, 3.5-4 mm long. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9355bf70-c41b-405c-a923-9ad7e18cc6f6","Glabrous glaucous erect suffrutescent herbs; rhizomes stout, short, leaves rosulate; inflorescence branches axillary, decumbent; scapes 20-40 cm tall. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves rather thick, obovate or obovate-spatulate or oblong-spatulate, 8-18 cm long, 2.7-4.8 cm wide, apex rounded, base narrowed, entire; petiole winged, 5-7 mm wide; leaves on branches broadly obovate-elliptic, 5.5-8.5 cm long, 3.5-5 cm wide, usually rounded to subacute, sessile; uppermost leaves ovate, 2-3 cm long, subtending inflorescence, clasping. Heads ca. 10 mm across, many, congested in pseudo-umbel; peduncle 7-12 mm long, bracteoles ovate, 0.5 mm long; involucre tubular, 6-7 mm high; phyllaries in 3 series, outer 2 series of phyllaries shorter than inner, ovate, 1 mm long, obtuse, ciliolate, inner phyllaries 1 series, usually 5, obtuse, short ciliolate. Flowers July to October, 5 or sometimes 6, per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, tube 1.8 mm long, short hairy. Achenes fuscous, 3.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, slightly compressed or terete. Pappus of capillary bristles, white, ca. 3 mm long. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4b2f0ac9-8ea6-44a7-9e7a-63acd10769fc","Perennial herbs; roots elongate, thick; primary stems 2-8 cm tall, 10-15 mm wide, branched up to inflorescence; branches ascending, 15-40 cm long. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves obovate-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, 4-9 cm long, 16-21 mm wide, apex rounded, base narrowed, sessile, upper surface glabrous, lower surface glaucous; leaves on branches oblong, 20-25 mm long, 8-14 mm wide, apex rounded, base clasping. Heads densely arranged in corymbs; peduncle slender, 5-7 mm long, bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm long; corymbs 2.5-3 cm across; involucre narrowly tubular, 4.5-5 mm high at flowering, 6 mm high in fruit; phyllaries in 2 series, outer phyllaries bracteole-like, oblong, 1.5-2 mm long, apex acute or acuminate, glabrous, inner phyllaries 5, narrowly oblong, apex obtuse, margin hyaline. Flowers November, 5 per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 6-6.5 mm long, 1.5-1.8 mm wide, tube 2 mm long, glabrous. Achenes subterete, blackish brown, 2.5 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 10-ribbed. Pappus of capillary bristles, brownish, ca. 3 mm long. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"456d098e-33dd-4480-8161-58f33350f0ff","Much branched perennial herbs from creeping rhizomes; stems 30-40 cm tall, glaucous, glabrous, branched up to inflorescence. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves spatulate, elliptic or obovate-oblong, withering before flowering, 5-20 cm long, 17-36 mm wide, petiole 2.5-10 cm long, upper surface green, lower surface glaucous; median cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 4.5-10 cm long, 10-24 mm wide, narrowed to petiole-like base, subentire or loosely mucronate-toothed, upper surface green, lower surface glaucous. Heads ca. 1.2 cm across, many, in a dense corymb, terminal on branches; peduncle slender, 4-10 mm long, bracteoles 1-3, ovate; involucre narrowly tubular, 7.5-8 mm high; phyllaries in 2 series, dark green, outer phyllaries ovate, 0.5-1 mm long, obtuse, inner phyllaries ca. 5, oblong-linear, obtuse. Flowers August to October, ca. 5 per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 11-13 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, tube 3.5 mm long, minutely hairy.  Achenes ca. 4 mm long including short beak, minutely scabrous, 10-12 ribbed. Pappus of capillary bristles, brownish white, ca. 3.5 mm long. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo. (as <i>Paraixeris yoshinoi</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"017bdef4-8603-4cb3-b0b7-7a7bff6a8bc5","Glabrous glaucous suffrutescent herbs; rhizomes stout, short; scapes 10-30 cm tall. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves rosulate ovate to narrowly so, rarely elliptic, 8-18 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, apex obtuse, rarely rounded, base narrowed, entire, petiole 2-3 mm wide; cauline leaves scattered, lower leaves spatulate-oblong or linear-lanceolate, winged petiolate, median leaves oblong or lanceolate, 4-5 cm long, 5-20 mm wide, acute or obtuse, clasping at base, uppermost leaves ovate-oblong or ovate, clasping. Heads ca. 1.5 cm across, many, rather densely arranged in corymbs; peduncle slender, 3-9 mm long, bracteoles many, ovate, 0.5-0.7 mm long; involucre narrowly tubular, 6-9 mm high, with small bracteoles at base; phyllaries in 3 series, outer 2 series of phyllaries ovate, 1-1.2 mm long, obtuse, pubescent at apex, inner phyllaries in 1 series, 8, lanceolate. Flowers October to November, 8-12 per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 9-10 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, tube 2 mm long, minutely hairy. Achenes 10-15 ribbed, 2.5 mm long, ca. 0.8 mm wide. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, white, 3-4 mm long, more or less scabrous upward. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4106b4fb-098a-4f19-a614-4663c9402d0d","Evergreen shrubs; stems elongate, woody, 3 cm wide, much branched. Leaves congested on branches; lower leaves linguiform, 11-19 cm long, 3-4 cm wide, apex rounded, base narrowed, sessile; median leaves oblong, 25-45 cm long, 9-20 cm wide, apex mucronulate, clasping at base; upper leaves ovate or broadly ovate. Heads many, densely arranged in corymbs; peduncle slender, 3-4 mm long, bracteoles lanceolate, 0.8 mm long; involucre narrowly tubular, 5.5 mm long, bracteolate at base; phyllaries in 2 series, outer phyllaries ovate, 0.8 mm long, obtuse, inner phyllaries 5, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, minutely ciliolate, blackish. Flowers November, 5 per head, ligulate, white, ligule white, 6-8 mm long, 2 mm wide, tube 2.5 mm long, glabrous. Achenes fusiform, 2.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, slightly compressed, 10-ribbed. Pappus of capillary bristles, brownish, ca. 3 mm long. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3e0cdb93-020c-4e2f-be85-e9eb1ec107be","Rather slender annual herbs from tap roots; stems 20-50 cm tall, branched from base or sometimes simple, flexuous, branched up to inflorescence. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves withering before flowering; median cauline leaves oblong 3.5-11 cm long, 1-5 cm wide, thin, petiolate, pinnately divided, segments 3-6 pairs, ovate, 1-2 cm long, with few incisions or coarse teeth; petiole and rachis wingless, slightly auriculate clasping; upper leaves gradually smaller, pinnately parted. Heads ca. 10 mm across, many, in corymbs, terminal on branches; peduncle 3-8 mm long, bracteoles 1-3, oblong; involucre narrowly tubular, ca. 5.5-7.5 mm high; phyllaries in 2 series, outer phyllaries ovate, 0.5-1 mm long, obtuse, inner phyllaries oblong-linear, ca. 5, oblong-linear, obtuse, margin hyaline, dark green. Flowers August to November, 5 or 6 per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 6-7.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, tube 1.8 mm long, glabrous. Achenes linear-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm long including short beak, scaberulous at tip, 10-ribbed. Pappus of capillary bristles, white, as long as achene. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo. (as <i>Paraixeris chelidoniifolia</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6954effe-7880-4ddd-9480-8bf7fb728d44",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ee6b01e8-8775-4b4f-a4b7-6ab0daefc38a","Herb, perennial, 20-30 cm high. Caudex 4.0-7.0 cm wide, simple or weakly branched. Flowering stems several, ascending, puberulous or glabrous, striate, 1.0-2.0 mm in diameter, very slender, remotely branched; branches mostly erect. Rosette leaves obovate, up to 15.0 cm long, 3.5 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid or entire, denticulate or entire, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent; lateral lobes oblong or triangular. Cauline leaves linear-ovate, entire or pinnatifid, entire or denticulate, acuminate or acute, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 7.0-25.0 cm long, sparsely hispidulous or tomentose near head, sometimes covered with bracts. Heads with 25-30 flowers, more or less nodding. Involucre at flowering campanulate or cylindric-campanulate, 9.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-8.0 mm in diameter, hispidulous or tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, 5.0-6.0 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong or narrowly ovate, (6.0)-9.0-13.0 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, acuminate or obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate. Corolla ligulate, 14.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.5 mm long, sparsely pubescent at apex or glabrous; ligule 17.0-22.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 2.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow or green. Achenes fusiform in outline, 7.0-9.0 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, pale brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak or strongly attenuate. Pappus pale orange-brown or pale brown, 4.5-6.5 mm long, persistent, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Tadesse, M. 2004: 18. <i>Crepis</i> - Pp 46-51 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5f028b20-496d-49ac-bd2f-25a62eb1e150","Biennial. Main root usually robust, or plant with distinct, underground, narrow, fusiform, tuberous thickenings. Stem (60)90-120(200) cm, high, often reddish (especially below), weakly sulcate, smooth, branched above: Leaves usually sessile, with •long cusp or acuminate; all leaves, except uppermost, with somewhat thick midrib, often with narrow squamiform hairs, sometimes rather long, reddish; shape of leaves extremely variable: from entire, linear, oblong-linear, or linear-lanceolate, with semiamplexicaul auriculate-sagittate base (f. indivisa) to more or less strong pinnatisect or runcillate-pinnatisect, with sinuate or spinose-toothed segments (f. runcinata); lower leaves withering before anthesis; petiolate; uppermost leaves strongly reduced, linear-lanceolate or linear. Capitula of about 25 florets, almost cylindrical or broadly cylindrical, 13-15 mm long with fruits, usually in narrow-paniculate or racemose-paniculate Inflorescence; peduncles slender, unequal, but often longer than capitula, with few small, reduced, leaves resembling involucral bracts. Involucre mostly three-rowed; involucral bracts often green, very finely appressed hairy. on dorsal surface (under a lens!), more or less reddish at apex; at least inner bracts with membranous border. Corolla, When fresh (according to literature records), pale yellow or almost white, pale blue on drying. Achenes ellipsoid, about 5 mm long and 2-2.5 mm wide, sometimes slightly asymmetrical, almost black, flat, usually with only one prominent rib on each side and numerous light-colored stiff, upward-directed, very short (under a lens!) hairs, in sinuate-transverse rows throughout, apically attenuate into conical neck with short, (about 1 mm long) yellowish-green beak, terminating in broad disk with more or less well- developed ridge bearing pappus; pappus hairs very thin, fragile, about 8 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5206969f-309d-4045-904a-7ce9c4758e36","An erect perennial herb to c. 120 cm. tall, from a semi-woody narrowly turbinate\rtaproot. Stems solitary, branched above, glabrous or sparsely glandular-setulose, often\rpurple-tinged. Leaves contemporaneous with flowers or sometimes delayed, cauline, up\rto c. 10 x 2.5 cm., oblanceolate-elliptic, undivided, obtuse mucronate, remotely denticulate\rand ciliate on the margins, bases attenuate to semi-amplexicaul, glabrous or sparsely\rsetulose on the midrib and main nerves; upper leaves decreasing in size towards the stem\rapex becoming linear-lanceolate. Synflorescences paniculate up to 40 cm. long,\roccasionally much reduced and spicate; branches up to c. 15 cm. long, patent-ascending,\rbracteate, or much reduced. Capitula stalked or subsessile, solitary or in clusters of 2-4.\rInvolucres 7-9 x 1.5-2 mm. at time of flowering, increasing to 12 x 2.5 mm. in fruiting\rcapitula, cylindric, glaucous to purple-tinged. Phyllaries ciliolate above otherwise\rglabrous, the outermost ± narrowly ovate, the innermost up to 11 x 2.5 mm., narrowly\rlanceolate. Florets c. 5 per capitulum; corollas yellow, up to c. 11 mm. long, the tube c. 5\rmm. long, cylindric, glabrous; ligule c. 6 mm. long, lorate, erect. Achenes reddish-brown,\r4.5-5 x 1.75-2 mm. (including the c. 0.5 mm. long beak) flattened-ellipsoid, margins\rswollen, narrowly 1-ribbed, rarely 2-3-ribbed on each face, hispidulous; pappus severalseriate\rof white, barbellate setae c. 5-6 mm. long.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f7fa965d-72c3-4a69-9c68-2d199cea9e73","Herb, perennial, (8)-24-55 cm high. Flowering stems 1-3, erect, glabrous or hispidulous near base, striate, robust, weakly branched or unbranched; branches remote or erect. Rosette leaves few, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, 3.0-22.0 cm long, 2.2 cm wide, runcinate, entire or dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous, pubescent or glabrescent. Cauline leaves few, narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, runcinate or entire, dentate or entire, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, hispidulous, pubescent or glabrescent, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 0.5-4.5 cm long, tomentose, pubescent and glandular, usually covered with bracts. Heads with 20-35 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 2.5-3.0-(5.0) mm in diameter, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 2.0-3.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, obtuse to acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, (6.5)-9.0-10.0 mm long, yellow; tube (2.5)-4.0-4.5 mm long, densely pubescent; ligule 4.0-5.0 mm long, 1.0-1.3 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 2.4 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 0.8 mm long, dark green or black. Achenes narrowly fusiform in outline, straight or curved, slightly compressed, 4.0-5.0 mm long, c. 0.7 mm wide, finely muricate, brown, with c. 10 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 3.0-5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis elongata</i> and as <i>Crepis tibetica</i>); Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo (as <i>Crepis tibetica</i>).","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7ea91618-8617-4f2d-b90e-9eb26d114b71","Perennial herb 0.3-1.3 m high; stem solitary, erect, unbranched, glandular-setose but glabrescent, the setae to 3 mm long; taproot woody. Leaves cauline, elliptic (proximal leaves) to linear (distal leaves), 3-26 cm long, 0.2-5 cm wide, base attenuate into a winged petiole in proximal leaves, sessile and semi-amplexicaul in distal leaves, margins sinuate-dentate and irregularly denticulate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Capitula in clusters of 2-6, these in turn arranged in lax leafy spiciform racemes up to 50 cm long, rarely in branched racemes; involucre 8-10 mm long, lengthening to 14 mm in fruit; phyllaries often purplish, lanceolate, 4-13 mm long, distally ciliolate. Florets ± 5 per capitulum; corolla yellow, tube cylindric, 4.5-6 mm long, ligule 4.5-6.5 mm long, papillose distally. Achenes dark brown to black, ellipsoid, flattened, 5-6 mm long including 0.5-1 mm long beak, 1-ribbed on each side; pappus white, 5-6 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c9bb71ff-2d2b-47d8-ab4a-38ddd618a8be","Branches of the inflorescence glabrous or occasionally sparsely to densely pubescent with minute, branched, cobwebby to woolly hairs toward the tip, lacking gland-tipped hairs. Involucre glabrous or occasionally sparsely to densely pubescent with minute, branched, cobwebby to woolly hairs toward the base, lacking gland-tipped hairs. 2n=36.\r\rfrom: Yatskievych, G. 2006: 47. <i>Sonchus</i> L. (sow thistle) – Pp. 383-387 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bb5b499d-1e96-4ade-b8e9-5e40f5fc075d","Capitula small, with fruits globose-pyriform. Outer involucral bracts herbaceous, lanceolately linear, inner firmly connate into hard (with fruits) convex shell, open at the top, covered with short, light colored or long acicular spine (spines sometimes absent); apices of inner involucral bracts free, herbaceous, linearly lanceolate, covered with occasional small spines or smooth. Florets yellow, exserted from open top of connate involucral bracts of capitulum. Achenes laterally compressed, more or less curved, with short beak at the apex carrying inconspicuous pappus in form of five-toothed crown or small expansion.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e0a62820-742c-4724-9af6-9e6a8b63fd20","Herb, annual, 10-50-(70) cm high. Flowering stems erect, hispid below, usually branched. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate or obovate, more or less sinuate-dentate, petiole-like attenuate. Cauline leaves oblong-ovate, sinuate-dentate or subentire, amplexicaul or attenuate. Peduncle short. Involucre at flowering 5.0-7.0 mm in diameter, hispid. Achenes ovoid (?) in outline, laterally compressed, c. 5.0 mm long, 1.5-1.8 mm wide, tuberculate along ribs, grey or reddish brown, with longitudinal ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fbc2d821-a440-477e-a05d-4df1fcc78c5a","Herb, annual, glabrous. Flowering stems erect, weakly branched. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate or obovate, dentate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrescent. Cauline leaves few, obovate, oblong-obovate or oblong-ovate, sinuate-dentate, dentate or subentire, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, glabrescent. Outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate; inner involucral bracts green, hispid, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Outer achenes ovoid (?), somewhat curved, wrinkled; inner achenes cylindrical, almost smooth, with longitudinal ribs, with a filiform beak.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"96178741-ba56-4c97-8b8f-d087871357d4","Glabrous perennial, with short unbranched stems 5-7 cm. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Peduncles short and stout but not thickened below capitulum. Phyllaries 5-6, lanceolate, 3-3.5 cm in fruiting capitulum. Flower colour unknown. Achenes 14-18 mm with 10 longitudinal rows of short distinct scales, attenuate into a slender 3-4 mm beak. Pappus c. 25 mm, longer than achene, brownish, annulus hairy.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 103. <i>Tragopogon</i> – Pp. 657-668 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"052ed067-01e9-4fa6-a7ab-38ceed0726e1","Perennial herb, the (? annual) stem 0.7-1.5 m high, bearing both leaves and capitula, sparsely setose. Leaves 8-9, sessile, elliptic to lanceolate in outline, pinnatilobed, 6.5-30 cm long, 1.5-7 cm wide, base narrowed (in radical leaves) to half-amplexicaul, the lobes obtuse, their margins minutely sinuate-dentate, apex apiculate, setose on the midrib and veins beneath. Capitula many in lax panicles; involucre cylindrical, 9-14 mm long; phyllaries 4-seriate, ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-14 mm long, glabrous except for the very apex. Florets 9-12 per capitulum; corolla bluish white (not seen). Achenes reddish brown, narrowly ellipsoid, 6.7-7.3 mm long (including beak), 3-ribbed on each side, beak +/- 2 mm long, glabrous or nearly so; pappus white, 5-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1100e14b-a4a0-45a4-b70c-afa0e6266f4d","Herb, perennial, c. 45 cm high. Caudex woody, branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, terete, striate, glabrous, weakly branched; branches ascending. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 20.0 cm long, 4.0 cm wide, entire, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glandular and pubescent. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, up to 12.0 cm long, 4.0 cm wide, runcinate or entire, denticulate, dentate or entire, acute, auriculate and semiamplexicaul or amplexicaul, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent. Peduncle 4.0-20.0 cm long, more or less swollen toward apex, glabrous, covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 12.0-15.0 mm long; outer involucral bracts linear, acute, black near apex, hispid in a median row, margin scarious toward base; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, black near apex, glabrous, margin scarious toward base. Receptacle nearly flat, alveolate, with scales longer than the achenes. Corolla ligulate, c. 13.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, pubescent at apex; ligule 2-parted, 1.0 mm (main part) + 0.25 (smaller segment) mm wide. Anthertube 5.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, united, c. 0.7 mm long. Style branches 2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes 7.0-8.5 mm long, subterete, light brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fc582b5a-ab8c-4202-b4b6-588d1c6f877b","´Chamaephyte, 50-100 cm, laticiferous, foetid. Woody stems up to 2 cm thick, corky; bark of older stems splitting longitudinally; current year's branches ivory-white, glossy. Leaves tender, glabrous, oblong in outline, runcinate-  pinnatilobed; lateral lobes irregularly, dentate, rarely entire; spring leaves on dolichoblasts, remote, petiolate, drying in early summer; autumn leaves in clusters of 5-7 on brachyblasts in the woolly axils of spring leaves. Heads in paniculate cymes; flowering heads 2-3 cm in diameter. Achenes 3.5-4 x 0.8-1 mm, tawny, oblong, nearly prismatic, 3-4-ribbed, striate between ribs. Pappus deciduous, as long as or slightly longer than achene; hairs of pappus equal, scabridulous. Fl. October-February.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e4bfc84b-96eb-4a62-b2f7-0afad3dec88e",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4eaacbe9-790c-41e6-bfe6-cf91b25f08b5",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c272854f-ea8f-4a9b-857a-f59cbf6a3626","An erect perennial herb up to c. 100 cm. tall from a semi-woody taproot; root-crown lanate. Stems annual, solitary, often flexuous, simple below and branching above, striate ± densely pilose below and sparsely so or glabrescent above. Leaves cauline (4)7- 15.5(19.5) x  (0.5)1-3.5(5) cm, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, upper leaves becoming linear, apices acute to ± attenuate, bases attenuate, margins remotely dentate to denticulate, both surfaces pilose to somewhat strigose and scabridulous, rarely glabrescent. Capitula few to many, laxly corymbiform cymose or paniculate, capitula stalks up to c. 40 cm long, ± flexuous, with 2-23 subulate bracts. Involucres up to c. 14 x 10 mm., obconic; phyllaries 2-seriate subequal 8-10 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, attenuate to the apex, araneose-lanate and papillose-glandular outside; outer phyllaries often with a thickened verruculose midrib, changing ± abruptly into the bracteoles. Florets. numerous; corolla tube 5-7 mm. long, cylindrical, crisped-pubescent on the outside; ligule 17-10 mm long, erect, strap-shaped, strigose to pilose on the outside, drying greenish, apical lobes up to• 2 mm. long papillose. Achenes 2-3.5 mm. long, obconic-turbinate, truncate above, 4-5-angled, finely 12-15-ribbed, scabridulous or glabrous; pappus of numerous persistent barbellate setae 5-7 mm. long, equalling or slightly exceeding the involucre in length, sometimes with an outer series of minute setae.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0481a33c-4eaa-42c1-ba9e-940b2af19361","Subglabrous perennial 15-70 cm, woody below. Leaves 3-15 cm, the middle cauline as large as or larger than the basal, oblong to ovate, dentate, often deeply so, the teeth usually falcate with a wide, rounded sinus between them. Stem branched, the branches not or slightly overtopping the main stem. Capitula usually several; peduncles not thickened below the capitula, with more or less numerous erecto-patent supplementary bracts. Involucre 8-11 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate, the outer half as long as the inner, floccose at base, the inner puberulent near apex. Pappus usually of 10-12 hairs.\r\rfrom: Tutin, T.G. 1976: 150. <i>Tolpis</i> Adanson. – Pp. 306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"630aa029-9468-4f2e-a0e0-cdbfc7ec5ce1","Herb, perennial, 6-26 cm high. Caudex 4.0-6.0 cm, 1.0-2.0 cm wide, simple or branched, each branch bearing a dense rosette of small leaves. Flowering stems 1-3, erect, terete, sparsely hispid, striate, slender, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-4.0-(8.0) cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, lyrate, dentate, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, densely pubescent; terminal lobe ovate; lateral lobes oblong or triangular. Cauline leaves reduced to scales. Peduncle glandular and pubescent, more or less tomentose near head. Heads with 20-30 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 9.0-11.0 mm long, pubescent and glandular at base, tomentose, more or less hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, margin scarious. Receptacle with scales up to 12 mm long. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-12.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.5-3.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.4 mm wide. Anthertube 3.6 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.3-1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes mostly homomorphic, glabrous, subterete or terete, stramineous, with 15-17 ribs, attenuate; outer achenes curved, 5.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide; inner achenes straight, 4.8 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide. Pappus white, 5.0 mm long, united at base, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"da1ef992-e589-48cb-9670-fd76ef8cf4fd","Cultivated ground, dry grassland and waste places","Ecology","Tutin, T. G. & al., Flora Europaea. 1964-1993","eng",,,,,
"da1ef992-e589-48cb-9670-fd76ef8cf4fd","Herb, annual, (10)-20-50 cm high, hispidulous. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, spinulose and hispid, usually branched. Cauline leaves papery. Lower cauline leaves oblong-obovate, 4.0-30.0 cm long, 1.5-8.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatisect, dentate, subentire or lacerate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate, hispidulous below along the nerves. Middle and upper cauline leaves auriculate with acute or rounded projecting auricles and amplexicaul. Peduncle up to 15.0 cm long. Involucre 1.5-1.8 mm long, at flowering 1.0-1.8 mm in diameter, at fruiting reflexed, hispid; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 13.0-22.0 mm long, (3.0)-5.0-8.0 mm wide, green, often with a dark violet margin, margin white scarious. Receptacle alveolate, without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube c. 7.0 mm long, pilose towards apex; ligule 10.0-11.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, tinged purple towards apex. Anthertube c. 2.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style 10.0-11.0 mm long; branches c. 1.0 mm long. Achenes cylindrical in outline, slightly compressed, 5.0-6.5 mm long, scabridulous or smooth, transversely wrinkled, brown, with a filiform beak, ending in a distinct apical disk, about 0.3 mm diameter; beak c. 8.0 mm long. Pappus white, c. 10.0 mm long, plumose.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae, Tribe Cichorieae. – Enfield.; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Sell, P. D. 1976: 157. Urospermum Scop. – Pp. 308 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description","Tutin, T. G. & al., Flora Europaea. 1964-1993","eng",,,,,
"795b25db-8766-46d7-b1d0-f23de6feda5b","Perennial herb to 1(-2) m high; taproot semi-woody, over 2.5 cm in diameter, rootcrown  with old leaf-bases, lanate in the axils; stem usually solitary, pale glaucous green, sometimes purplish, bearing both leaves and capitula, glabrous or sparsely setose. Leaves ascending, pale glaucous green, sometimes with red-purple margin, sessile, membranous, mostly pinnatipartite, 5-35 cm long, base attenuate towards the amplexicaul part, rachis linear or narrowly lanceolate with 2-4 alternate lobes to 5 cm long and 0.3-0.6 cm wide, margins remotely denticulate, apices acute, glabrous or setose on the midrib beneath. Capitula many, in lax panicles to 50 cm long; involucre conical-cylindric, lengthening to campanulate after flowering, 15-30 mm long; phyllaries glaucous green with reddish tinge, ovate to lanceolate, 2-28 mm long, acute, papillose, with little hair-tufts at the apices. Florets ± 20; corolla pale yellow, tube cylindric, 8-10 mm long, pilose near the mouth, ligules 8-11 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Achenes reddish brown, flattened ellipsoid, 8.5-10 mm including the 1.5-2 mm long beak, 1-ribbed on each side, minutely puberulous; pappus white, 9-13 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6884431e-283d-4486-a9e8-1a3fd3e8546a","Herb, perennial, 7-15 cm high. Caudex 2.0-7.0 cm wide. Flowering stems erect, sparsely hispid near base or glabrescent, slender, weakly branched. Rosette leaves obovate, 3.0-9.0 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm wide, dentate or sinuate-dentate, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, pubescent. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or linear, remotely dentate, acuminate, the upper ones reduced to scales. Peduncle 5.0-12.0 cm long, sparsely hispid toward head. Heads with 25-30 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 9.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-6.0 mm in diameter, tomentose at base; involucral bracts tomentose and sparsely hispid; outer involucral bracts linear, 6.0-7.0 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, acute, brownish with black tip; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate or narrowly ovate, 8.0-10.0 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, acute, brownish green with black tip. Receptacle areolate. Corolla ligulate, 11.0-13.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, densely pubescent; ligule 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 2.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 0.8-1.0 mm long, green. Achenes fusiform in outline, 6.0-7.0 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide, strongly muricate toward apex, brown, with 10-12 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak; outer achenes curved; inner achenes straight. Pappus orange-brown or brown, c. 5.0 mm long, persistent, fragile, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Tadesse, M. 2004: 18. <i>Crepis</i> - Pp 46-51 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"541ddbc7-0ac7-4b33-b82b-7e45c88c9751","Biennial. Root vertical, cylindrical; root collar covered with fibrous remnants of dead leaves. Stem solitary, cylindrical, erect, sparsely leafy, with indistinct nodes, finely sulcate. Leaves lustrous, dark green, semiamplexicaul; basal and lower cauline leaves almost similar, linear or broadly linear, 25-30 cm long, about 1.5 cm wide; uppermost leaves reduced, 2-3.5 cm long, expanded at base, lanceolate, gradually attenuate and long-acuminate. Peduncles below capitula slightly or practically not thickened. Capitula solitary, large, 3.5 cm long, about 3.5 cm wide; florets yellow, with light blue stripes on drying. Involucral bracts 10, lanceolate, glabrous, about 3 cm long, shorter than florets. Achenes unknown.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fdcd200b-a905-481b-a94d-efeabcaef1b0","Perennial herbs, with tuberous roots. Stems slender, ascending or scrambling, 15-40 cm, glabrous or sparsely hispid. Leaves petiolate, oblong to oblanceolate, lyrate or pinnatisect, 5-20 X 0.5-2 cm, glabrous or sparsely hispid on petioles. Flowers July to September. Capitula several, in loose cyme; involucres narrowly campanulate, 4-8 mm wide; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate; outer ones ovate to narrowly ovate, 3-6 X 1.5-2 mm, apex acute or obtuse, margins entire, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely hispid outside; inner ones oblong-Ianceolate, 11-14 X 1.5-2 mm, apex obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely hispid outside. Florets 10-15; corolla ligulate, mauve to purple, 17-20 X 2-2.5 mm, apex shallowly 5-incised; tubes 5-6 mm; ligule 12-14 mm, glabrous except hairy on upper portion of tubes. Ovaries ellipsoid, compressed, 2-2.5 mm, glabrous; pappus double, white; outer ones short, 0.1-0.2 mm; inner ones long, 5-7 mm. \r\rfrom: Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo. (as <i>Cicerbita macrorrhiza</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6c8807ce-d677-463c-a9a6-dea7b288b5aa","Perennial(?). Root long, fusiform, vertical; root collar covered with remnants of old leaves. Stem branched, ascending. Basal leaves narrower than cauline leaves, 2-5 mm wide. Involucral bracts longer than florets; florets yellow, shorter than involucre. Peripheral achenes smooth, with beak as long as body of achene; pappus pale brown.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ee9233f1-06c9-4caf-873e-2162a5d897c5","Herb, perennial. Rosette disappearing with growing of the flowering stem. 3-4 cm high. Caudex woody, simple or branched. Flowering stems several or 1, terete, hispidulous below, tomentose or puberulous and glandular above, slender, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves few. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, linear or narrowly ovate, up to 15.0 cm long, 1.0 cm wide, remotely dentate or denticulate, acute or acuminate, attenuate or auriculate and amplexicaul or semiamplexicaul, puberulous and glandular, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle sulcate, tomentose near head. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 13.0-17.0 mm long, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear, acuminate, dark green; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, dark green at midrib, pubescent and sometimes glandular, margin yellow scarious. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 21.0 mm long, yellow; tube 6.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 6.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.8-1.0 mm long. Style branches 3.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 6.0-7.5 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, finely muricate, orange-brown, with c. 15 ribs, alternate ribs a little stronger; outer achenes ciliate at apex, cilia early caducuous or sometimes absent. Pappus white, c. 7.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"746c55a2-ce4e-489f-b3e8-2ab28202136a","Leaves more or less glabrous. Involucra1 bracts 5-7, as long as the ligules.\r\rfrom: Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. <i>Tragopogon</i> L. (incl. <i>Geropogon</i> L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i> Tragopogon crocifolius subsp. samaritanii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d8c3e0ad-7d03-4129-911e-8e60aca896b4","Biennial. Root vertical. Plants 15-35 cm high; stem slender, glabrous. Lower leaves narrowly linear, 2.5-5 mm wide, almost filiform at ends, often folded; middle leaves broadened, semiamplexicaul, (3)4-6 mm wide, with linear-lanceolate lamina, narrowed into filiform cusp; upper leaves reduced. Peduncles sometimes slightly thickened below capitula, 4-6 mm thick. Capitula narrowly cylindrical at flowering, 7-12(15) mm wide (dry), 2.5-3.5 cm long, up to 5.5 cm at fruiting; involucral bracts 8-12, filiform-acuminate, somewhat exceeding florets and achenes; florets pinkish-violet or purple; outer achenes almost straight, five-angled, squamose-scabrous, indistinctly sculptured in lower part, gradually narrowed into slender beak longer than achene; pappus dirty brown, much shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"55e65729-92c7-41bc-8fd5-34dcc24b0e33","Perennial. Root vertical, cylindrical, long; root collar without old leaves. Plants glaucous or flocculose and spinescent. Stems numerous, branched, whitish, densely leafy up to apex. Basal leaves broadly linear, long, glaucous; cauline leaves gradually broadened at base, long-acuminate; uppermost leaves broadly lanceolate, short-acuminate. Capitula rather small. Peduncles not thickened below capitula or weakly thickened at fruiting; florets yellow or pale yellow; involucral bracts eight, lanceolate, as long as or slightly longer than achenes with pappus, recurved on fruiting. Peripheral achenes flat, white, deeply furrowed, acutely tuberculate-squamose along ribs, abruptly narrowed into beak, longer than body of achene; achenes shallow-sulcate, finely tuberculate, with shorter beak; beak with white hairy annulus at apex; pappus shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"adaabef1-02f9-41a4-8a39-bf13564559f7",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e5e6bb40-cca3-4616-bf23-9e80f6586d52","Herb, perennial, 40-150 cm high. Caudex 1.0-2.5 cm, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, branched or simple, woolly. Flowering stems erect, terete, puberulous above, glabrous below, 2.0-5.0 mm in diameter, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate to elliptic, 7.0-26.0 cm long, 2.5-6.5 cm wide, runcinate or entire, denticulate, rarely acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, pubescent; lateral lobes rounded or triangular. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate to elliptic, runcinate or entire, denticulate, rarely acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, pubescent, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence paniculiform to racemiform, with 1-8 heads. Peduncle 2.0-5.0 cm long, covered with bracts. Heads with 5-10 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 7.0-9.0 mm long, pale or dark green, glabrous; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin or apex minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 11.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.5-4.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.6 mm long; apical appendages truncate, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 1.3 mm long, brown. Achenes straight or curved, 3.5-4.5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, obscurely muricate, obscurely angular or subterete, pale or dark brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus yellow, c. 4.0 mm long, persistent, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c53cefc8-e289-4640-bbf4-b909f1724b2e","An erect perennial herb, often viscid, up to c. 150(200) cm tall; taproot semi-woody turbinate. Stems solitary, branching above, glabrous, green and often purple-tinged. Leaves contemporaneous with flowers, ± membranous, glabrous, 18-32 x 0.25-1.5 cm, narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, usually with 2-4 well developed lobes in the lower half, ± attenuate and acute at the apex, narrowly attenuate below and usually semi-amplexicaul at the base, subentire; terminal lobe 12-23 cm long, elliptic-linear; lateral lobes 0.5-6 cm long, very narrowly triangular. Synflorescences paniculate, up to c. 40 x 15 cm, cylindrical; branches divaricate slender glabrous. Capitula numerous, stalked; stalks 1.5-12 mm long; involucres 8-9 x 1.5-2 mm at time of flowering, increasing to c. 12 x 2.5 mm in fruiting capitula cylindric. Phyllaries ciliolate above otherwise glabrous, guttulate, green and often purple-tinged where exposed; the outermost less than half the length of the inner, broadly ovate; the innermost 9-11 x 1-2 mm, linear-lanceolate, margins becoming involute except near the apices. Florets c. 5 per capitulum; corollas yellow, up to c. 12 mm long, tube narrowly cylindric, sparsely pilose near the throat; ligule c. 6 mm long, erect. Achenes dark-brown to black, 5-6.5 x 1.5-2 mm including a 1-1.5 mm long paler-coloured beak, compressed-ellipsoid, broadly thickened at the margins, narrowly 1-ribbed on each face, hispidulous or glabrous; pappus several-seriate, of white barbellate setae c. 6 mm long.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2fe20419-8b40-4d69-8743-519a0c20048b","Herb, perennial, (18)-30-50 cm high. Caudex 3.0-8.0-(10.0) cm wide, simple or branched. Flowering stems 2-4, sometimes ascending, terete, often tinged red, glabrous, tomentose or pubescent and glandular, striate, slender, weakly branched or unbranched; branches remote. Rosette leaves few or many, narrowly obovate or elliptic, 5.0-25.0-(38.0) cm long, 0.5-4.5-(6.0) cm wide, entire or runcinate, denticulate, dentate or entire, acute, obtuse or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, tomentose or glabrous or sometimes pubescent and glandular. Cauline leaves few or sometimes absent, narrowly obovate, narrowly ovate or linear, denticulate or entire, acute or acuminate, attenuate, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle up to 18.0 cm long, scabridulous, glabrescent, tomentose or glabrous, sometimes covered with bracts. Heads with (17)-40-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or cylindrical, 6.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter, tomentose or scabrid or pubescent and glandular; involucral bracts green; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 3.0-4.0 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, acute, brownish or purplish; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate to linear-oblong, 6.0-7.0 mm long, 1.0-2.5 mm wide, obtuse or acute, sometimes glandular, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin yellow scarious. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 8.5-12.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0-5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 5.0-9.5-(13.0) mm long, 1.2-1.5-(2.5) mm wide, tinged red or purple on outer face. Anthertube c. 3.3-5.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.4-0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.0-1.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical or fusiform in outline, sometimes compressed, 5.0-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, subterete or terete, brown, orange-brown or orange-red, with (10)-12-15 ribs, with a filiform beak or strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0-(6.0) mm long, caducous or sometimes persistent, flexible, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis abyssinica</i>, <i>Crepis forskalii</i> and <i>Crepis friesii</i>). Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c4db1bdf-4181-4475-813b-2045039ddf1b","Perennial herb, the stem 40-80 cm high, bearing both leaves .and capitula, glabrous, green with a few purple streaks; root tuberous, like a carrot. Basal leaves unknown, cauline leaves 2-4, sometimes absent, sessile, lanceolate, (3-)5-10 cm long, (0.5-)1-2.2 cm wide, half-amplexicaul, margins sinuate-denticulate, apex acute or acuminate, glabrous; midrib sometimes purple. Capitula ± 20, in lax panicles; involucre cylindric, 11-15 mm long; phyllaries green with purple marks, ovate to lanceolate, 2-12 mm long, glabrous but for the very apex. Corolla white, the ligules tinged mauve beneath, tube cylindrical, ± 3 mm long, ligule 10-11 mm long, 3 mm wide. Achenes flattened, ellipsoid, 3-ribbed on each side, 6.5-7 mm long, hardly beaked, minutely puberulous; pappus white, 7-9.5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6b8d710e-ecbf-4206-a4ed-8476afd8b83f","Subglabrous, rhizomatous perennial 10- 50 cm. Basal leaves 4-10 cm, linear to linear-oblanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate, subacute; cauline few or none, linear, entire. Stems simple or sparingly branched, the branches not or scarcely overtopping the main stem. Capitula few; peduncles somewhat thickened below the capitula, with few, more or, less appressed small supplementary bracts. Involucre 9-11 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, the outer much shorter than the inner, all floccose. Pappus of numerous long hairs and no short hairs. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Tutin, T.G. 1976: 150. <i>Tolpis</i> Adanson. – Pp. 306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"80a6e431-a39a-4318-ad95-de6bdaab1a42","The species is part of a group well supported in molecular phylogenetic analyses (Mavrodiev & al. 2005) with <i>Tragopogon longifolius, T. orientalis, T. pratensis</i> (incl. <i>T. minor</i>) and <i>T. tommasinii</i>. Its treatment as a subspecies of <i>T. pratensis</i> (see synonymy), in contrast, received no support by the molecular analyses.\r\rReferences\rMavrodiev E. V., Tancig M., Sherwood A. M., Gitzendanner M. A., Rocca J., Soltis P. S. & Soltis D. E. 2005: Phylogeny of <i>Tragopogon</i> L. <i>(Asteraceae)</i> based on internal and external transcribed spacer sequence data. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 166: 117-133.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4c2382e6-fc9a-4bb5-8c35-714a0fe24f86",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"62173361-7580-4b49-a07f-049dc22e9b35","Herb, perennial, 15-70 cm high. Caudex woody, branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, angular, terete or sulcate, green, more or less hispid toward apex or glabrous near base; branches remote. Peduncle 0.5-3.5 cm long, hispid or glabrous, tomentose near head. Heads with 22-25 flowers. Involucre hispid and tomentose; involucral bracts 8.0-11.0 mm long, 3.0-3.5 mm wide; outer involucral bracts linear, obtuse and acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, 13.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.8-4.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.8-2.0 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 3.5-5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute or acuminate, 0.7-1.0 mm long. Style branches 1.1-1.6 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, ventrally straight, dorsally convex or irregularly compressed, 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, brown, with c. 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white or pale cream, 5.5-6.5 mm long, persistent, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0f9380aa-473e-464b-a912-16a2ea182aef","Perennial. Root vertical, slender or thick, but not tuberous; root collar densely covered with fibres. Stems less numerous, usually two or three, ascending, not branched at base, 10-30 cm high. Basal and lower cauline leaves narrow, filiform, about 2.5 mm wide, sometimes to fibriform, 5-7 cm long, recurved, lanate-flocculose near sheaths, numerous, other leaves glabrous; cauline leaves expanded at base up to 4 mm. Peduncles much exceeding basal leaves, tomentose below capitula. Capitula about 2.5 cm long; involucral bracts 8-10, erect, about 10 mm long; narrow, acuminate, tomentose at base, shorter than florets; ligulate florets orange-yellow with purple stripes, exceeding involucre by  one-fourth. Outer achenes about 2.4 cm, long with pappus, without pappus about 1 cm long; body of achene weakly ribbed and scabrous along ribs, mainly in upper part, about 7 mm long, gradually narrowed into sulcate, short, 0.3-0.4 cm-long beak slightly swollen at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus about 1 cm long, some pappus bristles longer and scabrous (at apex); inner achenes almost smooth.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6ece0be7-ba4a-4363-b103-4e60429988e5","Perennial scrambling or scandent herb, 0.3-2 m high; stems to 3 m long, distally leafy, viscid with dense glands but glabrescent, reddish when young, with abundant white latex; older stems with characteristic papery decorticating bark. Leaves variously lobed, 2-12 cm long, 0.8-5.5 cm wide, the very base sagittate-semi- amplexicaul, continuing as a winged pseudopetiole widening into a pair (rarely two pairs) of retrorse triangular lobes 0.2-3 cm long, the terminal lobe triangular to ovate and 1-7 cm long, margins sinuate to dentate to almost lobed, apex acute or rounded, densely glandular-setose, especially on midrib and margins, but glabrescent. Capitula many, in terminal leafy panicles to 30 cm long with  ± dichotomous branching; involucre 8-15 mm long, cylindrical at anthesis becoming narrowly conical in fruit; phyllaries dark; green tinged with red or purple, linear or elliptic, 2-15 mm long, obtuse or rounded, sparsely setose or glabrous, with a tiny distal hair-tuft. Florets 4-6(-8) per capitulum; Corolla pale yellow or less often white, sometimes with purple tinge, tube cylindric, 4-6 mm long, ligule 5-9 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Achenes pale brown, ellipsoid and (slightly) compressed, 5.3-6 mm long including a 1-2 mm long beak, 3-6-ribbed on each side, glabrous or puberulous; pappus white, 5.5-8 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"419ef10b-84fd-4b02-a8e3-7d83bed7d307","Herb, perennial, 7-15 cm high, with taproot. Caudex woody, 0.3-0.8 cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-4, scapelike, glabrous or pubescent and glandular, very slender. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate, 4.0-8.0 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide, denticulate or entire, mucronate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous, thin, light green with white midvein on both surfaces. Cauline leaves few, linear-ovate, 1.0-3.0 cm long, acuminate, reduced to scales. Peduncle 2.0-10.0 cm long, pubescent and glandular near the head. Heads with c. 30 flowers. Involucre at flowering nearly cylindrical, 8.0-9.0 mm long, glandular and pubescent; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate to deltoid, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, glabrous, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 10.0 mm long, pale yellow; tube c. 3.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.3 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.6 mm long. Achenes curved or nearly straight, 4.0-4.5 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, subterete, stramineous; outer achenes with 18-20 ribs. Pappus white, 3.0-5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fc757596-2c4d-4ba7-8918-25b39f0855d5","Herb, perennial, mat-forming, (2)-10-20-(25) cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.5 cm, c. 0.5-1.5 cm wide, weakly branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-4-(6), terete or sulcate, hollow, tomentose or glabrous, striate, more or less slender, branched or unbranched; branches erect or remote. Rosette leaves many, narrowly obovate, 1.5-8.0-(10.0) cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite, runcinate or entire, entire or sinuate-dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or tomentose, white or tinged purple on both surfaces; lateral lobes triangular to linear. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly obovate, pinnatifid, entire or runcinate, sinuate-dentate or entire, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, tomentose or glabrescent, white or tinged purple on both surfaces, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes triangular to linear. Peduncle more or less tomentose or glandular and pubescent or hispidulous, often covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering funnel-shaped or campanulate, 10.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-7.0-(15.0) mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate or acute, hispidulous, tomentose or sometimes pubescent, margin somewhat scarious; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong, linear or narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse, hispid or pubescent and glandular, margin minutely ciliate, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and foveolate or areolate. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-19.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.5-6.5 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 1.5-2.5-(3.0) mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 4.0-5.8 mm long; apical appendages 0.8-1.1 mm long. Style branches (1.5)-2.5-3.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, more or less curved or straight, (4.0)-5.0-6.0-(7.5) mm long, 1.0 mm wide, finely muricate, brown, dark purple, black or yellow at apex and base, with 10-18 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 6.5-8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Crepis crocea and as <i>Crepis czuensis</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e747f524-e1e1-47ac-bd1c-71a5cc7b15a5","Biennial. Root vertical, cylindrical, thick, but not tuberous. Plants glaucous-green, up to 50 cm high; root collar often with few fibrous remnants of previous year's leaves. Stems erect, branched almost from base or middle, glabrous, cylindrical, leafy. Cauline leaves 2-5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, lanceolate, briefly narrowed at apex, roundish or weakly acuminate. Peduncles below capitula slightly expanded or not, glabrous. Capitula large. Involucral bracts eight, narrowly lanceolate, white-membranous along margin, shorter than florets and achenes with pappus; florets yellow. Peripheral achenes with beak up to 3 cm long, with five shallow furrows and five white, squamose, obtuse ribs; beak as long as body of achenes, clavately thickened at apex, with hairy annulus; pappus yellowish, lustrous, slightly shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6a8242c2-9495-473f-ab3e-48f915749fa2",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"609829d3-562f-46a3-ad18-25d96656d95b","Perennial herb, scapose; stem(s) annual, 1-3, erect, 0.7-1.5 m high, bearing both leaves and capitula, sparsely to densely glandular-setose; roots tuberous, like a carrot. Leaves 4-9, of which 1-3 radical, sessile, elliptic or lanceolate, 3.5-16 cm long, 0.7-6.5 cm wide, base attenuate in radical leaves to subamplexicaul in cauline leaves, margins sinuate-dentate, apex acute or obtuse and mucronate, glabrous or beneath sparsely setose on the veins. Capitula many, in lax panicles; stalks of individual capitula absent or up to 2 cm long; involucre cylindric, 7-12 mm long; phyllaries 3-seriate, lanceolate, 2.5-12 mm long, glabrous or nearly so, the very apex minutely puberulous. Florets +/- 5 per capitulum; corolla yellow, tube cylindric, 4-4.5 mm long, ligule 7-9 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide. Achenes fusiform, 4.5-6 mm long, 3-ribbed on each side, minutely pilose, hardly beaked; pappus white, 4-4.5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bdd2ca5f-5453-4abe-9037-aade53516ec2","Herb, perennial, 10-50-(130) cm high. Caudex 0.5-5.0 cm wide, more or less swollen, weakly branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-4, erect or ascending, striate, terete or sulcate, medullary, puberulous, glabrous, sparsely hispidulous or tomentose at the bifurcations, up to 5.0 mm in diameter, robust, branched; lower branches erect. Rosette leaves elliptic or obovate, (2.0)-4.0-18.0-(38.0) cm long, 1.0-4.0-(7.5) cm wide, sinuate-dentate or dentate, acute or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, hispidulous, pubescent or glabrous. Cauline leaves absent or few, linear, 7.0 cm long, up to 3.0 cm wide, denticulate or entire, acuminate or acute, reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 2-15-(54) heads. Peduncle 1.0-13.0 cm long, hispid, pilose, pubescent and glandular, covered with bracts. Heads with 20-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical and cylindric-campanulate, (2.5)-9.0-11.0-(17.0) mm long, at flowering 4.0-7.0-(10.0) mm in diameter, sparsely hispidulous, rarely tomentose or pubescent and glandular; involucral bracts 2,5-17.0 mm long, green, pubescent, glandular and hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear, 2.0-6.0 mm long, (0.3)-0.5-1.0 mm wide, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, up to 12.0 mm long, up to 2.5 mm wide, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle 5.0-8.0 mm in diameter, convex, sometimes shortly ciliate, areolate or alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 9.0-15.0-(22.0) mm long, yellow; tube 2.5-6.0-(7.0) mm long, glabrous or pubescent; ligule 6.0-14.5 mm long, 1.0-2.5 mm wide, rarely tinged red on outer face. Anthertube yellow, c. 3.0-5.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or acute, 0.4-0.8-(1.3) mm long. Style branches 0.7-1.5-(2.5) mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform or cylindrical in outline, curved or straight, more or less compressed, 4.0-7.5-(11.0) mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, sometimes purplish or reddish brown, with 10-15-(16) ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak, with a filiform beak or attenuate. Pappus whitish or yellowish, 4.5-7.0-(10.0) mm long, persistent, flexible, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis newii</i>, <i>Crepis bruceae</i>, <i>Crepis cameroonica</i>, <i>Crepis iringensis</i>, <i>Crepis keniensis</i>, <i>Crepis kilimandscharica</i>, <i>Crepis meruensis</i>, <i>Crepis mildbraedii</i>, <i>Crepis suffruticosa</i> and as <i>Crepis swynnertonii</i>); Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew; Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1b4fb71c-64e3-45be-b1a0-2517e9c79b4d","Herb, perennial, 25-50 cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.5 cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems erect or ascending, terete, sulcate or striate, hollow, sparsely pubescent and sometimes tomentose at base of leaves, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, up to 20.0 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, remotely denticulate, somewhat acute, mucronate or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with winged petiole, pubescent. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, obtuse, acuminate or acute, amplexicaul or petiole-like attenuate, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 2-14 heads. Peduncle 5.0-17.0 cm long, tomentose, pubescent and glandular, covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 13.0-16.0-(17.0) mm long, hispid or tomentose and sometimes glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, pubescent. Receptacle 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter, alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 15.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.3 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse and acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.4 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 8.0-10.0 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide, subterete, brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak pale brown. Pappus yellowish white or pale straw-coloured, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis cameroonica</i>. Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i> . – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a3098ded-df5f-492e-9597-85b4583bbd86","Involucre 7.5-13 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9ddb506c-1deb-4b49-b0b4-777472c814d3","Sparsely floccose to glabrous perennial, 10-30 cm. Sterns unbranched. Leaves lanceolate, upper leaves often ovate. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Involucre floccose at base. Phyllaries c. 8, lanceolate, sparsely and minutely black- and white-puberulent, shorter than flowers, 2-3 cm in flowering capitulum. Flowers golden yellow, often turning bluish when dry. Achenes unknown. Fl. 6-9.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 103. <i>Tragopogon</i> – Pp. 657-668 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d80bbb05-0dd9-43ff-8ebb-cd5ca4e9d6d1","Annual. Stems slender, (2)7-15(20) cm high, divaricately or dichotomously branched. Basal leaves usually rosulate, obovate or broadly  spatulate, narrowed into broad petiole, irregularly toothed, covered beneath with rather long, crisped or flexuous, light-colored hairs; sometimes basal leaves pinnatisect, coarsely toothed; cauline leaves strongly reduced, often \ralmost scaly, amplexicaul. Capitula, on the average, with 10-15 florets,cylindrical to oblong- or conical-cylindrical, with fruits about 18 mm long, mature capitula slightly narrowed near middle, usually subsessile or on short peduncles, less often on long peduncles, in lax dichotomous-paniculate inflorescence. Involucral bracts few, usually three- rowed; outer\rbracts with crisped hairs on dorsal surface (like leaves), inner ones narrowbordered; involucral- bracts more or less squarrose after fruiting. Corolla yellow(?), blue on drying. Achenes about 3 mm long and up to 1 mm wide, dark brownish-yellow, narrow-obovoid or oblong-ellipsoid, flat, with very short transversely hairy stripes (under a hand lens!), and prominent\rrib in center, rugose-toothed upward along lateral ribs (under a hand lens!);achenes apically attenuate into filiform white beak two to three times as long as achene and terminating in pappus; pappus hairs thin, white, soft, somewhat barbed (under a hand lens!), almost as long as achene or slightly shorter.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d7118cbe-8f9c-4235-a1e8-25f93b4f1afb","Herb, perennial. Caudex at least 4.0 cm, up to 7.0 cm wide, simple or weakly branched. Flowering stems erect, terete, dark green, tomentose at bifurcations, pale striate or smooth. Lower cauline leaves reduced to scales. Middle cauline leaves linear, 2.5-8.0 cm long, 1.5-8.0 cm wide, entire or denticulate, revolute, acuminate or acute, attenuate, tomentose on upper surface, dark green on both surfaces. Peduncle 0.3-3.0 cm long, tomentose near head, covered with bracts. Heads with 18-27 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-9.5 mm long, at flowering 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate. Corolla 11.0-13.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.5 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.8 mm wide, tinged red on outer face. Anthertube yellow, 4.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.0-1.3 mm long, brown or yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, more or less compressed, 3.8-4.5 mm long, 0.6-1.0 mm wide, dark brown, with c. 14 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent, united at base, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"439a3c09-31e6-4a6c-a65e-30161a51fa7c","An erect long-lived giant annual herb, up to 3(3.5) m tall. Taproot with several thick ± fleshy lateral roots. Stem solitary simple up to c. 1.5 cm in diam., striately ribbed hollow glaucous, sparsely setose below, glabrous above. Leaves cauline somewhat crowded below; the lowermost up to c. 32 x 12 cm, elliptic-lanceolate in outline, grossly lyrate-runcinate, apices acute to obtuse, bases cuneate-attenuate with midrib ± narrowly winged petiole-like and semi-amplexicaul, denticulate on the margins, glabrous or sparsely setose particularly on the midrib and main nerves beneath; the upper leaves decreasing in size towards the stem apex, becoming lanceolate, undivided and sessile, ± sparsely setose. Synflorescence elongate-paniculate; branches short, patent and much thinner than the stem axis, sparsely glandular setulose, bracteate; bracts foliaceous. Capitula numerous stalked; involucres 6-8 mm long at time of flowering, increasing to c. 12 mm in fruiting capitula, cylindric to very narrowly campanulate. Phyllaries 4-5-seriate, purplish, glabrous, ciliolate above; the outermost c. 1.5 mm long, ovate; the innermost up to c. 12 mm long, lorate-lanceolate, obtuse to acute. Florets c. 10 per capitulum. Corollas 10-12.5 mm long, blue to purplish; tube c. 5 mm long, narrowly cylindric, sparsely setulose about the outside of the throat; ligule c. 6.5 mm long, oblanceolate-lorate, lobes c. 1 mm long, apically papillose. Achenes dark-brown, c. 4.5 mm long including a distinct 1 mm long beak, c. 1.25 mm wide, fusiform, 3-4-angled, 1-several-ribbed between the angles, minutely hispidulous; beak slender, discolorous; pappus several-seriate of white barbellate setae c. 5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a65ce431-a35f-4388-afe5-f9ef9e4bebbe","Perennial herb, subscapose; root with creamy latex, root-crown with old leaf-bases, sometimes long-woolly; flowering stem(s) 1-several, erect, brown, or purplish, 6-55 cm high; laxly branched or strongly contracted, glabrous or sparsely setose; proximal bracts sessile, narrowly triangular, to 4 cm long and 6 mm wide. Leaves appearing after flowering, poorly known, in a rosette, lanceolate or ovate, 3-9 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, base cuneate, margins dentate and ciliate, apex acute, the purple midrib sparsely glandular-setose beneath. Capitula precocious, many, in lax or contracted panicles 6-30 cm long; involucre cylindric or narrowly conical, 7-15 mm long; phyllaries brown or reddish green, ovate to lanceolate, 3-16 mm long, obtuse, glabrous except for a little hair-tuft at the very apex. Florets 5-9 per capitulum; corolla yellow, tube cylindric, 2-3.5 mm long, pilose near the throat, ligules 10-14 mm long, 2.5-4.5 mm wide, distally papillose. Achenes red-brown to dark brown, flattened ellipsoid, 6.5-9 mm long including a 1.5-3.5 mm long paler beak, 3-ribbed on each side, minutely puberulous; pappus white, 4-9 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7da49ee7-a950-4452-8fa1-69d6e1476160","Sparsely floccose to glabrous perennial, 20-30 cm; stem bases often with sparse fibrous remains of old leaves. Stems little-branched or unbranched. Leaves linear. Peduncles not thickened below capitula. Involucre sparsely floccose at base. Phyllaries 8-10, lanceolate, shorter than or equal in length to flowers, 2-3 cm in flowering capitulum, 3.5-4 cm in fruiting capitulum. Flowers yellow. Achenes 20-30 mm, ± smooth; beak slightly shorter than achene, slightly clavate at apex. Pappus 18-20 mm, light brown, annulus sparsely hairy. Fl. 7.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 103. <i>Tragopogon</i> – Pp. 657-668 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c32bcd08-75e9-4aeb-813d-bc33dfd0c823","Biennial. Root vertical, almost fusiform, brown, rather slender; root collar smooth or with remnants of dry leaves. Plant glabrous, 25-50 cm high; stem simple, straw-like, cylindrical, glabrous or almost glabrous, angular, branched almost from base, with long branches, densely leafy. Leaves upright, straight, linear-lanceolate, glaucescent, glabrous or almost glabrous, not bent at apex, gradually acuminate, not broadened at base and not semiamplexicaul, 10-12 cm long, 4-6 mm wide, flat; basal and cauline leaves not exceeding inflorescence. Peduncles fistular, somewhat thickened at fruiting below capitula. Involucral bracts eight, glabrous, lanceolate-linear, long-acuminate, at flowering 3-3.5 cm long, somewhat longer than florets, about 5 cm long at fruiting, 3-4 mm wide at base, flat, shorter than achenes; florets pale yellow, shorter than involucral bracts, outer florets 2.5-3 cm long. Achenes with pappus 4.5-5 cm long, without pappus 1.3-2 cm long; body of achene 0.6-0.7 cm long, about 1 mm wide, sulcate, densely squamose-tuberculate, with 10 ribs, abruptly narrowed into slender 0.7-1.2 cm-long beak, finely sulcate, apically with hairy annulus below pappus and usually not inflated; pappus 3.5-3.8 cm long, almost three times as long as achene with beak, golden-yellow, lustrous, with plumose simple hairs at apex; inner achenes longer, with longer beaks.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f9fa075a-e1cb-4558-8b03-aa63a49d77fe","Perennial. Root vertical, cylindrical; root collar densely covered with fibres and remnants of old leaves. Plants light green, glabrous or weakly flocculose at stem base. Stems 40-60 cm high, solitary or two, erect, simple, cylindrical, bearing single capitulum at apices of stems. Basal leaves numerous, narrowly linear, long, not exceeding peduncles; cauline leaves lanceolate, expanded at base, amplexicaul, long-acuminate. Peduncles not thickened below capitula, covered with yellowish flocculose pubescence; florets pale yellow. Involucral bracts eight, lanceolate, 2.5-2.7 cm long, at fruiting deflexed, often involute, shorter than achenes with pappus. Peripheral achenes about 4.2 cm long with pappus, straight, without pappus 2.3 cm long, body of achene about 1.8 cm long, indistinctly ribbed above, indistinctly squamose along ribs, gradually narrowed into straight, about 0.5 cm-long beak; pappus about 1.8 cm long, shorter than achene, yellowish-golden, with undulate annulus at base; inner achenes about 3.8 cm long with smooth body, weakly sulcate above, but without scales, gradually narrowed into about 0.5 cm-long beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"eb2f9089-8b9e-44b8-bd31-9d15d1c9a17f",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7aba57c2-e428-49b0-8695-009bd25719f7","Perennial herb; root woody, to 3 cm in diameter, witty densely long-hairy root- crown. Leaves usually absent at flowering stage, developing afterwards, in a rosette, lanceolate to broadly obovate, 2-9 cm long, 2-6.5 cm wide (lobed and to 29 x 8 cm in quercifolia form), base attenuate, margins with distant dark teeth, apex obtuse and mucronate, sparsely pilose, denser on the veins, the midrib densely hairy beneath. Capitula (1-)4-24 in compact, dense, subsessile corymbs inflorescence axes to 2 cm long, glaurous, with narrowly triangular bracts to 5 mm long; capitula with 10-14 florets; involucre 11-18 mm long; phyllaries grey-green marked with red, ovate or lanceolate, 4-15 mm long, acute or rounded, distally pilose and ciliate or sometimes glabrous with only the very apex densely hairy. Corolla bright yellow, tube cylindric, 8.5-9.5 mm long, ligule 8-10 mm long, ± 1.5 mm wide. Achenes 6.5-9 mm long including beak, ribbed, with a beak of 1-3 mm long; pappus white, 8-10 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8cfd3de5-b161-4bb2-b738-ed0a8a9888ac","Herb, perennial, 50-120 cm high. Caudex 12.0-15.0 cm wide, weakly branched or simple. Flowering stems erect, glabrous or pubescent below and sparsely hispid above, robust, branched. Rosette leaves narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, up to 30.0 cm long, 4.0-6.0 cm wide, entire or runcinate, denticulate or sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, glabrous or pubescent. Cauline leaves linear or oblong to narrowly ovate, denticulate or dentate, acute or acuminate, auriculate and amplexicaul, pubescent, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 6.0-12.0 cm long, tomentose, covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 15.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, 8.0-14.0 mm long, 3.0-4.0 mm wide, acute, greenish or yellow with a black dorsal median stripe, hispid and puberulous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear, 13.0-17.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, obtuse, yellow with a green dorsal median stripe, pubescent, hispidulous and glandular, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Corolla ligulate, 17.0 mm long, yellow; tube 7.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 16.0-18.0 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.5 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, 9.0-12.0 mm long, 1.0-1.3 mm wide, finely muricate, light brown, with c. 20 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 3.0-4.0 mm long. Pappus yellowish brown or orange-brown, 7.0 mm long, caducous, flexible, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Tadesse, M. 2004: 18. <i>Crepis</i> - Pp 46-51 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8cfd3de5-b161-4bb2-b738-ed0a8a9888ac","Afroalpine grassland.\r\rfrom: Puff, C. &  Nemomissa S. 2005:  Plants of the Simen. A Flora of the Simen Mountains and surroundings, northern Ethiopia. - Scripta Bot. Belg. 37.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"87ec4abd-3b84-4418-a1b8-f32f508f0763","Herb, perennial, forming small tufts, 12-17-(30) cm high, with taproot. Caudex 1.5-3.0 cm, 0.5-3.0 cm wide, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-5, scapelike, erect or ascending, sulcate or terete, hollow, tomentose, striate, more or less slender. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, 2.0-6.0-(10.0) cm long, 1.0-2.5 cm wide, runcinate or pinnatipartite, sinuate-dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a more or less winged petiole, glabrescent or tomentose, more or less hispid, sometimes glandular; lateral lobes triangular or linear-ovate. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or linear, sometimes pinnatifid, petiole-like attenuate or attenuate, reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1-3-(5) heads. Peduncle tomentose or sometimes hispidulous near head. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 9.0-10.0-(12.0) mm long; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, acute, glabrescent or tomentose,sometimes hispidulous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse, more or less tomentose, often pubescent , sometimes glandular,  margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin sometimes scarious. Receptacle areolate. Corolla ligulate, (10.5)-15.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube (3.5)-4.5-6.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.8-2.5-(3.0) mm wide. Anthertube yellow, 3.0-4.5 mm long; apical appendages truncate-oblique or acute, 0.7-0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.5-2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or curved, 4.5-6.0-(8.0) mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, finely pilose, reddish black, with 10-13 ribs. Pappus white, (4.0)-5.0-6.0-(7.0) mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i> , Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> . – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6a84d3b5-4604-434d-9e98-3982ca011e66","Perennial 20-50 cm. Stems, peduncles and involucre with dense, long, unequal, dark glandular hairs and sparse to numerous stellate hairs. Leaves glabrous or with sparse, dark, simple eglandular hairs; basal 20-170 x 15-30(-42) mm, oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse to cuspidate, denticulate to retrorse-dentate; cauline 0-2, more or less linear, entire. Capitula 1-5. Involucre 10-12 x 7-12 mm; bracts dark, linear-lanceolate, more or less acute. Ligules yellow. Achenes 8-10 mm, 5-angled, tuberculate; beak slender, slightly longer than the body, with a crenulate collar at its base. 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. D. 1976: 175. <i>Calycocorsus</i> F. W. Schmidt – Pp. 343-344 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Calycocorsus stipitatus</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ac37a7a6-bdeb-4548-a358-d439d457214a","Scandent herb 1.8-2.1 m high; stems flexuous, divaricately branching, the older ones sometimes with papery bark, glabrous or very sparsely pilose; latex white, copious. Leaves pinnatifid to pinnate, 4-10 cm long, 2-5.5 cm wide; petiole to 4 cm long, narrowly winged, blade with 1-2 pairs of lateral lobes, these cuneate or these and the terminal lobe ovate with a cordate base, dentate margins and acuminate apex, .the very base of the whole leaf auriculate-semi-amplexicaul, the lateral lobes stalked briefly, glabrous or sparsely setose on the veins; leaves near and in inflorescence entire, unlobed, and small. Capitula many in divaricately branched\rterminal panicles to 40 cm long; involucre 8-12 mm long; phyllaries reddish or deep purple, ovate to elliptic, 2-13 mm long, obtuse, glabrous except for the very apex which has a small tuft of hairs. Florets 4-5; corolla pale yellow, tube cylindric, 6-7 mm long, pilose distally, ligules 4.5-5 mm long. Achenes pale brown, ellipsoid, hardly flattened, 5-5.5 mm long including the 0.5-1 mm long beak, seemingly glabrous but microscopically puberulous; pappus white, 6-8.5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"54c6b8d4-8970-441f-ad80-b2e1d87a99f8","Herb, perennial, (1)-8-35-(50) cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.0 cm, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, simple or weakly branched. Flowering stems 1-5, procumbent, erect or ascending, tinged purple towards base, tomentose, glabrescent below, hispid or pubescent above, striate, slender; branches remote. Rosette leaves many, narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, (2.0)-5.0-15.0-(16.0) cm long, 0.3-2.5 cm wide, entire or rarely runcinate, denticulate, obtuse, acute, acuminate or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a sometimes winged petiole, hispid, glabrescent or glabrous. Cauline leaves few or sometimes absent, linear or narrowly ovate, (1.0)-4.0 cm long, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, rarely runcinate or entire, dentate, acuminate or the lower ones obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate, glabrescent, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle (0.3)-1.0-10.0-(20.0) cm long, tomentose, covered with bracts. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, (7.0)-10.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-5.0-(8.0) mm in diameter, dark green, hispidulous or pilose, tomentose at base; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, obtuse, light brownish, pubescent or glabrous; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or oblong, obtuse, tomentose, pubescent or hispid, margin sometimes minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 5.5-6.0-(15.0) mm long, yellow; tube 1.5-4.0 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; ligule 0.6-1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 1.8-2.8-(4.0) mm long; apical appendages acute or acuminate, c. 0.5 mm long. Style 1.5-2.0 mm long; branches 0.5-1.0-(1.8) mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, somewhat compressed, 4.0-7.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, finely muricate at apex, brown or brownish yellow, with 10-13-(20) ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus pale yellow or yellowish white, 4.0-6.0 mm long, persistent or sometimes caducous, flexible, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis carbonaria</i>, <i>Crepis ellenbeckii</i>, <i>Crepis glandulosissima</i> and <i>Crepis scaposa</i>); Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i> . – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew; Tadesse, M. 2004: 18. <i>Crepis</i> - Pp 46-51 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"97ebea3e-cd27-404e-8004-79a1f6b0fc73","A subscapose perennial herb up to c. 70 cm. tall, from a semi-woody fusiform-turbinate rootstock. Flowering stalks erect striate much-branched glabrous, or sparsely setulose below; branches mostly simple up to c. 35 cm. long, divaricate-asoending, glabrous, bracteate. Leaves often reddish-purple on the margins and veins, 1-6 in a ± prostrate basal rosette, appearing after the flowers; 6-15 x 3-7 cm., broadly elliptic to narrowly obovate, rounded to obtuse at the apices, ± broadly cuneate below with a petiole-like winged midrib up to c. 2.5 cm. long, denticulate on the margins, glabrous; cauline leaves absent, or if present, sessile and bract-like, up to c. 4 cm. long, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly triangular. Synflorescences paniculate, diffuse. Capitula precocious, numerous, subsessile or stalked, solitary or in clusters of 2-4 spaced along the branches; capitula stalks up to c. 3 cm. long, glabrous. Involucres cylindric 8-10 x 2 mm. at time of flowering, increasing to c. 12 x 3 mm. in fruiting capitula. Phyllaries 3-4-seriate glabrous green, often brown or purple-tinged towards the apices, ciliate above, spreading with age; the outermost ovate, less than half the length of the inner; the innermost up to c. 11 mm. long, lanceolate-lorate, ± cucullate in bud. FIorets c. 5 per capitulum; corollas yellow, 11-15 mm. long, the tube narrowly cylindric and puberulus above; ligule 8-11 x 2.5-3.5 mm., lorate, glabrous. Achenes reddish-brown, 4-5 x 1.5-2 mm., ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, not or hardly beaked, broadly-ribbed on the margins or angles, with 1-3 narrower ribs between, minutely hispidulous; pappus several-seriate, copious of fine, white barbellate setae c. 5 mm. long.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"37d31fa9-8013-4df8-bdd2-9b201c102850","Erect perennial with glabrous stems c. 80 cm, sparsely glandular-hairy above. Basal leaves in a rosette, oblong-elliptic, pinnatifid, denticulate, cauline leaves few, ± entire; auricles absent. Capitula 1.5-2 cm broad. Involucre cylindrical, sparsely glandular-hairy. Ligules bright yellow. Achene 3-4 mm, pale brown, slightly compressed, each face 1-2-ribbed, smooth between the ribs. Pappus 7-8 mm. Fl. 8.\r\rfrom: Matthew, V. A. 1975: 112. <i>Sonchus</i> – Pp. 690-693 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dfbd3e0e-d651-4f43-a0a4-f144248d3704","Climbing herb, 4-6 m high; stem striate, glabrous. Leaves subpeltate, ovate, 4-12 cm long, 2.5-5  cm wide, base rounded, margins glandular-denticulate to dentate, apex attenuate, sparsely pilose with purplish hairs to glabrous; petiole inserted 1-2 cm from the base of the leaf, 1.5-6 cm long; venation palmate, from the petiole insertion point. Capitula in pendulous, lax: leafy panicles 10-30 cm long; involucre 11-14 mm long; phyllaries ovate (outermost) to lanceolate, 1-14 mm long, acute or obtuse, distally ciliate. Florets 5-7 per capitulum; corolla pink, tube cylindric, 6-8 mm long, lobes 6-8 mm long, 1-2 mm wide. Achenes yellow-brown;,cylindric but 12-ribbed, 4-5 mm long, not beaked, glabrous; pappus white or cream, 9-12 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c82ab783-ee76-45fb-a759-db7b2510bce4","Herb, perennial, climbing, 30-300 cm high. Flowering stems terete, glabrous, glabrescent or hispid, 5.0-12.0 mm in diameter. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or elliptic, 6.0-17.0 cm long, 0.8-2.5-(3.0) cm wide, entire or runcinate, often ciliate, subentire or remotely dentate, acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or sometimes auriculate, glabrous or sometimes hispid; terminal lobe triangular; lateral lobes 2-6, retrorse. Synflorescence paniculiform, with many heads. Peduncle up to 3.0 cm long, covered with bracts. Heads with 3-5 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering c. 2.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts 2.5-14.0 mm long, acute to obtuse, green or black, often tinged purple, sometimes hispid or glabrous, minutely ciliate at apex; outer involucral bracts ovate; inner involucral bracts linear. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-14.0 mm long, yellow or rarely purple; tube c. 5.0 mm long, pubescent at apex; ligule 7.0-8.0 mm long, 3.0-3.5 mm wide, often tinged purple on outer face. Achenes fusiform in outline, somewhat compressed, 3.5-5.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, hispidulous or glabrous, pale brown, ribbed, with a filiform beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus barbellate, white, 6.5-7.5 mm long.\r\rBased on: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ec4ea2cb-c086-466c-8e3c-13aa203792fc","Perennial. Root tuberous. Stems (8.5)10-20(25) cm high, solitary or two to five, erect or somewhat flexuous, sulcate, lanate, (hairs long, white, soft, silky, and mostly divergent), branched; branches somewhat bent. Leaves linear, 2-5 mm wide, attenuate-acuminate, lanate, with three to five indistinct veins, flat along margin; cauline leaves sessile, sometimes slightly amplexicaul. Capitula 5-7(25) on single plant, turbinate or less often cylindrical, on straight or somewhat bent peduncles (at flowering); peduncles pendant at fruiting. Involucral bracts pubescent, membranous along margin; outer deltoid, one-third to half, sometimes one-fifth as long, as inner, lanceolate, appressed to inner bracts, cusps mostly straight. Ligulate florets yellow, slightly exserted from involucre. Achenes 5-7 mm long, densely lanate; pappus 10-12(20) mm long, its bristles plumose, barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera sericeo-lanata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"788a6128-2779-4760-a2cb-b040be373700","Nearly glabrous perennial herbs from soft white ascending rhizomes; with subterranean slender naked stolons; stems simple or branched, erect, 50-100 cm tall. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves few, linear-lanceolate, 15-50 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, acuminate, loosely toothed or mucronate-toothed, lower surface glaucous; median cauline leaves many, similar to radical leaves, 11-30 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, narrow, elongate, sessile, upper leaves filiform-linear, smaller. Heads 3-3.5 cm across, several, loosely arranged; peduncle 3.5-10 cm long, bracteoles linear; involucre tubular, ca. 12 mm high; phyllaries in 2 series, outer phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly deltoid, 3.5-6 mm long, acute, inner phyllaries 2 series, 13, broadly linear, obtuse, brownish pilose at apex. Flowers September to October; 17-30 per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 17-21 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, deeply 5-cleft, tube 3-4 mm long, glabrous. Achenes linear, 4-angled, 7.5-9 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, slightly compressed. Pappus pale brown, ca. 6 mm long. Chromosome number: 2n = 16. \r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"138157ce-b20b-4367-813f-8d50170de41f","Perennial herbs, roots from rhizomes; stems erect, 50-100 cm tall, glabrous, branched in upper part. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves sometimes withering before flowering, linear-lanceolate, 14-40 cm long, 5-30 mm wide, apex acute, mucronate; median cauline leaves gradually smaller, 7-14 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, acuminate, sessile; upper leaves linear. Heads ca. 3 cm across, several in loose corymbs, erect; peduncle 13-30 mm long; bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-3 mm long; involucre broadly tubular, ca. 13 mm high; phyllaries in 2 series, margin with soft crisp hairs, outer phyllaries ovate, 2-4 mm long, obtuse or acute, inner phyllaries 4-6 mm long, narrowly oblong, rounded. Flowers September to October, ca. 23 per head, ligulate, greenish yellow, ligule ca. 20 mm long, 3 mm wide, tube 2.5-3 mm long. Achenes 4-angled, 5.5-6 mm long, ca. 1 mm across, light brown, black punctate. Pappus. pale yellow, ca. 7 mm long. \r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"222b36ca-1e37-4f7f-894b-1795d91c7c4f","<p>The monospecific relic genus <i>Warionia</i> (Katinas & al. 2008) is the only member of the basalmost branching clade of the <i>Cichorieae</i> in the analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009). <i>Warionia</i> is closer to the <i>Cichorieae</i> than to any other tribe of the <i>Compositae</i> according to molecular and morphological <span lang=""de"">analyses</span>, but it is so distinct from all other genera within the tribe that it has been placed in a subtribe of its own, the <i>Warioniinae,</i> by Gemeinholzer & Kilian (in Kilian & al. 2009). </p> <p><i>Warionia</i> is endemic to SE Morocco and NW Algeria, and characterised by a frutescent habit, latex, essential oils, the presence of both oil ducts and latex canals in the roots (Augier & Mérac 1951; Carlquist 1976: 481; Ramaut & al. 1985), homogamous capitula with often slightly zygomorphic 5-dentate, tubular, yellow flowers with 10 corolla bundles (Kilian & al. 2009), densely pilose achenes with a pappus of coarse, scabrid bristles, and a basic chromosome number of x = 17 (Oberprieler & Vogt 1993, Katinas & al. 2008).</p><br> <h3>References</h3> <br>Augier J. & Mérac M.-L. du 1951: La phylogénie des Composées. – Rev. Sci. 89: 167-182. <p>Carlquist S. 1976: Tribal interrelationships and phylogeny of the <i>Asteraceae.</i> – Aliso 8: 465-492.</p> <p>Katinas L., Tellería M. C., Susanna A. & Ortiz S. 2008: <i>Warionia (Asteraceae):</i> a relict genus of <i>Cichorieae?</i> – Anales Jard. Bot Madrid 65: 367-381.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Oberprieler C. & Vogt R. 1993: Chromosome numbers of north African phanerogams II. – Willdenowia 23: 211-238.</p> <p>Ramaut J. L., Hofinger M., Dimbi R., Covisier M. & Lewalle J. 1985: Main constituents of the essential oil of <i>Warionia saharae</i> Benth. and Coss. – Chromatographia 20: 193-194.</p>","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"22ffdc8f-9c65-4027-b6d5-d37c1537a987","Shrubs 0.15-3 m high, with a taproot, aromatic, with white, milky latex, anastomosed laticifers; stems with corky, grey bark, with 2-seriate glandular hairs when young. Leaves 2-13 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, oblong to oblanceolate, alternate, somewhat fleshy, sinuate to pinnately-partite, lobes mucronate, pinnately-veined, acute at the apex, basally attenuate, sessile, pubescent, glandular hairs especially at the margins. Capitula solitary or in 2-3- headed cymes, 3-4 cm long, 4.5-6 cm wide, campanulate, homogamous, discoid; receptacle flat, epaleate, alveolate, glabrous; involucre 4-5- seriate, phyllaries green, purple at the apex, pubescent especially at the margins; first series 6-7 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, lanceolate, longly attenuate at the apex; second series 8-9 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, lanceolate, longly  attenuate at the apex; third series 11-13.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, lanceolate, attenuate at the apex, margin scarious, involute; fourth series 17 mm long, 2 mm wide, oblong-linear, attenuate at the apex, margin scarious, involute; fifth series 21-23 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, oblong-linear, attenuate at the apex, margin scarious, involute. Florets 25-40, bisexual, corolla yellow, 22-25 mm long, actinomorphic, campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, occasionally with some deeper splits, straight or S-shaped, tube 10-11 mm long, narrow, abruptly dilated into a limb, lobes 7-8 mm long, coiled, pubescent, with a tuft of hairs at the apex, twin hairs and 2-seriate glandular hairs. Anthers 11-12 mm long, basally sagittate, tails 1.5-2 mm long, adjacent tails connate, glabrous, apical appendage 2 mm long, lanceolate, acute, endothecial tissue radial, filament of stamens glabrous, inserted at the corolla throat. Style 24-26 mm long, bifid, yellow, with stylopodium, basal nectary, branches 4-6 mm long, linear, radially arranged, vernonioid type of style with the inner surface completely covered by stigmatic papillae, outer surface covered by acute sweeping hairs extending somewhat below the branches bifurcation point. Cypsela 4.5-5 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, truncate at the apex, with apical rim, epicarp cells with elongated crystals, shaggy, with white, long, filiform, non-mucilaginous twin hairs, occasionally 2-seriate glandular hairs. Pappus biseriate, white-yellowish, caducous, bristles rigid, somewhat paleaceous, denticulate, inner and most of the outer series with bristles 15-18 mm long, part of the outer bristles shorter, 2.5 mm long.  Pollen spheroidal to suboblate, large size, tricolporate, exine ecaveate, echinate, tectum very perforate. 2n = 34.\r\rfrom: Katinas L., Tellería M. C., Susanna A. & Ortiz S. 2008: <i>Warionia</i> <i>(Asteraceae)</i>: a relict genus of <i>Cichorieae</i>? – Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 65(2): 367-381. ","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"edf38c35-df18-4f6c-8bf8-e69d3dc57207","Annual. Stem 10-25 cm high, glabrous or somewhat sparsely tomentose below, weakly sulcate (under a hand lens!), slender (about 1 mm thick in lower thickest part), branched, terminating into filiform branches bearing solitary capitula at apex. Basal leaves in rosula, somewhat thick, 1-2 cm long, broadly obovate, erose-toothed, with cartilaginous thickening at tips of teeth; cauline leaves narrow-linear, 4-6 cm long, upper much smaller; plants usually leafless at fruiting. Capitula narrowly cylindrical or narrowly turbinate-cylindrical, about 5 mm long, with four to six florets. Involucre two(three)-rowed, comprising few, finely pubescent (under a hand lens!) or almost glabrous bracts; outer bracts rotund-rhomboid or broadly ovate, very small, slightly shorter than inner; inner bracts linear, subobtuse, with more or less wide, transparent border, often carinate, more or less divaricately divergent at fruiting. Corolla yellow. Achenes 6-10 mm long, variable: outer achenes with easily falling pappus,  columnar-prismatic, slightly attenuate at apex, longitudinally weakly sulcate, with sharp margin, along which uncinate processes are arranged, densely covered, as also entire achene, with very short, erect, whitish hairs (under a hand lens!); inner achenes more attenuate at apex, longitudinally rather deeply sulcate, relatively weakly pubescent to glabrous, with pappus of persistent, silky-white, almost entirely smooth hairs, one-third to half as long as achene; intermediates (in habit as well as pubescence) between these two main forms are found.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ee556665-e8e2-43d4-90c5-a0ebbc692df2","Herb, perennial, (8)-15-25-40 cm high. Caudex more or less swollen. Flowering stems 1-3, erect, striate or sulcate, tomentose, glabrescent, pubescent and glandular above, sometimes hispid, robust, branches already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves elliptic, 8.0-35.0 cm long, 2.0-6.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid or runcinate, entire or sinuate-dentate, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose, glabrescent, glandular and pubescent, sometimes hispid; lateral lobes linear or narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves elliptic, runcinate, pinnatifid or entire, entire or sinuate-dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or semiamplexicaul, tomentose, glabrescent, glandular and pubescent, sometimes hispid, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes linear or narrowly ovate. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 2-30 heads. Peduncle 1.0-6.0 cm long. Heads with 9-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or cylindrical, 11.0-19.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-10.0 mm in diameter, tomentose, glabrescent, glandular and pubescent, sometimes hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, triangular or linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate or acute, strigose or finely pubescent. Receptacle pitted or areolate, sometimes shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 18.0-22.0 mm long, yellow; tube 9.0-10.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 6.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.7 mm long. Style branches 3.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 6.0-10.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, finely muricate, brown, with 10-18 ribs, attenuate. Pappus whitish or yellowish white, 10.0-12.0 mm long, persistent, united at the base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5d46c98b-065b-4c12-9bbf-0e257307c5d4","Plant 0.5-2 dm high, the stems few-branched beginning near the base, the branches arcuate; lower leaves 10-18 cm long, pinnatifid, the segments remote, lanceolate or sometimes nearly linear, salient or retrorse, entire or remotely and acutely dentate; heads 2-9, mostly on long peduncles, with 12-30 florets; involucre tomentulose, neither glandular nor setose; outer bracts 1/3-1/2 as long as the inner; inner bracts 8-12; achenes as in subsp. typica.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"524809fc-07c2-41dc-87e4-e54dd053ccfe","Plant 1-4 dm high, often slender and few-headed but sometimes robust and many-headed, completely devoid of glandular pubescence (except in apm. olympica); leaves variable; involucres narrower than in subsp. typica with mostly 8 inner bracts and 12-20 florets; achenes as in subsp. typica.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"52a50167-7da9-488e-a1f5-ac1e895638eb","Plant 1-4 dm high; leaves very variable in size and degree of dissection; inflorescence composed of about 10-30 heads; peduncles usually gland-pubescent; involucres broadly cylindric or cyathiform, the bracts densely or sparsely glandular; inner bracts 8-13, always at least 10 on the largest heads; florets 12-30 per involucre, 18 or more in the larger ones; achenes mostly medium brown, with moderately strong ribs.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis occidentalis subsp. typica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2db9ad49-eebf-4a1c-96e1-c067180783b7","Plant 0.8-4 dm high; leaves mostly pinnatifid; involucres, peduncles, and often the upper cauline leaves bearing dark, or sometimes pale, gland-tipped setae; inflorescence mostly of 15-30 heads; involucres narrower than in subsp. typica, with 7-8 inner bracts and 10-14 florets; achenes often darker and more strongly ribbed than in subsp. typica.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d887d0b7-f01b-4b10-9c86-ab73f554bb61","Perennial. Root thickened into oblong or roundish tuber; root collar covered with numerous brown or stramineous, shining sheaths. Stem short, (7)8-12 cm long branched from middle, branches two to four, 2-7 cm long, terminating in solitary capitula. Leaves glaucous-green, fleshy, slightly tomentose or with powdery bloom, glabrescent, flat along margin; basal and lower cauline leaves broadly ovate, long-petiolate, subobtuse or with small cusp; middle cauline leaves and those on branches reduced, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, semiamplexicaul. Capitula broadly cylindrical, (2)2.5(3) cm long and (0.8)1-1.2 cm wide. Involucre glabrous, glaucous; involucral bracts coriaceous, margin partially or completely violet; outer bracts ovate-deltoid, smaller, obtuse; inner bracts longer, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed toward apex, subobtuse, sometimes with parallel veins. Ligulate florets yellow, exserted from involucre. Achenes 6-7 mm long, flattened-cylindrical, slightly curved, angular-ribbed, transversely tuberculate-toothed; pappus snow-white, soft, dense, its bristles plumose, inner bristles longer, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fb808979-f281-4e66-90d7-54496a59871f","Large laticiferous spiny perennial herbs. Leaves pinnatifid and strongly spiny. Heads large, compound, consisting of numerous densely aggregated headlets, each subtended by a spiny bract. Involucral and receptacular bracts of individual headlets fused into an indurate turbinate cupule with several l-flowered compartments and 5-7 spinules at margin. Headlets 5-7-flowered; the central floret fertile (hermaphrodite), marginal florets sterile; florets tubular with an infundibular corolla-limb exserted from the cupule. Cupule becoming woody at maturity, enclosing the single achene of the headlet and dispersed as a 1-seeded unit. Achene large, obpyramidal. Pappus a small denticulate crown. A monotypic, taxonomically isolated genus. Differing from other Carduoideae in being laticiferous.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ce950ba2-47f5-441b-8169-033b80fe86f3","Perennial herb, 30-50 cm, more or less cobwebbed to glabrescent. Stems thick, striate, simple or shortly corymbose above; stem breaking off near base at maturity and rolled by wind (tumbleweed). Leaves large, leathery, rigid, thick, with very thick veins, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pinnatilobed or -partite; lobes spiny-dentate and spinulose at margin; lower leaves tapering at base; other leaves sessile and short-decurrent. Compound head ovoid, 4-8 cm in diameter, surrounded and overtopped by 3-5 upper leaves. Bracts of compound head cobwebbed, lanceolate, leathery at base, ending in a strong spine much overtopping the florets. Florets dull purple outside, yellow inside. Anthers yellow.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fe2a137b-2545-4bb4-8d5f-42d87ff31e31","Perennial. Plant 20-60 cm high, with fusiform root; root collar covered with remnants of previous year's leaves. Stems solitary, erect, sulcate, pubescent, glabrescent, more or less densely leafy. Leaves flat or folded, herbaceous, narrowly or broadly linear, 0.1-0.8 cm wide, many-veined, serrulate under hand lens, scabrous; basal leaves somewhat broadened into sheaths; cauline leaves sessile, somewhat broadened at base, amplexicaul, all leaves acuminate. Capitula axillary, at variable height, not forming candelabrum-like corymbose inflorescence; peduncles clavately thickened below capitula, decorated with small membranous leaves. Capitula 5-55 cm at flowering, up to 6-6.5 cm long at fruiting. Involucre cylindrical, many-rowed, imbricate, with fine arachnoid pubescence; involucral bracts often with distinct carinate midrib; outer bracts small, deltoid or deltoid-ovate, usually acuminate, sometimes with falcate cusp; middle ones ovate-deltoid or lanceolate, almost two times as long as outer; inner ones linear-lanceolate, membranous along margin, largest up to 6 cm long (in fruits). Ligulate florets pink. Achenes up to 3.5 cm long, narrowed into beak, scabrous above, reddish on maturity; pappus dirty-yellow, wholly deciduous, pappus bristles connate at base, plumose, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9a29f19c-8114-4b53-8a63-4549b8a4413b","Perennial. Underground part and root collar not known; possibly, root reduced, a tuber. Stems 20-30 cm high, sulcate, slightly pubescent, dichotomously branched; branches (floral branches) simple or branched, 8-12 cm long. Leaves lanceolate, (5.5)7-11(14) cm long, 0.7-1.5(2) cm wide, narrowed below, amplexicaul, at base roundish or somewhat keeled with flat or barely undulate-crimped margins, veins except white midrib, indistinct; upper leaves reduced, with axillary flowering shoots; internodes long. Capitula narrowly cylindrical, 2-2.5 cm long. Involucre glabrous; bracts slightly membranous along margins; outer bracts small, deltoid- ovate; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, longer than outer ones. Achenes terete, 7 mm long, slightly curved, somewhat tuberculate-toothed along ribs; pappus snow-white, its bristles soft numerous, plumose, five inner bristles longer, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"34b96ad2-1eb3-4320-8eda-7a46df30c85b","Herb, perennial, (10)-25-50-(80) cm high. Caudex swollen, weakly branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-3, erect or ascending, terete or sulcate, glabrous, smooth or striate, slender or robust, mostly branched in upper half or sometimes branched already from base. Rosette leaves obovate, narrowly ovate, elliptic or linear, (3.0)-7.0-15.0-(30.0) cm long, 0.5-8.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or runcinate, dentate, sometimes serrate, denticulate or entire, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, hispidulous or glabrous. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly ovate, reduced to scales. Synflorescence mostly corymbiform, with 1-30 heads. Peduncle 1.0-15.0 cm long, sulcate in section near head, hispidulous, glabrous or glandular. Heads with 20-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate-turbinate, 11.0-21.0 mm long, glandular, hispidulous, pubescent or glabrous; involucral bracts often minutely ciliate, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate to linear or deltoid; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate to ovate, acute to obtuse or acuminate. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate. Corolla ligulate, 9.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-6.0 mm long, glabrous or pubescent; ligule 1.5-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0-5.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse or acute, 0.6-1.0 mm long. Style branches 1.5-3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 3.5-8.0 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, finely muricate or smooth, pale yellow or brown, with 10-13 ribs, attenuate or with a filiform beak. Pappus white, 4.0-9.0 mm long, persistent or caducous, free or united at base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9250fd9e-0bfd-4aa9-becc-649b496b2c11","Basal leaves narrowly obovate, elliptic, lanceolate or spatulate, 0.5-3.5 cm wide and 4-8 times as long, sessile, or with a petiole up to 2/3 as long as the blade, remotely dentate, runcinate-pinnatifid or entire, green or occasionally glaucous, glabrous or ± gland-hispidulous, margin sometimes ciliate; inflorescence of 1-12 (mostly 3-7) heads; peduncles glabrous or gland-puberulent; involucres 9-16 mm long, ± gland-pubescent or hispid, sometimes tomentose; outer bracts deltoid or lanceolate, 1/3-1/2 or rarely 2/3 as long as the inner; inner bracts lanceolate, ± attenuate toward the apex; achenes 3.5-7.5 (mostly 4-5.5) mm long, ± attenuate but not beaked.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis runcinata subsp. typica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d81c6d21-6201-494f-a5b0-0bcddc408aeb","Leaves 5-11 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, oblanceolate or elliptic, strongly and closely dentate, the teeth conspicuously corneous-mucronate; stems 1.5-3 dm high; inflorescence of 3-7 heads; involucres 10-11 mm long, gland-pubesent;  inner bracts oblong, shortly attenuate near the apex, obtuse and ciliate at the tip; outer bracts similar, 2-3 mm wide, very unequal, the longest about 2/3 as long as the inner; achenes reddish-brown, 4.5-5 mm long, attenuate but not at all rostrate; pappus 5-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"aa7dcb74-6b73-4af4-81dc-b0a1bce51cf2","Leaves variable in size, as in subsp. typica, oblanceolate or lanceolate, entire, runcinately dentate or pinnately lobed, the petiole definitely alate, glabrous and glaucous; stem, branches, and peduncles glabrous; inflorescence of 3-15 heads; involucres 7-12 mm high, averaging somewhat smaller than in subsp. typica, completely glabrous or lightly tomentulose on the inner bracts; outer bracts deltoid, less than 1/4 as long as the inner, often pale or whitish; inner bracts lanceolate, ± attenuate; achenes somewhat smaller than in subsp. typica, 3.5-5.5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"132cff0d-7566-4dc9-82db-d162f445ee2e","Leaves broader and more rounded at the apex than in subsp. typica, 6-25 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, mostly 2-3.5 times longer than wide; stem glabrous or gland-hispid; inflorescence of 10-30 heads; involucres 8-12 mm long, averaging slightly smaller than in subsp. typica, strongly or finely gland-hispid; achenes 3.5-5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b946cdd4-2dab-4e3d-b15d-d34868124cf7","Basal leaves 10-20 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, narrowly oblanceolate, retrorsely dentate or pinnatifid with lanceolate lobes, glabrous and ± glaucous; stems 3.5-6.5 dm high; inflorescence of 3-7 heads; involucres 11-17 mm long, completely glabrous; outer bracts narrowly lanceolate, the longest about 1/2 as long as the inner; inner bracts conspicuously scarious-margined; achenes dark brown, 5.5-7 mm long; pappus 7-8 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6c501c23-4c04-4f1a-be65-331c8cb01021","Leaves glaucous, 6.5-27 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, gradually narrowed to a long broadly winged petiole; closely and coarsely dentate or subpinnatifid; stems 2-6 dm high; inflorescence of 5-14 heads on elongated strict peduncles; involucres 9-13 mm long, gland-puberulent; outer bracts lance-deltoid, the longest about 1/2 as long as the inner; inner bracts 1.2-1.8 mm wide, lanceolate, acute; achenes chestnut brown, 4.5-6.5 mm long, strongly or moderately attenuate to the apex; pappus 6-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7d73c5e2-eed8-4d2f-8337-788a1e504082","Leaves as in subsp. imbricata, but often larger, glabrous or hispidulous on both sides; stems mostly robust, 2.5-5 dm high; inflorescence generally with 6-20 heads; involucres 13-21 mm long, gland-pubescent; inner bracts rather strongly attenuate to the apex; outer bracts similar, 2-3 mm wide, very unequal, the longest about 2/3 as long as the inner; achenes pale yellow to reddish-brown, 6-8 mm long, shortly but ± definitely rostrate, or merely attenuate; pappus 6-9 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0303bf68-c6fc-4f37-8c02-c5aa1bca710d","Plants annual or biennial. Latex plants white. Stems 40-250(-350) cm long, hollow between the nodes, glabrous, often purple-spotted. Leaves well developed along the stems, extremely variable; the basal and lower stem leaves mostly 7-35(-45) cm long, sessile or more commonly with a winged petiole, narrowly ovate, ovate, or obovate in outline, variously toothed and/or deeply pinnately lobed, the margins sometimes minutely hairy, sometimes with a pair of narrowly triangular basal lobes clasping the stem, the undersurface sometimes short-hairy, especially along the midvein; the middle and upper stem leaves mostly lanceolate to ovate, or obovate, pinnately lobed to nearly entire, the margins usually glabrous, sometimes with a pair of narrowly to broadly triangular basal lobes clasping the stem, the undersurface glabrous. Inflorescences mostly well-branched panicles with 50-100 or more heads. Involucre cylindrical or urn-shaped, 8-9 mm long at flowering, elongating to 10-14 mm at fruiting, the bracts 14-17. Florets 10-17(-25). Corollas lavender to purplish blue or blue, rarely white. Pappus 5-7 mm long. Fruits with the body 4-6 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, brown to dark brown, often mottled, flattened, with somewhat thickened margins and 4 or 5 nerves or ridges on each face, narrowed or tapered abruptly, beakless or with a short, stout beak much less than 1/2 as long as the body. 2n = 34.\r\rfrom: Chung, K.-F. 2006: 39. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 363-371 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"95148a91-1692-46dc-a748-a702b569c876","Perennial. Plant small, 5-9(13) cm high, glaucescent, pubescent plant. Root collar covered with brown sheaths of basal leaves. Stem solitary, slightly inclined sulcate, usually dark red, partly arachnoid-pubescent, with three to five flowering shoots above. Leaves pubescent, glabrescent, flat or folded; basal leaves up to 15 cm long, herbaceous, linear, narrow, 0.1-0.2(0.5) cm wide, at base somewhat, broadened into sheaths; cauline leaves reduced, often undulate-crimped along margin. Capitula three to five, on short, usually tomentose peduncles, cylindrical, 3-3.5 cm long at flowering, up to 5 cm in early fruiting. Involucre many-rowed, arachnoid or white-tomentose; involucral bracts blackish-violet or with black spot, arachnoid pubescent, glabrescent; outer bracts smaller, deltoid, sometimes with herbaceous bent cusps; middle ones larger, ovate-deltoid, usually obtuse; inner ones longest, oblong-lanceolate. Ligulate florets pink. Mature achenes unknown.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3e7734a9-e54c-403d-93f1-28d01ff5606e","Herb, perennial, 8-30 cm high. Caudex slightly swollen. Flowering stems 1-3, erect, sulcate or striate, often reddish purple, pubescent and glandular, robust, branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves elliptic, 8.0-20.0 cm long, 2.0-5.5 cm wide, pinnatifid or occasionally runcinate, dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or tomentose; lateral lobes narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves elliptic or the upper ones linear, mostly pinnatifid or occasionally runcinate, dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or semiamplexicaul, glabrescent or tomentose; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptic; cauline leaves reduced to scales. Synflorescence with (1)-2-22 heads. Peduncle 1.0-9.0 cm long. Heads with 11-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical or turbinate, (10.0)-11.0-21.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-15.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts deltoid or narrowly ovate, acuminate, tomentose; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Receptacle pitted and areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 20.0 mm long, yellow; tube 6.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 7.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 1.0 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 6.0-11.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, yellowish or brown, with c. 13 ribs, more or less attenuate. Pappus whitish or white, 6.0-13.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"88714960-df5e-491e-8f3f-daee878d0863","Plants 25-30 cm. Leaves 15-18 x 5-5.5 cm, shallowly lobed, lobes deltate, sharply dentate, faces glabrate. Heads 7-22. Calyculi: bractlets deltate (longest much shorter than phyllaries). Involucres narrowly cylindric or turbinate, 18-21 mm in fruit. Cypselae reddish brown, 8 mm, apices narrow, not strongly tapered; pappi 12-13 mm. 2n =55.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. & Yatskievych, G.: 34. <i>Crepis L.</i> (hawksbeard). – Pp. 348-352 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e89ce05a-90c9-426b-b73e-863d7f6fa917","Plants 8-16 cm. Leaves 8-12 x 2-2.5 cm, deeply lobed, lobes triangular, dentate, faces tomentose. Heads 1-4(-10). Calyculi: bractlets lanceolate (longest ± 1/2 phyllaries). Involucres broadly cylindric, 13-17 mm in fruit. Cypselae dark brown, 6-9(-10) mm, narrowed and strongly tapered at apices; pappi 6-9 mm. 2n =22,33.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. & Yatskievych, G.: 34. <i>Crepis L.</i> (hawksbeard). – Pp. 348-352 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0217abf3-46c0-4e46-985d-71c3a2ea955f","Herb, annual or biennial, (15)-75-200-(300) cm high. Cauline leaves ovate, entire, entire or denticulate, sometimes pilose or hispid. Synflorescence paniculiform. Heads with (15)-20-30-(50) flowers. Involucre 7.0-12.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, sometimes yellow, blue or white. Achenes fusiform in outline, compressed, 4.0-5.0 mm long, brown, with (4)-5-6 ribs, with a stout beak. Pappus brownish, 4.0-6.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Strother, J. L. 2006: 45. <i>Lactuca</i> Linnaeus - Pp. 259-263 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"73507c2f-7eb9-44f5-815a-d9f383a3dc12","Perennial. Root collar covered with reddish-brown sheaths of previous year's leaves. Stems up to 1 m high, erect, fistular, sulcate, floccose, later almost glabrous. Leaves flat, linear or broadly linear, acuminate, five- to seven-veined, glabrous or weakly pubescent, serrulate under hand lens; basal leaves up to 0.4 m long, 0.7-1.8(2) cm wide; cauline leaves similar to basal leaves in shape and size, sessile, slightly broadened at base, amplexicaul, reduced in size above. Capitula in umbellate corymb (f. umbellata Lipsch.) or on lateral peduncles, cylindrical, up to 4.5 cm long and 1-1.2 cm wide at flowering. Involucre many-rowed, arachnoid-pubescent or almost glabrous; outer bracts deltoid-ovate, smaller, middle obovate, somewhat acuminate; inner ones linear-lanceolate, somewhat scarious along margins, obtuse or somewhat acuminate, two times as long as middle ones. Ligulate florets yellow, pinkish when dry, almost one and one-half times as long as involucre. Achenes large, up to 2.5 cm long when mature, reddish-brown, gradually tapered toward apex to form beak, with somewhat sharp ribs; pappus dirty-yellow, deciduous, pappus bristles plumose, connate at base into ring, five of them long, sharp-pointed, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c77f0214-2702-4fb2-bc73-87b34de64cc7","Herb, perennial, (2)-10-40-(45) cm high. Caudex (0.3)-5.0-10.0 cm, (3.0)-4.0-8.0 cm wide, simple. Flowering stems erect, terete or more or less sulcate, hollow, green in the lower part, sometimes tinged purple to, tomentose or glabrescent, striate, weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate, narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, (2.0)-5.0-10.0 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, dentate or denticulate, acute or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or tomentose. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, denticulate or dentate, acute or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, tomentose or glabrescent, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with few heads. Peduncle (0.7)-2.0-6.0-(11.0) cm long, sulcate in section, tomentose and glandular and pubescent, covered with bracts. Heads with 30-75 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 9.0-12.0-(14.0) mm long, at flowering 4.0-5.0-(9.0) mm in diameter, tomentose, pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate, acuminate and acute, more or less tomentose and glandular and pubescent, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, glandular and pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle sometimes shortly ciliate, foveolate or areolate. Corolla ligulate, (12.0)-13.0-17.5-(20.0) mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-6.0 mm long, more or less scabridulous or glabrous; ligule 2.0-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0-5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6-1.0 mm long. Style branches 2.0-3.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, obscurely angular or subterete, reddish, purplish brown, yellow at apex and base, with 10-12 ribs, slightly attenuate. Pappus white, 7.0-8.0-(8.5) mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis bungei</i> and as <i>Crepis ircutensis</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ba349f72-62f4-4bcc-821b-5f008b999fd7","Plants usually biennial. Latex light tan to pale orange. Stems 30-200 cm long, hollow between the nodes, glabrous to densely pubescent with relatively long, curled hairs, often purple-streaked or purplish-tinged. Leaves best-developed to ward the stem base; reduced in size and often unlobed above the stem midpoint, the basal and lower stem leaves mostly 10-20 cm long, with a winged petiole, ovate or obovate in outline, deeply pinnately lobed and sharply toothed, the margins sparsely hairy, sometimes with a pair of narrowly to broadly triangular basal lobes clasping the stem, the surfaces usually short-hairy, less commonly only sparsely hairy on the undersurface midvein. Inflorescences mostly well-branched panicles with (15-)25-100 heads, occasionally appearing nearly racemose. Involucre cylindrical or urn-shaped,13-20 mm long at flowering, elongating to 15-22 mm at fruiting, the bracts 17(-19). Florets (12-)15-20(-22). Corollas yellow to orangish yellow, sometimes turning blue with age or upon drying. Pappus 7-10(-12) mm long. Fruits with the body 3-5 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, dark brown to black, flattened, with prominent lateral wings and a conspicuous ridge on each face, tapered abruptly to a slender beak somewhat shorter than to about as long as the body. 2n = 34.\r\rfrom: Chung, K.-F. 2006: 39. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 363-371 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"90034046-29e1-4389-8efc-c39edd1735e0","Herb, perennial, 20-65 cm high. Caudex more or less swollen, weakly branched or simple. Flowering stems 1 to few, erect, sulcate or striate, tomentose, robust, branched. Rosette leaves elliptic-ovate, 12.0-40.0 cm long, 0.5-11.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, tomentose, greyish green on both surfaces; lateral lobes 5-10. Cauline leaves few, elliptic-ovate, entire or pinnatisect, dentate or entire, acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, tomentose, greyish green on both surfaces, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with (15)-30-100-(240) heads. Peduncle 0.2-2.0 cm long, sulcate in section, tomentose or glabrous. Heads with 5-12-(15) flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 8.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts margin often scarious; outer involucral bracts triangular-ovate, 1.0-3.0-(6.0) mm long, acute, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, obtuse, green or yellow, tomentose or glabrous, margin minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.5-5.5 mm long, pubescent or scabridulous; ligule 2.2-3.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.0-7.0 mm long. Style branches 1.5-3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes (5.5)-6.5-8.0-(9.0) mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide, finely muricate toward the apex, brown or pale yellow, with c. 12 often somewhat unequal ribs, more or less attenuate. Pappus dull white, united at the base, 5.5-9.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4584a560-9091-4094-8962-3c001665056a","Perennial. Dwarf plant, 2-3.5 cm high. Stems prostrate, numerous  (up to 10). Leaves narrowly linear, 0.2 cm wide, glaucescent, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, serrulate under hand lens, mostly three-veined. Capitula large, 4-4.5 cm long, one and one-half to two times as long as stem. Involucre arachnoid-tomentose; outer involucral bracts deltoid, 7.5-8 mm wide, with uncinate apex; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, 4 cm long, more or less broadly membranous along margin. Ligulate florets pink or light violet(?). Achenes 2.5 cm long, reddish-brown, narrowed above into beak; pappus dirty yellow, wholly deciduous, pappus bristles up to two-thirds plumose, barbed above, scabrous.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c62a6246-fc45-4f9a-8825-e70775dd5410","Perennial. Root cylindrical, vertical or ascending, one- or many-headed, in latter case with rosette of basal leaves and a few (two to six) simple stems, each terminating in capitulum. Root collar covered with brown membranous sheaths (or their remnants), never fibrous. Stems  (3)5-40(50) cm high, straight, weakly sulcate, more or less arachnoid-tomentose, sometimes floccose-pubescent, especially at• base and apex, often almost glabrous in adult specimens, with a few (one to three) leaves. Basal leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; (3.5)5-30 cm long and 3-15(20) mm wide, acuminate, flat, with three to five veins, narrowed toward base into petiole, glabrous or slightly arachnoid-pubescent; cauline leaves (one to three) reduced, (1.5)3-8(12) cm long, sessile, linear, or lanceolate; uppermost leaves often scaly. Capitulum large, solitary, 2.5-3.5(4) cm long (including ligulate florets). Involucre glabrous or slightly arachnoid-pubescent, imbricate; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, smaller; inner bracts linear-oblong, longer; all bracts slightly membranous along margins, obtuse and with red spot at apex. Ligulate florets light yellow, two to two and one-half times as long as involucre. Achenes 10-12 mm long, glabrous, smooth, ribbed; pappus dirty white; its bristles plumose, five of them longer and barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d3e9dcb0-7e16-4e40-88fc-54307bc8be6e","Herb, perennial, 10-25 cm high. Flowering stems glabrous. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-5.0 cm long, 0.5-1.0 cm wide, entire, glabrous. Cauline leaves linear. Synflorescence corymbiform, with few heads. Heads with 5 flowers. Outer involucral bracts up to 1.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 6.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 3.0-3.5 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus white, c. 5.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo (as <i>Ixeris parva</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6a828e4a-0792-4b53-b804-ff891405a3e1","Plants annual or biennial. Latex light tan to pale orange. Stems (30-)100-200(-300) cm long, hollow between the nodes, glabrous or rarely pubescent with short, curled hairs, often purple-spotted. Leaves well developed along the stems, extremely variable; the basal and lower stem leaves mostly 20-30 cm long, sessile or more commonly with a winged petiole, narrowly ovate, ovate, or obovate in outline, variously toothed and/or deeply pinnately lobed, the margins minutely hairy, sometimes with a pair of narrowly triangular basal lobes clasping the stem, the undersurface with the midvein often, short-hairy; the middle and upper stem leaves mostly linear to lanceolate, ovate, or obovate, pinnately lobed to nearly entire, the margins minutely hairy or rarely glabrous, the base narrowed or tapered, sometimes with a pair of narrowly to broadly triangular basal lobes clasping the stem, the undersurface glabrous. Inflorescences mostly well-branched panicles with 50-100 or more heads. Involucre cylindrical or urn-shaped, 8-10 mm long at flowering, elongating to 10-14 mm at fruiting, the bracts 17(-19). Florets (10-)l7-22 (-25). Corollas orangish yellow or orange (yellow elsewhere), occasionally reddish at the tip, sometimes turning blue with age or upon drying (rarely blue at flowering). Pappus 4-7 mm long. Fruits with the body 3-4 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, dark brown to black, flattened, with prominent lateral wings and a conspicuous ridge on each face, tapered abruptly to a slender beak somewhat shorter than to about as long as the body. 2n = 34. \r\rfrom: Chung, K.-F. 2006: 39. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 363-371 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a76c640a-38ab-4cb6-a5c4-3ad42d0c1c73","Herb, perennial, 5-45 cm high. Caudex swollen, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-4, erect, terete, glandular, tomentose or glabrescent, robust or slender, unbranched or branched. Rosette leaves elliptic, (4.0)-7.0-25.0 cm long, 1.0-7.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, dentate, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole; lateral lobes narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves elliptic, pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or tomentose, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes narrowly ovate. Synflorescence with 1-10 heads. Peduncle 1.5-13.0 cm long. Heads with 10-60 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 11.0-21.0 mm long, hispid and tomentose; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, pubescent. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-22.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long; ligule c. 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5-6.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, c. 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.8-3.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes 7.0-12.0 mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide, muricate or smooth, greenish, reddish, blackish or brown, with 10 ribs, more or less attenuate or attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus yellowish white, 5.0-13.5 mm long, persistent, united at the base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis 2</i>. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fec5e4b9-0190-4f42-b193-ab5c34deb5e9","Plants variable in size and habit but always with a well-developed primary axis; basal leaves narrowly elliptic; stems mostly branched near or above the middle; involucres 11-16 mm long, the bracts always setose throughout their length; achenes 7-12 mm long, weakly striate or nearly smooth, varying from greenish-black to deep reddish-brown, longer than the pappus; pappus 5-10 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8e68e2b1-f9e5-49bf-87cd-9edd025c77d5","Plants 0.6-1.3 dm high; stems stout, 1-3-headed, canescent-tomentulose, with no or very few setae; basal leaves 4-7 cm long, tomentulose or glabrate, setose along the midrib with long curled whitish trichomes; peduncles stout, about 3 cm long; involucres 11-13 mm long, densely hirsute with whitish curled glandless setae; corollas 14-16 mm long; anther tube about 6 mm long; style branches about 2 mm long; achenes greenish or yellowish, 6-7 mm long, merely attenuate at the apex, striate; pappus 5.5-6.5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c393fbdd-e495-4f80-b473-93144fc58273","Plants 1.5-3 dm high; stems densely setose with white crisped trichomes or merely tomentulose; basal leaves 10-15 cm long, the blade glabrate or tomentulose, the midrib and usually the petiole setose; inflorescence of 1-6 heads on mostly elongated stout peduncles; heads large, with 18-60 florets; involucres 14-17 mm long; inner bracts covered with long whitish crisped setae; corollas 14-22 mm long; achenes greenish-black to somewhat yellowish, 7-10 mm long, gradually attenuate into a coarse beak 0.5-2.5 mm long, the ribs alternately weaker and stronger; pappus 7-10 mm long, shorter than or equal to the achene. Chromosomes, 2n = 22 ?, 33 ?, 44 ?\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"515ccdf4-c8e2-44fc-93fe-3ed041509840","Plants mostly 0.6-2 (rarely 2.5-3) dm high; basal leaves somewhat broader than in subsp. typica, often bipinnatifid or the lobes conspicuously toothed; stems mostly branching from near the base, bearing 1-5 heads; involucres 13-21 mm high, the bracts usually less setose than in subsp. typica, sometimes without any setae; achenes varying from blackish to brownish or reddish, more strongly ribbed than in subsp. typical pappus 9-13.5 mm long, equal to or longer than the achene.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f03d66f7-6f8a-480b-bd45-acbc8bb7bd56","Plant 1.8-8 dm high; involucre 8-10 mm high, 4-8 mm wide; corolla 10-13 mm long; ligule 1-1.6 mm wide, pubescent below with short acicular hairs; ligule teeth 0.15-0.25 mm long; corolla tube 3.5-4.5 mm long, pubescent with acicular hairs 0.05-0.6 mm long; anther tube 3.5 x 1 mm dis.; appendages 0.5 mm long, oblong, acute; filaments 0.5 mm longer; style branches 1.75-2.5 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, attenuate at tip, dark green; achenes deep tawny or pale brown, 3.25-5 mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm wide, fusiform, subterete, constricted at the calloused base, abruptly or gradually attenuate into a usually fine beak 1-2.5 mm long, with expanded pappus disk, 10-ribbed, ribs ± prominent, narrow, rounded, strongly spiculate near base of beak; pappus 2.5-5 mm long. Flowering June-Nov.; flowers yellow with or without red on outer face of ligules. Chromosomes, 2n = 8.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis setosa subsp. typica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d64c3544-39ba-4d46-8382-dcd937b6050a","Plant branched only in the upper part.\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"04005c89-dd53-4c2d-be92-cd3bf1c2c014","Perennial. Root cylindrical, tuberous; root collar (sometimes thickened) covered with rusty or grayish: woolly pubescence and less numerous shining membranous scales. Stems (5)8-15(25) cm high, solitary or two or three, more or less sulcate, pubescent, leafy, distinctly branched (very rarely simple); branches with solitary capitula. Leaves hard, almost coriaceous, pubescent on both sides or sericeous-lanate, along margins with cartilaginous stripe and usually highly undulate-crimped, acuminate, often rolled; lamina three- to seven- veined, veins hard, rather prominent; basal leaves mostly broadly lanceolate, (0.5) 0.8-1.5 cm wide, narrowed into petiole; cauline leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, reduced upward, alternate or sometimes opposite at point of branching. Capitula (2)4-10 per plant, usually on long, straight peduncles, in indistinct corymbose inflorescence. Involucre pubescent; involucral bracts membranous along margin; outer ones small, inner bracts two or three times as long as outer. Achenes 6-7 mm long, densely lanate; pappus up to 9 mm long, its bristles plumose, barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8e313366-4240-4aa4-baa9-8879e4d260a3","Herb, perennial, 70-80 cm high. Caudex 1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 3, erect, sulcate, hollow. Rosette leaves obovate, up to 14.0 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent. Cauline leaves few, narrowly linear-ovate, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence with few heads. Peduncle 1.5-4.0 cm long, apically puberulous or tomentose. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0 mm long, tomentose or hispid; involucral bracts strongly hispid; outer involucral bracts narrowly linear; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute or obtuse. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 13.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent; ligule 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.6 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 7.0 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, finely muricate, brown, with c. 16 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak about as long as the corpus. Pappus yellowish white, 7.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"279041a3-1314-4d1e-b24a-0abcb5552886","Biennials, 25-90 (-150+) cm. Leaves on proximal1/3-1/2 of each stem; blades of undivided cauline leaves spatulate to lance-linear, margins entire or denticulate, midribs sometimes setose. Heads in ± paniculiform arrays. Involucres 12-20+ mm. Phyllaries usually reflexed in fruit. Florets 15-20+; corollas bluish to purplish, usually deliquescent. Cypselae: bodies brown (often mottled), ± flattened, elliptic, 5-6 mm, beaks ± filiform, 2-4 mm, faces 1(-3 )-nerved; pappi white, 5-9 mm. 2n = 34.\r\rStrother, J. L. 2006: 45. <i>Lactuca</i> Linnaeus - Pp. 259-263 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c18a6809-1c20-449d-85c2-fbb89f075006","Herb, perennial, 20-45 cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems scapelike, erect, terete, glabrous or pubescent or woolly while young, striate, slender, weakly branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or narrowly elliptic, 3.0-13.0-(15.0) cm long, 0.7-3.3 cm wide, denticulate and revolute, acute, rounded or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or puberulous above. Cauline leaves few, 0.4-1.3 cm long, reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 2-10 heads. Peduncle 1.0-7.0 cm long, glabrous. Heads with 10-20 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 10.0-12.0 mm long, glabrous; outer involucral bracts deltoid to narrowly ovate, 1.5-2.0 mm long, acute, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts ovate-oblong or narrowly ovate, 3.0-5.0 mm long, acute, glabrous, margin minutely ciliate. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 15.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 4.0 mm long, pubescent at apex; ligule 13.0-16.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0-(3.5) mm wide. Anthertube 4.0-4.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches c. 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.5-5.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide, smooth, light brown, with c. 20 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1c2bc594-cafa-49f3-9b58-f6f169974211","Herb, (6)-12-14 cm high. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems scapelike, slightly ascending or erect, sulcate, hollow, villose below, hispidulous above; sometimes glandular, robust, unbranched or weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, 3.0-14.0 cm long, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, runcinate or pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate, villose; lateral lobes deltoid or oblong-ovate. Cauline leaves few or absent, narrowly ovate, dentate or laciniate at base, acute, attenuate, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle glandular, tomentose or hirsute. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, c. 15.0 mm long, at flowering (8.0)-10.0-12.0 mm in diameter, glandular or densely hirsute, tomentose at base; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, pubescent, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle shortly ciliate and alveolate or foveolate. Corolla ligulate, (16.0)-18.0-25.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0-8.0 mm long, glabrous and pubescent; ligule 2.5-3.0-(4.0) mm wide. Anthertube 5.8-6.3 mm long; apical appendages acute, 1.0 mm long. Style branches 2.5-3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight or slightly curved, 7.0-10.0 mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, blackish red or dark purplish, with 13-20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 7.0-8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a245b25c-8f7e-48bd-8ea3-00705fdb2c72","Perennial. Root tuberous; root collar more or less densely covered with rusty-woolly pubescence and less numerous membranous scales that subsequently drop off. Stems one• to three, erect or slightly bent, (7)12-25(30) cm high, pubescent, leafy, branched; branches usually slightly bristly, often virgate after flowering, upright, terminating in solitary capitula. Leaves sessile, semiamplexicaul, hard, almost coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, (2)3-5(10) mm wide, long-attenuate at apex, almost subulate, flat, less often somewhat undulate, pubescent beneath, less often lanate, with three to five prominent veins; all leaves reduced upward. Capitula (3)7-12 on single plant, cylindrical or turbinate. Involucre pubescent; bracts slightly membranous along margin; outer bracts half as long as inner ones, lanceolate, more or less appressed to latter. Ligulate florets yellow, turning pink on drying. Achenes 5-7 mm long, lanate; pappus 10-13 mm long, plumose, its bristles plumose, reddish, barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Scorzonera litvinovii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"541edd6c-7a8e-43b3-8c18-64c8befb3996","Perennial. Plant (9)10-2-(35) cm high. Root thickened into oblong or roundish tuber; root collar covered with brown or stramineous shining sheaths. Stems leafy, especially in lower part, branched, flowering branches (2)5-15(20) cm long, slightly curved, (2)3-7(15). Basal and cauline leaves hard with pinnate venation, margin cartilaginous, undulate-crimped; lowermost leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, less often subobtuse, narrowed into petiole; middle cauline and those on branches reduced above, oblong-lanceolate, roundish at base, amplexicaul. Capitula broadly cylindrical, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 0.7-1 cm wide. Involucral bracts glabrous, coriaceous, membranous along margin, often bordered with red stripe; outer bracts ovate-deltoid, obtuse; inner ones oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, much longer than outer. Ligulate florets yellow, far exserted from involucre. Achenes 6-7 mm long, weakly curved; flattened-cylindrical, angular-ribbed, transversely tuberculate-serrate; pappus snow-white, dense, soft, its bristles plumose, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ecd7b7a0-1d43-4da2-b468-6756f24cdfbb","Herb, perennial, 20-80 cm high. Caudex more or less swollen, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-3-(5), erect, striate, sulcate or terete, tomentose, robust, branched; branches weakly branched, erect. Rosette leaves elliptic-ovate, up to 40.0 cm long, 7.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent, sometimes hispid or sparsely tomentose; lateral lobes narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves elliptic-ovate, pinnatisect, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, sparsely tomentose or glabrescent; lateral lobes narrowly ovate; cauline leaves apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with few or with many heads. Peduncle often hispid. Heads with 8-25 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 9.0-17.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-7.0 mm in diameter, tomentose or hispid; involucral bracts margin scarious; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 2.0-5.0 mm long, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse, hispid or pubescent. Receptacle areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 18.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 7.0 mm long, pubescent or scabridulous; ligule c. 3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0-6.0 mm long; apical appendages obtuse, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.5-2.3 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 6.0-10.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, finely muricate, greenish, yellowish or dark brown, with 10-12 ribs, attenuate. Pappus whitish or yellowish white, 6.0-9.0 mm long, persistent, sometimes united at the base.\r\rBased on: Bacock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"51ec7834-69fe-4735-89c1-cf2ac66c20f4","Herb, perennial, 10-20 cm high. Flowering stems glabrous. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-8.0 cm long, 0.5-1.0 cm wide, entire or dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, whitish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves linear. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 5-10 heads. Heads with 9-10 flowers. Outer involucral bracts up to 1.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 7.0-8.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 3.0-3.5 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus white, c. 5.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo (as <i>Ixeris alpicola<i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d9758152-6333-4832-a46c-abb099642610","Flower heads less conspicuous, always closing before midday and often earlier; corolla 5-11, mostly 6-9 mm long; ligule 1.2-1.5 mm wide; teeth 0.1-0.25 mm long; corolla tube about 4 mm long; anther tube 2.5 x 1 mm dis., yellow below, greenish above; appendages 0.4-0.5 mm long, narrow, acute, or obtuse; filaments 0.3-0.75 mm longer; style branches 0.75-1 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, dark green; achenes either all terete and then the marginal ones spiculate, or the marginal obcompressed and usually lacking pappus, the inner ones terete and of these the outermost spiculate, the others smooth and weakly striate; pappus dusky white, 4-5 mm long. Chromosomes, 2n = 8.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis pulchra subsp. typica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"078219ca-6e06-4add-8f96-7a7d0aca0f97","Herb, perennial, (15)-30-70 cm high. Caudex swollen, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-2, erect, sulcate or terete, tomentose, striate, robust, branched. Rosette leaves elliptic-ovate, 15.0-40.0 cm long, 2.0-9.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, dentate or entire, acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged or terete petiole, tomentose; lateral lobes narrowly ovate, retrorse. Cauline leaves few, elliptic-ovate, pinnatifid, dentate or entire, acuminate, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, tomentose, apically reduced to scales; lateral lobes narrowly ovate, retrorse. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with 10-60 heads. Peduncle 0.5-5.5 cm long, sulcate in section near the head, tomentose. Heads with 7-12-(16) flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or cylindrical, 10.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter, glandular, tomentose and pubescent or sparsely hispid or glabrous; outer involucral bracts triangular-ovate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, obtuse or acute, tomentose, sometimes hispid, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate , sometimes shortly ciliate or. Corolla ligulate, 14.0-30.0 mm long, yellow; tube puberulous or scabridulous. Anthertube (3.0)-5.0-8.0 mm long. Style branches 1.8-3.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 5.5-9.0 mm long, 1.0-2.0 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, brown or yellowish, with 10-12 ribs, more or less attenuate. Pappus yellowish whitish, 7.0-10.0 mm long, persistent, united at the base.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b832e130-484f-4992-85b2-1718cbe8859a","Herb, perennial, (15)-20-40-(60) cm high. Caudex swollen, branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-2-(3), terete, glabrescent, tomentose, sometimes glandular or sometimes pubescent, striate, slender or robust, branched in upper half or branched already from base. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or elliptic, 7.0-28.0 cm long, 0.5-7.0 cm wide, entire, runcinate or pinnatifid, denticulate, dentate or entire, acute or acuminate, tomentose or glabrescent, sometimes pubescent and glandular or, green on both surfaces; terminal lobe acuminate; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or deltoid, sometimes retrorse. Cauline leaves few, attenuate, tomentose or glabrescent, sometimes pubescent and glandular, gradually reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with (7)-15-30-(40) heads. Peduncle 1.0-3.0 cm long, sulcate near head in section. Heads with 4-12 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 8.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-5.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts deltoid or narrowly ovate, 1.5-4.0 mm long, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 2.0-4.0 mm wide, mostly acute, green or blackish, margin minutely ciliate, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate and sometimes shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 15.0-20.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long, pubescent at apex; ligule c. 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.5-6.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, c. 0.6 mm long. Achenes 5.0-8.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white or pale yellowish, 6.0-12.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d7aee91a-eff7-4a7a-a7d3-8bb08fe24221","Plants 40-140 cm; taproots thickened, tuberous. Stems 1-5, erect, mostly green with mottled purple, slender, simple, glabrous. Leaves: proximal present at flowering; petiolate (petioles winged); blades oblong to linear, 7-18 x 0.5-6 cm, coriaceous, bases attenuate, margins deeply pinnately lobed or divided, lobes narrow and at right angles, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or slightly glabrate along veins; distally sessile and much reduced. Heads (1-2 in pedunculate lateral clusters) in spiciform or racemiform arrays. Involucres cylindro-campanulate, 10-13 x 3-4 mm. Calyculi of 6-8, green to purple, triangular to subulate bractlets 1-4 mm. Phyllaries 7-8, pink or purple, linear to elliptic, 8-13 mm, glabrous. Florets 8-10; corollas usually pinkish, sometimes lavender or white, 11-17 mm. Cypselae dark green, elliptic to lineal; subterete to angular, 3.5-5.5 mm, indistinctly 8-10-ribbed; pappi pale yellow to tan, 5 mm.\r\rPrenanthes autumnalis is recognized by its erect, slender habit, pinnately lobed proximal leaves, narrowly racemiform or spiciform arrays of heads, glabrous phyllaries, and usually pinkish corollas.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5b1b8576-4e1d-4b14-aeb1-582d6bfe55fc","Herb, perennial, c. 35 cm high, with taproot. Caudex woody, 1.5 cm wide, branched at summit. Flowering stems numerous, erect, terete, strongly remotely branched; branches erect, angular or sulcate. Rosette leaves reduced to scales. Lower cauline leaves reduced to scales. Middle cauline leaves sometimes reduced to scales, c. 1.0 cm long. Upper cauline leaves linear, 2.5-4.0 cm long, 1.0-3.0 cm wide, revolute, acuminate, glabrous. Synflorescence corymbiform, many of the ultimate branches leafy and sterile, with few heads. Peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, sulcate in section, glandular and pubescent. Heads with 7-10 flowers. Involucre 6.0-7.0 mm long, at flowering 1.0-2.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, c. 2.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, acute, glandular or more or less pubescent; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, obtuse, glandular and pubescent. Corolla tube c. 1.0 mm long, glabrous. Anthertube 2.5 mm long; apical appendages acute. Style branches c. 0.6 mm long. (Immature) achenes slightly compressed, c. 2.5 mm long, with c. 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 3.0-4.0 mm long, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6913829e-350f-4e5c-a308-f7e74f6f5a42","Perennial. Root cylindrical, tuberous; root collar (very rarely thickened) lanate and covered with less numerous membranous scales, later drying out. Stems solitary (less often two or three), 5-20 cm high, distinctly sulcate, leafy, whitish tomentose- or lanate, branched; branches axillary at acute angles, terminating in solitary capitula. Leaves hard, almost coriaceous, pubescent on both sides, flat, (3)5-11 veined, veins hard, white, very prominent, basal leaves broadly lanceolate, less often ovate, (0.7)2-3 cm wide and (3)10-15(17.5) cm long, almost as long as stem or very rarely even exceeding it, narrowed at base into petiole, long-acuminate, often with dry cusp, sometimes spiny, weakly bent; cauline leaves alternate or (at point of branching) sometimes almost opposite, reduced upward, more or less broadly lanceolate, usually longer than axillary flowering shoots. Capitula usually many, (2) 3-14 (30), in indistinct corymbose inflorescence, erect. Involucral bracts coriaceous, pubescent, lanceolate, membranous along margin, their cusps more or less curved; inner bracts almost two times as long as outer. Ligulate florets yellow, longer than involucre. Achenes 7-8 mm long, densely lanate; pappus of plumose bristles.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9804ed56-3e83-4be1-a75a-73fbe94918f3",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5cd1bd50-607c-480d-9894-3fe617c884b2","Perennial (? biennial). Plant 10-30 cm high; root collar covered with brown remnants of leaf sheaths. Stem terminating in more or less compressed candelabrum-like, corymbose inflorescence; branches of inflorescence arcuate, densely leafy. Basal leaves herbaceous, narrowly linear, 0.2-0.4 cm wide, flat or partly incurved, glaucous-green, somewhat pubescent, with distinct, white, hyaline midrib beneath (width highly variable), somewhat arcuate, sometimes significantly exceeding stem (with inflorescence). Capitula solitary on all branches of corymbose inflorescence, 3.5-6.5 cm long, including ligulate florets. Involucre slightly arachnoid-pubescent, many-rowed, involucral bracts unequal; outer bracts deltoid-triangular, smaller; middle ones ovate-deltoid, somewhat narrowed above, broadly scarious along margin, two times as long as outer ones; inner ones linear-lanceolate, much longer than outermost. Ligulate florets pink. Achenes up to 3.5 cm long, glabrous, narrowed above into beak, with smooth or scabrous ribs, reddish when mature; pappus dirty yellow, deciduous; pappus bristles connate at base into a ring, plumose, glabrous at apex, barbed.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"26675b17-c307-455d-bacd-b12261e85f4f","Perennial. Plant weakly pubescent, glabrescent. Root thickened into tuber; root collar covered with long stramineous or brown sheaths. Stems scapelike, (8)10-16 cm high, dichotomously branched from middle; lateral branches (floral) (3)6-25, simple or branched, (3)8-12(15) cm long, unequal, bent, spreading. Leaves quite variable in form and size, with several veins and prominent midrib; basal leaves broadly linear, with yellow shining sheaths surrounding lower part of stem below branches and evidently embedded into stonty soil; cauline, leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, more or less acuminate, orbicular or cuneate at base, amplexicaul; margin undulate-crimped, (3)4-8(10) cm long and 0.4-1.5(2) cm wide. Achenes narrowly terete, (2)2.5-3 cm long and 0.4-0.6 cm wide. Involucre glabrous, involucral bracts with narrow membranous margin; outer bracts small, ovate-deltoid, 4-6 mm long, obtuse; inner bracts lanceolate-linear, subobtuse, 2-2.5 cm long and 4-5 mm wide. Ligulate florets yellow, pinkish on outer side. Achenes 7-8 mm long, slightly curved, ribbed, somewhat densely tuberculate-toothed along ribs; pappus snow-white, soft, with many, bristles, 12-14 mm long, plumose, inner bristles barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"16cdc48a-5ee5-475f-a095-de30a7080635","Herb, 15-70 cm high. Caudex swollen, simple or weakly branched. Flowering stems 1-2, erect, terete, glabrous or tomentose, striate, slender or rarely robust, usually branched in upper half. Rosette leaves linear or narrowly ovate, 10.0-35.0 cm long, 0.5-6.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, acuminate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or tomentose; lateral lobes narrowly ovate or linear, retrorse. Cauline leaves few, linear or narrowly ovate, entire or pinnatifid, acuminate, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or tomentose; lateral lobes linear or narrowly ovate, retrorse; cauline leaves apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence mostly corymbiform, with 3-30-(40) heads. Peduncle 1.0-4.0 cm long, slightly sulcate in section near the head. Heads with 6-35 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 8.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-5.0 mm in diameter, tomentose, glabrescent or rarely glabrous; outer involucral bracts triangular-ovate, acute, sometimes hispid; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse, pubescent, hispid or glabrous, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin yellow scarious. Receptacle areolate or sometimes shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-7.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent or scabridulous; ligule 1.8-2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5-6.0 mm long. Style branches 1.5-3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes 3.0-10.0 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, rarely brown or greenish, with 12-15 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white or whitish, 5.0-9.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J. 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4031f877-7c6b-428e-b4c0-0a56f6ddf114","Perennial. Root tuberous; root collar sometimes swollen, covered with woolly pubescence and numerous membranous scales, falling off later. Stems 5(10)-15(18) cm high, solitary or two or three, sulcate, canescent, distinctly branched; branches axillary, terminating in solitary capitula. Leaves broadly lanceolate (basal) to oblong-lanceolate,  (0.4)0.5-1(2) cm wide, flat or slightly undulate, with appressed hairs on both sides and indistinct veins; basal leaves narrowed into petioles broadened into sheaths; cauline leaves sessile, semiamplexicaul, reduced upward; leaves on peduncles filiform. Capitula 3-10(18), cylindrical when young, later turbinate; peduncles more or less bent during flowering, pendent on fruiting. Involucre canescent; outer bracts small, one-fifth to one-fourth as long as inner, mostly uncinate at apex; inner ones lanceolate, narrowly membranous along margin. Ligulate florets light yellow. Achenes 6-7 mm long, whitish-lanate; pappus 9 mm long, its bristles plumose, hairs barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"946f7341-952c-488e-8dd6-510676b9bf7b","Leaves densely and minutely hispidulous, with very short (up to 0.2 mm long) white stout setae bearing small brown glands; stems always (?) scapiform, fistulose (?), gland-pubescent but not long-hairy near head; involucre 11 mm long; outer bracts 10, ovate, obtuse, nearly equal, longest less than 1/2 as long as inner ones, irregularly ciliate on margin and, like inner bracts, minutely and densely  gland-pubescent; inner bracts 15, lanceolate, shortly acuminate; corolla 12 mm long; ligule 1.5 mm wide; corolla tube 4 mm long, pubescent with short acicular hairs; anther tube 3.75 x 1.25 mm dis.; appendages 0.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, acute; filaments 0.6 mm longer; style branches 1.5 mm long, 0.15 mm wide, yellow; achenes (immature) 1.5 mm long, greenish, striate, attenuate toward summit; pappus 4-5 mm long, white tinged yellow near base. Flowering summer ?; flowers yellow.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis armena subsp. typica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"10e7496b-0c8f-4acf-8a76-ffa68aa5816c","Plants 80-150 cm; taproots tuberous, with lateral roots. Stems erect, simple, glabrous or strigose proximally, tomentose distally. Leaves: proximal usually present at flowering; petiolate (petioles 2.2-3 cm); blades (light green) sagittate to ovate, 13-25 x 7-12 cm, thin, bases attenuate, margins coarsely and irregularly dentate, apices acute to rounded, faces glabrous or lightly setose along veins; distal reduced to bracts. Heads in paniculiform arrays. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 4-9 x 2-3 mm. Calyculi of 5-12, linear-subulate to narrowly lanceolate bractlets 2-4 mm, hispid. Phyllaries 8, green to rose, linear-subulate to lanceolate, 9-11 mm, (apices minutely ciliate) faces glabrate (midribs sparingly hispid). Florets 9-11; corollas white to creamy, 11.5-13.5 mm. Cypselae golden yellow to tan, subcylindric, angled to terete, 6-7 mm, prominently 12-15-ribbed; pappi white to tan or yellow, 7-8 mm.\r\rPrenanthes carrii is recognized primarily by its relatively tall size and long-petiolate, sagittate proximal and mid-cauline leaves, which are similar to those of P. alata and P. sagittata, species found far to the north. \r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b1388ba1-1b32-4425-bea0-363fb09e8230","Herb, perennial, (13)-15-30 cm high. Flowering stems 1-2-(3), erect, green or sometimes purple below, glandular, glabrous and pubescent, striate, slender, weakly branched. Rosette leaves few, narrowly obovate or elliptic, 2.5-7.0 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, sinuate-dentate, obtuse or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or pubescent and glandular. Cauline leaves few, linear, reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle 2.0-4.0 cm long, glandular and tomentose, covered with bracts. Heads with c. 20 flowers. Involucre at flowering narrowly campanulate or cylindrical, 9.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 2.5-3.0-(5.0) mm in diameter, glandular; involucral bracts pubescent and glandular; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle foveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, c. 14.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 1.2 mm wide. Anthertube yellow, c. 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, straight, 4.0-5.0 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, finely muricate, brown, with c. 12 ribs. Pappus white, 5.0-6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f5de6cf5-9e6c-4fdc-beb0-e3b21a9e5841","Herb, perennial, 13-35 cm high. Caudex branched or simple. Flowering stems 1-3, erect, sulcate or striate, reddish brown, glandular and tomentose or densely hirsute, robust or sometimes slender, branched already from base. Rosette leaves elliptic or narrowly obovate, 10.0-25.0 cm long, 2.0-4.0 cm wide, pinnatifid, dentate or denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glandular and tomentose or densely hirsute; lateral lobes narrowly ovate. Cauline leaves several, elliptic, narrowly obovate or oblong, pinnatifid, denticulate, serrate or dentate, acute or acuminate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or often auriculate, glandular and tomentose or densely hirsute; lateral lobes narrowly ovate. Synflorescence with 2-20 heads. Peduncle 1.0-8.0 cm long. Heads with 16-20 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 14.0-24.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-10.0-(15.0) mm in diameter, glandular and tomentose or densely hirsute; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear, acuminate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, strigose. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 16.0-21.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 6.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 3.0-3.5 mm wide. Anthertube 5.0-7.0 mm long; apical appendages truncate or acute, 0.5-1.0 mm long. Style branches 2.0-3.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5-9.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, smooth or finely muricate, reddish brown, with 13 ribs, sometimes 3-4 ribs weaker, attenuate. Pappus white, 9.0-13.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cb8c82b3-7afe-41ef-a596-bed5bd33f80b","Perennial (or biennial ?), c. 30 cm high. Caudex 0.6-1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems glabrescent, weakly branched, branched already from base; branches weakly branched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-7.0 cm long, up to 2.5 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, irregularly dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent. Cauline leaves narrowly obovate, pinnatifid, irregularly dentate, acute or acuminate, attenuate, glabrescent, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 2-6 heads. Peduncle 3.0-11.0 cm long, without bracts or covered with bracts. Heads with c. 50 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, glabrous, margin scarious. Receptacle alveolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 17.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long; ligule c. 1.5 mm wide. Anthertube 4.5 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.5 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long. Achenes cylindrical in outline, laterally compressed, 5.0-5.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, muricate, more or less angular, dark brownish-purple, with 18-20 ribs. Pappus white, 6.0-7.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4bb63c9c-672c-4f58-9070-3a974631ba81","Herb, perennial, (20)-30-65-(110) cm high. Flowering stems 1, erect, terete or sulcate, hollow, green or violet below, sparsely pubescent and glandular or sometimes hispid, branched in upper half or branched already from base. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, (5.0)-12.0-24.0-(30.0) cm long, (2.0)-3.0-7.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, coarsely dentate, denticulate, spinose or entire, obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, sparsely pubescent; terminal lobe oblong-ovate or ovate; lateral lobes 1-3, deltoid or oblong. Cauline leaves ovate, narrowly obovate, oblong-obovate or oblong-ovate, up to 24.0-(30.0) cm long, up to 7.0 cm wide, entire or lyrate-pinnatifid, coarsely dentate, entire, denticulate, sinuate-dentate or sinuate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or amplexicaul and auriculate, sparsely pubescent, apically reduced to scales; terminal lobe ovate or oblong-ovate; lateral lobes deltoid. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform, with few heads. Peduncle 1.0-3.0-(5.0) cm long, pubescent and glandular. Heads with 35-45 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 7.0-9.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-8.0 mm in diameter, dark green, densely pubescent and glandular; involucral bracts green, sometimes hispid or glandular, minutely ciliate at apex; outer involucral bracts linear, acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-ovate, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate or foveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 14.0-18.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.0-5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5 mm long. Style branches c. 2.0 mm long, yellowish green. Achenes cylindrical or fusiform in outline, slightly curved or straight, 3.5-4.0 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, smooth, brown, with 20 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b6a8d191-105f-4a7d-a790-faddbae75778","Beak of achene shorter than 1/2 of body\r\rfrom: Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"16b1be84-ac2f-49e8-9f1f-fca9e3f2cabb","Herb, perennial, 50-75 cm high. Caudex slightly swollen. Flowering stems 1-3, stiffly erect, strongly sulcate, tomentose and more or less hispid, glandular above, remotely branched; branches weakly branched. Rosette leaves obovate to elliptic, up to 14.0 cm long, 4.0 cm wide, irregularly denticulate or dentate, obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glandular and scabridulous. Cauline leaves few, narrowly obovate to elliptic or the upper ones linear, irregularly denticulate or dentate, obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or the upper ones attenuate, glandular and scabridulous, apically reduced to scales. Peduncle 1.0-8.0 cm long, more or less tomentose or hispid. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 14.0-15.0 mm long, glandular and hispid, more or less tomentose; outer involucral bracts linear; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, glabrous. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 16.0 mm long, pale yellow; tube 5.0 mm long, pubescent, white; ligule 2.2 mm wide. Anthertube deeply yellow, 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.7 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, somewhat curved or straight, laterally compressed, 7.5-10.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, finely muricate, dark brown, with 10-12 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or strongly attenuate; beak 1.5-2.5 mm long; outer achenes sometimes dorsiventrally compressed. Pappus pale yellow, 7.5-8.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7ba38268-f309-4428-ba53-dae47da54bae","Annual or biennial. Stem 50-130 cm high, whitish, rather thick (to 7-8 mm at, base); more or less sulcate, in lower half covered, with yellowish, horizontal, up to 5 mm-long spinules. Leaves glaucous-green, somewhat coriaceous; lower and middle cauline leaves elliptical or oblongobovate, with rather dense spinules beneath along very prominent midrib, from subentire to coarsely and unevenly toothed, with cartilaginous spinule long margin, punctate-pitted beneath; upper leaves small, appressed to stem, semiamplexicaul, entire; densely pubescent beneath, with auriculate or sagittate base. Capirula in long compound racemose-paniculate inflorescence, cylindrical or narrow-campanulate, or about 20 florets and on peduncles mostly longer than capitula, covered with small papulose and densely pubescent scaly leaves, sometimes indistinctly merging into involucral bracts. Involucral bracts lax, usually four-rowed, triangular to lanceolate-linear, on outer surface more or less papulose and densely pubescent, obtuse, often with one or few violet spots; inner bracts with wide membranous sinuate border. Corolla pale or lemon-yellow. Achenes 3-3.2 mm long and 1-1.25 mm wide (dimensions according to Nevski), brown or light brown, narrow- or oblong-obovoid, with prominent longitudinal ribs (seven to nine on each side), covered with very short, upward-directed, somewhat stiff hairs (under a hand lens!), more distinct in upper part; achene apex attenuate into thin beak, concolorous withachene, beak about one and one-half times as long as achene, terminating in pappus of thin, white hairs, almost as long as beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dcaf6b93-2309-4f34-b3c8-c5c2c2ef84cb","Perennial. Root thickened into tuber; root collar covered with brown remnants of sheaths of basal leaves, sometimes producing two or three (five) stems. Stems sparsely leafy, scape-like, (6) 10-20(30) cm long, simple, weakly pubescent, terminating in solitary capitula. Basal leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly cartilaginous along margin, toothed, flat or undulate-crimped, glaucous, bloom subsequently disappearing, narrowed into petiole broadening at base into sheath; cauline leaves less numerous, sessile, lanceolate, narrower than basal ones. Capitula large, 2.5-3.5(4) cm long, broadly cylindrical or turbinate. Involucre of 8-12 bracts, pubescent or almost glabrous, outer bracts deltoid; inner ones ovate-lanceolate, two to three times as long as outer; all bracts subacute. Ligulate florets yellow, turning pink on drying. Achenes large, ribbed, toothed-scabrous along ribs; pappus bristles stiff, plumose, wholly or at base blackish-violet.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"95f8f5f3-79e4-46dc-b146-0226a60879eb","Plants biennial or occasionally short-lived perennials. Latex light tan. Stems (30-)50-150(-200) cm long, hollow between the nodes, glabrous, sometimes purple-streaked or purplish-tinged. Leaves well developed along the stem; the basal and lower stem leaves mostly 10-20(-30) cm long, usually sessile or nearly so, oblanceolate to oblong-ovate in outline, unlobed to deeply pinnately lobed, the margins also sharply toothed and somewhat prickly but glabrous, often with a pair of narrowly to more commonly broadly triangular basal lobes clasping the stem, the surfaces glabrous but the undersu.rface usually short-prickly along the midvein; the middle and upper stem leaves mostly lanceolate to linear, unlobed or with 1 or 2 pairs of narrowly pinnate lobes, the margins glabrous, usually with a pair of narrowly to broadly triangular basal lobes clasping the stem, the undersurface glabrous but often somewhat prickly along the midvein. Inflorescences mostly well-branched panicles with 50-100 or more heads. Involucre cylindrical, 13-15(-18) mm long at flowering, elongating to 18-20(-23) mm at fruiting, the bracts 17(19). Florets 20-30(-55). Corollas yellow. Pappus (6-)8-10 mm long. Fruits with the body 4-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, dark brown to black, flattened, with prominent lateral wings and a conspicuous ridge on each face, tapered abruptly to a slender beak slightly shorter than to about as long as the body. 2n = 34.\r\rfrom: Chung, K.-F. 2006: 39. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 363-371 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0386d436-8dcb-45fb-afe2-66bd74575652","Herb, perennial, (8)-15-20-(25) cm high. Caudex 0.5-1.0 cm wide. Flowering stems 1-2, erect or ascending, terete, hollow, green, more or less tomentose or glandular or pubescent toward apex, striate, robust, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves elliptic or narrowly obovate, 5.0-15.0 cm long, 1.0-3.0 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, ciliate and entire or irregularly sinuate-dentate, obtuse, acuminate or acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, pubescent; lateral lobes oblong or triangular, sometimes retrorse. Cauline leaves few, narrowly ovate or oblong, 3.0-6.0-(10.0) cm long, 0.5-2.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, entire or irregularly denticulate, acute or obtuse, auriculate and amplexicaul, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1-3-(4) heads. Peduncle 4.0-8.0-(20.0) cm long. Heads with c. 40-50 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0-16.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0-12.0 mm in diameter, dark brown, often glandular, tomentose or densely pubescent; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 5.0-11.0 mm long, obtuse or acute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 2.0-3.0 mm wide, acute, strigose, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle foveolate or areolate and shortly ciliate. Corolla ligulate, c. 19.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 17.0-19.0 mm long, 1.8-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 5.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, c. 0.5 mm long. Style branches 2.8 mm long, dark brown or dark green. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 7.5-10.0 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, finely muricate, dark brown, with c. 20 ribs, attenuate. Pappus whitish, 5.0-8.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the U.S.S.R. 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield; Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"543db6fb-fa0c-45e7-9919-8691ab14ffec","Perennial. Semishrub forming loose or somewhat compact hemispherical tussocks; whole plant more or less sericeous with simple flexuous hairs, glabrescent; but sometimes bases of fallen hairs visible. Rhizome strong, deeply embedded in soil, strongly branched above, many-headed, forming tussock of intertwined underground stems, terminating above soil surface in rosettes of more or less numerous (6-25) basal leaves and erect, somewhat flexuous, 3 to 165 flowering shoots. Thin elastic latex fibres distinctly visible in laticifers on breaking roots and underground stems; latex milky-white or yellowish-green; aerial stems densely covered with numerous imbricate, grayish-brown, weakly glossy, rigid, basally broadened into deltoid, fibrous sheaths of dried and partly tom leaves of previous years. Leaves of rosette (6-25) broadened at base into sheaths, grayish-green, variable, narrowly linear, with reddish-brown subulate apex, often uncinate, distinctly triquetrous below, somewhat flat above, often incurved, carinate, or fistular, narrowed at both ends, roundish in cross section, or subulate-edged, carinate-subulate; all leaves coriaceous, three- to five-veined, with broad light yellow midrib beneath; sheaths not green, yellowish-brown, glossy, dorsally smooth or roundish-carinate, with dense tuft of simple multicellular hairs, initially white, later rusty; up to eight parallel reddish-brown veins visible at base of leaf sheath. Flowering shoots erect, developing every year (one to three) from base of leaf rosette, drying out and falling after fruiting, 5-40 cm long, with 7-23 leaves, longer than rosette leaves, sulcate, sometimes fistular, simple, with single capitulum, or branched, with two to four capitula; clavately thickened or not below capitula; cauline leaves alternate; all leaves somewhat broadened at base; lowermost leaves scarious, scaly, aristate-acuminate; middle cauline leaves mostly flat, sometimes carinate, somewhat divergent; upper leaves reduced, bent, filiform, hairy. Capitula solitary or in groups of a few, cylindrical, obconical or pyriform, (1.3)2.3-4(4.5) cm long; involucre many-rowed (three to six), with 15-70 bracts; involucral bracts imbricate, highly unequal in shape, size, pubescence, and colour; outer and middle bracts shorter, deltoid or lanceolate, more or less carinate, sometimes crestate, some bracts with callose, mildly serrate, tuberculate thickening in upper part of keel; inner bracts longest (up to 2.2 cm), oblong-lanceolate to linear, obtuse or somewhat acuminate, with scarious margin, mostly without keel or with barely visible keel toward apex, or more or less pubescent. Ligulate florets more or less numerous (30-50 in capitulum), yellowish with dark red veins (turning red from outside on drying), longer than involucre; sparse tuft of white hairs in upper part of corolla tube on outside near base of ligule. Achenes terete, 6-14 mm long, with 10 ribs, ribs smooth or tuberculate-scabrous, sometimes with sharp spinules, usually densely pubescent; pappus snow-white, its bristles plumose, inner bristles 4-6(10), longer and fragile, toothed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1b7e0dab-d56c-4b8d-9537-3e6c726d05a4","Herb, perennial, 50-250 cm high. Flowering stems erect, ribbed, hollow, glandular above and hispid below, robust, unbranched or branched. Cauline leaves 8.0-25.0 cm long, 2.0-12.0 cm wide, dark green on upper surface, glaucous on lower surface. Lower cauline leaves runcinate or lyrate, denticulate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous; terminal lobe broadly triangular, acuminate; lateral lobes triangular. Middle and upper cauline leaves ovate or narrowly oblong, amplexicaul or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous. Synflorescence paniculiform. Peduncle glandular. Involucre 10.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 7.0-10.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear, 10.0-15.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, obtuse, green and tinged purple, usually glandular. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla ligulate, 15.0-18.0 mm long, pale blue to violet. Achenes cylindrical in outline, compressed, 4.5-5.0 mm long, with 5 prominent main ribs, attenuate. Pappus of simple bristles, c. 7.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Cicerbita alpina</i>); Sell, P. D. 1976: 170. Cicerbita Wallr. - Pp. 331 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge (as <i>Cicerbita alpina</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c34eb662-6bba-4ad7-b84e-dd98f2fd9788","<h3>Circumscription of the <i>Cichorieae</i></h3>\rThe traditional circumscription of the <i> Cichorieae</i> as a conveniently recognized tribe, diagnosed by the unique  combination of homogamous capitula with 5-dentate, ligulate flowers and the  presence of milky latex, has been altered recently on the basis of molecular  phylogenetic analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) to  accommodate the two genera, <i>Gundelia</i> and <i>Warionia,</i> of hitherto  uncertain relationships, associated with the <i>Arctotideae (Gundelia)</i> and  the <i>Mutisieae (Warionia), </i>respectively. Both have milky latex but  otherwise homogamous capitula with tubular flowers. Hence, by inclusion of these  genera the homogamous capitula with 5-dentate, ligulate flowers no longer  characterize all the members of the tribe.<p></p> <p>Neither milky latex nor capitula with only  5-dentate, ligulate flowers have been autapomorphies of the <i>Cichorieae</i>.  Milky latex is otherwise present in some genera of <i>Arctotideae, Cardueae,  Liabeae, Mutisieae </i>and <i>Vernonieae</i> (Carlquist 1976), and in a few  cases in the <i>Asteroideae </i>(Augier & Mérac 1951; Wagenitz 1976; Bremer  1987, 1994). Milky latex, however, is associated with different anatomical  structures in the <i>Compositae</i>. Lactiferous canals, as they are  characteristic for all <i>Cichorieae</i>, are otherwise only present in the  aerial plant parts of the <i>Arctotideae,</i> whereas other tribes of the <i> Cichorioideae</i> merely have lactiferous cells (Augier & Mérat 1951; Wagenitz  1976). Homogamous capitula with 5-dentate, ligulate flowers are present in a few  genera of <i>Mutisieae</i> (<i>Catamixis, Glossarion, Hyaloseris;</i> Bremer  1987, 1994) and, quite evidently by convergent evolution, in the <i> Heliantheae-Coreopsidinae (Fitchia)</i> of subfamily <i>Asteroideae</i> (Carlquist  1957); 5-dentate, ligulate marginal flowers occur in the <i>Vernonieae</i> (<i>Stokesia;</i>  Bremer 1987, 1994).</p> <p>The presence of lactiferous canals in both the  subterranean and aerial plant parts seem to be an exclusive feature of the <i> Cichorieae</i> in the present circumscription including <i>Gundelia</i> and <i> Warionia</i> (Augier & Mérac 1951; Wagenitz 1976; Bremer 1987, 1994). Moreover, <i>Gundelia</i> and <i>Warionia</i> share the presence of both (functional) oil  ducts and latex canals in the roots (Augier & Mérac 1951) with <i>Scolymus</i>  and <i>Scorzonera</i> s.l. (Tieghem 1872; Col 1903-04), while non-functional (relict)  oil ducts have been reported from <i>Tragopogon</i> (Tieghem 1885) and <i>Krigia</i>  (Holm 1926).</p> <p><i>Gundelia,</i> comprising three species with a  much-derived synflorescence of one-flowered capitula aggregated to secondary  capitula (Classen-Bockhoff & al. 1989), has spiny leaves and pollen similar to <i>Scolymus </i>(Blackmore 1981; Robinson 1994)<i>. Gundelia</i> in fact has  been shown to form a monophyletic trichotomy with <i>Scolymus</i> and the rest  of the <i>Cichorieae</i> by Karis & al. (2001; based on <i>ndhF</i> data). Based  on a much broader sampling especially for the basally branching portions of the <i>Cichorieae,</i> Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) have shown that <i> Gundelia</i> forms a clade with <i>Catananche, Hymenonema </i>and <i>Scolymus,</i>  which is treated as the subtribe <i>Scolyminae.</i></p> <p>The monospecific <i>Warionia</i> has been shown  by Funk & al. (2004; based on <i>trnL-F, ndhF</i> and ITS data) to form a  sister-group relationship to the <i>Cichorieae,</i> and by Goertzen & al. (2003:  fig. 3; based on ITS data) to form the basalmost branch of the <i>Cichorieae</i>  clade. Based on these results, Jeffrey (2006) re-established a separate tribe <i> Gundelieae</i> next to <i>Cichorieae</i> to include both <i>Gundelia </i>and <i> Warionia. Warionia, </i>with densely pilose achenes (rare in the <i>Cichorieae</i>  but also occurring, e.g., in many species of <i>Scorzonera</i>), is branching  off basally and found to be the sister-group to all other <i>Cichorieae</i> also  in the analyses by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009). Having emphasised  its closer relationship to the <i>Cichorieae</i> than to any other tribe, these  results led Gemeinholzer & Kilian (in Kilian & al. 2009) to establish for <i> Warionia</i> a new subtribe of its own, <i>Warioniinae,</i> in the <i>Cichorieae</i>.</p> \r<h3>Major clades and recognition of subtribes within the <i>Cichorieae</i></h3>\rWhitton & al. (1995) using chloroplast DNA  restriction site variation upon 60 <i>Cichorieae</i> taxa were the first to  address relationships among major lineages of the tribe and their results agree  very well with the only other, most recent attempt by Gemeinholzer & al. (in  Kilian & al. 2009), using DNA sequences of the nuclear ITS region and covering  438 taxa. Both analyses revealed similar major lineages. Comparing both analyses  it becomes evident that groups and basal branches are better resolved with  increasing number of taxa. Gemeinholzer & al. revealed the existence of five  major clades, with a total of eleven subclades, within the tribe.<p></p> <dl><dt>The first three main clades branching off basally  comprise c. 20 % of the species of the tribe (here and in the following the  members of <i>Hieracium, Pilosella and Taraxacum</i> not considered):</dt> <dd>Clade 1 is the sister-group to the remainder and includes solely <i>Warionia</i>  (recognized as the subtribe <i>Warioniinae</i>). </dd> <dd>Clade 2 represents the subtribe <i>Scorzonerinae</i> and is the sister-group to  the main clades 3-5.</dd> <dd>Clade 3 represents the subtribe <i>Scolyminae</i> and is the sister-group to  clades 4-5.</dd> <dt>The two main clades 4 and 5 comprise roughly 80 %  of the species of the tribe:</dt> <dd>Clade 4 includes five subclades, representing the subtribes <i>Chondrillinae,  Crepidinae, Hyoseridinae, Hypochaeridinae</i> and <i>Lactucinae.</i> This main  clade comprises 2/3 of the species of the tribe.</dd> <dd>Clade 5 includes three subclades, representing the subtribes <i>Cichoriinae,  Hieraciinae</i> and <i>Microseridinae</i> s.l. This main clade comprises  somewhat more than 10 % of the species of the tribe.</font></dd></dt></dl> \r<h3>References</h3>\rAugier J. & Mérac M.-L. du 1951: La phylogénie des Composées. – Revue des  Sciences 89: 167-182. <p>Blackmore S. 1981: Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe <i> Hyoseridinae (Compositae: Lactuceae)</i>. – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 1-13.</p> <p>Bremer K. 1987. Tribal interrelationships of the <i>Asteraceae.</i> – Cladistics  3: 210-253.</p> <p>Bremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland:  Timber.</p> <p>Carlquist S. 1976: Tribal interrelationships and phylogeny of the <i>Asteraceae.</i>  – Aliso 8: 465-492.</p> <p>Classen-Bockhoff R., Froebe H. A. & Langerbeins D. 1989: Die  Infloreszenzstruktur von <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i> L. <i>(Asteraceae)</i>. –  Flora 182: 463-479.</p> <p>Col A. 1903-04: Recherches sur l’appareil sécréteur des Composées. – J. Bot. (Morot)  17: 252-318, 18: 110-133, 153-175.</p> <p>Funk V. A., Chan R. & Keeley S. C. 2004: Insights into the evolution of the  tribe <i>Arctoteae</i> (<i>Compositae:</i> subfamily <i>Cichorioideae</i> s.s.)  using <i>trnL-F, ndhF</i> and ITS. – Taxon 53: 637-655.</p> <p>Goertzen L. R., Cannone J. J., Gutell R. R. & Jansen R. K. 2003: ITS secondary  structure derived from comparative analysis: implications for sequence alignment  and phylogeny of the <i>Asteraceae</i>. – Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 29: 216-234.<p>Holm T. 1926: Studies in the <i>Compositae</i>. I. <i>Krigia virginica</i> (L.)  Willd.– Amer. Midland Naturalist 10: 1-17.</p> <p>Jeffrey C. 2006: Tribe <i>Gundelieae</i> DC. ex Lecoq & Juillet (1831). – Pp.  199-200 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of  vascular plants 8. –  Berlin: Springer.</p> <p>Karis P. O., Eldenäs P. & Källersjö M. 2001: New evidence for the systematic  position of <i>Gundelia</i> L. with notes on delimitation of <i>Arctoteae (Asteraceae)</i>.  – Taxon 50: 105-114.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In:  Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and  biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Robinson H. 1994: Notes on the tribes <i>Eremothamneae, Gundelieae</i> and <i> Moquinieae</i>, with comparisons of their pollen. – Taxon 43: 33-44.</p> <p>Tieghem P. van 1872: Mémoire sur les canaux sécreteurs des plantes.  –  Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 5, 16: 96-201.</p> <p>Tieghem P. van 1885: Second mémoire sur les canaux sécreteurs des plantes.   – Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 7, 1: 5-96.</p> <p>Wagenitz G. 1976: Systematics and phylogeny of the <i>Compositae (Asteraceae)</i>.  – Pl. Syst. Evol. 125: 29-46.</p> <p>Whitton J., Wallace R. S. & Jansen R. K. 1995: Phylogenetic relationships and  patterns of character change in the tribe <i>Lactuceae (Asteraceae)</i> based on  chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. – Canad. J. Bot. 73: 1058-1073.</p> \r\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c34eb662-6bba-4ad7-b84e-dd98f2fd9788","<p>Annual to perennial,  acaulescent, scapose or caulescent herbs, more rarely subshrubs, shrubs, rosette  shrubs and rosette treelets, sometimes spinescent, exceptionally scandent vines,  leaves alternate (except in <i>Shinnersoseris</i> the lower leaves), very rarely  spiny <i>(Scolymus, Gundelia),</i> frequently forming a rosette, with latex.  Heads solitary or loosely to densely aggregated, sometimes in secondary heads,  ligulate (except for <i>Gundelia</i> and <i>Warionia</i>), homogamous, with 1- (exceptionally  in<i> Gundelia</i>, in primary heads) or 3-5 to over 600, mostly with a few  dozens flowers; receptacle areolate or alveolate, naked, rarely with scales or  bristles; involucre cylindric, mostly differentiated into a few imbricate outer  series of bracts and a longer inner series, more rarely uniseriate, bracts with  or without hyaline margin; corollae with 5-toothed ligule, perfect,  predominantly of some shade of yellow, ranging from pale yellow to deep  orange-yellow, or of some shade of blue, including whitish so or purple,  sometimes also pure white through absence of either the yellowish or bluish  colour; anthers  basally calcarate and caudate, apical appendage elongate, smooth, filaments  smooth; style slender, usually with long, slender branches, sweeping hairs on  the shaft and branches; pollen echinolophate or echinate. Achenes  cylindrical, or fusiform to slenderly obconoidal, mostly ribbed, sometimes  compressed or flattened, apically truncate, attenuate or beaked, often somehow  sculptured, mostly glabrous, sometimes papillose or hairy, rarely villose,  frequently heteromorphic; pappus of scales or scabrid to barbellate or  plumose bristles, sometimes absent.</p> ","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"34316b1c-9780-4374-b1ca-f4cc8d9cd21a","<p>The subtribe <i>Microseridinae,</i> following the circumscription by Kilian & al. (2009), comprises c. 115 species in c. 22 genera, of which all but one are principally North American. <i>Picrosia</i> is South American and one species <i>(Microseris)</i> is present in Australia and New Zealand as the results of long distant dispersal. Excluded is the unispecific genus<i> Phalacroseris,</i> which has been shown by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) to belong to the principally Old World subtribe<i> Cichoriinae</i>.</p> <p>Previously the American clade has been treated as two (Stebbins 1953; Jeffrey 1966), three (Bremer 1994; Lack 2006) or nine (Lee & Baldwin 2004) subtribes or informal entities, respectively. Considering their radiation from a single common ancestor, it is, however, much more consistent with the phylogeny and the suprageneric classification of the entire tribe to reserve the subtribal rank to the American clade as such and to apply Lee & Baldwin’s classification to a subordinate informal rank of, e.g., ""alliances"". These are: <ol><li> <i>Pinaropappus </i>alliance: including <i>Marshalljohnstonia</i> and <i> Pinaropappus</i></li> <li><i>Krigia</i> alliance: including <i>Krigia</i></li> <li><i>Pyrrhopappus</i> alliance: including <i>Pyrrhopappus</i> and <i>Picrosia</i></li> <li><i>Lygodesmia</i> alliance: including <i>Shinnersoseris, Chaetadelpha</i> and<i> Lygodesmia</i></li> <li> <i>Glyptopleura </i>alliance: including <i>Glyptopleura</i></li> <li> <i>Microseris</i> alliance: including <i>Nothocalais, Agoseris, Uropappus</i> and <i>Microseris</i></li> <li><i>Stephanomeria</i> alliance: including <i>Munzothamnus, Rafinesquia, Pleiacanthus, Prenanthella </i>and <i>Stephanomeria</i></li> <li> <i>Malacothrix </i>alliance: including <i>Atrichoseris, Anisocoma, Calycoseris </i>and <i>Malacothrix.</i></li></ol></p> <p>Generic circumscription is in a few cases still disputable in the light of the molecular analysis by Lee & al. (2003). This also affects <i>Malacothrix</i> as one of the larger genera of the American clade, which has been shown to be polyphyletic.</p><br><h3>References</h3>\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics and classification. – Portland: Timber Press. <p>Jeffrey C. 1966: Notes in <i>Compositae</i> I. The <i>Cichorieae</i> in East Tropical Africa. – Kew Bull. 18: 427-486.</p> <p>Kilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – In: Funk V. A., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the <i>Compositae</i>. – Vienna: IAPT.</p> <p>Lack H. W. 2006: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. – Pp. 180-199 in: Kadereit J. W. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants 8. – Berlin: Springer.</p> <p>Lee J. & Baldwin B. G. 2004: Subtribes of principally North American genera of<i> Cichorieae (Compositae).</i> – Novon 14: 309-313.</p> <p>Lee J., Baldwin B. G. & Gottlieb L. D. 2003: Phylogenetic relationships among the primarily North American genera of <i>Cichorieae (Compositae)</i> based on analysis of 18S-26S nuclear rDNA ITS and ETS sequences. – Syst. Bot. 28: 616-626.</p> <p>Stebbins G. L. 1953: A new classification of the tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>, family <i>Compositae.</i> – Madroño 12: 65-81.</p>","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7627b8b7-d11f-4aec-8975-348997c224c1","Annuals, 10-200 cm, taprooted, or perennials, 10-100 cm, with deeply seated, woody caudices or stout or slender, creeping rhizomes. Stems (1-8) erect, simple or branched, usually glabrous, sometimes hairy (especially when young). Leaves basal (withered at flowering in annuals and some perennials) and/or cauline (much reduced, bractlike in annuals and some perennials); usually sessile; blades linear to oblong, oblanceolate, or spatulate, usually runcinate, margins usually pinnately lobed (spinulose-tipped in S. parryi), sometimes entire or toothed (S. lactucina, S. tenuifolia, and S. fluminea (faces glabrous, puberulent, or tomentose); distal bractlike (to 45 mm in S. fluminea). Heads borne singly or clustered (in paniculiform arrays in some subspecies of S. exigua). Peduncles not inflated distally, sometimes bracteate. Calyculi of 3-5, unequal bractlets (more numerous in some perennials; not distinguishable in S. cichoriacea), appressed or reflexed (some annuals). Involucres ± cylindric to turbinate, 2-3 (-5+) mm diam. Phyllaries usually 5-12 in 1 series, equal (20-25 in 2-3 series, unequal in S. cichoriacea, usually glabrous, rarely puberulent, densely stipitate-glandular in S. exigua subsp. deanei). Receptacles flat, usually smooth (pitted in S. cichoriacea), glabrous, epaleate. Florets (4-)5-16; corollas usually pink or lavendel; sometimes white (annuals often purple-tinged abaxially). Cypselae light tan to dark brown, columnar, sometimes slightly curved, 5-angled, apices truncate, faces equal, sometimes with ribs between faces, each face with central, narrow, longitudinal groove or furrow (not grooved in S. virgata), otherwise smooth or bumpy to tuberculate, usually glabrous (scaberulous in S. fluminea); pappi persistent (or only widened bases of bristles persistent after distal portions break off) or falling, of 5-40, distinct or basally connate in groups, white to tan, wholly or distally plumose bristles in 1 series. x = 8.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9b58a49d-3dce-45a5-9642-5356b73380d8","Annuals, 5-25 cm (± scapiform); taprooted. Stems 1-25+, erect or ascending, simple, glabrous or densely tomentose, sometimes glabrescent. Leaves basal or subbasal; petiolate (petioles winged); blades oblanceolate, margins pinnately lobed, denticulate (teeth callose-tipped). Heads borne singly. Peduncles not inflated distally, ebracteate. Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 4-20 mm diam. Phyllaries 15-25 in 4-5 series, (centers green to reddish purple) unequal, outer ovate to orbiculate, inner linear to oblong, flat, margins papery-transparent, apices rounded or obtuse to subacute. Receptacles flat to weakly convex, smooth, paleate (paleae slender, bristlelike). Florets ca. 40; corollas cream to bright yellow. Cypselae tan, cylindric, (bases tapered) beaks 0 (or ca. 0.5 mm), 10-15-nerved, finely appressed-puberulent; pappi readily falling, of 10, distinct, white, plumose bristles in 1 series (adaxial usually shorter than abaxial). x = 7.\r\rfrom: Keil, D. J.: 63. <i>Anisocoma</i> Torrey & A. Gray. – Pp. 309-310 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f4c0e400-0478-4e07-bb07-045923c5b242","Herb, annual, 5-25 cm high. Flowering stems 1-25, erect or ascending, glabrous, densely tomentose or sometimes glabrescent, unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 2.0-7.0 cm long, pinnatifid, denticulate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrescent or floccose to tomentose; lateral lobes triangular or oblong. Synflorescence with 1 head. Peduncle without bracts. Heads with c. 40 flowers, nodding in bud. Involucre at flowering cylindrical to campanulate, 15.0-35.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-20.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts green or reddish purple; outer involucral bracts ovate to elliptic, 2.0-6.0 mm long, rounded; inner involucral bracts linear or oblong, 15.0-35.0 mm long, obtuse, rounded or subacute, margin scarious. Receptacle flat to slightly convex, with scales. Corolla ligulate, yellowish white or yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 4.0-7.0 mm long, puberulous, reddish brown or orange-brown, with 10-15 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or attenuate; beak c. 0.5 mm long. Pappus white, 20.0-27.0 mm long, caducous, plumose.\r\rBased on: Keil, D. J.: 63. <i>Anisocoma</i> Torrey & A. Gray. – Pp. 309-310 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f397caac-84f6-41b5-8ec3-c37bbf8c18f3","Shrubs, 100-200 cm; probably taprooted. Stems straggly (± fleshy), branched, tomentose to glabrate. Leaves cauline (tufted at ends of branches); petiolate; blades obovate to oblong-obovate, margins irregularly sinuate or lobulate. Heads in .paniculiform arrays (at ends of branches). Peduncles not inflated, bracteolate (usually stipitate-glandular). Calyculi of 7-10, unequal, triangular to ovate bractlets (lengths to ½ phyllaries). Involucres cylindric, 3-5+ mm diam. Phyllaries 8-9 in ± 2 series, lanceolate to linear, margins narrowly scarious, apices obtuse to acute (often sparsely arachnose), faces glabrous or sparsely glandular-puberulent. Receptacles ± flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 9-12; corollas rosy to purplish. Cypselae gray-brown, cylindric, apices truncate (not beaked), faces 5, equal, each with 1-2, narrow, longitudinal lines or shallow grooves, otherwise smooth, glabrous; pappi falling, of 25-35 distinct, white, antrorsely barbellate bristles in 1 series. x = 8?\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 71. <i>Munzothamnus</i> P. H. Raven. Pp. 349-350 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1e1d8b7f-1f84-46ed-8564-8add74363465","Annuals, 5-85 cm (herbage glabrous); taprooted (roots deep, slender to thick). Stems usually 1, erect, simple proximally, branched distally, glabrous. Leaves cauline (opposite proximally); ± sessile; blades linear to filiform, margins entire. Heads borne singly. Peduncles not inflated distally, usually bracteate. Calyculi of 8, ovate to lanceolate bractlets. Involucres narrowly cylindric, 4-5 mm diam. Phyllaries 8 in 1-2 series, linear, margins scarious, apices acute (keeled). Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 8-11; corollas pale purple or lavendel; with white-tips. Cypselae pale green or tan, subcylindric to ± fusiform, apices abruptly constricted, not beaked, ribs 8-10, scabrous distally; pappi of 30-50, basally connate, white, ± equal, smooth or barbellulate bristles in ± 1 series. x = 6.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 78. <i>Shinnersoseris</i> Tomb. Pp. 368-369 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"49a12dc1-9ad3-4723-b8de-4a7de29c678c","Annuals, 20-180 cm (± scapiform); taprooted. Stems 1-3+, erect, branched distally, glabrous. Leaves mostly basal or subbasal (usually flat against soil), proximal cauline relatively few; sessile or petiolate (petioles winged); blades obovate, finely dentate (obtuse); distal cauline reduced to triangular scales. Heads in corymbiform arrays. Peduncles not inflated distally, sometimes bracteate. Calyculi of 4-6, triangular to lanceolate bractlets. Involucres cylindro-campanulate, 6-13+ mm diam. Phyllaries 10-15 in 1-2 series, lanceolate, ± equal, margins broadly hyaline, apices acuminate. Receptacles flat or slightly convex, smooth or minutely pitted, epaleate. Florets 30-60 (fragrant); corollas white, sometimes tipped with rose or purple (at least outer much longer than phyllaries). Cypselae whitish, subcylindric or weakly clavate, not beaked, bluntly 4-5-angled or -ribbed, ribs corky-thickened, faces glabrous or minutely puberulent; pappi 0. x = 9.\r\rfrom: Keil, D. J.: 62. <i>Atrichoseris</i> A. Gray. – Pp. 309 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a1b42569-adb3-40fe-8b87-3c6ea5888db5","Perennials, 3-40 cm; taprooted (taproots deep, woody) or rhizomatous. Stems 1-20+, erect or ascending, simple or branched proximally, ± scapiform, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate; basal blades linear to lanceolate, margins entire, toothed, or pinnately lobed (faces glabrous); cauline foliaceous or reduced to minute bracts distally. Heads borne singly. Peduncles not inflated distally, sometimes bracteate. Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 3-20 mm diam. Phylleries 18-22 in 3-5 series, ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins scarious, apices acute. Receptacles slightly convex, slightly pitted, glabrous, paleate (paleae scarious, acuminate). Florets (10-)20-40(-60); corollas pink, purple, lavender or nearly white. Cypselae golden or yellowish brown, cylindric or fusiform, tapered to slender beaks, ribs 5-6, rounded, obscure, scabrous or hispidulous; pappi persistent, of 15-60, distinct, tawny or yellowish brown, unequal, barbellulate bristles in 1 series.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 81. <i>Pinaropappus</i> Lessing. Pp. 374-376 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"78153696-e7a6-4d5b-bb31-0f555284e35d","Annuals or perennials, 2-70(-200) cm; taprooted (rhizomatous or taproots becoming caudices in M. saxatilis). Stems 1-15 (usually from basal rosettes), usually erect, sometimes ± prostrate, usually branched (scapifonn in M. californica), usually glabrous (sometimes piloso-hirsute, stipitate-glandulalr or tomentose to arachnose or puberulent, at least proximally or in leaf axils). Leaves usually basal and cauline; sessile; blades mostly oblong or lanceolate to obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate (often pinnately lobed), ultimate margins entire or ± dentate (faces usually glabrous, sometimes piloso-hirsute or tomentose to arachnose or puberulent). Heads usually in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays (borne singly in M. californica). Peduncles not inflated distally, usually bracteate. Calyculi 0 (outer phyllaries intergrading with inner) or of 3-30+, ± deltate or lanceolate to linear or subulate, subequal to unequal bractlets (in 1-2 series distinct from phyllaries, margins usually hyaline, faces usually glabrous, sometimes arachnose, rarely stipitate-glandular). Involucres usually broadly to narrowly campanulate, sometimes hemispheric, (5-22+ x) 2-22+ mm diam. Phyllaries either (without calyculi) 25-80+ in 4-6+ series and orbiculate to oblong, lance-oblong, lanceolate, or linear, unequal, or (with calyculi) 12-25+ in 2-3 series and oblong or lanceolate to linear, subequal; margins ± hyaline, 0.05-2.5 min, apices obtuse to acute or acuminate. Receptacles flat to ± convex, pitted or smooth, sometimes bristly, epaleate. Florets 15-270; corollas yellow or white (sometimes reddish or lavender abaxially; outer ligules exserted 1-15 mm). Cypselae (monomorphic) stramineous to brown or purplish brown, ± prismatic or cylindro-fusiform, not beaked, ribs 15 (often 5 more prominent than others, apices of ribs sometimes projecting and forming coronas subtending pappi), usually glabrous (sometimes minutely hirtellous or muriculate); pappi 0, or (single or double) persistent, whitish, crenate crowns or rings of (1-)8-25+ teeth (mostly 0.05-0.1 mm) plus 0-6, coarse, smooth bristles (setiform scales), all in ± 1 series, subtending (i.e., exterior to) the readily falling, inner (or single and only) pappi of 15-35, basally coherent, white, fine, smooth to barbellulate or (proximally) ± plumose bristles in 1 series (falling all together or in groups). x = 7, 9.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a9e90de5-d661-4497-807e-6aaccc2cdd37","Annuals or perennials, 5-120 cm; taprooted or with caudices (in perennial species; M. borealis rhizomatous). Stems 1-30+, erect, simple or relatively few- to many-branched (naked or leafy proximally and often distally), glabrous or scurfy-pubescent (especially proximal to heads). Leaves mostly basal, cauline 0 or reduced; petiolate (petioles broad to narrow); blades linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate, margins entire, lacerate, dentate, or pinnately lobed (often with narrow rachises and linear lobes; apices acuminate or acute to obtuse, faces glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent). Heads borne singly (nodding or inclined in bud, erect in flower and fruit). Peduncles (erector curved-ascending) not distally inflated, ebracteate (annuals) or leafy (perennials except M. borealis). Calyculi 0 (outer phyllaries forming calyculiform series in annuals). Involucres fusiform, ovoid, globose, or campanulate, 3-30 mm diam. Phyllaries 5-40 in 3-5 series, unequal (outer usually shorter, ± deltate, inner ± lanceolate), herbaceous (midveins often thickened; abaxial faces glabrous or scurfy-puberulent, sometimes black-villous, often adaxially black-villous and minutely white-strigillose). Receptacles flat to low-convex, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 5-300; corollas yellow to orange or white, outer often purplish abaxially. Cypselae gray to brown or purplish, sometimes purplish-spotted, columnar, obconic, or fusiform (basal callosities knoblike), apices truncate, ribs 10-15, smooth or scabrous (white-villous on marginal cypselae in some species); pappi persistent, usually of 5-30, silvery to yellowish, brownish, or blackish aristate scales (often reduced to 0-4 in M. douglasii, of 24-48 bristles in M. borealis), scale bodies deltate, lanceolate, oblong, ovate, orbiculate, or linear, apices obtuse to acute or lacerate, faces glabrous or villous, aristae barbellulate to barbellate or plumose. x = 9.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. – Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"df9941b9-0b87-4190-b6a4-66b8405b3eb4","Perennials, 10-50 cm; root crowns woody, branched. Stems 1-4[-8], branches divaricate, rigid, spine-tipped, with conspicuous tufts of light brown, wool in axils of bud scales at and just below ground level, otherwise glabrous (bud scales lanceolate, 8-30 x 5-8 mm, entire). Leaves cauline; sessile; proximal blades linear, margins entire; distal bractlike. Heads (± subsessile, erect), borne singly or in paniculiform arrays. Peduncles not inflated, not bracteate. Calyculi of 4-6 bractlets (unequal, lengths to ½ phyllaries). Involucres cylindric, 2-3+ mm diam. Phyllaries 3-5 in ± 1 series, linear-lanceolate. Receptacles flat or convex, smooth, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 3-5; corollas pink or lavender. Cypselae tan, columnar, apices truncate (beaks 0), with 5 equal faces, separated by weakly rounded ribs, each face with central, narrow, shallow, longitudinal groove; glabrous; pappi persistent, of 50-60, distinct, light tan, barbellate bristles (of 2 lengths). x = 8.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 74. <i>Pleiacanthus</i> (Nuttall) Rydberg. P. 361 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"470e733a-2171-495e-bf87-857bd2a869c7","Annuals, 5-30 cm; taprooted. Stems 1-3, erect or ascending, branched from bases; distal stems, branches, and involucres conspicuously dotted with short, stipitate, flat-topped glands that resemble tacks. Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; sessile; basal blades pinnately lobed (lobes narrow, lineal; often delicate, spreading, margins entire, smooth); distal reduced to linear, entire bracts. Heads borne singly or in open, cymiform arrays. Peduncles (1-3 cm) not inflated, not bracteate. Calyculi of 8-16, reflexed, unequal bractlets (lengths to 1/2 phyllaries). Involucres campanulate, 5-12+ mm diam. Phyllaries 12-20 in 1 series, linear-lanceolate, equal, margins scarious, apices acute. Receptacles flat, smooth, bristly, epaleate (each floret subtended by 1 fine, capillary bristle). Florets ca. 25; corollas white or yellow (showy). Cypselae tan to brown, fusiform, beaked, ribs 5, separated by longitudinal grooves, faces glabrous or scabridulous; pappi (borne on denticulate cups at beak tips) falling (together), of 50-60+, white, basally connate, smooth bristles 5-8(-9) mm in 1 series. x =7.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. 2006: 61. <i>Calycoseris</i> A. Gray. – Pp. 307-308 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"97d33020-204c-499c-a9a0-e3bc02663757","Perennials, 5-80 cm; rhizomatous or taprooted (roots vertical, rhizomes spreading). Stems 1-5+, (green to gray-green, rushlike, ± striate), simple to or much branched proximally and/or distally, usually glabrous, rarely tomentulose. Leaves basal (sometimes in rosettes) and cauline; sessile; blades linear to subulate, sometimes reduced to scales, margins entire or sparingly pinnately laciniately lobed (faces usually glabrous, rarely tomentulose). Heads borne singly or in loose, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles not inflated distally, bracteate. Calyculi of 8-16, ovate to subulate or scalelike bracteoles in 1-2 series, unequal, margins scarious to erose-ciliate, faces glabrous or tomentulose, sometimes roughened. Involucres cylindric, 5-8 mm diam. (apices truncate, narrow or spreading). Phyllaries 5-12 in ± 1 series, grayish green, ± linear, equal, margins scarious, faces glabrous or puberulent, sometimes roughened. Receptacles flat, sometimes pitted, sometimes scabrous, epaleate. Florets 5-12; corollas usually pink to lavender or purple, rarely white. Cypselae pale green to tan, subcylindric, straight or arcuate, subterete or longitudinally angled or sulcate, apices sometimes narrowed, not beaked, faces smooth or rugose-roughened, glabrous; pappi persistent, of 60-80, tawny or white, ± connate, smooth bristles in 1-2+ series. x = 9.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 79. <i>Lygodesmia</i> D. Don. Pp. 369-373 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c9df06f8-0a01-4d14-99a7-4ac9addcfb61","Annuals, 15-150 cm; taprooted. Stems 1-3, erect, simple or distally branched (hollow), glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline; basal petiolate or sessile; blades oblong to oblanceolate, pinnately lobed (lobes broad or narrow); cauline sessile, sometimes auriculate clasping, distal smaller, becoming entire and bractlike. Heads (erect) borne singly (at ends of branches) or in open, paniculiform arrays. Involucres cylindro-conic, (4-)6-15+ mm diam. Calyculi of 8-14, spreading to reflexed, unequal bractlets (lengths to ½ phyllaries). Phyllaries 7-20 in 1 series, linear-lanceolate, ± equal, margins scarious, apices acuminate. Receptacles flat, smooth, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 15-30; corollas white, sometimes with rose or purplish veins abaxially (outer surpassing phyllaries). Cypselae tan to mottled grayish brown, fusiform, 9-18(-20) mm, bodies tapering to beaks, ribs or ridges 5, outer usually with antrorse hairs or papillate or scaly indument, inner mostly smooth to cross-rugulose, glabious; pappi (borne on small discs) ± persistent, of 5-21, white or sordid, ± plumose (at least proximally, barbs sometimes entangled) bristles in 1 series. x = 8.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 70. <i>Rafinesquia</i> Nuttall. Pp. 348-349 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3ddb072a-129d-49bb-b7ae-1056f8f6d0a4","Annuals, 1-6 cm (low-growing, densely cespitose, herbage glabrous); taprooted. Stems 1-25+, ±. prostrate, simple or branched, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline, crowded; petiolate or sessile; basal blades ± oblanceolate, margins dentate or pinnately lobed and crustose-denticulate; cauline progressively reduced to oblanceolate; crustose-denticulate bracts. Heads (1-3) borne singly or 2-3 in bract axils. Peduncles not distally inflated, often bracteate. Calyculi of 5-8, linear to oblanceolate bractlets in ± 1 series, apices expanded, crustose-denticulate). Involucres cylindric to urceolate, 3-8+ mm diam. Phyllaries 5-8+ in 1-2 series, commonly purplish-tinged, linear, equal, margins scarious, apices acute. Receptacles ± flat, smooth, glabrous, epaleateo Florets 7-18; corollas white to pale yellow, becoming pink-purple (especially when dry). Cypselae straw-colored or light brown, subcylindric or slightly flattened, often curved, abruptly beaked, obtusely 4-5-angled, ribs transversely roughened, alternating with 5 rows of pits, glabrous or minutely puberulent; pappi falling (outer, individually) or ± persistent (inner, connate at bases in easily fractured rings), of 50-80+, white, barbellulate to smooth bristles in 3-4+ series. x = 9.\r\rfrom: Keil, D. J. von 2006: 75. <i>Glyptopleura</i> D. C. Eaton. Pp. 361-362 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b84c5912-eb76-44f6-84bf-c747020ff30a","Annuals, 5-30 cm; taprooted. Stems 1-5+, erect (leafy proximally, often flexuous distally), branched near base bases or distally, glandular-puberulent to glabrescent. Leaves basal or proximally cauline; sessile or petiolate; blades spatulate to oblanceolate, often runcinate, margins irregularly dentate to lobed, teeth often spinulose (faces glabrous). Heads (10-150+, on flexuous, bracteate, intricately-branched axes) in paniculiform arrays. Peduncles not inflated, minutely bracteate. Calyculi of 2-3, minute, deltate, unequal bractlets. Involucres ovoid, cylindric at flowering, 2-3 mm diam. Phyllaries 3-5 in 1 series, linear-lanceolate, equal, herbaceous, margins hyaline, apices acute. Receptacles flat, smooth (with scars), glabrous, epaleate. Florets 3-4; corollas pink or white (slightly surpassing phyllaries at flowering). Cypselae pale brown, columnar, tapering slightly proximally, not beaked, 5-ribbed and grooved, minutely rugulose, glabrous; pappi tardily falling, of 80+, basally connate, white, unequal, stiff, smooth bristles. x = 7.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 73. <i>Prenanthella</i> Rydberg. Pp. 359-360 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"15e1445e-fcfd-4687-b4c1-4b492e413056","Annuals (A. heterophylla) or perennials, (2-)5-60(-96) cm (usually acaulescent); taprooted or with caudices. Stems usually 0, sometimes 1-5+, erect to decumbent, simple. Leaves usually basal (in rosettes), sometimes cauline; petiolate (petioles often purplish, erect to prostrate, ± sheathing); blades linear-lanceolate to spatulate, margins entire or toothed to pinnatifid (sometimes variable on same plant, lobes 2-11 pairs, opposite, subopposite, or irregular, filiform to spatulate, often each with 1, acroscopic, basal lobule, lobules ± triangular; inconspicuous to equaling lobes, faces glabrous and glaucous or pubescent to tomentose). Heads borne singly (erect at end of peduncles). Peduncles not inflated distally, usually ebracteate. Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric to hemispheric, 2-20(-60) mm diam. (bases often broadening in fruit). Phyllaries 10-50 in 2-5(-7) series, green or medially rosy purple, and often with purple-black midstripes, apices, or spots, rarely nearly all black, narrowly lanceolate to broadly ovate or obovate, unequal to subequal, ± herbaceous, margins usually entire (rarely dentate), sometimes scarious, glabrous or ciliate to lanate, apices obtuse to acuminate, faces glabrous or pubescent to tomentose, often stipitate-glandular, (outer appressed to squarrose, often adaxially hairy (at least on apices), not elongating after flowering; inner erect, adaxially glabrous, often puberulent apically, sometimes elongating in fruit). Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, rarely paleate (paleae linear-lanceolate, 15-20 mm, ± acuminate, similar to inner phyllaries, ± accrescent). Florets 5-500 (± matutinal); corollas yellow (outermost often with purplish abaxial stripe (often drying whitish, purple stripe still evident), or orange, pink, red, or purple (usually drying purple). Cypselae monomorphic or dimorphic (outermost differing in color, texture, vestiture, and/or shape from inner), white or tan to dark purple, columnar to fusiform, narrowly conic, or obconic (2-10 mm), ribs usually 10, faces glabrous or pubescent to hirsute, beaked (beak lengths 0.1-4 times bodies); pappi persistent, of 50-125, distinct, white, subequal, ± barbellate (sometimes flattened) bristles in 1-6 series. x = 9.\r\rfrom: Baird, G. I. 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. – Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"64253c73-7f92-4a99-8ece-529a190fc12e","Perennials, 15-40 cm; rhizomes stout, branching. Stems 2-4, ascending to suberect, freely branched, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline (basal withered at flowering); sessile; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, margins entire; distal reduced to scales. Heads borne singly (terminal at ends of stems and branches). Peduncles not inflated, not bracteate. Calyculi of 4-5, minute bractlets. Involucres cylindric, 3-4 mm diam. Phyllaries 5 in 1 series, lineal; equal, margins hyaline, apices acute. Receptacles flat, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 5; corollas pale lavender to white. Cypselae light tan, columnar, 5 ridge-angled, faces smooth, without grooves or striations, glabrous; pappi persistent (borne on minute, raised pedestals 0.1 mm), of 5, barbellate awns plus 35-50+, barbellulate bristles in 1-2 series, all ± connate basally (bristles ± in groups alternating with the awns). x = 9.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 77. <i>Chaetadelpha</i> A. Gray ex. S. Watson. P. 368 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6a3ef408-4dd0-4b42-a261-3da0e98097eb","Perennials, 3-45 cm; taprooted, with caudices often multicipital (taproots thick, fleshy, with blackish periderm, lateral rootlets often borne in clusters on knoblike projections). Stems 15+, erect, scapiform, naked (rarely with 1-3 bracteate nodes near base in N. troximoides and N. nigrescens), glabrous or white-villous, especially near heads. Leaves basal; petiolate (bases attenuate or not); blades linear to oblanceolate, margins usually entire (often pinnately lobed in N. alpestris), sometimes undulate; (usually white-ciliolate in N. cuspidata and N. troximoides; faces glabrous or lightly villous). Heads borne singly (erect, liguliferous). Peduncles not inflated distally, not bracteate. Calyculi 0. Involucres broadly to narrowly ovoid, campanulate at flowering, 5-20 mm diam. Phyllaries 8-50 in 2-5 series, (often longitudinally striped or finely dotted with red or purple) lanceolate to ovate, equal or unequal (outer shorter), herbaceous (thin), midnerves inconspicuous, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or white-villous. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 13-100; corollas yellow, often reddish abaxially (much surpassing phyllaries in flowering, tubes hairy). Cypselae brown or gray, narrowly columnar to fusiform, usually narrowed distally, not beaked, ribs ca. 10, glabrous or distally scabrous; pappi fragile, of 10-80, distinct, lustrous, white, ± equal, smooth to barbellulate bristles or aristate scales. x = 9.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. 2006: 67. <i>Nothocalaïs</i> (A. Grey) Greene. – Pp. 335-337 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f62a1697-6e2f-4136-9667-2efe363ff194","Annuals or perennials, 5-100+ cm; taprooted or rhizomatous (roots producing tuberiform swellings in P. grandiflorus). Stems usually 1, sometimes 2-5+, erect, unbranched or branched proximally and/or distally, glabrous or pilosulous. Leaves basal or basal and cauline; basal ± petiolate, distal usually sessile; blades oblong, elliptic, or ovate to lanceolate or linear, margins entire or dentate to pinnately lobed (faces usually glabrous, sometimes pilosulous near margins). Heads borne singly or in loose, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles not inflated distally, sometimes bracteate. Calyculi of 3-13+, deltate to subulate or filiform bractlets. Involucres cylindric, 4-5[-8+] mm diam. Phyllaries 8-21+ in ± 2 series (reflexed in fruit), linear, equal, margins often scarious, apices acute (often thickened or bearing keel-like flaps near tips). Receptacles ± convex, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets (20-)30-150+; corollas yellow to whitish. Cypselae, reddish brown to stramineous, bodies ± fusiform, beaks (± concolorous with bodies) ± filiform, fragile, grooves (or broad ribs) 5, faces transversely rugulose, glabrous; pappi (borne on discs at tips of beaks) persistent, double: outer coroniform (of whitish, relatively short, spreading, sometimes curly hairs), inner of 80-120+, rufous to stramineous, subequal, barbellulate bristles in 2-3+ series. x = 6.\r\rfrom: Strother, J. L. von 2006: 82. <i>Pyrrhopappus</i> de Candolle. Pp. 376-378 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f5a54992-e75a-47cf-aa9d-fd79807ca55f","Plants annual or perennial herbs, taprooted or fibrous-rooted (producing tubers in <i>K. dandelion</i>). Latex white. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes loosely ascending from a spreading base, finely ridged, glabrous or hairy. Leaves all basal or basal and alternate, glabrous or hairy, sessile or short- to long-petiolate. Leaf blades entire or pinnately lobed, linear to lanceolate, ovate, or oblong-ovate in outline, the margins entire or with widely spaced, broadly triangular, spreading teeth, with 1 main vein visible and sometimes also a faint network of anastomosing secondary veins. Inflorescences of solitary flowers at the stem or branch tips or open terminal clusters, rarely appearing as small panicles in <i>K. biflora</i>. Involucre not or only slightly becoming elongated as the fruits mature, cup-shaped or somewhat bell-shaped, the bracts in 1 or 2 series, all similar in size and shape (no shorter, outer bracts present), narrowly lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often purplish-tinged, the margins sometimes thin and pale, the tip ascending at flowering. Receptacle naked, usually minutely pitted at the base of each floret. Ligulate florets 6-60 per head. Corollas yellow to orange. Pappus of 5 to numerous bristles and/or 5 or (8-)10 scales or absent. Fruits variously shaped, not flattened, sometimes 5-angled in cross-section, often somewhat oblique at the base, with 10-20 fine, longitudinal nerves or ridges, usually also finely cross-wrinkled, glabrous, reddish brown to dark brown, not beaked, the pappus attached to a sometimes slightly expanded tip.\r\rfrom: Yatskievych, G. 2006: 38 <i>Krigia</i> Schreb. (dwarf dandelion). – Pp. 358-363 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"409bd524-9713-4946-9961-02932b943804","Annuals, 5-70 cm (sometimes acaulescent, glabrous or lightly farinose, usually white-villous proximally); taprooted. Stems 1-5+, erect, sometimes well branched proximally (internodes 0.3-6 cm, or plants acaulescent). Leaves all or mostly basal; obscurely petiolate; blades (often reddish or purplish), linear or narrowly lanceolate, (bases ± clasping) margins entire or remotely, pinnately lobed or dentate (white-villous-ciliate proximally, apices acuminate, faces glabrous or crisped white-villous throughout). Heads borne singly (erect). Peduncles (erect from bud to mature fruit) inflated distally, ebracteate. Calyculi 0. Involucres fusiform to ovoid, 3-15 mm diam. Phyllaries 5-26 in 3-4 series, lanceolate, unequal (outer shorter, inner equal), margins scarious, apices long-tapering, acute, faces glabrous. Receptacles flat or convex, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 5-150; corollas pale yellow, usually reddish abaxially. Cypselae usually black or dark brown, rarely gray (outer sometimes paler), ± columnar to fusiform, often narrowed distally to relatively short beaks, ribs 10, minutely scabrous, hispidulous; pappi falling, of 5, distinct, white, lustrous, lanceolate, aristate scales (apices notched, aristae smooth). x = 9.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. 2006: 65. <i>Uropappus</i> Nuttall. – Pp. 322-323 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"94aa11f9-92ae-4d4b-9766-07a479e07177","Perennial. Plants more or less pubescent, greenish. Root cylindrical, up to 2.5 cm thick; root collar covered with light brown, entire or fibrous remnants of sheaths. Stems solitary, erect, 20-50 cm high, branched, branches 8-20 cm long, erect, flexuous. Leaves long, linear or linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed toward tip, acuminate-subulate, flat or folded, 2-7 mm wide, with prominent keel beneath; basal leaves with broadened base; cauline leaves semiamplexicaul. Stem leafy throughout, particularly more densely in lower half. Capitula (2)3-10(20), on upright peduncles, cylindrical, 2.5-3(3.5) cm long and 5-7 mm wide (at flowering). Involucre arachnoid-pubescent; outer involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, usually with distinct, somewhat carinate midrib; acuminate; inner bracts oblong, acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow, longer than involucre. Achenes 10-12 mm long, glabrous, with ring of hairs at tip at articulation of pappus; outer achenes tuberculate along ribs, more or less acerate; pappus dirty, white, its bristles plumose, longer of them barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e7812a86-7795-4f0e-b7ec-3e6ef1aa24f8","The basic chromosome number in <i>Lapsanastrum</i> is <i>x</i> = 8, but 2<i>n</i> = 44 have consistently been counted in <i>L. apogonoides</i>.\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rWatanabe K. 2008: Index to chromosome numbers in <i>Asteraceae</i>. &ndash; Kobe University Library Digital Archive, <a href=""http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/infolib/meta_pub/G0000003asteraceae_e""target=""_blank""><span style=""color: #336699;"">http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/infolib/meta_pub/G0000003asteraceae_e</span></a>.","Chromosome numbers",,"eng",,,,,
"e7812a86-7795-4f0e-b7ec-3e6ef1aa24f8","A cladistic analysis of morphological, fruit anatomical and chromosomal characters by Pak & Bremer (1995) revealed that the E Asian species of <i>Lapsana</i> share little more than the pappusless achenes with the remainder of this genus and are probably related rather to <i>Youngia</i>. Therefore Pak & Bremer (1995) transferred the four E Asian species to a new genus <i>Lapsanastrum</i>. \r\rAs has been noted by Pak & Bremer (1995), even habitually the species of <i>Lapsanastrum</i> are quite distinct, having a basal leaf rosette and weak or very reduced, almost leafless stems, while <i>Lapsana </i> s.str. has no basal leaf rosette and a well developed leafy stem. Moreover, the phyllaries in fruit are stellately spreading in <i>Lapsanastrum</i> but erect, indurate and keeled in <i>Lapsana </i> s.str. The achenes of <i>Lapsanastrum</i> have 5 main ribs, which are accompanied by 1(or 2) secondary ribs, whereas in <i>Lapsana</i> s.str. the achenes have c. 20 &#177;equal ribs. A peculiarity of the achenes in <i>Lapsanastrum</i> is that 0 or (1 or)2-4 of the main ribs are apically prolonged into 0.2-2.2 mm slender hooked appendages, most pronouncedly so in <i>L. uncinatum</i> (Stebbins 1938: 155, t. 27). \r\rThe close relationship to <i>Youngia</i> and distance to <i>Lapsana</i> assumed by Pak & Bremer (1995) have been fully confirmed by a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of subtribe Crepidinae (J. W. Zhang & al. in prep.).\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rPak J.-H. & Bremer K. 1995: Phylogeny and reclassification of the genus <i>Lapsana (Asteraceae: Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Taxon 44: 13-21.\r\rStebbins G. L. 1938: An anomalous new species of <i>Lapsana</i> from China. &ndash; Madro&#241;o 4: 154-157.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d42f0727-18f2-4e82-8cb3-03aa94548d1c","Stems slender, weak, flattened. Leaves: basal blades 40-100 x 10-25 mm, dentate, apices obtuse. Phyllaries broadly lanceolate, thin, scarcely keeled, 4-5 mm, stellately spreading in fruit. Corollas 6-10 mm. Cypselae straight, 4-5 mm. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 40. <i>Lapsanastrum</i> J. H. Pak & K. Bremer. – Pp. 254-255 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fa86a34e-7565-4ad1-8e43-96ed6c4f35c8","Biennial herbs from tap roots; scapiform stems decumbent or ascending, 10-50 cm tall, few-leaved, branched in upper portion. Leaves chiefly radical, few cauline; radical leaves tufted, petiolate, oblanceolate~ oblong, 3,5-26 cm long, 1,2-4 cm wide, obtuse, lyratepinnately parted, terminal segment largest, apex rounded; cauline leaves 1-3, scattered, lower leaves oblanceolate-oblong. 1,5-20 cm long, lyrate-pinnately parted, petiolate, upper leaves oblanceolate-oblong or obovate, obtuse or acute, lyrate-pinnately parted or mucronate-toothed, short petiolate. Beads several in loose corymbs; peduncle 6-37 mm long, nodding in fruit; involucre ovoid to ovoid-globose, 3,5-4 mm high; phyllaries in 2 series, outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 1 mm long, inner phyllaries 8, broadly lanceolate. Flowers May to July, 18-20 per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 3,3 mm long, 0,8 mm wide, tube 0,8 mm long, glabrous. Achenes oblong, ca. 2,5 mm long, red brown, slightly flattened, ribbed on both sides, minutely pilose hairy on ribs. Chromosome number: 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo. (as <i>Lapsana humilis</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b33fd596-448b-4e39-b865-52a82e37adff","Biennial or perennial. Plants with more or less distinct, underground, narrow-fusiform, tuberous thickenings. Stem 60-120(250) cm high, shallow-sulcate, green or reddish below, branched from middle or, often, from upper third (and above). Leaves thin, green above, glaucous beneath, unevenly spinose-toothed along margin, sometimes with few, narrow, pale, squamiform hairs (under a lens!) also on surface and between teeth; lower leaves (usually early-withering and therefore frequently absent) on long, narrow-winged, slightly expanded at base, almost semi-amplexicaul petioles, terminating in almost half as long, triangular, triangular-ovate, or triangular-hastate lamina, acute, emarginate-reniform at base; .petioles of middle cauline leaves gradually reduced, but increasingly broad-winged, with broad, hastate or auriculate, semiamplexicaul base and usually triangular or rhombic lamina; upper cauline leaves reduced, sessile, elliptical to oblong and lanceolate. Capitula, with 10-15 florets, cylindrical or cylindrical-campanulate, about 10 mm long with fruits, in rather lax and narrow-paniculate or racemose-paniculate inflorescence; peduncles slender, conical, usually much longer than capitula, slightly swollen abovebelow capitulum. Involucre two- or three-rowe.d; involucral bracts with  fine appressed pubescence on dorsal surface (under a hand lens!); inner bracts longer, slightly narrowed in middle, subobtuse, narrowly membranous along margin. Corolla yellow. Achenes about 4 1 mm long and 2 mm wide, ellipsoid or broadly oval, flat or almost flat, sometimes concave, dark brick-red to dark violet and almost black, with one strongly raised longitudinal rib each side, or often two on one side; achenes (under a hand lens!) appear rugose or divided into individual cells from transverse sinuate rows of very short, upward-directed hairs (more distinct on lateral, sides of achene), apically shallow-emarginate, bearing short (0.2-0.3 mm long) and relatively broad collar from center terminating into still broaderlight-colored annulus bearing about four- or five-angled disk with pappus  of very thin, fragile, 6-7 mm-long hairs.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bae3075a-be6a-41a0-a322-fd75a8dff536","Plants subscapigerous, sterns lacking or with much reduced leaves.\r\rfrom: Chamberlain, D. F. 1975: 102. <i>Scorzonera</i> – Pp. 632-657 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fb94cf28-3b13-4b16-aa51-065c46c833c0","Biennial (or perennial?). Plants, with more or less distinct, underground, narrow-fusiform thickenings. Stem 65-120(200) cm high, weakly sulcate, often reddish, usually rather densely covered with narrow squamiform hairs, branched above and glabrous here. Leaves highly variable, green above, glaucous beneath, unevenly erose, spinose-toothed,  and usually with narrow reddish frill, and short squamiform hairs (under a hand lens!) on both sides and along margin (more distinct along veins beneath); lower leaves (early-withering) mostly on long, narrow-winged petioles, with lyrate-pinnatisect, (or pinnatipartite) lamina, with triangular-hastate or triangular-ovate apical segment, and one to three pairs of lateral segments usually retrorse; middle and upper cauline leaves on broad-winged petioles, sometimes with a pair of lateral lobes, often without, with ovate, ovate-triangular or oblong-rhombic lamina; uppermost leaves strongly reduced, sessile, mostly oblong or lanceolate. Capitula with 9-10 (according to literature records, up to 14-15) florets, almost cylindrical, slightly swollen in lower part and somewhat broadened in upper, about 10 mm long with fruits, usually in narrow-paniculate inflorescence; peduncles slender, unequal, but often as long as capitula or longer, with few reduced leaves resembling involucral bracts. Involucre mostly two-rowed; involucral bracts herbaceous; inner bracts longer, narrow-ovate, often reddish, more or less distinctly narrowed, below middle, convex, subobtuse. Corolla (according to literature records) pale yellow or straw-yellow. Achenes 3-4 mm long, 1.5 2 mm wide, ellipsoid, flat, often curved, dark violet to almost black, with few strongly raised ribs on each side and light-colored short hairs in transverse sinuate-rows, more distinct in upper part of achene (under a lens!), toward base slightly narrowed, with very short (sometimes not distinct) 0.1-0.3 mm long collar at apex, terminating in light colored, roundish, four- or five-angled disk with pappus; pappus of thin, about 6 mm-long, fragile hairs, falling singly.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2a7d8a67-a890-440e-bb2f-39348b470cb8","Perennial. Very similar to S. filifolia Boiss. Stem scapelike, up to 25 cm high, sparsely leafy (cauline leaves one to three); leaves linear-lanceolate, very narrow (up to 1 mm wide). Capitula turbinate, 1.2-1.5 cm long, pubescent; pappus usually reddish-brown.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1ba56679-160a-4a38-a446-0902ac48576d","Perennial 10-45 cm, subglabrous to more or less sparsely villous; rootstock vertical, cylindrical, not fibrous at apex. Stems solitary or few, slender, rigid, simple or sparingly branched at about the middle, ascending, more or less densely leafy in lower half, usually leafless above. Leaves 5-20 x 0.1-0.4 cm, linear, long-attenuate at apex, rigid, with prominent veins. Involucre 13-20 mm, up to 30 mm in fruit, glabrous or very sparsely villous at base. Ligules 1¼-1½ times as long as involucre, yellow. Achenes 6-8 mm, oblong-cylindrical, with hairs 3-5 mm. Pappus-hairs 2½-3 times as long as achene, plumose throughout, pale reddish-brown. 2n = 12, 14.\r\rfrom: Chater, A. O. 1976: 161. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. – Pp. 317-322 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge. (as <i>Scorzonera hirsuta</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b9f4f150-d127-45ab-9087-2b515897136c","Perennial. Root vertical. Stem (25)35-70(90) cm high, solitary or several, erect, distinctly sulcate, glabrous, or less often somewhat floccose, glabrescent, more or less branched or very rarely simple. Basal leaves linear, (2)4-10 mm wide, narrowed into long, sulcate petioles, base broadended into membranous sheaths loosely covering root collar; leaves hard, flat or folded, scabrous along margin, with three-five(seven) veins; venation parallel, with somewhat prominent veins, midrib usually white, often carinate, broadened toward petiole; cauline leaves narrow-linear, sessile, slightly amplexicaul, arcuately divergent, reduced above. Capitula on peduncles, more or less numerous, less often solitary, forming indistinct corymbose head; peduncles with reduced leaves; capitula globular in bud. Involucre arachnoid-pubescent, many-rowed, glabrescent, bracts rigid, 20-32, slightly membranous along margin; outermost bracts small, deltoid, those in second row ovate-deltoid, inner ones lanceolate, obtuse, with or without prominent carinate midrib. Ligulate florets yellow, strongly exserted from involucre. Achenes up to 15 mm long, glabrous, smooth, ribbed; pappus dirty white, its bristles plumose, 5-10 of them longer, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ebf1b17c-81d7-4311-9518-9f2921721e6f","Perennials, 10-45 cm; caudices and taproots fleshy, with blackish periderms. Stems 1(-5), erect, simple, scapiform, glabrous. Leaves basal (in rosettes); petiolate; blades linear to oblanceolate (± fleshy), margins entire (apices obtuse to acuminate). Heads borne singly (erect). Calyculi 0. Involucres ± campanulate, (3-)5-10 mm diam. Phyllaries 8-25 in 2-4 series, basally ± connate, ± lanceolate, equal or some outer shorter, herbaceous, apices acute. Receptacles convex, smooth, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 13-35; corollas yellow. Cypselae brown with darker spots, columnar, truncate, not beaked, 4-nerved, smooth, glabrous; pappi 0, or coroniform (less than 0.5 mm). x = 9.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 80. <i>Phalacroseris</i> A. Gray. Pp. 374-375 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8a6d75ea-e4dc-4a20-862b-d8ddd9ce1153","Rootstocks rhizomatous. Stems 25-50 (-75) cm tall, glabrous, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate, coarsely sinuate-dentate or runcinate-pinnatifid, 10-20 (-30) cm long, 1-2 cm broad, acuminate at the apex, attenuate into a petiole 3-20 cm long at the base, glabrous or puberulent on both surfaces, margin narrowly revolute; cauline leaves smaller and narrower, becoming linear. Capitula 3 or more in racemose corymbs, branches brownish pubescent-bearing up to 10 capitula; involucres cylindrical or suburceolate, 3-4 mm diam. at base; outer phyllaries 5, ovate, 1-2 mm long, inner ones 8, lanceolate, 7-8 mm long, scarious-margined, glabrous, midribs prominent. Flowers 11-14 per capitulum; corollas 9-10 mm long, pubescent on the tubular portion. Achenes fusiform, subcompressed, 3 mm long, 5-ribbed, each rib having 3 minor ribs. Pappus greyish, c. 4.5 mm long, 2-seriate.\r\rfrom: Grierson, A. J. C. 1980: 56.<i>Youngia</i>. – Pp. 268-270 in: Dassayanake, M. D., Fosberg, F. R. Flora of Ceylon I – Washington, D.C.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6392f4d2-ebbf-4c3f-a08f-53dab0953944","Plants 8-75 cm; taproots short, thick and tuberous or long and slender, fascicled. Stems erect, greenish and mottled purplish, ± glabrous or proximally glabrate, distally glabrous. Leaves: proximal present at flowering; petiolate (petioles narrowly winged, sometimes lobed, 5-15 cm); blades ovate or deltate, 3-10 x 1.5-6 cm, thin, bases hastate to truncate or rounded, sometimes shallowly, palmately lobed, ultimate margins irregularly dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced. Heads in narrow, elongate paniculiform or racemiform arrays. Calyculi 5-7, green, subulate to narrowly lanceolate bractlets 3-8 mm (longest 2/3 lengths of phyllaries), glabrous. Involucres narrowly campanulate (rounded), 7-13 x 5-8 mm. Phyllaries 7-12, green to tan, apices dark, linear-lancolate, 8-12 mm, margins narrowly scarious, (apices sparsely ciliate), faces glabrous. Florets 10-19; corollas white, 9-15 mm. Cypselae brown, fusiform to oblanceoloid, subterete or angled, 5 mm, indistinctly 7-10-ribbed; pappi pale yellow, 5-6 mm. 2n = 16.\r\rPrenanthes sagittata is similar to P. alata; it differs in its somewhat smaller stature, heads in narrower and more elongate arrays, and longer calyculi.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes sagittata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ef04cef7-91b9-44d2-8be0-04fd0e122442","Relatively tall plants (12-50 cm); stem mostly branched and leafy. Involucre 18-30 mm at anthesis. Achenes up to 20 mm.\r\rfrom: Lack, H. W. & Kilian, N. 1991: 29. <i>Scorzonera</i> L. -  Pp. 531-537. - in: Strid, A. & Tan, K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece  2. – Edinburgh.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7d5d8c28-67b3-4592-b4d2-461918926c57","The treatment of the former <i>Crepis</i> sect. <i>Ixeridopsis</i> (Babcock 1947) as a separate genus <i>Askellia</i> (Weber 1984) has been corroborated by Pak & Bremer (1995) based on a morphological analysis, more recently by Sennikov & Illarionova (2008) based, in particular, on carpological investigations, and by Enke & Gemeinholzer (2008) based on molecular phylogenetic analyses. \r\rWhile Sennikov & Illarionova (2008) placed <i>Askellia</i> in a new subtribe <i>Ixeridinae</i> together with <i>Crepidiastrum, Ixeris, Ixeridium, Youngia</i> and its three segregates there newly recognised, Enke & Gemeinholzer (2008) found <i>Askellia</i> near to <i>Crepis</i> s.l. in their ITS tree, but in a monophyletic and unresolved group with <i>Ixeris, Youngia</i> and <i>Garhadiolus</i> in their chloroplast phylogeny, their two analyses including, however, only few <i>Crepidinae</i> taxa outside <i>Crepis</i>. The molecular phylogenetic analysis of the <i>Cichorieae</i> based on ITS by Gemeinholzer & al. (in Kilian & al. 2009) showed <i>Askellia</i> as sister group to the clade comprising <i>Crepis, Lapsana</i> and <i>Rhagadiolus</i> on the one branch and to <i>Acanthocephalus, Crepidiastrum, Ixeris, Taraxacum</i> and <i>Youngia</i> on the other. More recently, Zhang & al. (in prep.) revealed <i>Askellia</i> in their molecular phylogenetic analyses of subtribe <i>Crepidinae</i> as part of a well supported clade including <i>Ixeridium, Ixeris</i> and <i>Taraxacum</i>, in there being sister to the subclade including <i>Ixeris</i> and <i>Ixeridium</i>.\r\r<i>Askellia</i> can be fairly well distinguished from <i>Crepis</i> in the typical delicate growth with a basal leaf rosette, the nearly always entire leaves, the few-capitulate synflorescence, the conspicuously slender, narrowly cylindric involucre, the outer phyllaries usually being less than 1/4, rarely to 1/3 as long as inner ones, the usual absence of an indumentum, the smaller number of flowers per head (5-15), the slender achenes with 10 thin, equal ribs and the chromosome number of x = 7.\r\r<i>Askellia</i> comprises 11 species, which are distributed in SW, central and NE Asia and extend with two species into North America. </br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBabcock E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i>. &ndash; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 21-22.\r\rEnke N. & Gemeinholzer B. 2008: Babcock revisited: new insights into generic delimitation and character evolution in <i>Crepis</i> L. <i>(Compositae : Cichorieae)</i> from ITS and i>matK</i> sequence data. &ndash; Taxon 57: 756-768.\r\rKilian N., Gemeinholzer B. & Lack H. W. 2009: Tribe Cichorieae. &ndash; Pp. 343-383 in: Funk V., Susanna A., Stuessy T. & Bayer R. (ed.), Systematics and evolution of the <i>Compositae.</i> &ndash; Vienna: IAPT.\r\rPak J. H. & Bremer K. 1995: Phylogeny and reclassification of the genus <i>Lapsana (Asteraceae : Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Taxon 44: 13-21.\r\rSennikov A. N. & Illarionova I. D. 2008 [""2007""]: Generic delimitation of the subtribe <i>Ixeridinae</i> newly segregated from <i>Crepidiinae (Asteraceae-Lactuceae)</i>. &ndash; Komarovia 5: 57-115\r\rWeber W. A. 1984: New names and combinations, principally in the Rocky Mountain flora IV. &ndash; Phytologia 55: 1-11.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7d5d8c28-67b3-4592-b4d2-461918926c57","The genus <i>Askellia</i> was named by Weber (1987) in honour of Áskell Löve (1916-1994), an Icelandic systematic botanist, student of Arne Müntzing and Eric Hultén, one of the founder of the Flora Europaea project, founder and first president of the International Organisation of Plant Biosystematists, with a particular interested in plant chromosome numbers. \r\r<h3>References</h3>\rWeber W. A. 1984: New names and combinations, principally in the Rocky Mountain flora IV. &ndash; Phytologia 55: 1-11.","Etymology",,"eng",,,,,
"a7c52bdb-bef4-48aa-90d1-1e2dacb0b822","Herb, perennial, 4-10 cm high, glabrous or glabrescent. Flowering stems few, terete, medullary, striate, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves obovate, oblong-obovate or elliptic, 2.0-7.0 cm long, 0.5-1.5-(2.0) cm wide, pinnatipartite, lyrate or entire, remotely dentate or irregularly sinuate-dentate, acute, subacute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate. Cauline leaves linear-ovate, oblong-obovate, elliptic or obovate, 1.5-5.0-(7.0) cm long, up to 2.0 cm wide, entire, lyrate or pinnatipartite, sinuate-dentate or remotely dentate, obtuse, acute or subacute, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate. Synflorescence corymbiform, with 9-10 heads. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, (8.0)-10.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts linear-oblong, subacute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, white scarious. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, 11.0-14.0 mm long, yellow or sometimes pink; tube 3.5-4.0 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; ligule up to 2.0-(2.5) mm wide. Style branches yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.5-8.0 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, scabrid, yellowish, with 10 ribs, attenuate or attenuate into an ill-defined beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus white, (6.0)-7.0-9.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"33cd8567-f4ae-497e-a6a9-a070b82e787f","Herb, perennial, (6)-15-25-(30) cm high, glabrous. Taproot thick, lignified. Caudex 4.0-6.0 cm wide, wrinkled or scaly, branched or simple. Flowering stems 5-20, several or numerous, spreading-erect, erect or ascending, terete, reddish brown, striate, weakly branched or strongly branched in older plants, branched already from base, dichotomously branched distally. Rosette leaves many, obovate, up to 6.0 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, entire or coarsely dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate, glaucous and tinged purple on both surfaces. Cauline leaves linear, acuminate, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence paniciform, with 10-100 (or more) heads. Heads with 6-10 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, acute; inner involucral bracts oblong, obtuse or acute, purplish at apex, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 6.0-8.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube 2.8 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 1.0 mm long. Style branches 0.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, mostly compressed, 4.0-5.0 mm long, subterete, yellowish brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak, ending in a distinct apical disk; beak forth as long as the corpus. Pappus white, 4.0-5.0 mm long, caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis elegans</i>); Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford (as <i>Crepis elegans</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9b819e24-9146-4768-8714-ce52e24ee807","Herb, perennial, 4-10-(15) cm high, glabrous or inconspicuously woolly in the axils of the leaves. Flowering stems 1-3, terete, medullary, often violet below, slender, branched. Rosette leaves ovate, obovate or oblong-obovate, 1.0-2.5-(3.5) cm long, 0.7-1.5-(2.0) cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, irregularly sinuate-dentate, involute, acute, obtuse or mucronate, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glaucous and tinged purple on both surfaces. Cauline leaves narrowly elliptic, oblong, obovate or narrowly ovate, up to 3.5 cm long, up to 1.5-(2.0) cm wide, sinuate-dentate, involute, mucronate, petiole-like attenuate or semiamplexicaul, glaucous and tinged purple on both surfaces, apically increasingly smaller. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform. Peduncle very short, sulcate in section. Heads with 9-10 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 10.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute or subacute, dark green or yellow below, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate or narrowly ovate, subacute or acute, dark green, yellow below, often purplish at apex, margin minutely ciliate at apex, margin purplish scarious or scarious. Receptacle foveolate or areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-17.5 mm long, yellow, orange-yellow or yellowish purple, becoming deeper purple with age; tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, pubescent; ligule 2.5-3.0 mm wide, tinged purple and purplish red at apex. Anthertube 5.0 mm long; apical appendages truncate, 1.0 mm long. Style branches 2.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 7.0-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, finely wrinkled or smooth, brown, with 10 ribs, strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 5.5-6.5 mm long, persistent, fragile.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis </i>2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis alaica</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Crepis alaica</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6e09f1c0-782b-4b15-bff3-94532b027da3","Herb, perennial, 5-10 cm high, glabrous or glabrescent. Flowering stems several, erect or procumbent, medullary, slender, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Rosette leaves obovate, 2.5-6.0-(7.5) cm long, 0.5-1.3 cm wide, entire or sinuate-dentate, obtuse, subacute or acute, petiole-like attenuate, glaucous on both surfaces. Cauline leaves obovate, up to 6.0 cm long, up to 1.3 cm wide, entire or sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, glaucous on both surfaces, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform, with many heads. Peduncle 0.5-3.0 cm long. Heads with 10-12 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical or cylindric-campanulate, 8.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, margin minutely ciliate at apex; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-oblong, acute or subacute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, scarious or white to purplish scarious. Receptacle foveolate or areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 11.0-14.0 mm long, reddish purple; tube 3.0-4.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 2.0-2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 3.5-4.3 mm long; apical appendages truncate, 0.6-1.0 mm long. Style branches 1.5-2.5 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical or fusiform in outline, 5.0-6.0 mm long, c. 0.6 mm wide, smooth, stramineous or yellowish, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.0-5.5 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis lactea</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Crepis lactea</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5e35d023-50e8-4573-abc8-f85ac33f03b1","Herb, perennial, (20)-30-40 cm high, glaucous, mostly glabrous. Flowering stems erect, terete, sometimes violet below, striate, unbranched or branched. Rosette leaves absent. Cauline leaves oblong-ovate or oblong, 2.0-4.5-(5.5) cm long, 0.7-1.7-(2.0) cm wide, remotely denticulate, acute, mucronate or obtuse, auriculate and amplexicaul, apically reduced to scales. Synflorescence paniculiform, with 1-4 heads. Peduncle 0.1-2.0 cm long, tomentose. Heads with c. 12 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 9.0-11.0 mm long, at flowering 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter, tomentose; involucral bracts tomentose or arachnoid, minutely ciliate at apex; outer involucral bracts linear-ovate or ovate, obtuse or acute; inner involucral bracts linear-oblong or narrowly ovate, subacute or obtuse, margin white scarious, with a prominent dorsal corniculate tubercle near apex. Receptacle foveolate or alveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-11.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule up to 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.7 mm long. Style branches yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.0-4.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, finely muricate, subterete, yellowish, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 5.5-6.5 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis corniculata</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Crepis corniculata</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"46d56561-8fd4-4449-b52b-20cb105adc8f","Herb, perennial, 5-30 cm high, glabrous. Caudex woody, branched or simple in young plants. Flowering stems few or numerous, medullary, striate, strongly branched. Rosette leaves obovate, 2.5-6.5 cm long, 0.7-2.0 cm wide, lyrate-pinnatipartite, pinnatifid or runcinate, sinuate-dentate, obtuse, subacute or acute, petiole-like attenuate, glaucous on both surfaces; lateral lobes antrorse. Cauline leaves linear, obovate or linear-ovate, pinnatifid or runcinate, entire or sinuate-dentate, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate, glaucous on both surfaces, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle (0.5)-1.0-3.0-(4.0) cm long. Heads with 9-13 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 6.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter, green; outer involucral bracts ovate, acute or subacute; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or linear-oblong, acute or subacute, margin minutely ciliate at apex, white scarious. Receptacle areolate or foveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 10.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0 mm long, glabrous or pubescent, pink or purple at apex; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 4.0 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 4.3-6.0 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm wide, finely wrinkled, subterete, reddish brown or yellowish, with 10 ribs, attenuate or attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus white or sometimes yellowish, 4.0-5.5 mm long, persistent or caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis flexuosa</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Crepis flexuosa</i>).\r\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"34b628a2-902c-46dd-b940-dfa164fe8974","Herb, perennial, 7-10 cm high, glaucous and tinged violet, glabrous. Flowering stems few, medullary, striate, branched already from base or branched in upper half. Lower cauline leaves ovate and elliptic, 2.5-5.0 cm long, 1.0-3.5 cm wide, remotely dentate, petiole-like attenuate. Upper cauline leaves increasingly smaller. Synflorescence corymbiform. Heads with few flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 12.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering 4.0-5.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts minutely ciliate at apex; outer involucral bracts ovate-oblong or ovate, acute; inner involucral bracts linear-oblong, subacute, margin white scarious. Receptacle naked. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-15.0 mm long, yellow; tube c. 5.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule up to 3.0 mm wide, pink at apex. Style branches yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 7.0-8.0 mm long, c. 1.0 mm wide, scabrid, yellowish brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus white, 6.0-8.0 mm long, persistent.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Crepis sogdiana</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b53d1d67-457f-4c98-b7e7-53a73287b33a","Perennial. Glaucous, glabrous plant. Root vertical, cylindrical; root collar sometimes two- or three-headed, covered with brown or stramineous indurescent sheaths of basal leaves. Stems more or less numerous, (2.5) 6-20(40) cm high, branched above, straight, ascending at base or sometimes prostrate, glabrous, sulcate, leafy. Leaves fleshy, glaucous, rugose in herbarium, mostly falcate, with three to five indistinct veins; basal leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate (cusp cartilaginous), narrowed into petiole broadened at base into sheath, floccose within; cauline leaves sessile, reduced in upper part of stem, linear-lanceolate, alternate or less often opposite; uppermost leaves scaly. Capitula terminal on stem and flowering shoots, two to six, narrowly-cylindrical, 1.8-2.8 cm long (including ligulate florets), up to 3.5 cm long at fruiting, 3-7 mm wide. 12-15-flowered, ellipsoidal in bud. Involucre glabrous or slightly pubescent, of 10-12 bracts; outermost bracts similar to upper cauline leaves with more or less wide scarious margin; outer bracts ovate; yellow, pinkish on drying, less often white. Achenes 7 mm long, ribbed, angular, slightly hairy at apex, rest glabrous; pappus snow-white, three to four times as long as achene, its bristles plumose, barbed-scabrous only in upper part.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1e528aa6-57b0-4cd1-a0c7-2b379e7d0b3a",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5ccd8e27-7872-4011-80fa-03018cb45567","Perennial. Root cylindrical, vertical; root collar slightly covered with indurescent brown sheaths of basal leaves. Stems solitary or several, 40-70 cm high, erect, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, sulcate, leafy, branched above, branches 3-10(20) cm long, each terminating in capitulum. Basal and lower, cauline leaves long-petiolate, hard, ovate-elliptical to broadly lanceolate, (13.5)20-30(35) cm long (including petioles) and (1.5)2-3(8) cm wide, acuminate, along margin flat or slightly undulate, serrulate under hand lens; venation almost pinnate, midrib usually wider, prominent, usually broadened at junction with petiole, carinate beneath, lateral veins not prominent; middle cauline leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, (6.5)10-15 cm long and 0.5-2 cm wide; upper leaves reduced, 1.5-4.5 cm long. Capitula (3)7-15 on single stem, broadly cylindrical, 2.5-3.5 cm long (including ligulate florets), terminal on branches. Involucral bracts many-rowed, rigid, pubescent, glabrescent; outer bracts small, deltoid; middle bracts ovate; inner bracts lanceolate, sometimes with somewhat carinate midrib, obtuse, scarious along margin. Ligulate florets yellow, sometimes slightly pinkish when dry. Achenes 0.7-1.2 cm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a67a8ce7-64ed-4d0d-8b31-8ef98bcfe3e3","Perennial. Root vertical, producing one to three shoots and sometimes rosettes of basal leaves; root collar sparsely covered with leaf sheaths. Stems 25-75 cm high, indistinctly sulcate, glabrous or weakly floccose, simple or often branched above, branches two or three (five), 3.5-12 cm long, each with single capitulum. Basal and lower cauline leaves simple, linear or less often linear-lanceolate, 0.4-0.8(1) cm wide, acuminate, along margin scabrous and serrulate (hand lens!), puberulent, veins narrow, parallel lamina (especially in basal leaves) narrowed at base into long petiole; upper cauline leaves and those on branches reduced, narrowly linear, subulate. Capitula cylindrical, 3-3.5 cm long, one to three(five). Involucre of rigid bracts, in three to five rows; outer bracts smaller, deltoid-ovate; middle bracts lanceolate; inner ones lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse; all bracts arachnoid-pubescent, glabrescent. Ligulate florets dark orange, about 1.5 cm long and 2.5 mm wide, five-toothed at tip. Achenes narrowly terete, 1-1.5 cm long, glabrous, slightly ribbed, whitish, reddish when mature; pappus dirty white, wholly deciduous, its bristles plumose, five of them longer, barbed.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a958871b-3738-4003-a6f0-5486b4b3800f","Plants 40-250 cm; taproots thickened, knotty, tuberous. Stems erect, greenish to purplish, glabrous proximally, often tomentulose distally. Leaves: proximal present at flowering; petioles winged; blades usually ovate or triangular, 4-15 x 2-16 cm, thin, bases truncate to hastate or cordate, margins entire or shallowly dentate, often deeply 3-lobed, faces glabrous or with scattered hairs on veins; distal reduced in size and lobing. Heads in narrow or spreading, paniculiform arrays. Involucres cylindric, 9-14 x 2-3 mm. Calyculi of 4-6, blackish, triangular bractlets 1-4 mm, glabrous. Phyllaries(4-)5(-6), pale green, often blackish at bases and apices, linear to lanceolate, 10-12 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Florets (4-)5(-6); corollas pale yellow to greenish yellow, 7-15 mm. Cypselae brown to tan, subcylindric, subterete, 4-5 mm, indistinctly 5-10ribbed; pappi usually whitish or pale yellow, sometimes reddish brown, 5-6 mm. 2n = 16.\r\rPrenanthes altissima is recognized by its narrow involucres with 5 pale green, glabrous phyllaries, (4-)5 (-6) florets, and pale yellow to greenish yellow corollas. Pappi in this species are most commonly whitish or pale yellow.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes altissima</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"86e830c4-d1a2-403a-b84a-aa11c48afc3d","Plants 18-150 cm; taproots slender or short and thickened, tuberous. Stems erect, green or purple, simple, glabrous proximally, crisply tomentulose distally. Leaves: proximal present at flowering; petiolate (petioles not winged or distal narrowly winged); blades ovate, 3-22 x 2-15 cm, coriaceous, bases cordate to truncate or rounded, margins often deeply 3-5-palmately lobed or compound, lobes and sinuses angulal; ultimate margins irregularly dentate, apices acute, faces usually finely tomentulose on veins; mid cauline short-petiolate or sessile; distal short-petiolate or sessile, reduced, lanceolate. Heads in narrowly paniculiform or thyrsiform arrays (nodding). Involucres cylindric to narrowly campanulate, 12-14 x 2.5-3 mm. Calyculi of 4-6, blackish green, triangular to lanceolate bractlets 1-3 mm, densely setose. Phyllaries 5-9, green or dark green, apices blackish, linear to oblanceolate, 9-11 mm, sparsely and coarsely setose. Florets 5-7(-13); corollas greenish yellow, 8-10 mm. Cypselae tan to yellow, fusiform, subterete or angled, 4-5 mm, indistinctly 8-12-ribbed; pappi ,yellow to whitish, 5-6 mm. 2n = 16.\r\rPrenanthes roanensis is recognized by its 5-7 florets and dark setae on the phyllaries.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes roanensis</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"55309c20-e883-4ed9-bc8b-c85f56074e72","Slightly glaucescent biennial herbs from fibrous roots; stems erect, 30-120 cm tall, much branched, often purplish red. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves spatulate, withering before flowering; cauline leaves many, median leaves membranaceous, spatulate, rarely pinnately divided, 6-11 cm long, 3-7 cm wide, rather abruptly winged petiolate, mucronate-toothed, lower surface glaucous, upper leaves gradually smaller, oblong, sessile, auriculate clasping. Heads ca. 1.5 cm across, many in a dense corymb, terminal and axillary on branches; peduncle slender, 7-8 mm long, erect at flowering, nodding in fruit; involucre tubular, 7 mm high, dark green; phyllaries in 2 series, outer phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, 0.5 mm long, obtuse, inner phyllaries 8, linear. Flowers August to November, 13-15 per head, ligulate, yellow, ligule 9 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, tube 2.5 mm . long, densely hairy. Achenes lanceolate, slightly compressed, 2.5-3 mm long including short beak, brownish or black, punctate scaberulous, 12-ribbed. Pappus of capillary bristles, snow white, ca. 4 mm long. Chromosome number: 2n = 10.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo. (as <i>Paraixeris denticulata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"faec234e-e16e-49d7-9ef2-49ec482390f8","Perennial. Root vertical, slender; root collar sparsely covered with brown or yellow leaf sheaths. Stems 30-80 cm high, solitary or several, erect, somewhat sulcate, weakly pubescent or almost glabrous, leafy. Leaves sparsely pubescent or almost glabrous; basal and lower cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, (2)3-9(12) mm wide, with three to five veins and distinct, whitish midrib sometimes keeled; leaves at base narrowed into long sulcate petiole; middle cauline leaves sessile, slightly amplexicaul, linear, flat, acuminate, gradually reduced upward. Capitula in racemes almost from middle of stem, narrowly cylindrical, 2-3.2 cm long and 0.4-0.6 cm wide, remote, solitary (less often in twos and threes) on short peduncles (longer in many specimens). Capitula 6-8(12)-flowered, ellipsoidal or cylindrical in bud; involucre puberulent, glabrescent, bracts 12-15, unequal; outer bracts deltoid, acuminate, with indistinct midrib; middle bracts ovate; inner ones linear-lanceolate, two to three times as long as outer. Ligulate florets yellow. Achenes  10-13(20) mm long, glabrous, smooth, ribbed; pappus dirty-white, its bristles plumose, 10 of them longer, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"83492a0a-26f7-419e-9564-5b7c3bcfeae5","Plants 100-300 cm; taproots fusiform, thick and tuberous. Stems erect, green to tan, glabrous proximally, tomentose distally. Leaves: proximal present at flowering; petiolate (petioles 1 winged, 1-13 cm, margins sometimes serrate); blades deltate to broadly ovate, 8-23 x 3-14 cm, coriaceous, bases hastate or sagittate, margins entire or coarsely dentate to serrate (teeth often large and remote, faces glabrous or scabrous, hirsute along veins; distal petiolate or sessile, ovate or elliptic, entire. Heads in broad, open, (leafy) paniculiform arrays (branches often elongate, nodding). Calyculi of 18-20 dark green, triangular to lanceolate bractlets 2-5 mm, coarsely setose. Involucres campanulate, 12-16 x 7-14 mm. Phyllaries 9-15, dark green to blackish, lanceolate to elliptic, 10-16 mm, margins scarious, moderately to densely, ± coarsely setose on midribs. Florets 15-38; corollas usually white, sometimes yellow, 9-15 mm. Cypselae golden brown, oblong to linear, subterete to angled, 5-6 mm, unequally 10-12- ribbed; pappi tan, 6-8 mm. 2n = 32.\r\rPrenanthes crepidinea is generally recognized by its tall and robust habit, large deltate or ovate proximal leaves, coarsely dentate margins with relatively large, remote teeth, heads borne in open, paniculiform arrays, dark green or blackish and moderately to densely setose phyllaries, and white or yellow corollas.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes crepidinea</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"05c20052-7cd4-4d03-baec-98f3b0f46f0f","Perennial herbs. Stems erect or ascending, 40-80 cm, sparsely or densely glandular hairy. Cauline leaves petiolate or subsessile, simple or pinnatifid, 8-13 cm; terminal leaflet ovate to subcordate, 5-8 X 3-6 cm, apex acute, margins denticulate with mucronate tips, base truncate or subcordate, upper surface short glandular hairy, lower surface densely glandular hairy on nerves; petioles up to 6 cm, widely winged, base amplexicaul. Flowers July to August. Inflorescence terminal or from upper leafaxils, forming a loose panicle with many capitula. Capitula spreading or pendulous; involucres narrowly campanulate, 2-3 mm wide; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate; outer ones narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-5 X 1-1.5 mm, apex obtuse, margins entire, glandular hairy outside, glabrous inside; inner ones oblong-Ianceolate to linear-Ianceolate, 9-12 X 1-1.5 mm, apex obtuse to subacute, margins scarious, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely glandular hairy outside. Florets 4-6; corolla ligulate, mauve to purple, 11-13 X 1.5-2 mm, apex shallowly 5-incised; tubes 5-5.5 mm, ligule 6-7.5 mm, glabrous except hairy on upper portion of tubes. Ovaries ellipsoid, compressed, 3-ribbed, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous; pappus double, white; outer ones short, ca. 0.1 mm; inner ones long, 5-7 mm.\r\rfrom: Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo. (as <i>Cicerbita nepalensis</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"98ea5a6e-a3fe-4fbc-baaf-e9d20e1e5839","Plants 10-150 cm; taproots thick, with lateral roots. Stems erect, green or sometimes mottled purple, usually glabrous, sometimes tomentulose distally. Leaves: proximal usually present at flowering; petiolate (petioles winged, 1-25 cm); blades deltate to ovate, 3-12 x 1-15 cm, thin, bases cordate to rounded, margins palmately 3(-5)-lobed to -divided (then leaves compound), lobes and sinuses usually angular (not rounded), lobes short and lanceolate, ultimate margins irregularly serrate, faces glabrous or ciliate along abaxial veins and margins; distal reduced, palmately lobed or entire. Heads (2-7, nodding, in irregular clusters) in racemiform or paniculiform arrays. Involucres narrowly campanulate (bases attenuate to bracteates peduncles), 10-13 x 4-5 mm. Calyculi of 5-7, green to dark green or blackish, triangular bractlets 1-3 mm, glabrous. Phyllaries 7-10, green to dark green or blackish proximally, lanceolate to elliptic, 10-11 mm, margins scarious, sometimes ciliate, faces glabrous. Florets 8-13; corollas pale yellow, 9-15 mm. Cypselae tan to brown, subcylindric, subterete to angled, 4-5 mm, distinctly 8-11-ribbed; pappi pale yellow, 7-9 mm. 2n = 16.\r\rPrenanthes trifoliolata is recognized by its relatively large, palmately 3-5-lobed leaves with angular lobes and sinuses, basally attenuate involucres, dark green and glabrous calyculi and phyllaries, and pale yellow corollas. Dwarf plants with deeply parted leaves found in alpine areas of northern New England and Canada have been recognized as P. nana or P. trifoliolata var. nana. This form is probably no more than a phenotypic adaptation to harsh environments.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes trifoliata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"754492dd-7679-4443-b5fc-f02f1a09a89b","Herb, perennial, 15-40 cm high. Flowering stems glabrous. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate, 5.0-20.0 cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, entire or dentate, acuminate, attenuate, glabrous, yellowish green on both surfaces. Cauline leaves linear. Synflorescence corymbiform, with many heads. Heads with 10-11 flowers. Outer involucral bracts up to 1.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 6.0-7.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes 3.0-35.0 mm long, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus white, c. 5.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo (as <i>Ixeris yakuinsularis</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"158b4c6b-e5af-40bc-bc93-7c207d1426a4","Plants 15-80 cm; taproots slender to thickened, tuberous. Stems 1(-10), erect or ascending, green to purple, usually simple, glabrous or glabrate proximally, tomentulose distally. Leaves: proximal present at flowering; petioles winged (2-6 cm); blades triangular to irregularly elliptic, 3-25 x 1-7 cm, thin or slightly/coriaceous, bases abruptly constricted, truncate to slightly hastate, margins irregularly dentate or coarsely serrate, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrate; distal sessile, ovate to lanceolate, reduced. Heads (10-17) in broad, corymbiform arrays, lateral branches often elongate and overtopping main stems. Involucres narrowly campanulate, 10-13 x 5-6 mm. Calyculi of 2-3, dark green, lanceolate or subulate bractlets 1-3 mm, glabrous or finely tomentulose. Phyllaries 8, green to dark green, lanceolate, 8-11 mm, margins scarious, apices acute, finely tomentulose. Florets 7-16; corollas white to purplish, 9-16 mm. Cypselae brown to light tan, subcylindric, 4-7 mm, weakly 7-10-ribbed; pappi pale yellow to dull white, 8-10 mm. 2n =16.\r\rPrenanthes alata is recognized by its relatively small size, elongate and winged petioles, triangular-hastate leaf blades, heads in broad corymbiform arrays, and dark green, finely tomentulose phyllaries.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York/Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes alata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"de1235d9-4a3b-4bbe-8fd3-0ce0bbbbe836","Plants 20-175 cm; taproots short and thickened, fibrous. Stems erect, often mottled purple or nearly all purple (often with stout bases, 8-12 mm diam.), proximally glabrous, tomentulose distally. Leaves: proximal present at flowering; petioles narrowly winged (to 18 cm); blades usually ovate to triangular or cordate, 4-30 x 3-18 cm, thin to coriaceous, bases often hastate, margins usually coarsely dentate or serrate, sometimes deeply 3-lobed or parted, lobes acute, faces glabrous adaxially, pale to whitish and sometimes hirsute abaxially; distal reduced. Heads (3-8, in clusters) in paniculiform arrays (densest near apices). Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 13-15 x 3-5 mm. Calyculi of 5-7, triangular to lanceolate bractlets 1-3 mm, glabrous. Phyllaries (6-)8(-9), ± purplish or maroon, lanceolate, 10-13 mm, margins scarious, minutely ciliate, apices acute, faces glabrous. Florets 7-9(-13); corollas whitish to pale pink, lavender or red, 9-15 mm. Cypselae brown or tan, elliptical to linear, 3.5-6 mm; pappi usually reddish brown, sometimes rusty, rarely yellowish, 6-7 mm. 2n =32.\r\rPrenanthes alba is recognized by the purplish stems, relatively large, coarse, ovate or triangular leaves, relatively long, winged petioles, glabrous and often purple phyllaries, and usually reddish brown pappi. The leaves are variable, occasionally deeply 3-lobed.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes alba</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"47655d7c-d2aa-4f92-9eeb-686ede5e61b2","Plants 50-150 cm; taproots thickened, tuberous, with lateral side roots. Stems erect, purplish, glabrous proximally, finely tomentulose, or setose distally. Leaves: proximal withered by flowering; petiolate (petioles 2-3 cm, winged; blades ± elliptic, 4-10 x 1-4 cm, coriaceous, bases narrowed (not hastate), margins coarsely and irregularly dentate or serrate (unlobed), apices acute, faces glabrous or papillose-hispid; mid cauline cuneate or sessile and clasping; distal sessile and reduced. Heads (15-50) in (much-branched) paniculiform or thyrsiform arrays (nodding). Calyculi of 7-11, dark green to purple, triangular to lance-ovate bractlets 2-5 mm, hispid or setose along midveins. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 12-16 x 4-6 mm. Phyllaries 6-8, usually purple or lavender, subulate to lanceolate, 11-14 mm, margins scarious, coarsely hispid or setose along midveins. Florets 10-15; corollas white to yellowish white, 13-16 mm. Cypselae tan, subcylindric, subterete to 5-angled, 8-10 mm, indistinctly 8- 10-ribbed; pappi yellowish white, 7-8 mm.\r\rPrenanthes barbata is identified by its erect habit, irregularly dentate leaves, heads with 6-8 purple phyllaries, coarsely setose calyculi and phyllaries, and white to yellowish white corollas.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes barbata</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"119b30c3-51db-4c2f-8d57-a34f4d1eb9e0","Plants 35-170 cm; taproots fusiform, thickened, tuberous, with smaller lateral roots. Stems erect, green and mottled purple, glabrous proximally, midstems hispid or setose, scabrous to coarsely setose distally. Leaves: proximalmost usually withered by flowering; petiolate (midcau1ine sessile, clasping); blades spatulate, 4-11 x 2-5 cm, firm, coriaceous, brittle, bases attenuate, margins entire or weakly dentate, apices acute to obtuse, faces glabrate to roughly hispid abaxially; distal reduced. Heads in erect, racemiform or narrowly paniculiform arrays. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 12-17 mm. Calyculi of 6-12, green, triangular to lanceolate bractlets 2-5 mm, coarsely setose. Phyllaries 6-10, yellow green to tan, linear- lanceolate, 8-15 mm, coarsely setose. Florets 8-19; corollas pale yellow to creamy white, 9-17 mm. Cypselae tan, subcylindric, subterete, 5-6 mm, irregularly 10-12-ribbed; pappi pale yellow or brown, 7-8 mm. 2n = 16.\r\rPrenanthes aspera is easily recognized by its narrow, erect habit, unlobed, spatulate, weakly dentate leaves, basal leaves withered by flowering, heads in narrow, spiciform arrays, and densely setose phyllaries.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes aspera</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b3e14f7d-6d44-47b5-94a8-61906d4f7266","Stoloniferous perennial herbs from fusiform roots,  sometimes with bulbils on short shoots; stems erect,  40-100 cm tall, leafy only near base, simple, with long  coarse glandular hairs. Leaves chiefly radical, few cauline;  radical and lower leaves long petiolate, ovate-cordate,  ca. 6-10 cm long and wide, coarsely toothed, incised,  lower surface glandular hairy, usually palmately 3-7-cleft  to -parted, petiole distinctly winged, 6.5-25 cm  long, wings of lower cauline leaves broadly clasping  stem; median cauline leaves scattered, reniform-cordate  or ovate-orbiculate, 4-12 cm wide, 5-cleft, petiole 2.5-11  cm long; upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile,  dentate. Heads ca. 1.5 cm across, 10-80, in panicles, peduncles 5-35 mm long, densely glandular hairy, bracteoles linear; involucre tubular, 1-1.2 cm high,  coarsely long hairy abaxially; phyllaries in 3 series, gray  green, outer phyllaries ovate to narrowly oblong, ca. 1/3  as long as inner, inner phyllaries 7 or 8 in 1 or 2 series,  equal, linear, 1.8-2 mm wide, margin hyaline. Flowers  August to September, 10-13 per head, ligulate, blue  white, ligule 11-13 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, tube 4.5-5  mm long, glabrous. Achenes cylindric, 4-5.5 mm long.  Pappus brownish white, ca. 8-9 mm long.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo. (as <i>Prenanthes acerifolia</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"92955a74-977e-4404-a545-5a8f5ef8f409","Annual. Stem simple or branched, erect or ascending, often solitary, less often several, glabrous or weakly pubescent, 7-40 cm high. Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, more or less pubescent; basal and lower cauline leaves petiolate; all leaves somewhat amplexicaul, cartilaginous along margin, finely toothed. Outer ligulate florets large, up to 2.5 cm long, considerably exserted from involucre, pink or lilac when dry; inner ligulate florets much smaller (one-third to half as long as outer ones). Involucre almost glabrous or somewhat pubescent, outer bracts leafy, as long as inner ones or much longer. Achene terete, with callous ring at tip leaving upper part of achene not covered by woolly hairs; mature achenes black, often weakly pubescent, especially along ribs, with short hollow stalk; ribs sometimes inconspicuous, in lower part always conspicuous, with small spinules.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4c0127e6-fddf-4294-84f5-34416df468f0","Plants 50-200+ cm; taproots short and thick, with lateral storage roots. Stems erect, green to reddish or purple mottled, proximally glabrous, distally sparsely tomentulose. Leaves: proximal often withered by flowering; petiolate (petioles 1-10 cm, often with pair of lobes); blades deltate to ovate or elliptic, 5-20 x 4-10 cm, coriaceous, margins usually deeply, pinnately 3-5-lobed, lobes and sinuses large and ± rounded, sometimes deeply cleft to base or palmately divided, apices acute or obtuse, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces glabrous or finely tomentose on veins; cauline sessile or petiolate; distal reduced in size and lobing, often entire. Heads (6-12 in nodding clusters) in broad, paniculiform to corymbiform arrays (often widely branching and subdichotomous, at least some branches elongate). Calyculi of 8-10, green to purple, triangular to subulate bractlets 1-4 mm, often tomentulose to setose. Involucres cylindric (often attenuate basally to bracteate peduncles), 12-15 x 4-5 mm. Phyllaries (7-)8-(10), green or often purple, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, 10-13 mm, sparsely hispid to appressed, coarsely setose, often reduced to single coarse, appressed seta (setae green or tan). Florets (8-)10-14(-19); corollas usually yellow to pale yellow, 9-15 mm. Cypselae golden brown to light tan, subcylindric, subterete or angled, 5-8 mm, indistinctly 8-10-ribbed; pappi tan, 7-8 mm. 2n = 16.\r\rPrenanthes serpentaria is generally recognized by its large, deeply 3-5-lobed proximal leaves with rounded sinuses and lobes, winged petioles, attenuate involucres, sparsely setose phyllaries, and yellow corollas. The leaves are variable in size and lobing, often on the same plant. Some specimens have predominantly ovate to elliptic, unlobed leaves, and these have been variously recognized. Some specimens appear to combine characteristics of P.\rcrepidinea or P. trifoliolata and may be the result of recent or ancient hybridization.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes serpentaria</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"59feb643-df98-4924-ae4f-08d840f652d1","Perennial. Plant slightly arachnoid and canescent; root apparently thickened into tuber; root collar densely covered with brownish sheaths of basal leaves. Stem 25 cm high, in form of leafy sulcate scapes, branched almost from base. Leaves linear, up to 5 cm wide, acuminate; basal leaves broadened into sheaths; cauline semiamplexicaul; all leaves along margin weakly undulate-crimped; peduncles slightly exceeding leaves. Capitula large (3.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide in fruits), solitary, terminal on branches. Involucre arachnoid pubescent; bracts unequal, margin white-membranous. Ligulate florets red, on drying lilac-coloured (needs to be confirmed in nature). Achenes terete, brown, ribbed, densely spiny, without swollen stalks; pappus dirty gray ,or blackish, almost as long as achene; pappus bristles stiff, plumose almost to three quarters of their length, in upper part toothed-scabrous.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a0fe30a6-9823-4619-8601-8f11cf583ed6","""The name <i>Erythroseris</i> is composed of the ancient Greek &#963;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#962; (seris) for lettuce and &#949;&#961;&#965;&#977;&#961;&#959;- (erythro) for red, the latter referring to the reddish hue in the achene and flower colour of its species and at the same time to the ?Erythraean Sea? of the ancient Greeks, which did not only include the Red Sea but also the Indian Ocean, on escarpments to which the genus occurs, and the Arabian Gulf"" (Kilian & Gemeinholzer in Willdenowia 37: 292-293. 2007).","Etymology",,"eng",,,,,
"a0fe30a6-9823-4619-8601-8f11cf583ed6","Low basally woody perennial rosette herb or intricately branched shrublet of up to 0.6 m height. <i>Leaves</i> with white-lanose axils, ± fleshy, obovate to oblanceolate or elliptic in outline, shallowly sinuate-dentate to pinnately lobed, up to c. 10 × 5 cm, crowded or rosetted at the base of each innovation, scattered and reduced in size along the flowering axes. <i>Capitula</i> disposed in a synflorescence terminating the basally rosette-leafy innovations, with 5-c. 25 flowers. <i>Involucre</i> narrowly cylindrical, of 5 or 8 inner involucral bracts. <i>Receptacle</i> flat to somewhat concave, c. 1-2 mm in diameter, epaleate. <i>Flowers</i>, when fresh, with purplish bluish ligule, anther tubes and styles. <i>Pollen</i> echinolophate, tricolporate, with medium wide polar thickenings. <i>Achenes</i> cylindrical to slightly attenuate from apex to base, 1.7-2.3 mm long, with 5 longitudinal main ribs and each accompanied by a less conspicuous secondary rib on either side (sometimes incompletely so), surface scabrid by antrorse, linear scales with acute and somewhat spreading tip, reddish brown, apex truncate, basis, straight to oblique, with ribs incurved and attachment area central. <i>Pappus</i> c. 4-5 mm long, of c. 20-40 fragile, cream to straw-coloured, strong (> 20 cells in diameter) scabrid bristles, marginally with some or almost without additional very short (< 0.5 mm) bristles.\r\rfrom: Kilian & Gemeinholzer in Willdenowia 37: 292. 2007.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a0fe30a6-9823-4619-8601-8f11cf583ed6","<i>Erythroseris</i> comprises two, according to the available morphological and molecular data, closely related species of localised distribution in the sea- and north-facing limestone escarpments of N Somalia and the Yemeni island of Socotra, respectively (Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007). The genus is the closest relative to <i>Cichorium</i> (Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007), which was considered as an isolated genus of the <i>Cichorieae</i> (Bremer 1994, Kiers 2000, Lack 2006). <i>Cichorium</i> which is centred in the Mediterranean region but extends into the highlands of the SW Arabian Peninsula, is in its general appearance very uniform and easily recognisable, and its species are fairly similar to each other in both morphological and molecular features. \r\r""It is in particular due to the difficulties to homologize its scaly pappus (Bremer 1994: 168) that <i>Cichorium</i> has been considered an isolated genus in the <i>Cichorieae</i>. Comparative scanning electron microscopic analysis of the scaly pappus of <i>Cichorium</i> and the setaceous pappus of the two <i>Erythroseris</i> species, however, makes the morphological transition between both evident. Being composed of the same cell types, taking the same place on the achene and being similarly arranged in two irregular rows (except <i>C. bottae</i> and <i>C. calvum</i>), the scaly pappus of <i>Cichorium</i> can safely be regarded as homologous with the setaceous pappus of <i>Erythroseris</i>. This conclusion receives particular support from the fact that the inner and marginal elements of the <i>Erythroseris</i> pappus are laterally variously united at their bases. Considering that the lateral extension and reduced length constitute the main differences between the pappus scales and bristles, proximal unification morphologically mediates between bristle and scale shape."" (Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007).\r\r""As in <i>Erythroseris</i>, the involucre of <i>Cichorium</i> is of either 5 or 8 inner involucral bracts, a feature, however, not uncommon in the tribe, and capitula are rather few-flowered (with 5-c. 25 flowers), the receptacle is naked, the flowers are cyanic, the pollen grains are largely similar also with respect to the size of the polar thickenings (compare Kiers 2000: 16, fig. 2.2, Blackmore 1986: 3106, fig. 15-16)."" (Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007)\r\r""The main differences between <i>Erythroseris</i> and <i>Cichorium</i> are (1) in the habit: the aerial parts of <i>Cichorium</i> are entirely herbaceous, whereas the two species of <i>Erythroseris</i> are a basally woody perennials and a shrub respectively; (2) in the involucre: the inner involucral bracts are in their lower half strongly indurate at maturity in <i>Cichorium</i>, but remain flexible, herbaceous in <i>Erythroseris</i>; (3) in flower colour: bright blue in <i>Cichorium</i>, but pale purplish bluish in <i>Erythroseris</i>; (4) in the achenes: obovoid or sturdy obcolumnar to sturdy subcylindrical and chiefly basally faintly ribbed (Kiers 2000: 12-14, fig, 2.1a-f) in <i>Cichorium</i>, but slender cylindrical and with 5 prominent main ribs in <i>Erythroseris</i>; (4) in the pappus: with minute scales and marginal bristle-like scales (see Kiers 2000: 12-15, fig. 2.1a-h) in <i>Cichorium</i>, but with long inner bristles and minute marginal bristles in <i>Erythroseris</i>."" (Kilian & Gemeinholzer 2007).</br>\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rBlackmore S. 1986: The identification and taxonomic significance of lophate pollen in the <i>Compositae</i>. &ndash; Canad. J. Bot. 64: 3101-3112.\r\rBremer K. 1994: <i>Asteraceae</i>. Cladistics & classification. &ndash; Portland: Timber.\r\rKiers A. M. 2000: Endive, chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic and phylogenetic study of <i>Cichorium (Asteraceae)</i>. &ndash; Gorteria, Suppl. 5.\r\rKilian N. & Gemeinholzer B. 2007: Studies in the <i>Compositae</i> of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra &ndash; 7. <i>Erythroseris</i>, a new genus and the previously unknown sister group of <i>Cichorium (Cichorieae</i> subtribe <i>Cichoriinae)</i>. &ndash; Willdenowia 37: 283-296.\r\rLack H. W. 2006 [""2007""]: Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i> Lam. & DC. &ndash; Pp. 180-199 in: Kubitzki K. (ed.), Families and genera of flowering plants 8. <i>Asterales</i>. &ndash; Berlin: Springer.\r\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b983ed64-3c8a-4f11-893d-fb5201fa8473","Perennial. Semishrub with few caudices. Root collar covered with indurescent, entire, or fibrous sheaths of basal leaves. Stems 10-45 cm high, numerous, glabrous, or pubescent, subsequently woody, virgate, branched always from middle or above. Basal leaves up to 17 cm long, broadened at base into brown or stramineous sheaths; cauline leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite at base of branches, somewhat falcate, narrowly linear, 1-9 cm long and (0.5)2-4.5 mm wide, acuminate, sometimes uncinate; upper cauline leaves reduced to scales. Inflorescence lax corymbose panicle. Capitula usually numerous, narrowly cylindrical, 1.3-2.5 cm long (including ligulate florets), solitary, terminal on branches, 7-12-flowered. Involucral bracts many-rowed, glabrous or pubescent; outer bracts small, triangular, somewhat acuminate; middle bracts ovate, two to three times as long; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, almost two times as long as middle ones. Achenes 5-10 mm long, terete, sometimes slightly curved, yellow or dark green, glabrous or with ring of hairs below pappus, ribbed, ribs turberculate or smooth; pappus white, its bristles plumose, barbed above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"37694f40-5d38-41fd-81f9-b9d566421dd8","Perennial. Root vertical, cylindrical; collar sparsely covered with blackish-brown hairs and sheaths of basal leaves, sheaths more or less broadly scarious along margin. Plants almost ""stemless"" or scape-like with solitary stems, less often two, (1)3.5-10(18) cm high, arachnoid-pubescent, especially below capitulum, few-leaved (one or two). Basal leaves linear, herbaceous, 2-4 mm wide, spreading or often vertical, usually longer than scape or as long, flat, with three indistinct veins (only midrib more or less prominent, broad), margin weakly scabrous, hyaline; cauline leaves one or two, membranous, scaly, sessile, lanceolate. Capitula solitary, large, broadly cylindrical, 4(4.5)-5(5.5) cm long (including ligulate florets). Base of capitulum often enclosed by bract-like upper cauline leaf, similar in shape to outer involucral bracts. Involucre many-rowed, more or less arachnoid-pubescent, sometimes glabrescent; outer bracts deltoid or ovate, with broadly membranous margin; inner bracts oblong, lanceolate, usually obtuse. Ligulate florets yellow, with dark red parallel veins, pinkish when dry. Achenes slightly curved, 8-10 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, glabrous, striate, smooth; pappus dirty white, its bristles plumose, toothed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ef49c278-0ec9-43f2-8410-a0fc11ea5700","Plants 5-25 cm; taproots short, thick, tuberous. Stems decumbent to -erect, mottled purple, simple, glabrous proximally, tomentulose distally. Leaves: proximal present at flowering; petiolate (petioles 2-8 cm, not winged); blades ovate to deltate, 2-8 x 0.5-3 cm, bases hastate or sagittate, margins entire or weakly dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced, elliptic to lanceolate. Heads (10-20) in narrow, racemiform to thyrsiform arrays (nodding). Calyculi of 4-5, dark green to blackish, subulate bractlets 2-5 mm, glabrous. Involucres cylindro- campanulate, 10-11 x 5-6 mm. Phyllaries 8-11, dark green to almost black, lanceolate to subulate, 8-12 mm, faces glabrous. Florets 9-20; corollas white, 7-13 mm. Cypselae light tan to yellow, subcylindric, subterete to angled, 5-6 mm, indistinctly 7-10-ribbed; pappi pale yellow, 6-8 mm. 2n =32.\r\rPrenanthes bootii is recognized by its relatively short, decumbent habit, deltate to hastate proximal leaves, entire or weakly dentate margins, glabrous and blackish green phyllaries, white corollas, and alpine habitat.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes bootii</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a41c432c-7cd9-42c8-8762-d8d597c73385","Plants 30-175 cm; taproots fusiform, tuberous. Stems erect, green or light purple, simple, (stout), glabrous and glaucous proximally, setose or hispid distally. Leaves: proximal usually present at flowering; petioles broadly winged, (1-15 cm); blades broadly oblanceolate to spatulate, 4-25 x 1-8 cm, coriaceous, bases attenuate, clasping, margins entire or weakly denticulate apices obtuse or rounded, faces glabrous; mid cauline sessile, clasping; distal sessile and reduced. Heads (ascending) in (elongate) narrowly racemiform or paniculiform arrays. Involucres campanulate, 11-12 x 4-7 mm. Calyculi of 8, dark green to purple, narrowly triangular-subulate bractlets 2-4 mm, coarsely setose. Phyllaries 7-14, green to purple, lanceolate to lineal; 10-12 mm, margins scarious, sparsely to densely setose. Florets 9-29; corollas usually pinkish, sometimes white or lavender, 7-13 mm. Cypselae golden brown, subcylindric, subterete, 5-6 mm, indistinctly 8-12-ribbed; pappi pale yellow, 6-7 mm. 2n =16.\r\rPrenanthes racemosa is recognized by its erect, stout, simple habit, glaucous stems, spatulate proximal leaves with broadly winged petioles and rounded to obtuse apices, heads borne in narrow racemiform arrays, purple and hairy phyllaries, and usually pinkish corollas. It is most similar to P. aspera, which differs in its generally smaller stature, more hirsute stems, leaves that are hispid abaxially, proximal leaves usually withered by flowering, and creamy white or yellow corollas.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 46. <i>Prenanthes</i> Linnaeus. - Pp. 264-271 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford. (as <i>Prenanthes racemosa</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"55d10808-491e-4035-a52e-ce2117c612a0","Erect, perennial herb, up to 1.5 m high. Stem often unbranched, glabrous, hollow, light green, lower parts up to 10 mm in diameter. Leaves simple, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, sessile, semi-amplexicaul, auriculate with acute or apiculate auricles, glabrous, glaucescent, up to 23 x 3.5 cm; margins regularly serrate with recurved callose-thickened teeth. Capitula arranged in subumbelliform cymes; peduncle up to 3 cm long. Involucre campanulate, 11-17 x 6-12 mm, densely white tomentose below. Phyllaries 3-4-seriate, thinly pilose with or without gland-tipped hairs, grey-green, purple tinged; inner phyllaries up to 13 x 2.5 mm. Florets yellow. Cypselas grey-brown, smooth or rugulose, 2.8-3 x 0.5-7 mm, oblong-elliptic, 4-striate on each face. Pappus white, 6-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. <i>Sonchus</i> - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3f05a576-147f-4c4a-a84c-fb772f606ee9","Spinescent, intricatey branched shrublet forming cushions up to c. 50 cm high, young branches and leaves usually somewhat glaucous, only young shoots basally leafy; rootborn shoots at least casually present. Leaves (1.5)2.0-7.5 x 0.5-2.0 cm, spathulate, attenuate into a narrow, semiamplexicaule base, lamina white-cartilagineously denticulate and sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid with broadly triangular, acute segments, rather thin but somewhat leathery; leaves higher up the shoots soon reduced to inconspicuous cordate, ovate-acute bracts. Each branch terminated by a lignified, spinescent, persistent, intricately, basally monopodially and higher up monochasially branched synflorescence, with the (monochasial) axes usually zigzag-forming. Peduncles 0.6-2.0 mm long, subulate, remaining as spines after shedding of the capitula, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 8-12 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 1.5 mm in diameter. Involucre (8)9-12 mm long, towards fruiting time narrowly cylindrical; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts c. 5-9, usually with ± broad, scarious margin, the outermost ovate-acute, c. 1.5-2 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate, c. 1/3- 1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5, with narrower scarious margins, ± equal, 8-12 x 1.5-2.5 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 7.3-7.8 x 1.7-2.0 mm and a tube c. 6 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.5-3.2 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.5 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches c. 2.0 mm long, sweeping hairs yellow. Achenes 3.0-4.1 x 0.5-0.8 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, ± prismatic, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 ± distinct secondary ribs, smooth to transversally wrinkled, pale; marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, subcolumnar to slendersubfusiform, (sub)cuspidate, somewhat compressed and curved, distinctly transversally wrinkled, wrinkles on main ribs expanded to sharp, denticulate, outwards pointing teeth, pale to greyish or black. Pappus 6-7 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"545a48cc-fa82-401b-aecd-1ba8bdcd80f8","Stems 30-60(-100 cm), usually more or less erect. Leaves 8-25 x 1-6 cm, often ascending. Inner involucral bracts 16-25 mm. 2n=8.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"92defcd7-6b29-4f0e-b698-88d4d26c3446",,"Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7be3539a-036f-4d3a-8f2f-5c67bbac4f81","Perennial. Stem 40-100 cm high, up to 5 mm thick, reddish in the lower part with arachnoid-hairy pubescence and sparse setaceous hairs, less often glabrous, branched above the base, less often almost from the base with slender, virgate, glabrous branches, sometimes sparsely pubescent only in inflorescence. Lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate; about 4 cm long and 2 mm wide, remotely teethed, with bristles on teeth and beneath along midrib; other leaves linear-filiform, 3.5-7.0 cm long, about 0.75 mm wide, glabrous, entire. Capitula 13-15 mm long at fruiting, terminal on branches, with, 9-11 florets. Inner involucral bracts 10-13 mm long, light coloured, densely arachnoid pubescent on the outer side, less often with isolated bristles along midrib in the upper part of bracts (specimens from, Barnaul District). Achene body 3.5-4.0(5.0) mm long, upper part with two or three (sometimes more) rows of wide, erect scales and tubercles, uppermost scales sometimes three-lobed, less often scales undeveloped, crown of five, more or less smooth and narrow, oblong-linear, acuminate scales; beak 1.25-2.25 mm long, slender, with articulation in the lower part of beak, directly at its base, distinctly clavate in the-upper part; pappus 6-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cb5ef875-c731-4800-bca5-74f379419291","Plant up to 150 cm, branched mainly in upper part. Basal leaves with lamina oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, acute at apex, sinuate-denticulate or dentate; lower cauline similar to basal, the upper ovate-oblong, lanceolate-oblong or lanceolate, acute at apex, more or less amplexicaul with rounded auricles; all more or less hairy on both surfaces. Inner involucral bracts 13-15 mm, oblong-lanceolate.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3c974399-8fd4-4494-8f01-d9fcda8a5cac","Perennial herb, with shoot bearing roots, at anthesis c. 15-50 cm high, with a branched, short woody caudex and one to a few leaf rosettes; rosette shoots each with a slender, ± erect, leafy or leafless flowering stem or a few of them, mostly branched already in lower third; commonly also with rosulate leafy innovations from axillary buds of the lower portion of the flowering stems. Caudical rosulate leaves 3-9 x (0.5)1-3 cm, fairly variable, narrowly spathulate to narrowly elliptical or almost linear-lanceolate in outline, with a narrow semiamplexicaule base, sinuate-dentate to variably pinnatifid with roundish (particularly in early leaves) to narrowly triangular and acute to acuminate segments; terminal segment of similar shape; margin white-cartilagineously denticulate; lamina somewhat leathery. Cauline leaves linear-lanceolate and entire or sinuate-dentate (then rarely more than the 0.5 cm wide) or pinnatifid, with denticulate margin, (long)-acuminate apex and rather narrow, semiamplexicaule to clasping base; higher up the stem leaves gradually reduced to inconspicuous ovate-acute, cordate bracts. Synflorescence rather rich, sometimes subintricate, of delicate appearance with the higher order branches capillaceous; main axis and lower order branches monopodial, terminated by a capitulum and overtopped by their branches, higher order branches monochasial. Peduncles always well developed, 0.4-2(5) cm long, capillaceous, spreading-erect, immediately beneath the capitulum with 1-3 bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 7-12 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1-1.5 mm in diameter. Involucre (7)9- 11 mm long, slender, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib swollen and hardened in lower part; outer involucral bracts 6-8, subimbricate, with broad, scarious margin, the outermost broadly obvate-acute, c. 1 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost 1/3 to 2/5 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5, linear-lanceolate, 7-11 x 1.0-1.5 mm, ± equal, with narrower scarious margin than the outer bracts. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 6.5-9 x 1.5-1.9 mm and a tube 3.6-4.8 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.1-3.2 mm long, basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm long and often blackish; style armes 1.3-1.5 mm long, often blackish. Achenes 2.0-3.6 x 0.4-0.7 mm, heteromorphic, inner with slender subcuneate to columnar, ± 4-angular, ± truncate at both ends, with 4 thick main ribs and very inconspicuous secondary ribs, smooth to very slightly wrinkled, pale; marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, ± slender-subfusiform but stronger tapering towards apex than base, somewhat curved and compressed, apex ± cuspidate to shortly rostrate, transversally sharply wrinkled, brown to dark-brown. Pappus 4-6 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of setaceous inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9a320a18-f4fb-4d0c-9fbb-ee4a3b961840","Polymorphic annual with slender taproot, at anthesis 15-150 cm high, with an erect stem or, in case of basal branchment, with a few stems, with ± virgate axes; either with basal leaf rosette and stem ± leafless, or stem basally crowded leafy, or leafy throughout. Basal leaves (1.5)3-37 x (0.5)l-14 cm, either obovate and apically rounded (the early leaves) or spathulate with acute apex (the later leaves) and attenuate into a narrow base, ± entire, sinuate-dentate to runcinate; margin white-cartilagineously denticulate, lamina usually thin; cauline leaves irregularly pinnatifid, more rarely undivided, ± sagittately auriculate, smaller than basal leaves, otherwise similar; leaves in the synflorescence region reduced to inconspicuous ovate-acute to ovate-acuminate bracts. Synflorescence with a few to many virgate, spreading-erect, up to 40-50 cm long, monochasial branches with the capitula single or due to the development of accessory buds fasciculate; in vigorous plants with secondary synflorescences below the main one. Peduncles c. 1-20(40) mm long, wiry, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with (12) 18-35 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-2.5(3) mm in diameter. Involucre (9)l0-13 mm long, before anthesis narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis somewhat clubshaped, later conical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower part swollen and hardened, outer involucral bracts c. 10-12, ± imbricate, with broad scarious margin, acute, the outermost 1.5-2 mm long, ovate-acute, the following bracts longer and more lanceolate, the innermost reaching 1/3-1/2 the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts usually 8 (rarely single capitula with up to 12), linear-lanceolate, 9-13 x 1-2(3) mm, ± equal, with the scarious margin a little narrower than in outer bracts. Flowers with a pale yellow ligule of 5.5-6 x 1.1 - 1.3 mm and a tube 5-6.5 mm; anthertube without appendages 1.1-1.3 mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.3-0.5 mm long; style branches 1.0-1.5 mm long, with blackish sweeping hairs. Achenes 3.2-4.5 x 0.7-0.9 mm, heteromorphic, the inner cylindrical to columnar, cuspidate to shortly rostrate, somewhat 4-angular. with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, transversally weakly wrinkled. greyish: the central often persisting and loosing its pappus; marginal subfusiform, somewhat compressed and curved. with a beak c. 1/8-1/4 of the achene length, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, with transversal, ± sharp wrinkles, black (occasionally all achenes pale). Pappus 7-8 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of setaceous inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6cb35750-ac08-41ea-a063-bb0231ecda11","Perennial herbs. Leaves simple, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 4-15 X 1-6 cm, pinnatisect or runcinate, apex acute, margin denticulate, base rounded, auriculate, glabrous or pubescent when young. Flowering stems erect, 8-30 cm, with a few cauline leaves, glabrous or sparsely hairy or araneous and short multicellular hairy except long glandular hairy uppermost. Capitula solitary or several; involucres 5-8 mm in diam., often white tomentose at base; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, glabrous or white tomentose, sometimes with a few glandular hairs; outer ones lanceolate, 4-6 X ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse to subacute; inner ones lanceolate to linear-oblong, 8-10 X 1.5-2 mm, with scarious margin. Florets ligulate; corolla 9-11 mm, tube 7-8 mm, sparsely hairy outside; ligule yellow, oblong-oblanceolate, 2-3 X ca. 1 mm, apex shallowly 5-toothed. Ovaries compressed, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 1.3 mm, glabrous; pappus simple, white, 6-7 mm. Achenes stramineous, narrowly ellipsoid, 3-3.5 X ca. 1 mm, obscurely 5-ribbed on each side.\r\rfrom: Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"25c07aab-7d30-442f-b619-c657a29bd9a5","Perennial herb, 5-100 cm high, branched; taproot stout, with white latex, root crown with reduced leaves; stems glabrous except for the part closest to the capitulum. Leaves grey-green, linear, 3.5-13 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm wide, base attenuate to sagittate-auriculate, margins entire or remotely denticulate, apex attenuate, glabrous or very sparsely pilose. Capitula solitary or up to 3 in lax leafy cymes, the very base tomentose; involucre 12-17 mm long; phyllaries tinged purple, lanceolate, 4-17 mm long, margins membranous, entire or (in the outermost) spinulose, acute, distally ciliate, thickened at the base after flowering. Florets ± 100 per capitulum; corolla yellow, the outermost purplish beneath, tube 5-9.5 mm long, distally pilose, ligule 3.5-4.5 mm long. Achenes brown, ellipsoid, flattened, 2.5-3.5 mm long, ribbed, rugose; pappus 6.5-8 mm long, ?persistent.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"675315ae-0580-4701-8874-22bb76eb0ec6","Herb, perennial, 15-40 cm high. Flowering stems erect, unbranched. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate or oblong-ovate, 6.0-16.0 cm long, 1.0-4.0 cm wide, irregularly dentate, obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole. Cauline leaves oblong-ovate, oblong-obovate or oblong, 3.0-8.0-(16.0) cm long, 1.0-3.0-(4.0) cm wide, irregularly dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 14.0-18.0 mm long; involucral bracts black; outer involucral bracts ovate-oblong or linear, c. 8.0 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, woolly; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, margin scarious. Receptacle slightly convex, with scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 7.0 mm long; ligule 21.0-22.0 mm long, 3.0 mm wide. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 7.0 mm long, wrinkled, with 5 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 6.0-9.0 mm long. Pappus plumose, white, c. 10.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo (as <i>Hypochoeris crepidioides</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3e740083-a913-4617-ae2f-9082165eb96d","Herb, annual, 10-35 cm high. Flowering stems erect or ascending, slightly pubescent or glabrous, branched. Cauline leaves linear to oblong, 8.0-12.0-(15.0) cm long, (0.6)-1.0-3.0-(7.0) cm wide, petiole-like attenuate. Synflorescence with 1-2 heads. Peduncle long. Outer involucral bracts pubescent; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, 10.0-13.0 mm long, arachnoid, margin minutely ciliate. Receptacle bristly. Corolla ligulate, 15.0-20.0 mm long, yellow or blue when drying. Achenes cylindrical in outline, strongly curved, sometimes muricate.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"50a8c52c-51c9-4db7-8a9d-6e07bc688095","Perennial herb, subterranean parts not seen, with a single, ± erect, upwards branched flowering stem or a few, leafless except for inconspicuous, ovate-acute bracts, at anthesis up to 60 cm high. Leaves appearing after anthesis, not seen. Synflorescence many-capitulate: main axis with several monopodially to monochasially branched secondary axes, terminated by a capitulum and overtopped by the upper, monochasial, spreading-erect branches; pedunculate capitula and short monochasial branches from accessory buds present. Peduncles 0.3-2.0 mm long, spreading-erect. wiry to capillaceous, with 0-2 bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 6-11 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1-1.5 mm in diameter. Involucre slender, before anthesis narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis 10-12 mm long and somewhat clavate, after anthesis distinctly prolonged, finally up to 14 mm long; involucral bracts at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib basally somewhat swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 2-4 (in capitula from accessory buds occassionaly with none!), the outermost ovateacute, 1.0-1.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer, lanceolate, the innermost 1/5-1/3 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts (4)-5, in one row, ± equal, linear-lanceolate, 10-14 x 1.5-2.0 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 8-9 x 1.8-2.2 mm and a tube 4.5-5.5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.7-2.9 mm long, basal appendages 0.5-0.6 mm and apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm long; style branches 1.6-1.8 mm long. Achenes 4.2-5.5 x 0.7-0.9 mm long, subhomomorphic, brown, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, ± scabrid of short, squamulose papillae, inner columnar to ± subfusiform, marginal subfusiform, somewhat compressed and curved, otherwise similar. Pappus 5-6 mm long, deciduous, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays. Launaea angolensis habitually resembles L. rurjfolin but is distinguished by its larger flowers and longer anthertubes as well as by its smaller, brown achenes and smaller pappus. With L. cabrae and the following species, it constitutes a subgroup of this section distinguished from species 1-5 by its brown to reddish brown and generally smaller achenes. L. rogersii is similar in habit but well distinguished by its tiny capitula, involucre, flowers and anthertubes.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"909d9810-920b-443a-8b73-d7629fde919d","Perennial rosette plant, flowering c. 50-150 cm high, with a taproot and a short woody caudex with one or few leaf rosettes. Each rosette shoot producing either a single, virgate, simple or branched, leafless or basally leafy, ascending to erect flowering stem, or sometimes a few stems. Rosette leaves 7-25 x 1.5-10 cm, broadly to narrowly spathulate, more rarely ovate, irregularly and variably pinnatifid with roundish to acute segments, sometimes even runcinate, attenuate into a narrow, semiamplexicaule base, margin sinuate-dentate and denticulate, upper surface dark-green and marbled with pale veins, lower surface greyish-green; cauline leaves, if any, smaller, with clasping to roundish-auriculate base, elliptical to lanceolate, otherwise similar, soon reduced to inconspicuous ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence throughout monopodially branched; main axis densely articulate with numerous pedunculate capitula situated in a one-sided raceme, additionally often with monopodial flowering branches from accessory buds, sometimes very short with 1-2 capitula only, sometimes up to c. 30 cm long and with several to many capitula; in more vigorous plants main axis in lower half additionally with few to several, monopodial branches of the same structure as the main axis. Peduncles 0.2-1.3 cm long, capillaceous, spreading-erect to suberect, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 8-14 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.4-2.2 mm in diameter. Involucre 8-10 mm long, towards fruiting time narrowly cylindrical, at time of fruit dispersal star-wise outspread and midrib of the involucral bracts in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts c. 6-9, imbricate, acute, with distinct, broad, scarious margin, the outermost ovateacute, 1-1.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate, up to 1/3 – 1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8, conspicuously narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute, with narrow but distinct scarious margin, ± equal, 8-10 x 1-2 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 7-8 x 2.0-2.4 mm and a tube 5-6 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.4-3.2 mm long, with fine, blackish strips along the longitudinal edges of the thecae, apical appendages 0.4-0.6 mm and basal appendages 0.5-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.6-2.4 mm long, sweeping hairs blackish. Achenes 3.3-4.9 x 0.5-0.8 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, with 4 main ribs, secondary ribs ± indistinct, pale, smooth; marginal subcolumnar to subfusiform, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, weakly compressed and weakly curved, ± smooth to weakly transversally wrinkled, pale to greyish-green brownish. Pappus 4-5 mm long, ± persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous and easily detachable rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3ae9a93d-d341-4511-b8f4-862da5bd0626","An erect glaucous perennial herb 12-90 cm. tall, from a semi-woody taproot. Stems usually scapiform, 1-several-branched from near the base, sometimes simple, striately ribbed. Leaves ± numerous, mostly basal, often rosulate, Ratent-ascending, up to c. 12(19) x 1(2.3) cm. Lower leaves very narrowly-oblanceolate to linear-elliptic, remotely lobed to sinuate-dentate or sharply denticulate, sometimes entire, attenuate-acute apically, glaucous; lobes up to c. 2.5 x 0.5 cm, recurved, narrowly lanceolate. Cauline leaves few, grading into foliaceous bracts, or absent; lanceolate entire, attenuate above, semiamplexicaul and sagittate-auriculate below. Capitula few in lax, corymbiform cymes, sometimes solitary; mature capitula often subtended by 1-several subsessile buds; capitula bases and subtending buds densely white woolly. Involucres up to c. 19 x 9 mm in fruiting capitula, cylindric-campanulate, white-lanate below, the receptacle becoming somewhat swollen. Phyllaries olive-green, glaucous, imbricate; the outermost c. 3 mm long, ovate, lanate and often also patent-setose outside, semi-coriaceous; the innermost 15 x 2 mm in flowering capitula, increasing to c. 19 mm in fruiting capitula, glabrous, or setose on the midribs and apices, membranous, becoming involute. Florets numerous. Corollas yellow, c. 15 mm long, pubescent about the junction between the tube and ligule; ligule c. 4 mm long, strap-shaped. Achenes pale-brown, c. 5 mm long, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly compressed, strongly c. 4-ribbed with 1-2 secondary ribs between, ribs eventually swollen and ± rugulose; pappus white, c. 10 mm long, composed of few minutely barbellate setae intermixed with down-like hairs.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"506a7d4e-c87f-41f1-922a-6fe7527b2e66","Subspinescent perennial, with strong annual(?) indurate but herbaceous (not really lignified), densely intricately and divaricately branched, many-capitulate, erect shoots directly from the ground, at anthesis leafless and c. 0.5 m high, most likely arising from a perennating rootstock and/or a shoot-bearing root system. Leaves on the base of the shoots, apparently soon deciduous, not seen, passing over into scaly, semiamplexicaule, narrowly spathulate to lanceolate leaves, and higher up into ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence repeatedly divaricateiy and intricately branched; main axis with several monopodial first-order branches almost from base on; upper branches overtopping the main axis; first-order branches with several overtopping second-order branches and these branching again; branches of higher order monochasially with the branchings enclosing an angle of mostly 80-90°. Peduncles 0.5-3.5 cm long, slender-subulate, after shedding of the capitulum indurate and subspinescent. Capitula with 5-11 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-2 mm in diameter. Involucre 10-12 mm long. towards fruiting time slender-cylindrical; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; involucral bracts with rather indistinct scarious margins; outer involucral bracts, 5-7, ± imbricate, the outermost ovateacute, 1-2 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, the innermost (linear)-lanceolate. up to c. 3/4 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts (4-)5, in one row, linear-lanceolate, ± equal, 10-12 x 1.5-2.5 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule c. 6-7 mm long and a tube c. 4-5 mm long; anthertube without appandages ± 3.2 mm long, apical and basal appandages each c. 0.3-0.4 mm long; style branches yellow with concolourous sweeping hairs. Achenes 2.9-4.3 x 0.7-0.9 mm, all with 5 main ribs accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs rather equalling the main ribs in size, subhomomorphic; inner cylindrical to obcolumnar or subcuneate, ± smooth, pale; marginal somewhat curved and slightly compressed, cuneate, smooth to inconspicuously transversally wrinkled, pale to brownish. Pappus 7-10 mm long, deciduous, (sub)homomorphic, of setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a27759d7-b360-4859-814c-c67ef65042ad","Perennial herb, 15-50 cm high; rhizome horizontal; stems unbranched except in the inflorescence, distally sparsely hairy, especially near the inflorescence where a patch of white or reddish tomentum subtends the involucre. Leaves mostly in a rosette, lanceolate, 3-16 cm long, 0.8-2.5 cm wide, base attenuate, the very base slightly amplexicaul, margins dentate or lobed with triangular lobes to 6 mm long, apex obtuse to acute, glabrous; cauline leaves few, similar to basal leaves but with more sagittate base, widely spaced. Capitula solitary or up to 5 together in dense\rclusters; involucre 10-15 mm long; phyllaries green, the outer with dark margins and midrib, ovate to lanceolate, 3-15 mm long, acute or obtuse with a hair-tuft, the outermost tomentose near the base, otherwise glabrous. Florets many; corolla yellow, the outer purplish beneath, tube narrowly cylindric, 7.5-8 mm long, ligule 4.5-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide. Achenes dark brown to black, narrowly obovoid or ellipsoid, 3-4 mm long, slightly flattened, ribbed; pappus white, 7-9 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"45c25bce-690c-43f6-a4be-98ae9cec9f45","Biennial. Root vertical, robust; root collar covered with numerous basal leaves. Plant large (30-100 cm high), glabrous, usually branched below middle. Stem thick, robust, sulcate. Cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, basally broadened to 10-20 nun, semiamplexicaul, abruptly narrowed upward; lower leaves linear. Peduncles below capitula clavate to 7-15 mm, fistular, long, exceeding inflorescence. Capitula large, with fruits 5.5-8.5 cm long, 1.7-3 cm wide. Involucre of 10-12 (less often 8-14) bracts, far exceeding florets and slightly longer or very rarely almost as long as achenes; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, long- and finely acuminate. Florets yellow; outer achenes 5.5-7.5 cm long, without pappus 2.8-3.8 cm long, about 1.5 mm wide, slightly curved, indistinctly five-angled, almost smooth, with inconspicuous scales along edges, obliquely truncate near base, finely sulcate, gradually narrowed into filiform beak about 1.7-2.5 cm long, thickened above and with tuft of hairs; pappus 2.5-3 cm long, yellowish golden, lustrous, with prominent, sparse, longer hairs, shorter than achenes with beak; inner achenes weakly rugose and almost smooth.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"25492bee-5792-48d3-b2f5-d416c450bd87","An erect perennial herb up to 90(120) cm tall, from a semi-woody taproot. Stems mostly solitary, stout, leafy, hollow, glabrous. Leaves runcinate-dentate or entire (coarsely pinnatilobed-runcinate in Natal), glabrous; basal leaves 6-7 in a rosette, 2-8.5 x 0.5-2.5 cm, oblanceolate, evanescent; cauline leaves few to many, somewhat crowded on the lower stem, 4-14(18) x 1-4(10) cm, narrowly oblong-oblanceolate to somewhat panduriform in outline, the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, apices obtuse or acuminate, margins coarsely sharply and irregularly-toothed, bases semi-amplexicaul sometimes auriculate-sagittate with narrow lobes up to 1.5 cm long. Capitula up to 7(40) in lax reduced corymbiform cymes. Involucres C. 15 x 5-10 mm in fruiting capitula, ± broadly cylindric-campanulate, persistent white-lanate below. Phyllaries imbricate, 3-4 x 1-2 mm on the outside, increasing to 12 mm long on the inside, to c. 15 mm long in fruiting capitula, lanceolate-lorate, obtuse-acute, rnembranous, midribs of the outermost often setose becoming thickened towards the base, white- or brownish-lanate, glabrescent towards the apex. Florets numerous. Corollas yellow, c. 12-17 mm long, pubescent about the junction of the tube and ligule; ligule often purplish outside, c. 5 mm long, oblong. Achenes pale-brown, c. 4-5 mm long, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly flattened glabrous ribbed, the marginal ribs and main rib on each face well developed with c. 2 secondary ribs between, the main rib eventually swollen and rugulose; pappus white, c. 10 mm long, composed of minutely barbellate setae intermixed with down-like hairs.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"595bb3bb-6878-4bf3-a726-b72a31a116eb","Erect perennial herbs. Stems 40-90 cm tall, with stiff bristle hairs; hairs with anchorshaped tips. Lower cauline leaves subsessile, narrowly obovate to spatulate, 8-15 X 1-3 cm, apex acute or obtuse, margins coarsely toothed, base cuneate, both surfaces hispid. Upper cauline leaves shorter than lower ones, sessile, oblong to lanceolate. Flowers July to September. Capitula several in corymb; involucres ovoid-urceolate, 10-11 mm high; phyllaries 3-seriate; outer ones lanceolate, 3-5 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute, bristle hairy and sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; inner ones 9-11 X 1-1.3 mm, margins scarious, bristle hairy and sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Flowers ligulate, hermaphrodite; ligules yellow, narrowly oblong, 5-6 X ca. 1 mm; tubes 3.5-4 mm, pubescent on upper portion. Ovaries narrowly oblong, ca. 2 X ca. 0.7 mm, glabrous; pappus white, 5-6 mm. Achenes brown, 4-5 X ca. 1 mm, longitudinally grooved, transversally rugulose.\r\rfrom: Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8cdecb8c-d61f-4654-b83a-9185a56985df","Polymorphic perennial herb, with a taproot and lateral shoot bearing roots, flowering 15-70(120) cm high, with a woody base when older, and a usually ± erect. repeatedly, rich and often from base on branched, glaucous flowering stem, with a basal leaf rosette or leaves basally crowded and either with cauline leaves early reduced to inconspicuous bracts or leafy also higher up the stem. Leaves often withering soon and fruiting plants therefore often ± leafless. Basal leaves 2.0-25 x 0.5-5 cm, glaucous, narrowly spathulate to narrowly elliptical in outline, with acute apex and tapering into narrow base, entire to irregularly sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid with narrow segments. Cauline leaves smaller, upwards gradually becoming entire and linear, auriculate with entire to pinnatifid auricles variable in size, otherwise like basal; higher up the stem leaves reduced to inconspicuous amplexicaule, ovate-acute, cordate bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem ± divaricately branched, number of capitula considerably varying, but often many-capitulate; main axis ending in a capitulum and overtopped by their branches; lower order branches usually monopodial and higher order branches monochasial. Peducles (1)2-3(7) cm long, weakly subulate, spreading-erect and often slightly curved, with several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with (9)12-20(26) flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 2.2-4.2 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis narrowly cylindrical. 8-12 mm long, at fruiting time up to 18 mm long, narrowly conical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib as well as the basal part of the capitulum swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 5-7, ± contracted into a white, obtuse prickle, the outermost 1.5-2 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, the following bracts longer and lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate, at anthesis reaching up to c. 3/4 or more of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 7-8, linear-lanceolate, usually with a ± distinct scarious margin, subequal at anthesis. 8-12 x 2-2.5. with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre becoming different in length. Flowers with a pale to whitish yellow ligule of 7-10 x 1.7-2.3 mm, sometimes tinged pale-purple and a tube 4.5-5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.3-3.2 mm long, somewhat longer in inner than in marginal flowers, apical appendages 0.3-0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long: style branches 1.8-2.8 mm long, sweeping hairs usually yellow, rarely black. Achenes (4.0)4.8-8.2 x 0.4-0.8 mm, heteromorphic, inner with 3 main ribs each accompanied by 2, sometimes ± indistinct, sometimes ± distinct secondary ribs, slightly prismatic, columnar with (sub)cuspidate apex, smooth, brown, glabrous to papillose- pubescent with papillae ± distinctly arranged in transversal, wrinkled lines, base usually tubular with a ± even basal edge; the following achenes densely papillose, somewhat compressed and slightly curved, weakly cuspidate; the marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 ± distinct secondary ribs, irregularly 5-angular, somewhat stouter and shorter, otherwise like former. Pappus (6)8-10 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of more numerous downy and a lower number of setaceous, longer inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"91273cdc-c6ce-4bfa-b5e9-760bdda22399","Stems 25-40 cm tall, rather densely hirsute; lower cauline leaves oblanceolate, 8,5-9,5 cm long, 1,5-2 cm wide, apex acute or obtuse, base narrowed into winged petiole; median leaves oblong-Ianceolate, 6.5-7 cm long, apex acute, sessile, semiamplexicaul; heads ca. 3 cm across, loosely corymbose; involucres 12-13 mm high, blackish green; flowers June to August, all ligulate, yellow, ligule 14-17 mm long, 1,6-2 mm wide, tube 5mm long; achenes 4,5-6 mm long; pappus 7-8 mm long.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9e818b2e-8f0e-43f0-9968-30dd13317523","Subspinescent or non-spinescent, basally woody perennial or subshrub at anthesis (5)10-30(50) cm high, with a fleshy taproot and a shoot-bearing root system; leaves rosulate to crowded at the base of young shoots: shoots terminated by an intricately, repeatedly and ± divaricately branched, ± indurate synflorescence. Basal Ieaves variable, 3-13 x 2-6 cm, linear-spathulate and entire, or narrowly spathulate to ± elliptical in outline and deeply pinnatifid to bipinnatifid with irregularly and shallowly sinuate-dentate margins, often somewhat fleshy and ± glaucous; leaf axils whitish short-woolly. Cauline leaves at the lower nodes only, lowermost similar to the basal leaves but smaller, upper linear to almost ribbonlike and entire, uppermost reduced to inconspicuous, narrowly ovate-acute bracts. Peduncles (0.5)l.5-3.5(6) cm long, ± indurate, spreading or, when longer, inward-scurved-erect. often somewhat subulate, with a few to several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts, after the shedding of the capitulum remaining as often somewhat spinescent terminal segments. Capitula with c. 15-20 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 2-2.5 mm in diameter. Involucre 10-17 mm long, towards fruiting time slender cylindrical to conical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading or star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened: involucral bracts with distinct and broad scarious margin; outer involucral bracts imbricate, c. 7-12, the outermost ovate-acute, 1.5-2.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, up to c. 3/4 as long as the inner involucral bracts: inner involucral bracts 5-8, linear-lanceolate, in one row, ± equal. 10-17 x 2-3 mm. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 7-10 x 1.9-2.5 mm and a tube 6-8 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.9-4.8 mm long, apical appendages 0.4-0.8 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 2.8-3.6 mm long, yellow with blackish sweeping hairs. Achenes 2.4-5.0 x 0.6-1.1 mm, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, prismatic, (sub)heteromorphic. inner cylindrical to obcolumnar, ± smooth to somewhat transversally wrinkled, ± glabrous, the following increasingly papillose: the marginal achenes ± obcolumnar to cuneate, somewhat curled and compressed, distinctly transversally wrinkled and with an dense indumentum of broad, hyline papillae. Pappus 7-11 mm long, persistent, subhomomorphic, with numerous setaceous rays gradually decreasing in diameter from centre to periphery.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1be8be37-ea16-48c0-bc4e-e49b87911b8a","Perennial herb with slender to tuberous taproot, flowering (5)l0-30(c.50?) cm high, with one leafy flowering stem or, when older, with several such stems from a short woody base. Cauline leaves 2-15 x 0.5-7 cm, with the lamina in its consistency ranging from saladlike to leathery-fleshy; lower cauline leaves in first year's plants obovate to broadly spathulate, ± suddenly tapering into a narrow, sometimes even petiol-like base, scarcely auriculate, margins irregularly sinuatedenate to irregularly subpinnatifid; upper cauline leaves and cauline leaves of older plants ± narrowly spathulate, irregularly pinnatifid and irregularly sinuatedentate, base distinctly auriculate, auricules considerably varying in size and shape (pinnatifid with roundish to pointed segments); uppermost leaves ± lanceolate, rather shallowly pinnatifid to sinuate-dentate, auriculate, passing over into broadly lanceolate and basally cordate, ± entire, relatively large bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem rather variable in appearance, density and the number of capitula, but generally being irregularly dichasial with the terminal capitulunl of the main axis overtopped by leafy to bracteate flowering branches. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering branches, ± wiry, 0.5-4.0 cm long, with one or a few bracts similar to the outermost involucral bracts. Capitula with (8)15-40 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis slender cylindrical to somewhat clubshaped, 8-11 mm long, towards fruiting time becoming longer and ± conical, finally up to 13-15 mm long; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in lower part swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 5-8. ± imbricate, usually with reflexed tip and often somewhat sinuate margin, the outermost rather broadly lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm long, almost without scarious margin, the following bracts gradually longer and rather linear-lanceolate, with ± distinct scarious margin, the innermost almost equalling up the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts (4)-8, linear-lanceolate. with ± distinct scarious margin, at anthesis ± equal, ± in one row, with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre the innermost becoming longer than the others. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 7-8 x 2.0-2.2 mm and a tube 4.5-5.5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.4-2.8 mm long, basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm and apical appendages ± 0.3 mm long; style branches 1.6-2.0 mm long, sweeping hairs blackish. Achenes cuspidate to attenuate into a rather stout beak ranging from 0.4 mm to c. 1/3 of the length of the corpus, including the length of the beak 3.2-6.2 x 0.4-0.6 mm, heteromorphic, inner with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, ± 4-angular, ± columnar brownish to blackish, ± smooth, glabrous to papillose with minute hyaline papillae; marginal somewhat shorter, somewhat curved and compressed with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, cylindrical to slightly subfusiform. densely papillose, otherwise like inner. Pappus 4-7 mm long, either dimorphic of setaceous, easily removable inner rays, and downy, somewhat shorter, persistent outer rays, or occasionally homomorphic of setaceous rays only.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ca0d82b9-ed46-461f-8313-fbcba1d8eca8","An erect glabrous perennial herb up to c. 55 cm tall, from a semi-woody taproot. Stems usually simple, terete and finely striately-ribbed, leafy throughout but with leaves more crowded in the lower part. Leaves numerous sessile patent-ascending, usually undivided and entire to sinuate-dentate, sometimes With remote spreading (not recurved) lorate lobes up to c. 3.5 x 0.5 cm; basal leaves c. 10 x 1 cm, narrowly oblanceolate; cauline leaves up to c. 17 x 2 cm, linear-elliptic to narrowly-elliptic becoming lanceolate towards the stem apex, attenuate-acute, margins subentire to denticulate, semi-amplexicaul and sagittate at the base. Capitula few in lax corymbiform cymes, or solitary and terminal on long synflorescence branches, glabrous at least when mature. Involucres up to c. 23 x 12 mm in fruiting capitula, cylindric-campanulate later spreading. Phyllaries imbricate, increasing in length towards the inside, becoming thickened below; outermost C. 4 mm long, ovate to lanceolate, sub-coriaceous; innermost to c. 17 x 3 mm long, increasing to c. 23 cm long in fruiting capitula, narrowly lanceolate, membranous, eventually involute and reflexed. Florets numerous. Corollas yellow, 15-18 mm long, ± pubescent about the junction of tube and ligule; ligule 4-5 mm long, oblong, reddish outside. Achenes pale-brown, 4-5.5 mm. long, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly laterally compressed, strongly 4-ribbed with c. 2 secondary ribs between, the larger ribs eventually thickened, glabrous; pappus white, c. 12 mm long, composed of minutely barbellate setae and down-like hairs.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"436bc623-f6c0-47e2-8d61-3237fe25f0f0","Biennial or perennial. Root cordlike, thick, vertical; root collar covered with remnants of old leaves. Plant large, glabrous, 40-100 cm high, more or less branched from base. Stem usually robust, densely leafy, especially at base. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate and oblong, usually up to 4 cm wide, semiamplexicaul, acuminate. Peduncles clavate below capitula at fruiting, 8-15 mm thick. Capitula large, 6.5-9 cm long at fruiting, with 50-60 achenes. Involucral bracts eight or nine, lanceolate-linear or linear, acuminate, up to 10 mm wide at base, slightly longer than florets, shorter or almost as long as achenes, sometimes membranous along margin in lower part. Florets yellow, whitish or pale lilac on drying. Peripheral achenes with pappus 7-7.5(8) cm long; without pappus 3.5-4(5.5) cm long, whitish; body of achene 1.6 cm long, about 2 mm wide, slightly concave, five-angled, somewhat attenuate at base and obliquely truncate, smooth, sometimes weakly scabrous-tuberculate along ribs in upper part, abruptly narrowed into slender, 2 cm long, finely sulcate, smooth beak, at apex only slightly and briefly broadened, with tuft of dense fluff; beak longer or almost as long as body of achene; pappus about 3.5 cm long, with unequal hairs, dirty white or light coloured, somewhat shorter than achene with beak; inner achenes edged, weakly, ribbed, smooth or very weakly sculptured in upper part.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2dc69203-46ea-4a6c-a518-3f7976ca6dce","Perennial herb with slender taproot, flowering c. 10-20 cm high, with leaves in basal rosette and with a few procumbent to ascending, divaricately branched, leafless flowering stems. Rosette leaves 2-9 x 1-2.5 cm, obovate or broadly to narrowly spathulate and tapering into an almost petiol-like base, sinuate(-dentate) to ± irregularly pinnatifid with ± rounded segments and the apex rounded to subacute, margin white-cartilagineously denticulate, lamina somewhat fleshy; flowering stems with cordate, acute to acuminate bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem with several capitula single at the end of the divaricate branchings, the main axis with its terminal capitulum very short, overtopped by the ± monochasial branches. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering axes 0.5-2.5 cm long, with a few bracts similar to or passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 20-55 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 3-4 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis 9-11 mm and at fruiting time up to 13(-16) mm long, at anthesis rather Stout, cylindrical to somewhat clubshaped, after anthesis prolonged and slender-cylindrical; at time of fruit dispersal inner involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib basally swollen and hardened; involucral bracts with a ± distinct narrow scarious margin and ± contracted into a white and, in case of the outer bracts, ± cartilagineous tip; outer involucral bracts 6-8, the outermost broadly cordate (± as long as broad), 1.5-2.0 mm long, the following gradually longer, obovate to spathulate, the innermost f linear-lanceolate and ≥2/3 as long as inner involucral bracts at anthesis; inner involucral bracts 8-10(12), at flowering time ± equal, linear-lanceolate, with the postfloral prolongation becoming different in length. Flowers with a yellow ligule of c. 7-7.5 x 2.0 mm and a tube c. 4-4.5 mm long: anthertube without appendages c. 1.8-2.4 mm long, basal appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm long; style branches c. 1.8-2.0 mm long, sweeping hairs blackish. Achenes, including a short beak of c. 0.3-0.5 mm length, 3.6-4.2 x 0.3-0.5 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, prismatic, with 4 distinct main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, brown; marginal with 5 distinct main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, in particular the outermost somewhat shorter and stouter, somewhat curved and slighly compressed, tending to a subfusiform shape, covered with both minute, dustgrainlike and 0.1-0.2 mm long, linear-lanceolate papillae, otherwise similar to the inner. Pappus 5-9 mm long, deciduous, dimorphic, of downy and a somewhat smaller number of setaceous, longer inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e641b0c3-2230-4630-a005-8397c17eda81","Perennial herb or subshrub with strong taproot, c. (15)30-80 cm high at anthesis, with a robust, erect, almost leafless flowering stem up to 8 mm in diameter. Leaves in a basal rosette or crowded in the basal portion of the stem; in older plants base woody and branched, with a few leaf rosettes and with 2 or more flowering stems at the same time. Rosette leaves 4-11 x 2-6 mm, obovate to broadly spathulate with obtuse apex and attenuate towards base; margin sinuatedentate and whitish to pinkish cartilagineously spinose-denticulate; lamina somewhat glaucous and somewhat leathery or fleshy. Cauline leaves, if present, smaller, otherwise similar, higher up suddenly reduced to ± broadly ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence subdivaricately branched, the monopodial main axis terminated by a capitulum and overtopped by spreading-erect branches; branches, depending on the size of the plant, (0)3-8, and a few to 30 cm long and each with 1 to several capitula: in larger plants lower branches monopodial with monopodial first order and monochasial second order branches, in smaller plants already the lowest branch monochasial. Peduncles as the very terminal part of the flowering branches rather strong, (1)2-4(7) cm long, spreading rather than erect, with a few to several inconspicuous bracts similar to the outermost involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 30-40 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 5-7 mm in diameter. Involucre 13-16 mm long, not prolonged towards fruiting time, at anthesis broadly cylindrical, later ± bell-shaped, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in the lower part swollen and hardened; involucral bracts pale to dull green and purplish tinged, and with a distinct scarious margin; outer involucral bracts 12-16, ± imbricate, the outermost ovate(-acute ), the following bracts lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate and up to c. 2/3-3/4 as long as the inner; inner involucral bracts 8-12, ± equal in length, 13-16 x 2.0-3.0 mm. Flowers with a ligule of c. 8.0-9.5 x 2.0-2.4 mm, yellow with veins becoming purplish, and a tube c. 5-6 mm long; anthertube without appendages c. 3.5-3.7 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 2.0-2.2 mm long, yellow. Achenes 2.6-3.6 x 0.8-1.2 mm, bulky, heteromorphic, inner columnar, truncate at both ends, ± 4-angular, with 4 thick main ribs, secondary ribs not differentiated, smooth, innermost glabrous, pale, the following achenes densely covered with stiff and coarse, brownish, narrowly triangular papillae; the marginal achenes somewhat cuneate, with 5 main ribs and inconspicuous secondary ribs, angular, somewhat curved and compressed otherwise like the preceding. Pappus 8-10 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous cottony rays and a few inner, slightly longer, ± deciduous, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"de1dc1dc-89e9-4af5-a58c-477d6072cbb8","Acaulescent perennial with thick, vertical, fleshy rootstock, at anthesis 3-8 cm high, with a ± hemispherically umbellate synflorescence; leaves, usually appearing after anthesis. in a basal rosette on the short, woody, glabrous or sometimes ± brown-woolly caudex. Rosette leaves 3-19(37) x 1.5-5 cm, ± obovate to ± narrowly spathulate, denticulate, entire or sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid; lamina with rounded to ± acute apex and tapering into a narrow, sometimes almost petiolelike base, upper surface green, lower greyish-glaucous. Leaves on flowering axes reduced to rather inconspicuous, ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence consisting of several short, delicate, spreading-erect flowering shoots developed from axillary buds of the short caudex and branched almost from base on; branching through accessory buds common. Peduncles as the undifferentiated terminal segments of the flowering axes 0.5- 1.5(3) cm long, wiry, with 0-2 bracts similar to the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 18-30 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter. Involucre often tinged purple, before anthesis narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis 11-14(16) mm long and narrowly clavate, distinctly prolonged after anthesis, finally 14-20 mm long; involucral bracts with scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib basally swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 6-9, imbricate, the outermost 1-2 mm long, narrowly ovate-acute to lanceolate, the following bracts gradually longer and narrowly lanceolate, the innermost 1/3-2/5 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts (6)7-8, linear-lanceolate, 11-20 x 1.5-3.0 mm, ± equal. Flowers with a ligule of 4.2-6.0 x 1.2-1.4 mm, (pale?) yellow, tinged purple when fading, and a tube 5-6(9) mm long; anthertube without appendages 1.1-1.6 mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.2-0.3 mm long; style branches 0.6-0.9 mm long. Achenes 3.3-5.5 x 0.7-1.3 mm, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, smooth and glabrous, reddish-brown, 5-angular, subhomomorphic, inner slender, cuneate; marginal somewhat compressed, somewhat curved, with larger diameter than inner. Pappus 9-14 mm long, deciduous. homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"51b4b4b3-d587-43c0-8d03-a12519018cdc","An erect scapose perennial herb from a stout semi-woody taproot; rootcrowns lanate. Scapes up to c. 80 cm. tall, solitary or several, branching above, slender, finely ribbed, ± sparsely pilose below, glabrous above. Leaves 2-8, sub-rosulate, rarely also 1-2 cauline, mostly 4-5 x 1-1.5 cm, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, sometimes up to 15 cm. long and narrowly oblanceolate, or up to 3.5 cm. wide and narrowly obovate, apex acute to rounded, base narrowly cuneate to attenuate, margins remotely denticulate, lamina glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Capitula many, laxly corymbiform cymose or paniculate, stalks up to 26 cm. long. Involucres up to c. 11 x 7 mm. in flower, obconic-campanulate, cylindric in bud with hooded phyllaries, subtended by 2-21 subulate bracteoles which extend down the capitulum stalk. Phyllaries 2-seriate, sub-equal, 6-8(10) mm long, linear to narrowly lanceolate, attenuate at the apex, pubescent to tomentose and papillose-glandular outside, the outer phyllaries often with a thickened ± verruculose midrib, phyllaries changing abruptly into bracteoles. Florets numerous, corollas 9-10.5 mm. long, corolla tube C. 5 mm. long, cylindrical, crisped-pilose outside; ligule erect yellow, often drying greenish, equalling or exceeding the tube in length, strap-shaped, pubescent on the back, apical lobes papillose, ligules often longer and more deeply lobed in the outer florets. Achenes 2-3.5 mm long, narrowly obconic-turbinate, 4-5-angled, finely 12-15 ribbed; pappus of 20-30 persistent rigid barbellate setae 5-7 mm. long, often with an outer whorl of minute setae.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a62dc77a-dddb-4a1a-8fd7-9869eb4c9802","Stoloniferous erect perennial herbs from fusiform roots; stems erect, 80-150 cm tall, leafy throughout, usually simple, smooth or with sparse coarse hairs. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves withering before flowering; lower cauline leaves long petiolate; petiole 6-16 cm long narrowly winged; blade lyrate-pinnatifid or parted, 5-13.5 cm wide; median leaves ovate-deltoid, sagittate, long winged petiolate, 8-17 cm long, 6-12 cm wide, shallowly incised or pinnately cleft to parted; segments retrorse, lower surface often with spreading coarse hairs on nerves; upper leaves narrowly lanceolate, smaller, pinnately few- cleft or entire, acuminate, sessile. Heads 3.5-4 cm across, 10-50, in panicles; peduncle 6-24 mm long, dense crisp pilose, bracteoles lanceolate; involucre tubular campanulate, 12-14 mm high; phyllaries in 3 or 4 series, nearly glabrous, outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 1/2 as long as inner, inner phyllaries 12 or 13, oblong-linear, obtuse, margin hyaline. Flowers September to October, 26-29 per head, ligulate, pale yellow, ligule 16-19 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide; tube 4-5 mm long. Achenes cylindric or compressed, 8-9 mm long, longitudinally striate. Pappus brownish white, as long as achene.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"42bd2515-1755-45d4-bda4-95d3f96d2281","Erect, perennial herb, up to 30 cm high, with a woody, deep-seated tap root. Sterns solitary or several, branched at the base or in the inflorescence. Leaves mostly radical, up to 15 x 2.5 cm, obovate to oblanceolate, simple; scabrid-hispid with 2-barbed glochids, obtuse at apex, attenuate into a broadly or narrowly winged petiole; margins denticulate to pinnately shallowly lobed; cauline leaves few, similar to radical leaves or linear and sessile, the uppermost ones bract-like. Capitula solitary or in lax paniculate cymes, 2.5-3 cm wide at anthesis; peduncle up to 11 cm long, striate-sulcate; hispidulous throughout or white-pubescent near the apex. Involucre campanulate, 8-10 x 6-7 mm at anthesis, up to 12 x 10 mm in fruit. Phyllaries 2-3-seriate, often white-tomentose with 2-barbed glochids all along the midrib; outer ones 7-8, linear-lanceolate, 2-5 x 0.5-1 mm, glabrous at margins; inner ones 12-14, lanceolate, 10-12 x 2-2.5 mm, glabrous and yellowish at margins. Ligules 13-14 x 2-3 mm, yellow, 5-dentate at apex or 2-dentate each with 2 or 3 teeth; tube densely pubescent in upper parts. Cypselas light brown, cylindrical, attenuate towards both ends, 4-5 (-6) x 0.8-1 mm, 5-ribbed, ribs smooth to transversely rugose. Pappus yellowish white, persistent, 5-8.5 mm long, plumose. \r\rfrom: Tadesse, M. 2004: <i>Picris.</i> – Pp. 71-73 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 4(2). – Addis Abeba & Uppsala.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e44ff45c-5c3f-4810-9007-de105e3cd226","Robust annual with a slender taproot, flowering c. 5-40 (and more?) cm high, with an erect, leafy stem. branching in basal half. Basal leaves c. 5-16 x 2-8 cm ± crowded, ± early withering, narrowly spathulate in outline, attenuate into the narrow, semi-amplexicaule base, deeply pinnatifid and with acute terminal and lateral segments, margin sinuate-dentate; cauline leaves ± spathulate to lanceolate in outline, often narrower, with a broadly auriculate, multifid base, otherwise similar; upper cauline leaves grading into sinuate-dentate, lanceolate and auriculate to ± entire, amplexicaule and cordate-acute bracts variable in size. Synflorescence consisting of the main stem, terminated by a capitulum, and several monopodial branches overtopping, except for the lower branches, the main stem; lower order branches monopodial, higher order branches monochasial; accessory axial branching common in the late flowering and fruiting time. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering axes rather robust and 2-9 cm long, with a few to several, ± distant, ± reduced upper cauline leaves or bracts, the uppermost passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 30-40 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 3-4 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis 10-13 mm ± slender clubshaped, prolonged after anthesis, finally 19-20 mm long and ± slender conical; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in basal part swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 7-10, contracted into a white-cartilagineous, acute tip, the outermost ovate-acute to cordate-acute, 3-4 mm long, the following bracts longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, reaching 3/4 and more of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8-10, linear-lanceolate with obtuse, white-scarious tip and ± distinct scarious margin, at anthesis subequal in length, 10-13 x 2.5-4 mm, with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre becoming different in length. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 7-9 x 1.8-2.2 mm and a tube 5-6 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.0-2.8 mm long, basal appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm long; style branches 2.2-2.6 mm long, yellow with concolourous sweeping hairs. Achenes 8- 12 x 0.7-0.9 mm, heteromorphic, the inner with 4 main ribs, secondary ribs not differentiated, cylindrical to columnar, ribs somewhat exceeding the base of the corpus forming a connate, tubular base with a ± even basal edge in the innermost but with roundish, prominent basal rib edges in the following achenes, corpus pale or darker brown to brownish-greyish, smooth to slightly transversally wrinkled and glabrous to ± pubescent-papillose on the wrinkles: the marginal with 5 main ribs, somewhat shorter and stouter, slightly compressed, shortly pubescent-papillose on the rather distant wrinkles, surface therefore not fully covered by the papillose indumentum. Pappus 9-12 mm long, persistent, white, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, somewhat longer, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ad81c28e-e3a6-4e6e-bd01-fc4f0cbd4456","Stems simple or branched. Leaves with numerous long-stalked 2- to 6-fid hairs. Involucre 12-15 mm; bracts with rigid, white simple eglandular or long-stalked 2-fid hairs on outer face particularly in a median line, not or only minutely pectinate-ciliate. Achenes 7-12 mm. 2n= 8.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ebb843f0-9ca4-4612-8efa-dd62c3fef249","Perennial herb, flowering (20)50-150(or more) cm high, with shoot bearing roots and thus often forming close stands; basally often woody and with rosulate leaves, with an erect, leafy main stem and with rosulate leafy innovations at the base and in the lower portion of the stem. Basal leaves 4-20(and more?) x (0.5)l-9(and more?) cm, broadly to narrowly spathulate, almost entire to sinuate-dentate or subpinnatifid, with rounded apex in earlier and ± acute apex in later leaves, and tapering into a narrow, semiamplexicaule base, margin ± white-cartilagineously sinuate-dentate and denticulate; lamina glaucous to yellowish green on upper and greyish-glaucous green on lower surface; young leaves somewhat farinose of soon perishable, small, vesicular hairs. Cauline leaves spathulate to ± elliptical in outline, sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid with rather few, ± broad, triangular segments, tapering strongly into a semiamplexicaule to clasping base rarely more than 0.5 cm wide, otherwise similar to basal leaves, higher up the stem grading into inconspicuous ovate-acute, cordate bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem terminated by a capitulum and with a few to several ± virgate, monochasial flowering branches; the uppermost branch mostly monochasially and ± continuing the main axis, lower branches repeating the structure of the main axis and often overtopping it; additional flowering branches from accessory buds often present; well developed plants with secondary synflorescences of same structure below the primary synflorescence; flowering branches with capitula short-pedunculate, single or through development of accessory buds clustered at the nodes. Peduncles 1-10 mm long, wiry, spreading-erect, with a few to several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 12-22 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-2 mm in diameter. Involucre (8)9-12(13) mm long, before anthesis cylindrical, at anthesis ± clubshaped, later conical, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; involucral bracts usually pale green. therefore the scarious margins (being rather narrow in the inner and broader in the outer bracts) little conspicuous; outer involucral bracts c. 5-7, subimbricate, the outermost ovate-acute, cordate, c. 1 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost 1/3-1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5, ± equal, linear-lanceolate, 8-12 x 1-2 mm, subobtuse. Flowers with a golden yellow ligule of 6-7.2 x 1.6-2.2 mm and a tube 4-5.5 mm long; anthertube 2.4-3.1 mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.3-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.2-1.8 mm long, sweeping hairs usually blackish. Achenes heteromorphic, ± shortly rostrate, 2.8-4.9 x 0.4-0.8 mm with the pale beak c. 1/7-1/10 of the achene length and being somewhat longer in the marginal than in the inner achenes; inner ± columnar, ± 4-angular with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 (often rather indistinct) secondary ribs, smooth to transversally wrinkled, pale or grey; marginal somewhat compressed and curved, approximately subfusiform (but stronger tapering towards apex than base), with 5 main ribs each accompanied by two distinct secondary ribs, transversally wrinkled, usually blackish grey to black but occasionally pale as the inner. Pappus 5-7(8) mm long, persistent, dimorphic of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous rays, both ± equal in length.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3327dcb0-7b16-4c85-a840-2d8de17363cc","Biennial. Root cordlike, rather short, 5-7 mm thick; root collar with remnants of previous year's leaves. Plant smooth, glaucous, usually arachnoid-tomentose below when young, erect, with slender stem, usually strongly branched and densely leafy, 30-60 cm high. Lower leaves numerous, very thin, glabrous; cauline leaves herbaceous, narrowed from weakly broadened base into narrowly linear, sometimes filiform, 2-5 mm-wide lamina folded along keel; upper leaves usually reduced, as also middle cauline leaves, not exceeding inflorescence. Peduncles in fertile plants 1-6 cm long, 2-4 mm thick, slightly thickened below capitula; fertile capitula narrowly cylindrical, 40-50 mm long, (5)10 mm wide. Involucre almost two times as long as florets, slightly exceeding achenes with pappus or as long; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, five; florets yellow. Achenes 10-18 (up to 30) in a capitulum; peripheral achenes more or less straight or slightly bent, with pappus about 3.6 cm long, without pappus 1.8-2.1(2.4) cm long, 15 mm wide in body; achenes excluding beak about 1.1 cm long, indistinctly obtusely five-angled, finely sulcate, finely white-tuberculate or squamose along ribs, gradually narrowed into finely sulcate, white, 4-7(9) mm long beak, inflated at apex and sparsely hairy, but without hairy annulus at pappus base; pappus brownish-white, sometimes reddish, about 2 cm long, almost as long as achene with beak or slightly longer; inner achenes smooth in lower part, with distant scales above, indistinctly sculptured.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4f9bfac6-32c5-4cd9-8650-142185f6351e","Perennial herb, usually found hanging from rock crevices, densely branched with up to 40 cm long tangled branches. Leaves linear to runcinate-pinnatifid, glabrous, glaucescent, sessile, auriculate at base, up to 8 x 2.2 cm; segments linear or sometimes the ultimate segments rounded and much wider than the remaining ones. Capitula solitary or 2-3 at the apex of branches; epedunculate or peduncle short, up to 5 mm long. Involucre oblong-campanulate, 9-10 x 4-5 mm, densely brown-tomentose at base. Phyllaries 3-seriate, grey-green or sometimes blackish grey; outer ones 2.5-3 x 0.5-1 mm, ovate, glandular-setose with black hairs; inner ones with whitish margins, 8-10 x 1-1.5 mm, linear, glabrous. Florets pale yellow. Cypselas brown or black, 2.5-3.5 x 0.8-1.0 mm, transversely rugulose, glabrous. Pappus white, c 6-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. <i>Sonchus</i> - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e6b59424-4e16-4936-a788-209102dd0a81","Perennial with thick taproot, at anthesis 5-25 cm high, with a short woody caudex up to c. 1 cm long and indistinctly separated from rootstock; caudex, becoming shortly branched with age, leafless at anthesis, covered with the ± shiny, straw coloured, tough, somewhat sheathing bases of withered leaves, with a basal leaf rosette appearing after anthesis, and with a cluster of basally branched, spreadingerect flowering stems, rarely with a single flowering stem. Rosette leaves 3.0-? x 2.0-? cm, obovate or broadly spathulate to linear-spathulate or lanceolate. ± entire, sinuate-dentate and denticulate. Flowering stems usually leafless except for lanceolate to narrowly triangular-cordate, acute bracts. Peduncles as the terminal segments of the flowering axes (0.2)0.5-2.5 mm long, wiry, usually with 1-2 small bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 3-7 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 1-2 mm in diameter. Involucre slender, narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis somewhat clubshaped. 10-12 mm long, prolonged towards fruiting time and finally up to 18 mm long; involucral bracts with distinct scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib basally somewhat swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 4-6, the outermost triangular- (ovate), 1.0-1.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer, narrowly triangular to ± narrowly lanceolate, the innermost varying between 1/6 and 1/2 the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts in one row, 3-7, linear-lanceolate, ± equal, 10-18 x 1.5-2.5 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 8-10 x 2.5-3.2 mm and a tube 6-8 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.4-3.6 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.4-2.2 mm long. Achenes 5.8-8.0 x 0.9-1.2 mm, ± homomorphic, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, ± subfusiform, whitish, darker between the ribs, in particular the marginal somewhat compressed. Pappus 6-9 mm long, deciduous, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"117f26c6-6f0f-4695-a01c-1dc42ad4aee0","Scoparious subshrub up to c. 40-70 cm high, with a tuftlike branched woody caudex, the woody branches with mostly prolonged leaf rosettes shooting forth already basally branched, virgate, rigide, indurate to herbaceous, leafless or basally scarcely leafy, long articulate, glaucescent flowering stems, branching with an angle of usually ≤45°. Rosette leaves 3-12 x 1-3 cm, soon deciduous, obovate to spathulate, attenuate into a narrow base, apex obtuse to acute, margins sinuate-dentate and cartilagineously spinulose-denticulate; lamina of leathery consistency; cauline leaves gradually smaller, narrowly to linear-spathulate, sinuate-dentate to rarely subentire, otherwise like rosette leaves, higher up the stem abruptly reduced to inconspicuous, ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem consisting of the monopodial main axis, ending in a single capitulum, and c. 2-6 virgate branches, the uppermost branch prolonging, the others overtopping the main axis; usually the basal first order branches and often the second order branches monopodial, the upper branches and the branches of higher order monochasial. Peduncles 1-22 mm long, wiry, ± erect, with several bracts below the capitulum passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitulum with 9-12(-18) flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.8-2.0(2.5) mm in diameter. Involucre 9-12 mm long, narrowly cylindrical towards fruiting time, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 6-9, ± imbricate, with broad scarious margin; the outermost ovate-acute, 1.5-2 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate, up to 1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5 (in the northern part of the distribution area with up to 8 inner bracts), linear-lanceolate, with a scarious margin somewhat narrower than in the outer bracts, ± equal, 9-12 x 2-3 mm. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 7-8 x 2.0-2.6 mm and a tube 5-7 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.4-3.2 mm long, apical appendages 0.4-0.5 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.7-1.9 mm long with yellow sweeping hairs. Achenes 3.4-4.9 x 0.6-0.9 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, prismatic. with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, ± transversally wrinkled, pale; marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, columnar to subfusiform, somewhat compressed and curved, scabrid by minute projections and transversally wrinkled, brownish. Pappus 5-7 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"38788b1d-0824-4598-b208-8a06c3d79cb8","Annual, flowering up to c. 12 cm high, with slender taproot and a single erect, leafy stem. Basal cauline leaves 3-6 x 2-3 cm, obovate to broadly spathulate, tapering or rather suddenly contracted into a narrow, almost petiol-like and finally narrowly auriculate base, margin dentate and lamina shallowly pinnatifid with somewhat irregular, ± triangular segments, tips of the uppermost pair of segments almost parallel to and almost equalling the terminal segment; upper cauline leaves gradually smaller with gradually larger and dentate auricles, the lamina as well as their segments narrower and the uppermost lateral segments distinctly overtopped by the terminal segment; leaves in the synflorescence region slowly reduced in size and bractlike only on the peduncles, there narrowly lanceolate and auriculate. Synflorescence corymbosely branched with few or little more than a dozen capitula; the main axis early terminated by a capitulum and overtopped by the lateral flowering branches. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering axes capillaceous, 0.5-1.0 cm long, often with a single bract similar to the outer involucral bracts just below the capitulum. Capitula with c. 35-45 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis somewhat clubshaped, 6-7 mm long, towards fruiting time narrowly cylindrical, somewhat prolonged after anthesis and finally ± 8 mm long, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and basal part of their midrib swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 5-7, with somewhat sinuate, non-scarious margin, the outermost narrowly lanceolate, acute, 2.8-3.2 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and ± linear-lanceolate, the innermost almost equalling up the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts ± 8, in one row, linear-lanceolate, subequal, 6-8 x 1.5-2.0 mm, with indistinct scarious margin. Flowers with a golden yellow ligule of 5-6 x 1.5-1.8 mm and a tube 3-4 mm long; anthertube without appendages 1.6- 1.9 mm long, apical appendages ± 0.2 mm and basal appendages 0.2-0.3 mm long; style branches 0.8-1.2 mm long, sweeping hairs yellow(?). Achenes rather abruptly contracted into a long filiform beak, including the beak 3.9-4.5 x 0.3-0.4 mm, beak 2.6-2.8 mm long, heteromorphic, inner 4-angular, subcolumnar to subfusiform with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, ± smooth. especially on the ribs with short, narrowly triangular, acute, hyaline papillae, corpus dark brown, beak pale and basally slightly papillose like the corpus; marginal 5-angular. subfusiform, slightly curved and compressed, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, otherwise like inner. Pappus c. 3.5 mm long, deciduous, homomorphic, of c. 40-50 setaceous rays. The achenes of Launaea lackii have the ultimately pronounced and longest beak in the genus.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0e33227d-494f-437c-9d7b-a5c448e2af71","Rosette herb, perennial, acaulescent, up to 2 cm high. Rosette leaves many, obovate, narrowly ovate or linear, 1.0-7.0 cm long, 0.4-2.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, denticulate or entire, mucronate or acute, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, sparsely puberulous or glabrous. Synflorescence with 1 head or less often with few heads. Peduncle absent or very short. Involucre at flowering hemispherical or broadly campanulate, 12.0-18.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrowly obovate, oblong or narrowly ovate, 10.0-18.0 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide, obtuse, minutely ciliate at apex. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 5.3-7.0 mm long; ligule 1.5-4.0 mm long, 0.4-1.0 mm wide. Achenes cylindrical or narrowly fusiform in outline, compressed, 2.5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, glabrous, dark brown, with c. 20 ribs, truncate. Pappus white, 6.5-10.0 mm long, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew (as <i>Dianthoseris schimperi</i>); Tadesse, M. 2004: 18. <i>Crepis</i> - Pp 46-51 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala (as <i>Dianthoseris schimperi</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a5da370d-16fb-442e-9caf-5aa796478fbb","Acaulescent to caulescent perennial, at anthesis with well developed leaf rosette, c. (3)5-30 cm high, with a thick vertical, woody shoot bearing rootstock; flowering shoots few to many, rather weak, ascending to suberect, usually leafless (sometimes with 1-3 leaves in the basal part of the flowering branches), very variable in diameter and length (3-30 cm long), and plants ± acaulescent or ± caulescent, or occasionally with a single flowering stem. Rosette leaves 2-28 x 0.3-4 cm, either narrowly spathulate, narrowly elliptical to almost ribbonlike with acute apex, or more rarely broadly spathulate to subobovate with rounded apex; lamina, tapering into a narrow base, either entire to shallowly sinuate-dentate or shallowly subpinnatifid; margin ± denticulate. Cauline leaves, if present, ribbonlike and smaller, otherwise similar to the rosette leaves, higher up suddenly reduced to inconspicuous. triangular-cordate, acute to acuminate bracts. Svnflorescerzce in acaulescent plants with the capitula arranged in a approachingly hemispherical, umbellate panicle, in caulescent plants capitula closely situated in the upper part of the branched flowering shoots. Petiuncles as the terminal segments of the flowering branches capillaceous to wiry, 0.5-5 cm long, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 8-14 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.0-2.5 mm in diameter. Involucre slender, before anthesis narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis somewhat clubshaped, (10)11-14(16) mm long, prolonged after anthesis and finally 13-18 mm long; involucral bracts with rather narrow and, in case of the inner involucral bracts, sometimes rather inconspicuous scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading ually longer and ± lanceolate, the innermost narrowly lanceolate and up to c. 112 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5-9, linear-lanceolate, in one row, ± equal, 10-18 x 1.0-2.5 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 9-11 x 2-3 mm, and a tube 5-6 mm long: anthertube without appendages 3.2-3.7 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long: style branches 1.9-2.2 mm long. Achenes 4.1-7.0 x 0.8-1.2 mm, smooth, glabrous, ± homomorphic. with 5 usually thick main ribs, each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, whitish, between the main ribs often darker, columnar or cylindrical to subfusiform, ± prismatic, marginal somewhat compressed and curved. Pappus 6-8 mm long, persistent, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"042d2e66-e517-45d3-9897-45bab8c02007","Perennial herb, only up to 15 cm high, with a thick, woody base. Stem 6-12 mm wide at base. Leaves crowded at apex of the woody base of the stem, pinnatifid with rounded lobes, 3-6 x 0.8 cm, glabrous, margins dentate, apex obtuse, rounded. Capitula several at the apex of the stem; peduncle 1-4 cm long. Involucre oblong, 10-11 x 6-6.5 mm, brown-woolly at base. Phyllaries 3-seriate, 4-11 x 0.8-1 mm, grey-green or blackish with black setae medially. Cypselas brown, c 3.5 mm long, striate-sulcate, shiny, glabrous. Pappus 3-5 mm long.\r\rfrom: Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. <i>Sonchus</i> - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bacff02c-d604-41fb-8fae-0c14e6491edb","Biennial. Root cordlike, vertical, robust; root collar covered with remnants of previous year's leaves Plants glabrous, 50-90 cm high. Stems branched in upper part, strong, erect, densely leafy. Leaves not exceeding peduncles; lower leaves linear, cauline leaves semiamplexicaul, 10-15(26) mm wide, basally narrowed into filiform, long-folded lamina; upper leaves shorter. Peduncles 7-10 cm long at fruiting, not or very weakly thickened below capitulum. Capitula with mature achenes 40-50 mm long, 15-20 mm at flowering. Involucral bracts eight, almost as long as florets and achenes; young involucral bracts in lower part sericeous, brownish, sometimes with red dots. Peripheral florets light yellow above, dirty violet below (according to Ganeschin). Peripheral achenes with pappus about 3.5 cm long, without pappus about 2 cm long; achenes without beak 1 cm long, shallow-sulcate, five-angled, weakly scabrous along ribs or almost smooth; beak slender, smooth, about 1 cm long, not swollen above (without knob), with, weakly developed tuft of hairs; pappus about 1.5cm long; usually shorter than achene with beak, brownish.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5b4b162d-83e2-4dfe-bae8-5d16f5d10bcb","Perennial herb, c. (5)10-30(40) cm high at anthesis, with horizontally stretching shoot bearing roots, a basal leaf rosette, and one to several, slender, ascending to erect, branching, leafless or basally leafy flowering stems. Rosette leaves 3-12 x 1-4 cm, obovate to spathulate in outline, sinuate-dentate to lyrate or irregularily pinnatifid with rather acute segments and incisions, margin ± distantly, (sub)cartilagineously denticulate; lamina thin, with rounded to subacute apex and attenuate into a narrow, often petiolelike base. Cauline leaves usually few and only in the basal portion of the stems, smaller than the rosette leaves and less attenuate into a semiamplexicaule, but never clasping, base; upper stem portion only with inconspicuous ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence of a single flowering stem usually many-capitulate, with several branches overtopping the terminal capitulum, branches somewhat curved-ascending, higher up divaricating and branching in shorter intervals, the peduncles preferably branching out towards the centre of the synflorescence. Peduncles as the terminal part of the flowering axes rarely longer than 2 cm, often less than 1 cm long, wiry, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 16-25 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1-2 mm in diameter. Involucre slender, at anthesis 8-10 mm long, prolonged after anthesis and at fruiting time up to 12 mm long, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib swollen and hardened in lower half; involucral bracts with a scarious margin not sharply limited to the greenish or brownish herbaceous middle part, ± floury of vesicular hairs and usually with hornlike glands on the midrib below the tip; outer involucral bracts 8-10, ± imbricate, the outermost ovate-acute, 1-2 mm long, the following bracts longer and more lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate and up to c. 3/4 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 7-8, linear-lanceolate, in one row, ± equal, 8-12 x 1.5-2.0 mm. Flowers with a pale yellow ligule of 6-7 x 1.6-2.1 mm and a tube 6-7.5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 1.9-2.3 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages c. 0.4 mm long; style branches 1.7-2.0 mm long, yellow with concolourous sweeping hairs. Achenes 1.6-2.4 x 0.3-0.6 mm, subhomomorphic, with 5 prominent main ribs accompanied by 2 prominent secondary ribs, transversally wrinkled; inner prismatic, ± cylindrical, apically expanded into a pappus disk, pale to dark brown; marginal ± subfusiform, somewhat compressed and curved, otherwise similar. Pappus 8-10 mm long, deciduous, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rNote: At first glance some forms of L. aspleniifolia can be confused with L. procumbens (Launaea sect. Launaea). The latter species, however, has distinctly heteromorphic achenes and a homomorphic pappus falling off together with the pappus disk.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"51b043e7-6fc1-4981-8e1f-740265cadc5d","Perennial or biennial. Root virgate, weak, slightly thickened in upper part; root collar covered with remnants of old leaves. Plant short, glabrous. Stems 10-25 cm high, slender, somewhat ascending, simple or weakly branched, densely leafy. Cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with maximum width in lower third, up to 1 cm wide, semiamplexicaul, acuminate. Peduncles exceeding leaves, 3-10 cm long, not thickened below capitula, glabrous, finely sulcate. Capitula solitary at apices of stems about 2.5 cm long at flowering, about 5 cm long, at fruiting, narrow, about 1 cm wide. Involucre of eight lanceolate, acuminate bracts, not longer than florets and achenes; florets violet. Achenes about 5 cm long, excluding pappus but including beak about 2 cm long; beak about 1 cm long, slender as long as body of achene, finely sulcate; weakly scabrous at base; achenes sulcate and scabrous from very small sparse scales; pappus about 3 cm long, dirty yellow, with intertwined hairs at base.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"be76009d-917a-4da6-a9f2-32cb2239e837","Perennial. Stem 30-80 cm high, slightly reddish, in the lower part, glabrous or arachnoid-hairy pubescent and with dense, short setaceous hairs, latter occasionally also on branches, reaching inflorescence, strongly, branched from base, with slender, virgate branches, less leafy, glabrous or arachnoid-hairy pubescent. Lower cauline leaves oblong-spatulate or oblong, about 4.0-4.5 cm long, 2-10 mm wide, weakly runcinate or remotely toothed, sometimes subentire, with bristles on margin in the lower part and beneath along midrib; other leaves narrow, oblong-linear, linear, sometimes almost filiform, about 2-4(6) cm long and 1.5 mm wide, entire, glabrous or arachnoid-hairy pubescent sometimes with isolated bristles along margin. Capitula 12-15 mm long at fruiting, terminal on branches or on densely tomentose, 2-10 mm-long peduncles, with 10-12 florets. Inner involucral bracts 8-12 mm long, dark green, sometimes almost black, more or less densely arachnoid-hairy pubescent on the outer side; with long blackish bristles over the entire length of midrib or only in its upper part, or bristles absent. Achene body 3-4.5(5) mm long, absolutely smooth or with isolated small tubercles in the upper part; crown of five smooth or three-lobed scales, often with larger and obtuse middle lobe, crown sometimes undeveloped or absent; beak 0.75-2.25 mm long, with distinct articulation in middle or slightly below, with constriction at the site of articulation and, with cupuliform and ribbed lower part, clavate in the upper part; pappus 6-7 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c45dcbfd-710b-4e5c-8d34-da39ef7e4038","Divaricately and intricately branched, dense, ± hemispherical, spinescent (sub)shrub up to c. 40-70 cm high, with shoot bearing roots, almost leafless. Younger shoots green, ± farinose, becoming ± glabrous soon, later, when stronger lignified, light brown. Leaves rosulte or ± crowded at the base of young shoots, 1-6 x 0.5-2 cm, soon deciduous, spathulate in outline, with acute apex, sinuate-dentate and white-cartilagineously denticulate to pinnatifid with triangular segments; lamina leathery when fresh, upper surface with a thin, white indumentum; leaves higher up the shoot either immediately reduced to short, ovate-acute bracts, or with transitional (narrowly) lanceolate and subpinnatifid, or ovate-acuminate entire leaves. Synflorescence divaricately and intricately branched, lignified, with the capitula single at the end of the subulate terminal segments (peduncles), and, in their majority (at least later in the flowering season), laterally, single or by a few, and (sub)sessile to pedunculate. Terminal subulate peduncles (0.5)l-3(4) cm long. with one or a few inconspicuous bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts; after shedding of the emptied capitula or after the common abortion of the capitulum buds persisting as lignified spines; lateral capitula, if not ± sessile, on secondary ± subulate peduncles from accessory buds, up to c. 1 cm long and with several bracts. Capitula with 6-12 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.4-2.2 mm in diameter. Involucre 9-11 mm long, slender cylindrical towards fruiting time, ± glabrous or farinose to partly or entirely with a persisting, thin, white-tomentose indumentum; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in lower part hardened and swollen; all involucral bracts with a distinct, rather narrow scarious margin and a roundish apex; outer involucral bracts c. 7-9, ± imbricate, the outermost c. 1 mm long, broadly ovate, the following bracts longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate, reaching up to 3/4 the length of the inner involucral bracts: inner involucral bracts ± 5, in one row, linear-lanceolate, ± equal, 9-11 x 2.5-3.5 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 4-6 x 2.0-2.4 mm, and a tube about as long as or slightly longer than ligule; anthertube without appendages c. (2.1)2.4-3.2 mm long. basal and apical appendages 0.4-0.5 mm long; style branches ± 2.5 mm long, yellow with concolourous sweeping hairs. Achenes 3.6-5.4 x 0.7- 1.1 mm, all prismatic, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs; inner subcolumnar to slender cuneate, pale to brownish, ± smooth to slightly wrinkled; marginal slender cuneate, somewhat curved and compressed, ± smooth to ± transversally wrinkled, somewhat pulverulent-papillose, light to, more frequently, dark brown. Pappus 4-5 mm long, (sub)homomorphic, persistent to deciduous in smaller or larger portions, of setaceous rays, the inner (basally) either gradually or inconpicuously thicker.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"997e8bc1-bd7b-48dc-ad26-06f73b512861","Often the whole plant, but particularly peduncles and involucres, with persisting, thin, white-tomentose indumentum. Pappus persistent to ± deciduous with especially the innermost rays being most easily deciduous; rays gradually becoming thicker from periphery towards centre.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"62549cd5-eec8-4dfd-ad12-1da26a442401","Young shoots thinly white-tomentose but soon becoming ± glabrous. Peduncles and involucres of mature capitula ± glabrous to farinose or scarcely floccose. Pappus ± homomorphic, persistent or ± deciduous.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4e2ef839-747e-4db6-9545-478e8bc6591e","Herb, perennial, 25-70 cm high. Flowering stems reddish violet in the lower part, arachnoid or glabrous, up to 4.0 mm in diameter, branched already from base; branches strongly branched. Lower cauline leaves linear to oblong, 0.8-3.5-(8.0) cm long, 0.2-0.3-(0.4) cm wide, mostly remotely dentate or entire. Middle and upper cauline leaves linear, 0.2-1.5-(2.5) cm long, c. 0.1 cm wide, entire, glabrous. Peduncle 0.7 cm long, arachnoid. Involucre 12.0-13.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 10.0-12.0 mm long, arachnoid or sometimes hispid. Achenes 4.5-5.0 mm long, tuberculate in the upper part, ribbed in the lower part; beak 0.8-1.0 mm long. Pappus 7.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b46fe83c-4b91-4aa5-87bd-6d6292180209","Perennial herb with thick, fleshy, vertical rootstock and a short, woody, sometimes ± brown-woolly caudex; at anthesis c. (10)20-80 cm high and almost or completely leafless; with one or a few rather delicate. ± erect, leafless flowering stems or rarely (sub)acaulescent; basal rosette leaves appearing after anthesis; latex white, turning yellow on exposure (fide Hepper 1687, in sched. K). Rosette leaves 3-30 x 0.5-6.0 cm, obovate or broadly spathulate with rounded apex to narrowly spathulate (and then usually much longer) with ± acute apex; lamina tapering into a narrow or even petiolelike base; margin entire and denticulate to ± deeply sinuate-dentate and denticulate. Cauline leaves reduced to finconspicuous, acute or acuminate triangular bracts. Synflorescence ± richly branched, consisting of the monopodial flowering stem terminated earlier or later in a capitulum and overtopped by the upper of its monochasial, spreading-erect and ± divaricately branched branches of variable length; development of pedunculate capitula from accessory buds of the main stem and branches common. Peduncles 0.5-3.5 mm long, spreading-erect, wiry to capillaceous with 0-2 bracts in upper half passing over into the outermost involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 7-14 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 0.8-1.4 mm in diameter. Involucre long, slender, often f tinged purple, before anthesis narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis 10-15 mm long and narrowly clavate, distinctly prolonged after anthesis and finally 13- 19 mm long; involucral bracts with rather narrow but distinct scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib basally swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts c. 4-7, ± imbricate, the outermost ovate-acute, 1 - 1.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and lanceolate, the innermost about 114 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts in one row, (3)-5-(8). equal in length, linear-lanceolate to linear, at fruiting time 13-19 x (0.5)1-2.5 mm. Flowers with a ligule of 4.7-5.4 x 1.2-1.4 mm, pale yellow, often tinged purple outside, and a tube 6.2-6.6 mm long; anthertube without appendages 1.5-1.7 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 0.6-1.0 mm long. Achenes (5.0)5.8-9.2 x (0.5)0.8-1.3 mm, ± homomorphic, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, prismatic, ± subfusiforin, apex sometimes cuspidate to, very occasionally, shortly rostrate, often somewhat asymmetrical in longitudinal section, in particular the marginal achenes somewhat compressed and curved and ± densely scabrid of short papillae (some populations have glabrous achenes), whitish, between the ribs greyish or pale brown. Pappus 8-13 mm long, deciduous, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4468bc2b-bcc3-49a4-95ab-83cdcdba3d9b","<p>The problems concerning the taxonomy of <i>Hieracium</i> have been summarised several times, recently by, e.g., Greuter (2007) who states regarding European taxa: “The treatment of <i>Hieracium</i> […] poses problems that are almost impossible to resolve. Taxonomy in itself is a nightmare, and achieving a synthesis on a Euro-Mediterranean scale is further hampered by the existence of competing, irreconcilable schools of thought regarding the basic principles of classification. There are two main ideologies: One is following the Zahn tradition, according to which the (axiomatic) main species and (postulated) hybridogenous intermediate species derived from them are subdivided into often numerous subspecies corresponding to their (usually apomictic and ‘true-breeding’) variants; and the ‘Nordic school’, by which each distinguishable apomictic strain is treated as a species, and only a small number of sections are recognised between genus and species. The latter approach is perhaps more defensible from a phylogenetic point of view, but has the major drawback of being inapplicable, according to the present state of knowledge, in large areas where the major diversity of morphotypes is encountered. Yet it is unrealistic to expect that any of the Nordic hawkweed specialists might be convinced to revert to a classification based on Zahn’s principles.” </p> <p>Gottschlich (2009a: 24) summarised the requirements regarding future revisions: taxa should be characterized by morphological discontinuities, geographical, ecological and/or phenological separation. They can easily be transferred from classical Zahn-inspired systems into micro-species classifications.</p>\r<p>The ICN portal offers two alternative taxonomic treatments for <i>Hieracium</i>:</p> <p>(1) <b>Taxonomy according to Med-Checklist 2</b> (Greuter & Raab-Straube 2008; see also Greuter 2007) but including the extra-Mediterranean countries of Europe. Taxa occurring in the latter area (as well as extra-European taxa) have not been compiled completely but will be added continuously. </p><p>(2) <b>A consequent step-wise micro-species concept</b>. The main (or basic) and intermediate species sensu Zahn have been transformed to rankless ""species groups"" (SG). For technical reasons the eponymous taxa are accepted as micro-species automatically. In some cases revision may prove that a “group” consists of one (accepted) taxon only, so that the SG then can be dissolved. Additional micro-species within a group are accepted only if there is a recent treatment of the SG, at least in parts of the distribution area. All other names are treated as synonyms of the SG as long as their position has not been clarified. Treatment of a name as synonym of a SG hence does not necessarily mean that it is a true synonym, in most cases it actually indicates the lack of modern revisions. Micro-species that cannot be assigned to one of the SG are accepted outside any group. The same refers to many extra-European taxa of <i>Hieracium</i> and some sexual taxa. SGs should be understood as flexible entities for grouping micro-species without the necessity to produce new infraspecific combinations in the case of new taxonomic results. SGs can be easily dissolved or lumped, respectively, and micro-species can be easily moved. If an alternative, valid name for the SG is needed, we propose to chose the name of the eponymous species and add ""sensu lato"".\r<p>Concerning Scandinavia, the aggregates proposed by Tyler (2006) have been transformed into SGs. “Even if such groupings initially may not accurately reflect the evolution, they may serve as the basis for future studies using additional sets of characters and they may be very useful for purposes of sorting and communication and for providing an overview of the variation as a whole.” (Tyler 2006). In several cases two or more of the Skandinavian SGs correspond to a single main or intermediate species in the sense of Central European Zahn advocates. To summarise: SGs according to Tyler's concept often (but not always) correspond to main or intermediate species of the Central Europeans. \r<p>It should also be kept in mind that even among followers of micro-species concepts concurring systems exist. A typical example is the treatment of <i>H. bifidum</i> sensu latissimo: Schuhwerk (2008) advocates a concept of a few wider micro-species, whereas, e.g., Tyler (2006) and Gottschlich (2009a) prefer narrow concepts, the former also groups some taxa in separate “Skandinavian” species groups whereas the Central European authors treat them as members of a wide <i>H. bifidum</i>. On the other hand, Tison (2004) even proposed a much wider conception of <i>H. bifidum</i>.\r<p>In groups such as the <i>H. bifidum</i> SG, no area-wide revisions are to be expected in the near future. The solution presented here surely does not constitute the perfect classification; it rather should be seen as preliminary. Systematic notes hint at classification problems. Treatments such as in the <i>H. bifidum</i> example should be understood as a “state of the market” highlighting current taxonomic work and inspiring future projects. It should also be kept in mind that in many cases no systematic attempts have been made to verify the identity of morphologically similar taxa in, e.g., Scandinavia and Central Europe (see for examples Tyler & Jönsson 2009).\r<p>We refrain from accepting sections and subsections. The current knowledge is not sufficient to assign a majority of micro-taxa to these infrageneric ranks, and the molecular systematics of <i>Hieracium</i> is still in an initial state (Chrtek & al. 2009). A conspectus of names has been presented by Stace (1998), but some elements of this work have been criticised by Tison (2004) and Gottschlich (2009). The latter also summarised some new results regarding Italian taxa and discussed controversial cases. A sorting into informal SG may help to improve a sectional assignment in the future.\r<p>Formulae of intermediate species as well as main species following Zahn’s tradition are indicated in the systematics section of species groups or species, respectively; “parental” taxa of the formulae are given in alphabetical order (sources: Bräutigam & Schuhwerk 2005, Chrtek 2004, Gottschlich 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007b, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, Gottschlich & al. 2006, Mateo Sanz 2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2007b, 2008, 2010, de Retz 1975). They should be understood as additional information for the sake of completeness and of historical documentation. Even nowadays, these formulae are seen as useful but the conception of many species in the sense of the Zahn school has been criticised by, e.g., Tison (2004) who strongly recommended to lump a large number of traditional main and intermediate species occurring in southern France. </p> <p>As in some other genera dealt with in the ICN portal several names at species level have not been published validly; they are treated as “nom. provis.” (epithet in quotation marks). In some cases illegitimate names at species rank are accepted for the time being.</p> \r<p>Treatments published during the last two or three decades will be integrated continuously. Taxa ranked at subspecific level have been accepted as micro-species. The following publications have been incorporated so far:\r<p>Bomble F. W. 2009: <i>Hieracium altenahrense</i> (Touton) Bomble comb. et stat. nov. im Ahrtal und im Nationalpark Eifel. – Decheniana 162: 17-23.\r<p>Bomble F. W. 2010: Zur Fortpflanzung der Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> im Rheinland. – Decheniana 163: 29-46.\r<p>Buttler K. P. 1991: 40. <i>Hieracium</i> L. Pp. 595-642 in: Strid A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh: Edinburgh University. [Greece]\r<p>Chrtek J. 2004: 11. <i>Hieracium</i> L. – jestřábnik. Pp. 540-701 in: Slavík H. & Štěpánková J. (ed.), Květena České republiky 7. – Praha: Academia. [<i>H. alpinum</i> SG, <i>H. carpathicum</i> SG, <i>H. chlorocephalum</i> SG, <i>H. froelichianum</i> SG (incl. epimedium</i>  SG), <i>H. asperulum</i> SG (incl. <i>corconticum</i> SG), <i>H. fritzei</i> SG, <i>H. juranum</i> SG, <i>H. nigrescens</i> SG, <i>H. sudeticum</i> SG, <i>H. umbrosum</i> SG, <i>H. valdepilosum</i> SG / Czech Republic]\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2000: Hieracia nova Alpium. – Linzer Biol. Beitr. 32: 363-398.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2001: Hieracia nova Alpium II. – Linzer Biol. Beitr. 33: 583-594.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2004: <i>Hieracium girerdii</i> spec. nov., une espèce d’<i>Hieracium</i> du département de Vaucluse jusqu’à maintenant non décrite. – Monde Pl. 484: 9-12.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2006: Hieracia nova Alpium III. – Linzer Biol. Beitr. 38: 1045-1059.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2007a: Die Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> L. (<i>Compositae</i>) im Herbarium Rupert Huter (Vinzentinum Brixen, BRIX). – Veröff. Tiroler Landesmus. Ferdinandeum 86, Sonderband.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2007b: Hieracia nova Alpium IV. – Linzer Biol. Beitr. 39: 727-730.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2009a: Die Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>) in der Region Abruzzen (Italien). – Stapfia 89. [Italy]\r<p>Gottschlich G., Biel B. & Tan K. 2009: Reports 17-22. Pp. 120-122 in: Vladimirov V., Dane F. & Tan K. (ed.), New floristic records in the Balkans: 10. – Phytol. Balcan. 15: 115-139.\r<p>Gottschlich G., Drenckhahn D. & Meierott L. 2006: <i>Hieracium greuteri</i> (<i>Compositae</i>), a local endemic of N Peloponnisos (Greece). – Willdenowia 36: 351-356.\r<p>Gottschlich G. & Kiesewetter, H. 2010: <i>Hieracium laevigatum</i> Willd. subsp. <i>pardalinum</i> (Dahlst.) Zahn, eine nordische <i>Hieracium</i>-Sippe, neu für Deutschland. – Bot. Rundbr. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 45: 65-70.\r<p>Gottschlich G. & Raabe U. 1991: Zur Verbreitung, Ökologie und Taxonomie der Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> L. (<i>Compositae</i>) in Westfalen und angrenzenden Gebieten. – Abh. Westfäl. Mus. Naturk. 53(4).\r<p>Gottschlich G., Raabe U. & Schou J. C. 1998: Die Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> L. (<i>Compositae</i>) auf der Insel Rügen und ihre pflanzengeographische Beziehung zur skandinavischen Hieracium-Flora – nebst ergänzenden bio- und bibliographischen Angaben zur Rügen-Floristik. – Bot. Rundbr. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 31: 1-94.\r<p>Heinrichs, J. & Gottschlich G. 1996: Neue Studien zur Hieracienflora des Rheinlands. – Acta Biol. Benrodis 8: 79-118. \r<p>Mateo Sanz G. & Egido Mazuelas F. del 2010: Especies nuevas del género <i>Hieracium</i> L. (<i>Compositae</i>) en la provincia de León, II. – Fl. Montiber. 65: 45-53.\r<p>Müller J. 2004: Neue Taxa von <i>Hieracium</i> L. subg. <i>Hieracium</i> aus dem Ostthüringer Muschelkalkgebiet. – Haussknechtia 10: 123-145.\r<p>Rich T. C. G., Edwards B. & Pearman D. A. 2007: <i>Hieracium portlandicum</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>), a new endemic hawkweed from the Isle of Portland, England related to <i>Hieracium leyanum</i>. – Watsonia 26: 451-461.\r<p>Schou J. C. 2001: Danmarks Høgeurter. – Aarhus: Aarhus University.\r<p>Schuhwerk F. 2008: Zur Gliederung der <i>Hieracium bifidum</i>-Gruppe in Bayern und benachbarten Gebieten. – Mitt. Arbeitsgem. Geobot. Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg 65: 375-392. [<i>H. bifidum</i> SG / S. Germany]\r<p>Schuhwerk F. 2010: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Cichorieae</i>) - Teil 5. – Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 80: 141-160.\r<p>Schuhwerk F. & Lippert W. 1997: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Lactuceae</i>) - Teil 1. – Sendtnera 4: 181-206.\r<p>Schuhwerk F. & Lippert W. 1998: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Lactuceae</i>) - Teil 2. – Sendtnera 5: 269-286.\r<p>Schuhwerk F. & Lippert W. 1999: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Lactuceae</i>) - Teil 3. – Sendtnera 6: 197-214.\r<p>Schuhwerk F. & Lippert W. 2002: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Lactuceae</i>) - Teil 4. – Sendtnera 8: 167-194.\r<p>Sell P. & Murrell G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge: Cambridge University.\r<p>Sennikov A. N. 1995: Novye vidy roda <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) is vostochnoy Evropy. – Bot. Zhurn. 80(3): 78-84.\r<p>Szeląg Z. 2003: A synopsis of <i>Hieracium</i> sect. <i>Cernua</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Pol. Bot. J. 48: 89-97.\r<p>Szeląg Z. 2006a: Hieracia balcanica III. A new species in <i>Hieracium</i> sect. <i>Cernua</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) from Bulgaria. – Pol. Bot. J. 51: 25-29.\r<p>Szeląg Z. 2006b: Taxonomic revision of <i>Hieracium</i> sect. <i>Cernua</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) in the Carpathians, Sudetes and Alps. – Pol. Bot. J. 51: 97-153.\r<p>Szeląg Z. 2010a: Hieracia balcanica V. A new diploid species in <i>Hieracium</i> sect. <i>Naegeliana</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) from Macedonia. – Ann. Bot. Fennici 47: 315-319.\r<p>Szeląg Z. 2010b: A new species in the <i>Hieracium lycopifolium</i> agg. (<i>Asteraceae</i>) from the western Carpathians. – Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 79: 245-248.\r<p>Tennant D. & Rich T. 2008: British alpine hawkweeds. – London: Botanical Society of the British Isles. [<i>H. alpinum</i> SG, <i>H. nigrescens</i> SG / United Kingdom]\r<p>Tyler T. 2006: Patterns of morphometric variation and a new supraspecific classification of apomictic taxa of <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) from Denmark and southern Sweden. – Pl. Syst. Evol. 261: 39-88.\r<p>The alternative second treatment of <i>Hieracium</i> should be understood as work under construction. Some may criticise it as a mix-up of incompatible concepts. But we have to deal with the available results and to try a synthesis. For the time being, distributional and other data are to be found only in the first alternative treatment (standard view). Even nomenclatural authors and references of many taxa may lack in the second treatment. These data will be added continuously.</p>\r\r<h3>References (other titles cited)</h3>\rBräutigam S. & Schuhwerk F. 2005: <i>Hieracium</i>  L. – Habichtskraut. Pp. 741-766 in: Jäger E. J. & Werner K. (ed.), Rothmaler. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland 4. – Heidelberg: Elsevier.\r<p>Chrtek J., Zahradniček J., Krak K. & Fehrer J. 2009: Genome size in <i>Hieracium</i>  subgenus <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) is strongly correlated with major phylogenetic groups. – Ann. Bot. 104: 161-178.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2008: (80B) UGttg Habichtskraut ieS /<i>Hieracium</i> subg. <i>Hieracium</i>. Pp. 984-1019 in: Fischer M. A., Oswald K. & Adler W. (ed.), Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol, ed. 3. – Linz: Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der Oberösterr. Landesmuseen.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2009b: <i>Hieracium boreoapenninum</i> Gottschl. (<i>Compositae</i>), a new species from the Northern Apennine (Italy). – Webbia 64: 3-7.\r<p>Gottschlich G. 2009c: New species of the genus <i>Hieracium</i> L. (<i>Compositae</i>) from the Northern Apennine (Italy). – Webbia 64: 175-186.\r<p>Gottschlich G., Drenckhahn D. & Meierott L. 2006: <i>Hieracium greuteri</i> (<i>Compositae</i>), a local endemic of N Peloponnisos (Greece). – Willdenowia 36: 351-356.\r<p>Greuter W. 2007: <i>Hieracium</i>. Pp. 143-181 in: Greuter W. & Raab-Straube E. von (ed.), Euro+Med Notulae, 3. – Willdenowia 37: 139-189.\r<p>Greuter W. & Raab-Straube E. von (ed.) 2008: Med-Checklist 2. – Palermo, Genève & Berlin.\r<p>Mateo Sanz G. 2006a: Revisión sintética del género <i>Hieracium</i> en España, I. secciones <i>Amplexicaulia</i> y <i>Lanata</i>. – Fl. Montiber. 34: 10-24.\r<p>Mateo Sanz G. 2006b: Revisión sintética del género <i>Hieracium</i> en España, II. sect. <i>Sabauda</i>. – Fl. Montiber. 34: 38-49.\r<p>Mateo Sanz G. 2007a: Revisión sintética del género <i>Hieracium</i> en España, III. sect. <i>Oreadea</i> y <i>Hieracium</i>. – Fl. Montiber. 35: 60-76.\r<p>Mateo Sanz G. 2007b: Revisión sintética del género <i>Hieracium</i> en España, IV. sect. <i>Prenanthoidea</i>, <i>Glutinosa</i>, <i>Barbata</i>, <i>Intybacea</i>, <i>Italica</i> y <i>Eriophora</i>. – Fl. Montiber. 37: 47-62.\r<p>Mateo Sanz G. 2008: Revisión sintética del género <i>Hieracium</i> en España, V. sect. <i>Cerinthoidea</i>. – Fl. Montiber. 38: 25-71.\r<p>Retz B. de 1975: <i>Hieracium</i>. Pp. 248-292 in: Jovet P. & Vilmorin R. de (ed.), Flora descriptive et illustrée de la France, troisième supplément. – Paris: Albert Blanchard.\r<p>Stace C. A. 1998: Sectional names in the genus <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) sensu stricto. – Edinburgh J. Bot. 55: 417-441.\r<p>Tison J.-M. 2004: L’étude du genre <i>Hieracium</i> L. (<i>Asteraceae</i>): possibilités et impossibilités actuelles du système Zahnien, adaptation à la “Flore pratique de la région Méditerranéenne Française”. – Bull. Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Bassin Médit. 29: 27-103.\r<p>Tyler T. & Jönsson J. 2009: Ploidy level analysis of apomictic <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) reveal unexpected patterns and variation. – Nordic J. Bot. 27: 490-502.\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e15ffcd7-c747-43af-b187-08e508b7ed08","Biennial. Root robust, long, vertical; root collar covered with dry white sheaths of previous year's leaves. Plants glabrous; stems 15-35 cm high, erect, branched from base. Lower leaves numerous, linear, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, abruptly narrowed toward apex, long-acuminate, folded, semiamplexicaul, not exceeding peduncles, 7-20 cm long; middle cauline leaves much shorter than lower ones, linear to lanceolate, semiamplexicaul, with many veins, sometimes with narrow white border. Peduncles exceeding leaves, at fruiting more or less thickened below capitula. Capitula at flowering about 2 cm long and about 1 cm wide, at fruiting 3.5-5 cm long, numerous. Involucral bracts eight(nine), equaling florets at flowering or slightly shorter, at fruiting equaling or slightly exceeding achene, green, linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate; florets pale yellow, pale violet on drying. Peripheral achenes slightly curved, with pappus 4.3 cm long, without pappus 2.6 cm long; body of achene about 1.3 cm long, five-angled, finely sulcate, scabrous from fine tubercles, abruptly narrowed into slender, smooth about 1.2 cm long beak, not swollen at apex, with hairy annulus at pappus base; pappus about 1.7 cm long, whitish-golden, brownish or dirty white in upper part, shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8ff30be1-1a4c-4323-9b5c-146978fb6f90","Polymorphic perennial herb, flowering c. 10-70 cm high, with wide trailing, shoot-bearing root system. Leaves basally crowded or ± rosulate, aging plants with a short woody caudex and with one to several decumbent or ascending to erect, lax to stiff, almost leafless or leafy, sometimes proliferous stems c. 1-6 mm in diameter and usually somewhat woody at base. After fruiting time commonly with rosulate leafy innovations from the lower part of the stems. Caudical leaves (3)6-18(27) x (0.5)2-6(9) cm, obovate to narrowly spathulate or almost elliptical in outline, with apex rounded (in early leaves) to acute or acuminate (in later leaves), tapering into a narrow base; lamina ± deeply sinuate-dentate to runcinate with white-cartilagineously sinuate-dentate and denticulate margin, soft and thin to somewhat leathery. Cauline leaves variable, narrowly lanceolate or rarely ribbonlike to broadly spathulate, sinuate-dentate to runcinate, with clasping, amplexicaule base, somewhat smaller than caudical leaves, otherwise similar, higher up the stem grading into inconspicuous ovate-acute, cordate bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem with the main axis ending in a capitulum and overtopped by the upper branches; branches virgate, spreading-erect, either all monochasial or in more vigorous plants the lower branches monopodial with a few monochasial branches and the upper monochasial; capitula single or, in aging synflorescences due to development of accessory buds, clustered at the nodes. Peduncles 0-10(15) mm long, wiry, spreading-erect, with several bracts passing over into the outermost involucral bracts. Capitula with 18-26 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 2-3 mm in diameter. Involucre 11-15(16) mm long, before anthesis ± cylindrical, after anthesis somewhat obconical-clubshaped. at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib basally swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 8-12, subimbricate, with broad, scarious margin, the outermost broadly ovate-acute. 1.5-2 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost 2/5-1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8, in one row, ± equal, 11- 15 x ( 1) 1.5-2(3) mm, linear-lanceolate, with ± broad, scarious margin. Flowers with a ligule of 7.6-10 x 1.5-2.5 mm, ± elliptical, ventrally bright yellow, dorsally paler yellow and often with the veins tinged violet. and a tube 5-7.5 mm long; anthertube (2.4)2.8-3.2(3.7) mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.3-0.5 mm long; style branches 1.4-2.4 mm long, usually with blackish sweeping hairs. Achenes (2.9)3.4- 5.8 x 0.5-1.0 mm, usually all black, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, apically (sub)truncate to cuspidate (not usually rostrate), ± 4-angular with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, transversally ± sharply wrinkled; marginal somewhat compressed and curved, ± columnar or slender-cuneate, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, otherwise like the inner; mature achenes frequently intermixed with thinner, pale, sterile ones. Pappus 6-9 mm long, persistent, white. dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0cdcf1fb-716b-456f-930a-8d88aa501e38","Biennial or perennial. Root virgate, weak, slightly thickened; root collar covered with fibrous remnants of old leaves. Stem 20-25 cm high, erect, somewhat slender, weakly branched, densely leafy, with leaves crowded at base. Leaves filiform-linear to lanceolate, appressed white-tomentose at base; lower leaves longer, exceeding others, reaching up to inflorescence, finely -sulcate, finely acuminate, with somewhat broader base, semiamplexicaul; upper leaves short, wider, long-acuminate, linear to oblong-lanceolate. Peduncles scarcely exceeding or equaling leaves, not thickened, 4-6cm long, finely pubescent, tomentose below capitula. Capitula solitary, terminal, medium, 2-2.5 cm long at flowering, about 4 cm long and 1.5 cm wide in middle at fruiting. Involucral bracts eight, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at flowering, not exceeding florets, much shorter than achenes with pappus; florets violet. Achenes (immature) about 17 mm long with beak; body of achene sulcate, weakly scabrous above; beak about 6mm long, slender, weakly scabrous below, more or less tomentose above, almost half as long as achene; pappus considerably longer than achene, about 2.5 cm long, brownish, with unequal plumose hairs.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2a199e03-2dbc-4878-944f-a5919958f032","Cushion-shaped perennial herb with stout taproot. The taproot much branched in the upper part with every branch giving rise to one or few rosettes. Stem usually not developed, otherwise up to 5, very rarely up to 25 cm long. Basal leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, 0.5-7.5 x 0.1-0.8 cm, rounded to acute, entire to irregularly dentate or occasionally deeply incised, glabrous to puberulous. Cauline leaves, if present, like basal leaves but smaller towards apex. Capitula solitary or (along stems) in clusters of 2 or 3, sessile or on 0.5-1 cm long peduncles among basal leaves or rarely also along stems. Involucrum c. 4.5 mm wide. Outer phyllaries  1/2 - 3/4 times as long as inner phyllaries, erect or upper part reflexed, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3.7-6.3 x 1.2-2 mm, the lower 1.8-3.8 mm part fleshy, upper part  acute to acuminate or occasionally rounded, entire; glabrous or set with 0.05-0.35  mm long glandular or non-glandular hairs. Inner phyllaries 8, reflexed in flowering time and erect in fruiting time, and with lower part appressed against outer achenes,  7.5-10.5 x 1.1-2.8 mm; hairs absent or up to 0.6 mm long, glandular or not. Florets 10-13, when fully flowering maximally expanded in one (flat) plane; tube 1.7-3 mm long; plate 8.5-13.3 x 2.5-4.3 mm with acute, 0.6-2.0 mm long lobes. Style 69 mm long, upper part with spreading hairs over 2-3.5 mm, white; stigmatic lobes 1-2.4 mm long, white. Pappus consisting of a single row of patent to erecto-patent, irregularly shaped, but often ± 3-lobed, 0.1-0.35 mm long scales, those of inner florets rarely ending in 0.6-1.7 mm long tips. Achenes 1.5-2.2 x 1.0-1.3 mm, basally indistinctly ribbed, in the outer florets obovoid, the inner cylindrical.\r\rfrom: Kiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic and phylogenetic study of <i>Cichorium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d851cf01-b2fe-4e49-b486-08b4fd2b384a","Polymorphic perennial herb with woody base when older, flowering (5)10-40(60) cm high, with one to several or many basally rosulate and also upwards ± leafy, branched flowering stems, with wide-trailing shoot bearing root system. Caudical leaves rosulate, very variable, 3-18 x 0.5-5 cm, in outline ± spathulate, usually pinnatifid to bipinnatifid with entire or sinuate-dentate segments strongly variable in width, more rarely (and then lamina often somewhat fleshy) undivided, ribbonlike, sinuate-dentate to subentire; lamina attenuate into a narrow, semiamplexicaule base. Cauline leaves smaller than caudical, pinnatifid, more rarely sub-bipinnatifid or entire, non-auriculate or ± auriculate: upper cauline leaves grading into cordate, ovate-acute bracts. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering branches variable as these, (0.5-)2-6(-9) cm long, spreading-erect, with several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 20-60 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 3.0-6.0 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis 9-14 mm long, prolonged after anthesis, finally up to 20(25) mm long. ± slender; at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in lower part swollen and hardened; involucral bracts with a scarious margin very variable in distinctness (sometimes even lacking) and width; outer involucral bracts c. 7-12, with the apex usually contracted into a white, ± cartilagineous, obtuse prickle, the outermost ovate-acute, 2-4 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and ± lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate to linear-lanceolate reaching 2/3 and more of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8-14, linear-lanceolate, at anthesis subequal, 9-14 x 1.5-3.5 mm, with the postfloral prolongation of involucre becoming different in length. Flowers with a ligule of (6-)8-12(-16) x 2.2-3.4(-4.0) mm, bright yellow (in marginal flowers dorsally greyish and with blackish veins), and a distinctly shorter tube; anthertube without appendages (2.2-) 2.6-3.2(-4.0) mm long and usually somewhat longer in inner than in marginal flowers, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm, basal appendages 0.3-0.5 mm long; style branches 1.8-2.5 mm long, usually yellow with concolourous sweeping hairs. Achenes 3.9-8.2 x 0.5-0.7 mm, heteromorphic, the innermost with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, cylindrical, ± glabrous, brownish, base 4-horned due to the basally protruding, spreading main ribs; the subcentral achenes diffusely pubescent of hyaline papillae (not arranged in wrinkled lines), the following gradually densier papillose, somewhat compressed and curved; the outermost achenes with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, somewhat compressed and curved, up to 1/3 shorter than the innermost, otherwise like the former. Pappus (7)10-12 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of longer, setaceous inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0baeff31-a125-4900-a0fe-4671cd592be0","Herb, perennial, 30-65 cm high. Flowering stems erect, finely sulcate, hispid or rarely glabrous, unbranched. Rosette leaves oblong, dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate, hispid. Cauline leaves oblong, dentate, acute, attenuate, petiole-like attenuate or amplexicaul, hispid. Involucre at flowering hemispherical, c. 2.5 mm long, at flowering c. 2.5 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute. Corolla ligulate, bright orange. Achenes terete, slightly attenuate. Pappus plumose.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Achyrophorus ciliatus</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"11842f74-85a8-4785-a74b-d366e2c21fbd","An erect perennial herb, up to C. 1 m tall Stems simple, somewhat woody below, ± dilated hollow and stout above, glabrous sometimes glaucous, leafy throughout. Leaves sessile, 5-15 x 2.5-6(8) cm, oblanceolate to panduriform in outline, lanceolate-ovate and smaller towards the stem apex, the basal few leaves smaller and evanescent; cauline leaves variable, runcinate-dentate throughout, or remotely and narrowly-lobed pinnatisect throughout, acute mucronate at the apex, semi-amplexicaul or auriculate sagittate below, denticulate to sharply, and irregularly dentate on the margins, glabrous sometimes glaucous. Capitula 2-7 in a much reduced corymbiform-cymose arrangement, or somewhat aggregated with stalked capitula subtended by subsessile immature capitula, or sometimes the capitula solitary on long branches. Involucres C. 20 x 12 mm in fruiting capitula, cylindric-campanulate to spreading, ± persistently white-lanate below. Phyllaries imbricate, increasing from C. 4 mm long on the outside to C. 20 x 2 mm on the inside; the outermost narrowly ovate, becoming subcoriaceous with a thickened midrib, the basal portion eventually swollen; the inner phyllaries narrower, lanceolate-lorate, membranous, puberulous or glabrescent. Florets numerous. Corollas yellow, C. 18 mm long, pubescent about the junction of the tube and ligule; ligule often becoming pinkish outside, 4-5 mm long, oblong. Achenes pale-brown, c. 4.5 mm long, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly flattened, glabrous, ribbed; marginal and middle ribs well developed with c. 2 secondary ribs between, the main ribs becoming swollen and rugulose; pappus white copious, 12-14 mm long, composed of minute barbellate setae and fine down-like hairs.\r\rfrom: Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"458e2c00-c526-42b1-b825-017382a0504b","Between sea level and about 100 m. In often somewhat shaded places with fine soil, or in pockets, ravines or clafts of the rocky calcarous outcrops of this area that contain fine or loamy soil (P. Hein, pers. comm.)\r\rfrom Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. <i>(Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae).</i> - Englera 17: 327-330.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"458e2c00-c526-42b1-b825-017382a0504b","Often tuftlike, perennial herb with a tuberous (fide Miller & al. in sched. 10115, E) taproot, flowering up to c. 10-20 cm high, with a basal leaf rosette and several to many weak, delicate, procumbent to ascending, straggling and often interwoven, leafy, branched flowering shoots from a very short caudex becoming somewhat more conspicuous and branched with age. Rosette leaves 3-7 x 0.3-1.0 cm, very narrowly spathulate in outline, lyrately pinnatifid, margin somewhat sinuate(-dentate), lamina somewhat fleshy. Cauline leaves in outline very narrowly spathulate, elliptical or almost ribbonlike, pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, smaller than the caudical leaves, otherwise similar, only in the upper synflorescence region passing over into linear-lanceolate bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering shoot diffuse and besides the terminal capitulum often with only a few lateral capitula. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering axes capillaceous, (0.5)l-3(12) cm long, with a few or several bracts passing over into the outermost involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 9-12 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time ± 1.5 mm in diameter. Involucre very slender, at anthesis narrowly cylindrical to weakly clubshaped, 7-9 mm long, at fruiting time up to c. 13 mm long, at time of fruit dispersal involucre spreading and lower part of midrib of involucral bracts swollen and hardened; involucral bracts with inconspicuous, narrow, brownish scarious margin; outer involucral bracts 5-7, the outermost narrowly lanceolate acute, 2.5-3.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and linear-lanceolate, the innermost up to >2/3 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts ± 5, linear-lanceolate, 7-13 x 1-1.5 mm, ± equal at anthesis, with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre the innermost becoming longer than the others. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of c. 6.5-7.5 x 1.8-2.2 mm and a tube c. 4-4.5 mm long; anthertube without appendages c. 2.3 mm long, basal appendages c. 0.4 mm and apical appendages c. 0.3 mm long, style branches 1.3-1.5 mm long, sweeping hairs yellow. Achenes beaked, 5.0-5.6 x 0.3-0.5 mm, thereof the capillaceous beak 2.0-3.2 mm long and thus almost as long as, or even longer than, the corpus; heteromorphic, inner ± 4-angular, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, slender, ± cylindrical, tapering into the capillaceous beak, brownish, ± smooth and without papillae, marginal ± 5-angular, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, somewhat compressed, ± densely covered with appressed linear papillae, otherwise like inner. Pappus ± 4 mm long, homomorphic, deciduous, white, of setaceous rays ± equal in length and diameter, or dimorphic with additional downy outer rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. <i>(Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae)</i>. – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6925d07a-4b6b-4d34-920c-1aeb12add089","Acaulescent perennial with thick, vertical, woody rootstock, at anthesis 3-10 cm high, usually leafless, with hemispherically umbellate synflorescence; leaves appearing after anthesis in a basal rosette on the short, woody and usually distinctly brown-woolly caudex; aging caudex shortly branched and with a few flowering shoots. Rosette leaves 3-15 x 1-2.5 cm (also larger?), broadly spathulate or obovate with ± rounded apex (early leaves) to narrowly spathulate or linear-lanceolate with acute apex (later leaves), tapering into a narrow base; lamina ± entire, sinuate-dentate and denticulate. Leaves on flowering axes reduced to inconspicuous, lanceolate or ovate-acuminate to ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence consisting of a cluster of delicate, spreading-erect flowering shoots developed from axillary buds of the short caudex and branched almost from base on, each carrying several capitula; branching through accessory buds common. Peduncles as the terminal segments of the flowering axes 0.5-3(6) cm long, with 0-2 bract passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 7-18 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter. Involucre slender. narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis somewhat clubshaped, not or indistinctly prolonged after anthesis, (10) 12- 16 mm long; involucral bracts at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib swollen and hardened in basal part; outer involucral bracts 4-8, ± imbricate, strongly varying in shape, size and width of the scarious margin, either ± all broadly ovate-acute with the innermost ≤1/5 as long as the inner involucral bracts, or the outermost narrowly ovate-acute and the following gradually longer and (narrowly) lanceolate, the innermost up to 1/3-1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5-8(10), linear-lanceolate, ± equal. 10-16 x 1.5-3.5 mm, with distinct scarious margin. Flowers with a ligule of 9-12 x 2-3 mm, golden yellow and a tube 6-8(10) mm long; anthertube without appendages 3.2-3.6 mm, basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm and apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm long; style branches mm 1.0-1.5 long. Achenes 2.4-4.6 x 0.7-1.2 mm, subhomornorphic, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, brown. inner ± cylindrical and ± truncate at both ends to obcolumnar, irregularly 5-angular, ± glabrous; marginal somewhat compressed and slightly curved, subcuneate, ± scabrid of short, squamulose papillae. Puppus 8-12 mm long, deciduous, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rNote: Plants from Cameroon mostly have leaves already at anthesis. Similarly the W African specilnens of L. rcirifolin and L. nana, in contrast to the specimens from other regions, mostly have a developed leaf rosette at anthesis.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"098726b2-a139-4a4a-ab5f-6523ab6c4095","Outer involucral bracts predominantly broadly ovate-acute to ± broadly lanceolate, the innermost rather similar to the outermost and <1/5(1/4) as long as the inner involucral bracts; involucral bracts with indistinct or without scarious margin.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ab78243d-b329-4679-9624-4535d9f9346a","Outermost involucral bracts broadly to narrowly ovate-acute, the following bracts gradually longer and narrowly lanceolate, the innermost (1/4)1/3-1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; involucral bracts with distinct though thin scarious margin.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6eb5447b-5838-4e71-bd8b-d88baa10a416","Perennial herb with shoot bearing roots, flowering c. 20-40 cm high, with a basal leaf rosette and usually several ascending to ascending-erect, scarcely and usually only basally leafy flowering stems; aging plants with a short, branched, woody caudex. Caudical rosulate leaves 2-5 x 0.5-1.5 cm, (narrowly) spathulate, sinuatedentate to runcinate, margin white-cartilagineously denticulate, apex ± acute, lamina tapering into a narrow base. Cauline leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid to almost entire, acute, with ± clasping base, higher up the stem soon grading into inconspicuous, narrowly ovate, acuminate bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem scarcely spreading, only with few branches curved towards the main axis; main axis soon terminated by a capitulum and continued by the terminal monochasial flowering branch; the one or two lower branches repeating the structure of the main axis. Peduncles usually (0.1)0.5-2 cm long, ± curved-erect, capillaceous, immediately below the capitulum with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 7-14 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time ± 1 mm in diameter. Involucre very slender, 8-10 mm long, involucral bracts with distinct scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal star-wise outspread and their midrib basally swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 6-7, ± imbricate, the outermost narrowly ovate-acute, 1-1.5 cm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innnermost linear-lanceolate, up to c. 1/3 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5, linear-lanceolate, ± equal, 8-9 x ± 1.5 mm. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of 5-7 x 0.8-1.2 mm and a tube c. 4-4.5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 1.2-1.7(2.2) mm long, apical appendages ± 0.2 mm and basal appendages ± 0.4 mm long; style branches 0.8-1 mm long, sweeping hairs black. Achenes (2.8)3.4-4.3 x 0.5-0.7 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, with cuspidate apex, with 4 main ribs and very indistinct secondary ribs, ± smooth, pale; marginal slender, subfusiform but stronger tapering towards the cuspidate to shortly rostrate apex than towards base, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, transversally wrinkled, light to dark brown. Pappus 4-5 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of setaceous inner rays. \r\rFrom Launaea massauensis, also present on the island of Socotra, L. socotrana is distinguished by its perennial life form, the curved-ascending to curved-erect stems and branches, the scarcely divaricate synflorescence, narrower leaves, longer anthertubes and somewhat longer achenes of which the marginal are brownish and never black. The species apparently represents some sort of link between L. massauerzsis and the equally perennial and closely related L. pseudoabyssinica of the African mainland. From the latter with a synflorescence similar to L. massauensis, L. socotrana can be distinguished also by the shorter anthertubes and ligules as well as by the somewhat larger achenes (see further notes sub L. pseudoabyssinica, variability). The (probably faded) flowers are said to be ""pale purplish pink"" on the label of the holotype; however, on labels of other collections the flower colour is reported to be yellow, and was observed to be bright yellow by P. Hein (pers. comm.).\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a063dbb0-9b39-4b10-95e4-7bd703910185","Polymorphic, glaucescent perennial herb with a taproot and lateral, shoot bearing roots, flowering c. (10)20-70 cm high, leaves basally ± crowded; aging plant with ± woody base, with one flowering stem or often with a few stems, mostly repeatedly and somewhat divaricately branched almost from base on, and leafy at least in lower half. Basal leaves c. (3)6-18 x 0.3-4.5 cm, in general narrowly spathulate to narrowly lanceolate or almost ribbonlike in outline, with ± acute apex and narrow, semiamplexicaule base, sinuate-dentate to irregularly pinnatifid with mostly rather distant, narrowly triangular-acute segments; cauline leaves smaller, narrowly lanceolate with ± distinctly auriculate base, higher up the stem reduced to ± ovate-acute, amplexicaule bracts variable in size, and with spreading or reflexed tip. Synflorescence of a flowering stem usually rather rich, repeatedly and ± divaricately, sometimes even intricately branched with rather long internodes and peduncles. Peduincles as the terminal segment of a flowering branch (1)2-6 cm long, spreading-erect, somewhat curved, usually with several bracts concentrated in the upper portion and passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 35-60 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 2.5-5.0 mm in diameter. lnvolucre at anthesis 11-15 mm long, prolonged after anthesis, finally up to 20 mm long; involucral bracts without or with indistinct scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their base and midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts with ± white-cartilagineous tip, ovate-acute, the outermost 2.5-5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and ± lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; inner involucral bracts c. 8- 12, with white-scarious tip, linear-lanceolate, at anthesis subequal in length, 11-14 x 2-4.5 mm, towards fruiting time becoming somewhat different in length with the innermost being the longest. Flowers with a pale yellow ligule of 7.8-14 x 2.0-2.8 mm and a distinctly shorter tube; anthertube without appendages c. 2.6-3.4 mm long, somewhat longer in inner than in marginal flowers, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 2.0-2.8 mm long. mostly with blackish sweeping hairs. Achenes 3.2-6.5 x 0.4-0.7 mm, heteromorphic, inner with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, columnar to cylindrical, usually except for the very innermost ones ± papillose with the papillae diffuse to indistinctly arranged in dense transversal lines, achene base varying from being 4-horned to f tubular; the following densely papillose, otherwise similar; the marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, slightly shorter and stouter, somewhat curved and slightly compressed, densely papillose, ribs basally subacutely projecting, otherwise like former. Pappus 8-14 mm long, persistent, white, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of setaceous, longer inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6d624d71-1a5f-4499-a80e-da3a3c814ec2","Small annual with a slender taproot, flowering c. 3-25 cm high, with a leafy stem usually branched from base. Basal leaves 1.5-8 x 0.5-3 mm, glaucous-green, obovate to spathulate, with apex ± roundish to acute, and attenuate into narrow base, sinuate-dentate to ± pinnatifid with rather broad segments, margin denticulate; cauline 1eaves lanceolate, irregularly pinnatifid, acute, with ± pinnatifid auricles, higher up grading into broadly lanceolate to cordate bracts. Synflorescence depending on the branching of the stem with a few to several capitula; the terminal capitulum of the main axis ± early being overtopped by flowering branches. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering axes 1-5 cm long, with one or a few distant bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 30-50 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 3.0-6.0 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis ± clubshaped 10-13(15) long, becoming longer and ± cylindrical towards fruiting time, finally up to 19 mm long; involucral bracts without or with a rather indistinct scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib somewhat swollen and hardened in lower half; outer involucral bracts c. 7-12, apically contracted into a ± long-acuminate, white-prickled tip usually bent back, the outermost 3-5 mm long, ovate to broadly lanceolate, the following bracts longer and more narrowly lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate, at anthesis reaching 3/4 or more of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8-10, linear-lanceolate, with white-scarious rounded tip, subequal at anthesis, 10-13(15) x 2-3 mm, with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre becoming different in length. Flowers with a yellow ligule of c. 10-14 x 2.1-2.5 mm and a distinctly shorter tube; anthertube without appendages 2.6-3.2 mm long, basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm and apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm long; style branches 2.4-3.0 mm long with yellow sweeping hairs. Achenes 5.5-7.0 x 0.6-0.9 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, with 4 main ribs, secondary ribs not differentiated, smooth to somewhat transversally wrinkled, glabrous, the basally protruding main ribs connate to a somewhat ventricose tube with a ± even basal edge in the innermost, conspicuously pale brown; the following achenes ± papillose with the papillae arranged in wrinkled lines, otherwise similar; marginal densely papillose, with 5 main ribs, secondary ribs rather indistinct, somewhat stouter and shorter, somewhat curved and slightly compressed, otherwise like former. Pappus 6-10 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of longer, setaceous inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"381c8303-88f7-44ac-bd38-858f98e6a0c7","Perennial. Plant weakly pubescent, sometimes glabrescent. Root collar covered with indurescent brown or stramineous sheaths of basal leaves. Stems 10-25(35) cm high, pubescent, mostly branched from base or middle; branches curved, flexuous, terminating in solitary capitula. Basal leaves broadly lanceolate, hard, curved, with many veins, margin cartilaginous, usually undulate and scabrous, pubescent with branched hairs or almost glabrous, narrowed at base into petiole; cauline leaves sessile; semiamplexicaul, narrower than basal leaves, undulate along margin, gradually reduced above. Capitula 2-4(10), long cylindrical, 2-2.5(3) cm long and 0.5-0.8(1) cm wide (at flowering), broader at fruiting, terminal on branches. Involucre pubescent; bracts coriaceous, outer bracts deltoid-ovate, somewhat acuminate; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, narrowly membranous along margin, more or less acuminate or subobtuse, several times as long as outer. Ligulate florets yellow, one and one-half to two times as long as involucre. Mature achenes terete, 10-15 mm long, glabrous, ribbed, somewhat acerate along ribs, sometimes only in upper part scabrous; pappus dirty white, its bristles plumose, longer of them barbed above; crown of hairs at articulation of pappus with achene.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"027a745b-5df6-4460-9ca8-5877cc49c9c7","Erect, annual or short-lived perennial herb, 0.4-1.5 m high. Stem glabrous or glandular-setose, usually unbranched, leafy at base. Leaves simple to pinnatifid, oblanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, up to 23 x 4.5 cm, margins irregularly serrate with spine-like, pointed, and callose thickened teeth. Capitula in open corymbose cymes; peduncle up to 5 cm long, glabrous or glandular-setose. Involucre 9-10 x 5-6 mm at anthesis, up to 12 x 9 mm in fruit, sparsely to densely white tomentose at base, especially in young capitula. Phyllaries light green, often with several brown sessile glands, outer ones linear, 3-4 x 0.8-1 mm, inner ones oblong-linear with whitish margins, 10-13 x 1.2-3 turn. Florets yellow. Cypselas brown, oblong-elliptic, flat, 2.8-3.8 x 1-1.3 mm, with 3 main ribs on each face, appearing winged. Pappus white, 7-8 mm long, caducous.\r\rfrom: Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. <i>Sonchus</i> - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"44806fb4-c638-4d68-bf33-3a31d51f9f54","Perennial, basally woody herb, flowering up to l(1.5) m high, with a creeping, shoot bearing root system and aging main roots with more than 15 mm in diameter; young plants with a single leafy stem, aging plants with dense groups of leafy stems; stems hollow, ± glaucous. Leaves fairly variable, 2-25 x 0.5-8 cm, upper surface ± glaucous, lower surface somewhat greyish green, the lower leaves often crowded together, in outline obovate or broadly spathulate to almost narrowly elliptical, tapering into a narrow base, either entire with sinuate-dentate and denticulate margin, or, with all sorts of transitions, deeply pinnatifid with rather few, narrow segments and with ± denticulate margin; higher up the stem leaves generally rather lanceolate and with broader, often ± auriculate base, smaller and narrower, sometimes ribbonlike; in the synflorescence region reduced to inconspicuous ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem usually ± divaricately branched, many-capitulate, the main stem with its terminal capitulum overtopped by the upper branches; axes in lower part monopodially in upper part monochasially branched. Peduncles as the terminal part of the flowering axes 0.5-2.5 cm long, often with stipitate glands, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 15-27 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-4.0 mm in diameter. Involucre ± floury of minute vesicular hairs, at anthesis 8-1 1 mm long, somewhat prolonged towards fruiting time, then (9)10-13 mm long, rather stout cylindrical; during fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib swollen and hardened in the lower half; involucral bracts often with a few stipitate glands, and usually with bigger, hornlike glands on the midrib below the tip overtopping the capitulum in bud; outer involucral bracts 6-9, ± imbricate, the outermost ovate-acute, 1-3 mm long, the following bracts longer and more lanceolate, the innermost ± linear-lanceolate, up to c. 3/4 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 7-10, linear-lanceolate, in one row, ± equal, 8-13 x 1.2-2.5 mm. Flowers with a pale yellow ligule of 9-11 x 2.0-2.8 mm and a tube 4.5-6 mm long; anthertube usually blackish yellow, without appendages 2.9-3.3 mm long, apical appendages blackish yellow, 0.2-0.4 mm and basal appendages pale yellow, 0.2-0.3 mm long; style branches yellow with blackish sweeping hairs, 1.8-2.4 mm long. Achenes 2.6-4.3 x 0.6-1.0 mm, subhomomorphic, prismatic with 5 prominent main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs; ribs ± sharply wrinkled, pale brown; inner ± cylindrical to somewhat subfusiform, apically expanded into a pappus disk, marginal subfusiform, somewhat compressed and curved, otherwise similar. Pappus 5-7 mm long, deciduous, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5ed832ad-29c4-4269-86ff-9de0ba7f5876","Acaulescent perennial at anthesis 3-10 cm high, with a thick, vertical, woody rootstock exuding orange-brown latex (fide Bullock 3415, in sched. K), and a tufted, hemispherically umbellate synflorescence; leaves appearing after anthesis, arranged in a basal rosette on the short woody and usually brown-woolly caudex, plant otherwise usually leafless except for some bractlike, linear-lanceolate leaves in the lower synflorescence region. Rosette leaves 2-9 x 0.5-2 cm (and larger?), obovate or broadly to narrowly spathulate with facute apex; lamina tapering into a narrow or even petiolelike but finally sheathing base; margin entire and denticulate to rather shallowly sinuate-dentate and denticulate. Leaves supporting the flowering branches reduced, linear-lanceolate and a few cm long, flowering branches with inconspicuous, ovate-acute bracts only. Synflorescence consisting of a tuft of spreading-erect. delicate flowering shoots branched almost from base on and developed from axillary buds of the caudex; branching through accessory buds common. Peduizcles as the undifferentiated terminal segments of the flowering axes 0.3-3 cm long, with 0-1 bract similar to the outermost involucral bracts. Cupitula with 5-11 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 1.5-3 mm in diameter. Involucre often tinged purple or purplish-brown, before anthesis rather stout, conical, at anthesis and later slender, conical to almost cylindrical, 13-16 mm long, not or indistinctly prolonged towards fruiting time; involucral bracts with rather narrow but distinct scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib basally swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 4-6, ± imbricate, the outermost ovate-acute and 2-3 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and broadly lanceolate, the innermost 2/5-2/3 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 6-8, in one row, linear-lanceolate, ± equal, 13-16 x 2-3.5 mm. Flowers with a ligule of 7.5-9.2 x 1.6-2.5 mm, yellow, often ± tinged purple, and a tube 9-10 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.4-2.9 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.0-1.3 mm long. Achenes 4.9-5.8 x 0.8-1.3 mm, whitish, ± homomorphic, with 5 main ribs and each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, prismatic, ± subfusiform, often somewhat asymmetrical in longitudinal section, particularly the marginal somewhat compressed and curved and somewhat scabrid of short papillae. Pappus 8-9 mm long, ± deciduous, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"10d7da2c-b42c-4bb3-a18d-9bc52732c453","Herb, annual, 5-10-(15) cm high. Flowering stems procumbent or ascending, sparsely pilose or glabrous, slender, strongly branched. Cauline leaves narrowly linear, up to 0.1 cm wide. Synflorescence with many heads. Outer involucral bracts c. 1.0-2.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts linear or narrowly ovate, 2.5-4.0-(5.0) mm long, more or less pilose. Corolla ligulate, pale yellow. Achenes weakly curved to straight, 7.0-12.0 mm long, pilose at apex, sometimes muricate or smooth.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0a1fa4c9-3cb8-4707-95d3-b6f6e7f9bdff","Prostrate perennial rosette herb, at anthesis only a few cm high. with shoot bearing root system consisting of a taproot and trailing lateral roots, and a short woody caudex, branched when older, with flagelliform, branching runners up to more than 1 m long; runners with internodes 4-15 cm long (rarely shorter), with broadly ovate-acute, subamplexicaule bracts, and soon at each node additionally with a single, pedunculate capitulum and a secondary leaf rosette consisting of smaller and fewer leaves than the main rosette; aging runners rooting at the nodes and with secondary rosettes developing to independent descendents after perishing of the runner axis. Rosette leaves (1)2-14 x (0.5)-3 cm, broadly to narrowly spathulate, with obtuse to somewhat acute apex and attenuate into a narrow, semito subamplexicaule base, entire or sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, with subentire to denticulate margin, often glaucish and somewhat fleshy. Peduncles wiry, (0.5)l-3(6) mm long, erect. with several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 11-20 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 2.5-4 mm in diameter. Involucre (10)11- 14(16) cm long, (slender-)cylindrical just before and subclubshaped at anthesis, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts c. 9-12. ± imbricate, with distinct scarious margin, the outermost ovate to ovate- acute, 1.5-2.0 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate and reaching 1/2 or more of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8, in one row, linear-lanceolate. ± equally in length, 10-16 x (1.0)1.5-2.5(3) mm, with distinct though sometimes narrow scarious margin. Flowers with a bright yellow ligule of c. 7-9 x 2.3-3.0 mm and a tube c. 7-8 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.4-2.9 mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 1.8-2.2 mm long, yellow, sweeping hairs usually blackish. Achenes (2.9)3.8-5.0(5.7) x (0.5)0.7-1.1(l.5) mm, blackish (or sometimes all pale), heteromorphic, inner with 4 very thick prominent main ribs. secondary ribs inconspicuous or missing, columnar to ± cylindrical, apex ± pointed to subtruncate, smooth; marginal with 5 very prominent main ribs, somewhat compressed, smooth or somewhat transversally wrinkled, otherwise like inner. Pappus (5)7-9 mm long, deciduous together with pappus disk, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6068ef52-df7e-48d7-bf2f-545e95a5790b","Small subshrub with a strong taproot, flowering c. 5-30 cm high, when young with one entirely leafy flowering stem varying in length from a few to c. 30 cm, older plants with a branched, woody basal portion and several stems. Caudical leafes ± succulent, 1.5-3 x 0.4-1.5 cm, spathulate in outline, (almost) entire or sinuate to ± deeply lyrate, apically rounded and basally ± suddenly attenuate into the 1-2 mm wide base; margin slightly white-cartilagineously sinuate-dentate; lamina glaucous. Cauline leafes like caudical, and even higher up the stem scarcely reduced in size; only in the small synflorescence region suddenly reduced to inconspicuous narrowly ovate-acute, cordate bracts. Synflorescence as the terminal part of a leafy flowering stem consisting either of a single capitulum or additionally having one or a few branches each with a single terminal capitulum. Peduncles as the very terminal segment of the flowering axes c. 2-15 mm long, wiry, with 1-3 distant bracts similar to the outermost involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 20-30 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time ± 2 mm in diameter. Involucre at flowering time narrowly cylindrical to clubshaped, c. 7-9 mm long, at fruiting time c. 10-11 mm long, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and lower part of their midrib swollen and hardened; involucral bracts ± without scarious margin, greyish-green to purplish-greyish-green, towards fruiting time brownish; outer involucral bracts 5-7. ± imbricate, the outermost 2.0-2.5 mm long, ovate-acute, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate. the innermost ± linear-lanceolate, up to >2/3 as long as inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts ± 8, linear-lanceolate, 7-11 x 2.0-3.0 mm, it equal at anthesis, with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre the innermost becoming longer than the others. Flowers with a ligule of 6.5-7.5 x 2.1-2.6 mm; bright yellow, dorsally paler and (often) tinged reddish, and a tube 4-5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 1.7-2.0 mm, basal appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm long; style branches 1.7-2.4 mm long, sweeping hairs blackish. Achenes 4-5 x 0.4-0.6 mm, blackish brown, ± columnar with cuspidate apex, heteromorphic, inner with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, otherwise smooth, glabrous to papillose-pubescent; marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, slightly shorter, somewhat curved and slightly compressed, shortly papillose-pubescent, otherwise similar. Pappus 5-6 mm long, persistent, white, with rather few rays. dimorphic, composed of some downy and a little smaller number of setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8ebd94e1-815a-4eff-adad-a9408d9dc800","Slightly glaucous perennial herbs from long creeping rhizomes, short white woolly on upper part while young; stems erect, 30-100 cm tall, usually simple, glabrous. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves withering before flowering; lower cauline leaves approximate, rather numerous, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 10-20 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, obtuse, lower surface glaucous, base obtusely rounded, auriculate clasping, often incised or pinnately lobed; upper leaves gradually smaller, scattered, oblong or ovate-oblong, clasping at base, apex obtuse. Heads 4-5 cm across, few in a pseudo-umbel; peduncle 1.2-8 cm long; bracteoles ovate, 3-5 mm long; involucre ovoid, 1.5-2 cm high; phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, outer phyllaries ovate-deltoid, 4-6 mm long, median phyllaries oblong, 8-10 mm long, inner phyllaries in 1 series, lanceolate, scarious, obtuse. Flowers August to October, many per head, ligulate, orange yellow, ligule 21-24 mm long, 2 mm wide, 5-cleft at apex, tube 13-14 mm long. Achenes narrowly oblong, ca. 3.5 mm long, slightly scabrous, with few longitudinal ribs on both sides. Pappus of numerous fine capillary bristles, snow white, ca. 13 mm long.\r\rfrom: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1eb8ce05-4227-4d9c-9fac-810d1f878fb7","Perennial herb, flowering 20- >50 cm high, with shoot bearing roots, mostly with a single erect, at least basally (but mostly also higher up) leafy flowering stem or a few such stems. Basal leaves up to 2.5-13 x 0.5-2 cm, crowded together, rather variable, narrowly spathulate to narrowly elliptical in outline, tapering into the narrow base, sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid with narrow, acute segments, margin denticulate, apex acute to acuminate. Cauline leaves similar to the basal leaves but smaller, less incised. narrower to almost ribbonlike, tapering into a petiolelike base, apex acute or obtuse, higher up the stem passing over into lanceolate to narrowly ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem with 1-3 or several capitula, with the terminal capitulum of the main axis overtopped by a few, sometimes mono-capitulate branches. Pedunc1e as the terminal segment of the flowering axes wiry, spreading-erect, (1)2-8 cm long, with a few to several bracts similar to or passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with up to 50 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 2.5-3.0 mm in diameter. Involucre ± clubshaped at anthesis and 11-15 mm long, prolonged after anthesis, later ± cylindrical and finally 15-18 mm long, involucral bracts mucronate, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib in lower part swollen and hardened, after fruit dispersal bracts reflexed; outer involucral bracts 7-10, with white-cartilagineous tip, the outermost cordate, 0.8-1.2 mm long, the following bracts longer and ± spathulate, the innermost linear-lanceolate, at anthesis c. 2/3-3/4 as along as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8-12, linear-lanceolate, at anthesis subequal, at fruiting time distinctly differing in length, 11-18 x 1.5-3 mm, with the innermost being the longest. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 9-12 x 2.4-3.4 mm and a tube 8-10 mm long: anthertube without appendages 2.6-3.2 mm long, apical appendages 0.4-0.5 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long: style branches 3.0-3.2 mm long, with yellow sweeping hairs. Achenes rostrate, including the slender, 1.0-2.2 mm long beak, 4.2-7.1 x 0.4-0.6 mm, heteromorphic, inner with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, columnar to slightly subfusiform, tapering into the slender beak, subglabrous to shortly papillose, greyish-brown; the following densier papillose, with both minute and longer papillae, otherwise similar; the marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, subfusiform and with a shorter beak than the inner, somewhat curved and somewhat compressed, with 2 distinct types of hyaline papillae, one minute, globose, the other linear and up to 0.12 mm long, otherwise similar. Pappus 9-12 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a somewhat smaller number of setaceous, longer inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a0ce1e0e-76e9-4c0b-9bd7-9fdd08a1ecd6","Perennial. Stems thick, sulcate, usually branched only below, densely leafy, 25-30 cm high. Leaves straight, flat, wide, many-veined; lower leaves linear, middle ones linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, (5)7-15(20) mm wide below, semiamplexicaul. Peduncles fistular below fertile capitula, not thickened, 3-5 mm thick, sometimes weakly thickened up to 7 mm. Capitula 30-40(50) mm long with florets, 4.5-5.5(6) cm long at fruiting. Involucre of eight bracts, slightly shorter than or almost as long as florets and achenes; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about 4 cm long; florets pink-violet. Peripheral achenes about 5 cm long, excluding pappus 2.5 cm long, without beak 1.5 cm long, obtusely five-angled, deeply sulcate, obtusely squamose-scabrous above, usually indistinctly sculptured below, gradually narrowed into about 1 cm-long, thick, sulcate beak, shorter than achene, without apical swelling; pappus about 2 cm long, almost as long as achene including beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"422c8e17-5096-4e1a-b49c-5a2809522232","Perennial. Whole plant grayish, densely fine-tomentose from stellate hairs. Root cylindrical; root collar covered with broadened brown indurescent sheaths of previous year's basal leaves and current year's hyaline, weakly glossy leaf sheaths. Stems 15-20 cm high, erect or slightly ascending, simple or sparsely branched. Leaves narrowly linear, densely pubescent; basal leaves 2-4 mm wide, often folded lengthwise, subulate at apex, almost as long as stem or one-third shorter, base broadened into hyaline, glabrous sheath; cauline leaves reduced,. few, sessile, slightly semiamplexicaul; solitary uppermost leaf reduced, often approximate to capitulum, forming bract with attenuate-aristate apex. Capitula solitary or two to five, large,2.5-3 cm long, 7-8 mm wide (at flowering). Involucre canescent; outer bracts ovate or deltoid-ovate; inner ones oblong-lanceolate; all bracts more or less acuminate, membranous along margin, especially inner ones. Ligulate florets pink, considerably longer than involucre (two times as long). Mature achenes unknown, young achenes ribbed, acerate along ribs; pappus of unequal bristles, bristles plumose, barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"84441723-2840-4f11-8284-8ee6d1ef038b","It is largely confined to the trade wind facing escarpments and grows on rocky and gravelly ground as well as in rock crevices, chiefly between sea level and c. 700 m, and only occasionally at altitudes uf op to 1400 m.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. <i>(Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae)</i>. – Englera 17.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"84441723-2840-4f11-8284-8ee6d1ef038b","Perennial rosette-shrub, flowering c. (5)25-70 cm high, with strong taproot and a caudex soon becoming woody and cushion-like branched, then carrying a few to several, in vigorous old plants up to 80 rosettes; rosette shoots at anthesis regularly branching in an always leafless, (15)20-50(75) cm long, arched-ascending to overhanging flowering stern, and 1-2 plagiotrophic rosette shoots. Rosette leaves 3.5-17 x 0.3-2.2 cm, narrowly spathulate to almost ribbonlike. with ± acute apex and tapering into a narrow base, margin occasionally sinuate, ± strongly narrowly undulate, white-cartilagineously sinuate-dentate and denticulate, leathery when fresh, upper surface dark-green and somewhat shiny, lower surface greyish green; flowering stem only with inconspicuous bracts. Synflorescence usually compact and comose, without monochasial branches, with the capitula single or in clusters directly at the nodes or on very short branches, and in particular densely clustered in the terminal portion of the main axis. Peduncles wiry up to c. 20 mm long, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 13-18 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter. Involucre before anthesis narrowly cylindrical, after anthesis ± conical, 10-13 mm long, at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 10-14, imbricate, with narrow scarious margins, the outermost 1.5-2 mm long, broadly ovate-acute, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost 1/3-1/2 of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8, linear-lanceolate, 9-12 x 1.5-2.5 mm, ± equal with very narrow scarious margins. F1owers with a broadly elliptical, bright yellow ligule of 7-9 x 2.2-3.0 mm and a tube 4.5-6.5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.6-3.6 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.5-0.6 mm long. Achenes (4)4.5-5.5(6.5) x 0.8-1.0 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar with 4 main ribs and indistinct secondary ribs. ± smooth, pale; innermost occasionally persisting and loosing its pappus; marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, somewhat curved and weakly compressed, columnar to slender-subfusiform, ± densely transversally wrinkled, pale to pale brown. Pappus 5-7 mm long, persistent, dimorphic with numerous downy and a smaller number of inner, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"de5794d1-df18-49dc-b34c-c62b59390463","Perennial herb, 0.5-2 m high. Stern often tinged red, woody at base and hollow in upper parts, branches straggling through bushes and shrubs. Leaves simple, linear to narrowly elliptic, up to 15 x 1.5 cm, tapering to narrow, winged petiole, or sessile with auriculate or sagittate base; margins minutely denticulate with recurved callose thickened teeth. Capitula homogamous, ligulate, most in densely aggregated cymes; peduncle absent or up to 6 mm long, rarely up to 22 mm, glabrous or glandular-setose. Involucre cylindric, 10-11 x 5-6 mm, densely white tomentose or woolly. Phyllaries 3-seriate, glabrous, woolly at base, glandular or glandular-setose; outer ones 2-5 x 1-1.5 mm, linear or ovate-lanceolate with broad scarious margins; inner ones 10-12 x 1-1.5 mm, with narrow scarious margins. Florets yellow; corolla tube hairy. Cypselas yellowish brown, narrowly elliptic, 2.5-3 x 0.6-0.8 mm, transversely rugulose, glabrous. Pappus white, c 5.5 mm long, caducous.\r\rfrom: Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. <i>Sonchus</i> - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1b228585-3b4c-4e7d-8910-74c9362a67a0","Perennial dwarf herb with annual shoots, 7-35(-70) cm high; rhizome vertical, root-crown with a few reduced leaves; stems sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, but lanate just below the capitulum. Leaves narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, sometimes pinnatifid, 5-20 cm long, 1-5 cm wide (including the, lobes), base amplexicaul and auriculate, margins entire or dentate, lobes (when present) narrowly triangular, to 2 cm long, apex acute, glabrous or with some hairs near the base; midrib wide, sometimes reddish. Capitula few, in lax leafy panicles; involucre 16-20 mm long, ± cylindric; phyllaries lanceolate, 3-20 mm long, acute, white-tomentose near the base, otherwise glabrous, margins of innermost membranous. Florets ± 65; corolla yellow, the outermost purplish beneath, tube cylindric, 9-11 mm long, ligule 4-6 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide. Achenes brown, narrowly obovoid, flattened, 4.5-5 mm long, ribbed; pappus white, 9-10 mm long.\r\rfrom: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"46d28f18-c170-4088-995b-c26b2ae33461","Perennial herb, flowering c. 10-20 cm high, with shoot-bearing root system, with a basal leaf rosette on a short woody caudex and a few ascending, almost from base on divaricately branched, leafless flowering stems. Rosette leaves 2-7 x 0.5-2 cm, narrowly spathulate in outline, with acute tip, deeply pinnatifid to bipinnatifid with narrow segments and cartilagineously denticulate margin. Cauline leaves reduced to ovate-acute or ovate-acuminate cordate bracts. Synflorescence of a divaricately branched flowering stem with several capitula single at the end of the axes; the terminal capitulum of the main axis overtopped by monochasial branches in the upper part and by branches repeating the structure of the flowering stem in the lower part of the main axis. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the synflorescence axes 0.5-3.0 cm long. with a few, rather distant bracts similar to or passing over into the outermost involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 25-30 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 2.0 mm in diameter. Involucre slender, greyish green, at anthesis 8-10 mm and at fruiting time 12-14 mm long, narrowly cylindrical; at time of fruit dispersal inner involucral bracts star-wise outspread and their midrib basally swollen and hardened; involucral bracts with ± distinct, narrow scarious margin and ± contracted to a white and, in case of the outer bracts, ± cartilagineous tip; outer involucral bracts 5-7, the outermost ovate-acute, 1.5-2.5 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate and ≥2/3 as long as the inner involucral bracts at anthesis: inner involucral bracts 7-9, at flowering time ± equal, linear-lanceolate, with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre becoming different in length. finally 12-14 x 1.5-2.0 mm. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 7.5-8.0 x 2.1-2.3 mm and a tube 4.3-5.0 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.4-2.6 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.3-0.4 mm long; style-arms 2.2-2.4 mm long. sweeping hairs yellow. Achenes 6.1-6.8 x 0.3-0.5 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar with long cuspidate apex. slightly prismatic, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 very distinct secondary ribs; the surface of the ribs slightly transversally wrinkled, almost glabrous to somewhat squamulose-papillose, brown; marginal 5-angular, somewhat compressed and somewhat shorter than inner, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 very distinct secondary ribs, with both minute, dustgrainlike and larger, longish, squamulose papillae, otherwise like inner. Pappus 7-8 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of c. 15 setaceous inner and a larger number of downy, somewhat shorter outer rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ec5ca461-6fba-484a-a6ef-41e1eb64f6a2","Biennial. Root cylindrical, vertical. Plants glabrous, branched below, leafless above. Stems 50-80 cm high, more or less 3 mm thick. Leaves remote, more or less undulate, expanded and amplexicaul at base; lower leaves linear, 7-12(14) mm wide at base, 18-25cm long, 5-8(10) mm wide in middle; middle leaves 10-12 cm long, about 10 mm wide. Peduncles 8-30 cm long, much longer than leaves, 2.5-4(6) mm thick below capitula. Capitula about 3 cm long at flowering, 3-3.5(5) cm long at fruiting; involucral bracts 8-10, lanceolate-linear, thin-acuminate, much shorter than florets and slightly shorter than achenes; florets exceeding involucre, about 2.5 cm long, pale lilac on drying, thin. Peripheral achenes with pappus 3-4.3 cm long, without pappus 1.7-2.5 cm; body of achene 0.8-1.5 cm long, sulcate, sharply squamose, mainly above with remote erect scales; weakly scabrous below basally drawn out and smooth, gradually narrowed toward apex into 0.8-1 cm-long, sulcate beak, almost without scales, not swollen at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus dirty white, with unequal hairs shorter than achene with beak, 1.3-1.8 cm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7afa3949-114b-49fe-b820-f11c112c01ad","Acuulescent perennial rosette plant with creeping shoot bearing roots, at anthesis with well developed leaf rosette and c. 2-7 cm high; caudex if developed, rarely longer than 10 mm, either unbranched and then plants with a single rosette, or very shortly branched and then with two or more indistinctly separated rosettes; rosette shoots with a few, short flowering branches or with a single one only. Rosette leaves 1.0-6.0 x 0.3-1.5 cm, either broadly spathulate with rather roundish tip, or narrowly spathulate with acute tip; margin almost entire to white-cartilagineously sinuate-dentate; lamina somewhat coriaceous, somewhat glaucous on upper and greyish green on lower surface. Cauline leaves all reduced to scalelike triangular-cordate, acuminate bracts. Synflorescence with one to several (mostly with 3-4) capitula per rosette, either with a few pedunclelike flowering branches and capitula therefore almost clustered, or with a weak, wiry main axis rarely longer than 3-4 cm, terminated by a single capitulum and with 1-2 or sometimes more branches: branches wiry, short, either simple, pedunclelike with several bracts, or with a second capitulum from the axillary bud of a basal bract. Peduizcles c. 0.5-2 cm long, wiry, with several bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitulum with c. 10-18 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time c. 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter. Involucre before anthesis ± conical to ± cylindrical, at anthesis somewhat clavate and (12)14-16(18) mm long, towards fruiting time not or indistinctly prolonged; involucral bracts with broad scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts ± imbricate, the outermost c. 2 mm long, ovate-acute, the following bracts gradually longer and lanceolate, the innermost up to almost ½ as long as the inner; inner involucral bracts 5-7(8), linear-lanceolate, (11)13-15(17) mm x 2-3 mm, ± equal. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 9-10 x 2.4-2.9 mm and a tube 7.5-8.3 mm long; anthertube without appendages 3.2-3.6 mm long. apical appendages 0.3-0.4 mm and basal appendages 0.6-0.7 mm long; style branches 2.8-3.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes 4.0-5.0 x 0.7-1.1 mm, ± homomorphic, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 ± distinct secondary ribs; prismatic, subcuneate to subfusiform, somewhat compressed, often somewhat asymmetrical in longitudinal section, either all ± pale or marginal greyish-brown, smooth. Pappus c. 9-12 mm long, ± deciduous, homomorphic, of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b7eabd8f-6af8-4e78-8dcd-576fb24e09d9","Perennial. Root virgate, straight. Plants 10-20(25) cm high, caespitose, usually branched from base, young branches flocculose; stem slender. Leaves remote, narrowly linear, upright, often folded, slightly broader at base. Peduncles below capitula not thickened. Capitula narrowly cylindrical at flowering, 1.8-3 cm long, about 3-3.5 cm long at fruiting. Involucral bracts six (less often seven or eight), shorter than florets and achenes; florets yellow, pale lilac on drying, exceeding involucral bracts. Peripheral achenes about 3.2 cm long with pappus, about 1.6 cm long without pappus, weakly curved; body of achene about 1 cm long, indistinctly angular, weakly sculptured, gradually narrowed into slender, about 0.7 cm-long beak shorter than achene; and with tuft of soft hairs and apical swelling; pappus about 1.5 cm long, almost as long as achene with beak, or shorter.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8a805e60-d486-4f14-86df-1e656a1867df","Perennial herb or subshrub with strong taproot, flowering 30-80(100) cm high, basally with a tuftlike branched woody caudex with one to several compact or ± prolonged leaf rosettes and with a stout, usually stiff-erect flowering stem, leafy in lower half or more rarely leafless. Basal leaves ± narrowly spathulate, 4-19 x 0.5-4.5 cm, irregularly sinuate-dentate to ± pinnatifid, apex ± acute, margin white-cartilagineously denticulate, strongly and widely undulate; cauline leaves smaller, auriculate with acute auricles, otherwise similar, grading into inconspicuous bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem with ascending-erect branches strongly variable in length, or even with capitula clustered at the main axis; developement of accessory buds common. Capitula with 16-22 flowers. Receptacle 2-3.5 mm in diameter at fruiting time. Involucre (12)13-15 mm long, at anthesis narrowly cylindrical, later conical: involucral bracts with distinct scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal star-wise outspread and their midrib in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts imbricate, 12- 16, the outermost broadly ovate-acute, 1.2-2 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate, 1/3-1/2 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8 (occasionally in single capitula up to 10), linear-lanceolate, ± equal. Flowers with a sublinear, ± pale yellow ligule of 7.5-8.5 x 1.3-1.8 mm and a tube 6-7 mm long; anthertube without appendages 2.6-3.2 mm long, apical appendages 0.3-0.5 mm, basal appendages 0.7-0.9 mm long; style branches with blackish sweeping hairs. Achenes 5-6.5 x 0.8-1.5 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 inconspicuous secondary ribs, ± smooth to somewhat transversally wrinkled, pale to greyish; marginal slender subfusiform, stronger tapering towards apex than base, apex subtruncate to ± cuspidate, somewhat curved and compressed, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, transversally wrinkled, black. Pappus 7-8 mm long, persistent, heteromorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of setaceous inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a8975a3a-20dd-4b1e-bf98-95906c038087","Stems (5-)10-60 cm, 2-3 times as long as leaves, with numerous, white, rigid simple eglandular or stalked 2- to 3-fid hairs. Leaves sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, with numerous to dense, white, rigid simple eglandular or 2- to 3-fid hairs. Involucre (9-)11-13(-15) mm, with numerous to dense white, rigid simple eglandular or stalked 2- to 3-fid hairs. 2n= 14.\r\rfrom: Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976: 159. <i>Leontodon</i> L. – Pp. 310-315 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7028ba48-26dc-47ac-ae7e-e9892971eae4","Subscapose perennial with taproot, flowering c. 3-15 cm high, with a woody caudex up to a few cm long and terminated by a leaf rosette. With age caudex becoming branched and then with 2 or a few leaf rosettes. Rosette leaves 1.5-8.0 x 0.2-0.8 cm, entire, narrowly spathulate, with rounded or mucronulate apex and long-attenuate into a narrow, almost petiol-like base; leaves of the ± scapelike flowering axes reduced to acute, narrowly lanceolate bracts. Synflorescence consisting of 2 to several capillaceous to wiry, ascending-erect, either unbranched and then pedunclelike or few-branched flowering axes arising from the rosette leaf axiles. Capitula with c. 20-25 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time ± 2 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis 8-10 mm long, somewhat campanulate, towards fruiting time narrowly cylindrical and up to c. 13 mm long; involucral bracts almost without scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal midrib of involucral bracts in lower half swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 5-7, subimbricate; the outermost ± ovate-acute, 1.5-2.0 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and ± lanceolate. the innermost ± linear-lanceolate and up to 2/3 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts ± 8, linear-lanceolate, 8.0-13.0 x 1.5-2.0 mm, ± equal at anthesis, with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre the innermost becoming longer than the others. Flowers with a ligule of c. 7.0-8.0 x 2.0-2.5 mm, yellow (the marginal dorsally with greyish stripes) and a tube c. 4.0-5.0 mm long; anthertube without appendages c. 2.6 mm long, apical appendages c. 0.2 mm and basal appendages c. 0.4 mm long; style branches 14-16 mm long, sweeping hairs blackish. Achenes c. 3.8-4.0 x 0.4-0.6 mm, columnar to subfusiform with ± cuspidate apex, heteromorphic, inner with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, brownish-blackish, papillose-pubescent; marginal with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, mature not seen. Pappus 4-5 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and some inner, setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"861754ca-ece8-4c4e-952a-fc9fc941529e","Perennial herb or subshrub with strong taproot, flowering 25-60 cm high, developing a woody caudex branching near ground with each branch carrying a terminal leaf rosette and an ascendent-erect, leafless flowering stem. Rosette leaves 3-16 x 1-3 cm, narrowly spathulate, sinuate-dentate, with ± rounded apex, margin cartilagineously denticulate, scarcely undulate to usually flat, upper surface dull green, lower greyish green; flowering stem with scalelike, ovate-acute to ovate-acuminate bracts. Synflorescence in lower part with capitula single or clustered at the nodes of the main axis or on rather short monochasial branches; in upper part with simple, monochasial branches, up to c. 35 cm long and bend downwards; uppermost branch prolonging the main axis terminated by a capitulum; capitula on upper branches single at the nodes or due to accessory buds clustered by a few. Peduncles 1-15(25) mm long, wiry, spreading-erect, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 6-11 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 1.3-2 mm in diameter. Involucre 11-13.5 mm long, before anthesis narrowly cylindrical, later conical, involucral bracts with scarious margins, at time of fruit dispersal star-wise outspread and with their midrib in lower part swollen and hardened; outer involucral bracts 8-10, imbricate, the outermost ovate-acute, 1.5-2 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost 1/3-1/2 as long as inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 5, linear-lanceolate, ± equal. Flowers with a pale yellow ligule of 5-6 x 1.4-1.8 mm and a tube 5.5-6.5 mm long; anthertube without appendages 1.6-2.0 mm long, apical appendages ± 0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.5-0.6 mm long; style branches with blackish sweeping hairs. Achenes 5-6 x 0.7-1 mm, heteromorphic, inner ± columnar, with 4 main ribs each accompanied by 2 distinct secondary ribs, ± smooth, pale to ash-grey; marginal slender subfusiform and stronger tapering towards apex than base, somewhat curved and compressed, with 5 main ribs each with 2 secondary ribs, transversally wrinkled, greyish brown. Pappus 6-7 mm long, persistent, dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of setaceous, inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"854d3f81-b8b2-44b5-a8f4-5c2ab823c0a2","Perennial. Plant grayish from short-branched hairs. Root cylindrical, vertical; root collar covered with brown membranous leaf sheaths. Stems solitary or several, (3.5)7-20(35) cm high, more or less branched, often from base, densely leafy below. Leaves 5-20 cm long, linear, 1-5 mm wide, more or less curved, flat or folded, carinate beneath, margin sometimes undulate; basal leaves broadened into glossy sheath; cauline leaves somewhat broadened at base, semiamplexicaul, uppermost leaves reduced, subulate. Capitula solitary, terminal on stem and branches, 2-2.5 cm long and 3-7 mm wide (at flowering), Involucre pubescent, glabrescent; outer involucral bracts ovate-deltoid, usually with prominent midrib, sometimes slightly carinate; inner bracts broadly lanceolate, scarious along margin, both acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow, sometimes reddish below; outer florets one and one-half times as long as involucre. Achenes terete, (8)10-12(14) mm long, glabrous, outer achenes ribbed above, acutely or obtusely tuberculate: tubercles variable; pappus dirty white, longer than achenes, with crown of hairs at articulation of pappus, plumose, longer bristles barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7429fa97-6ab3-46aa-a140-c65331e4e560","Fruiting peduncles more or less clavate, about 2-3 (-4) mm in diameter, constricted under the head. Involucre varying from glabrous to hispid or scabrous.\r\rfrom: Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2bec6f95-320c-40bc-b6be-410a8f5611b6","Perennial herb with vertical, thick, fleshy rootstock, at anthesis c. 10-70(100) cm high and (almost) leafless, with one or few rather delicate. ± erect flowering stems; leaves, appearing after anthesis, in a basal rosette on the short, woody, rarely brown-woolly caudex. Rosette leaves 3.5-13.5 x 2.5-7.5 cm, obovate to broadly spathulate with apex rounded and ± suddenly narrowed into a sometimes even petiolelike base; margin fentire and denticulate to shallowly sinuate-dentate and denticulate; lamina green on upper and greyish-glaucous on lower surface. Cauline leaves reduced to ± inconspicuous, ovate-acuminate or ovate-acute bracts. Synflorescence usually many-capitulate, consisting of the monopodial main axis terminated earlier or later by a capitulum and overtopped by the upper of its monochasial, spreading-erect branches variable in length; development of clusters of short pedunculate capitula from accessory buds on the main axis and branches common, sometimes also with monochasial branches from accessory buds. Peduncles 1-10 mm long, spreading-erect, filiform. with 0-1 bract similar to the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with 4-7 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter. Involucre tiny, often tinged purple, before anthesis narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis narrowly clavate, 7-9 mm long, scarcely prolonged afterwards; involucral bracts with rather narrow but distinct scarious margin, at time of fruit dispersal spreading and their midrib swollen and hardened at the very base only; outer involucral bracts c. 4-6, the outermost ovate-acute and 0.5-1 mm long, the following bracts gradually longer and lanceolate, the innermost about 1/4 as long as the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 3-5, in one row. ± equal, linear-lanceolate. 7-9 x 1-1.3 mm. Flowers with a ligule of 4.5-4.8 x 1.4-1.7 mm, (pale?) yellow, often tinged purple outside, and a tube 4.2-4.8 mm long; anthertube without appendages 1.6-2.0 mm long, apical appandages 0.3-0.4 mm, basal appendages 0.4-0.6 mm long; style branches 0.5-0.6 mm long, yellow. Achenes 3.5-4.3 x 0.7-0.8 mm, with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, scabrid of short papillae, reddish-brown, prismatic, subhomomorphic, inner ± zylindrical to ± subfusiform; marginal subfusiform, somewhat compressed and curved, otherwise similar. Pappus 3.5-4.5 mm long, deciduous. homomorphic. of numerous setaceous rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8e550433-f24b-444b-8f06-ca0ee1584c4f","Perennial or biennial. Root virgate, thickened; root collar sometimes branched, covered with brownish remnants of old dead leaves. Plants 20-25 cm high, spreading, branched from very base. Stems few, erect or finely sulcate; all stems terminating into fertile capitula. Cauline leaves narrow, linear, acuminate with filiform apex, semiamplexicaul, expanded at base up to 6-8 mm, flocculose-lanate, tomentose mainly near leaf base; upper leaves up to 4 cm long, lower up to 20 cm, sometimes folded, longer than peduncles. Peduncles not thickened, tomentose near base of capitulum. Capitula medium, at fruiting 3-3.5(4) cm long, about 1-1.5 cm wide in middle; involucral bracts five, less often six, 2.5-3.5 cm long (with pappus), lanceolate, broader, at base up to 4-5 mm, narrowed toward apex, tomentose at flowering, with sparse pubescence or almost glabrous at fruiting; florets pale yellow, pale lilac on drying, with five violet teeth and dark veins, slightly longer than involucre, about 1 cm long, about 1.5 mm wide; with white intertwined hairs at corolla, base; stamens about 5 mm long, dark violet. Achenes few, about five, somewhat thick, without beak; outer achenes with pappus about 3.5 cm long, slightly curved, four- or five-ribbed, finely sulcate and sharply tuberculate throughout, more sharply sulcate and weakly tuberculate at base, about 1.5 cm long, narrowed at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus slightly .longer than achene, about 2 cm long, with plumose, almost equal hairs, with few prominent filiform brownish hairs.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f156ce55-8aba-42e4-b1a4-4b4b7053fb32","Perennial. Plant slightly pubescent. Root woody, thickened at apex, many-headed; root collar covered with il1durescent remnants of petioles of basal leaves. Stems 25-30 cm high, slender, sulcate, simple or branched. Basal leaves rosulate, obovate-lanceolate, 8-10 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, narrowed into broad-winged petiole, grooved on upper side; leaves broadest in middle, somewhat acuminate, cartilaginous along margin, slightly undulate; cauline leaves reduced, lanceolate, sessile, somewhat amplexicaul. Capitula on long peduncles, cylindrical, 2.5 cm long, 0.6-0.7 cm wide (at flowering). Involucre arachnoid-pubescent, glabrescent; outer bracts broadly ovate or roundish, 5-6.5 mm long, short-acuminate; middle bracts oblong, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 10-11 mm long; inner bracts oblong-lanceolate, 15-25 mm long, subobtuse, with red stripe along margin and narrowly membranous, with one vein. Ligulate florets yellow, exserted from involucre. Achenes cylindrical, mature achenes (10)12-13 mm long, brown, ribbed, short-scaly-acerate along ribs; pappus dirty white, as long as achene, its bristles plumose, longer of them barbed-scabrous above.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ce0aba2d-4df5-4df2-a8fc-75ba944b773a","Perennial herb, flowering 3-60 cm high, with a woody, sometimes even tuft-like base, (probably) with shoot bearing roots, flowering stems usually a few to several, already basally branched, leafy in lower half, becoming leafless higher up. Basal leafes often (sub)rosulate, basal and lower cauline leafes up to 14 x 3 cm, in outline (± narrowly) spathulate, attenuate into a narrow base, sinuate-dentate to ± deeply pinnatifid with rather long, lanceolate, acute segments (to sub-bipinnatifid) and the terminal segment ± long-acuminate: lamina bluish-green. margin ± denticulate; higher up the stem cauline leaves with amplexicaule, subauriculate base, smaller and in outline lanceolate. with smaller segments, finally sinuatedentate or even subentire, and passing over into lanceolate to narrowly ovateacute bracts. Synflorescence of a flowering stem subdivaricately branched. with several repeatedly branched flowering axes overtopping the terminal capitulum of the main axis. Peduncles as the terminal segment of the flowering axes 1-7.5 cm long, with a few bracts passing over into the outer involucral bracts. Capitula with c. 30-60 flowers. Receptacle at fruiting time 3-4 mm in diameter. Involucre at anthesis (7)9-12 mm long, slender clubshaped, prolonged after anthesis and finally 12-16 mm long, slender cylindrical: at time of fruit dispersal involucral bracts spreading and their midrib swollen and hardened in lower part; outer involucral bracts 6-8, with apex contracted into an acute, white-cartilagineous prickle and ± without carious margin, the outermost mate-acute. 1.5-3.5 mm long. The following bracts gradually longer and more lanceolate, the innermost lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, at anthesis reaching up to 3/4 (or even more) of the length of the inner involucral bracts; inner involucral bracts 8-12, linear-lanceolate, with ± distinct scarious margin and an obtuse scarious tip, at anthesis subequal in length, 9-10 x 1-2 mm, with the postfloral prolongation of the involucre becoming somewhat different in length. Flowers with a yellow ligule of 9-12 x 2.2-2.6 mm and a distinctly shorter tube; anthertube without appendages 2.8-3.8(4.2) mm long (somewhat longer in inner flowers than in marginal), apical appendages ± 0.3 mm and basal appendages 0.4-0.5 mm long; style branches 1.8-2.8 mm long, sweeping hairs yellow. Achenes 3.9-6.1 x 0.5-0.9 mm, heteromorphic, inner with 4 main ribs, secondary ribs not differentiated, cylindrical to columnar, ± glabrous to papillose-pubescent, base 4-horned because of the protruding and spreading main ribs, yellowish pale brown to reddish brown; the following achenes densier papillose with the hyaline papillae arranged ± diffusely, somewhat compressed and curved: the outermost achenes with 5 main ribs each accompanied by 2 secondary ribs, otherwise like the former. Pappus 7-9(11) mm long, persistent. Dimorphic, of numerous downy and a smaller number of setaceous, longer inner rays.\r\rfrom: Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of <i>Launaea</i> Cass. (<i>Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae</i>). – Englera 17.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8ad28759-0a9b-44fb-a174-37ba44263e0f","Perennial. Stem 35-80 cm high, 2-4 mm thick, densely or sparsely branched from the base, reddish in the lower part, with dense arachnoid-hairy pubescence, as also branches, with arachnoid-hairy pubescence above, less often glabrous. Lower cauline leaves oblong-obovate, runcinate, or remotely toothed, 3.5-5.0 cm long, about 4 mm wide; other leaves linear-filiform to narrowly linear, 4-6(8) cm long, 0.5-1.0(2.0) mm wide, entire, acuminate with arachnoid-hairy pubescence, less often subglabrous. Capitula 11-13(14) mm long at fruiting, terminal on branches or on arachnoid-hairy pubescent; 0.4-1.5 cm-long peduncles, with 9-12 florets. Inner involucral bracts 9-12 mm long, with more or less dense arachnoid-hairy pubescence on the outer side, less often subglabrous, lighter in color. Achene body 3.25-4.5 mm long, with five-furrows and five-ribbed ridges, smooth, sometimes with few, very small scales in the upper part; crown of five short scales, incised into three narrow lobes of equal length; beak 0.75-1.0(1.5) mm long, thick, with articulation at the base of beak or slightly above (and then projecting above the upper margin of corona scales), clavate in the upper part; pappus 6-8 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"92dbebc0-74eb-4dd5-8f01-ee84530615ae","Perennial, 0.3-3.5 dm high; root strong, woody, vertical; caudex 0.5-2 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, simple or divided, bearing scars or bases of old leaves, leafy at crown; Caudical leaves numerous, oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, apiculate to minutely mucronate, finely denticulate to runcinate-pinnatifid, attenuate into a winged petiole, glabrous or with a few short scattered yellow glandless hairs; cauline leaves mostly bractlike or absent, occasionally 4-6 cm long, linear; stems 1-5, scapiform,  1-2-headed, terete, fistulose, striate, glabrous or puberulous below, canescent-tomentose to yellowish tomentose near head; heads erect, many-flowered; involucre 7-13 mm long, campanulate, bracts numerous, ± imbricate, and with several subtending paler bracts, inner bracts ± appressed-pubescent on inner face, becoming indurate, not or only rarely somewhat spongy-thickened at base when fully mature; corolla yellow, 8-15 mm long; anther tube yellow, 2-4 mm long; style branches yellow, 0.5-1.75 mm long; achenes brown, 4-7.5 mm long, subterete or subcompressed, fusiform, ± attenuate upward or indefinitely and shortly beaked, constricted at the pale-calloused hollow base, 14-18-ribbed, ribs fine, nearly equal, very finely spiculate or muriculate; pappus white or yellowish, 5-6 mm long, 2-3-seriate, rather fine, soft, persistent.\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis scaposa</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"59aee8c2-4cc2-4c54-a04f-7ec6830c0a37","Perennial. Rhizome about 1 cm thick, annually producing solitary herbaceous stem from apex; previous year's stems preserved as fragments with remnants of leaves; adventitious roots slender, cord-like to almost filiform, fewer. Stem 90-150 cm high, 5-10 mm thick at base; weakly branched near apex, sulcate, fistular, entirely or almost entirely glabrous. Leaves petiolate; lower leaves, on long petioles as long as or exceeding lamina, middle leaves on shorter petioles almost half as long as lamina, and upper leaves short-petiolate or more or less sessile; lamina very thin, almost chartaceous, with distinct network of veins, rotund-triangular or triangular, more or less acuminate, cordate-hastate at base, margin broadly but shallow sinulate or coarsely large and obtusely toothed, with thin soft spinose processes; less often petioles with small leafy auricles. Capitula ovoid or campanulate, 5-10 mm wide and about 1 cm long, few, on long peduncles slightly expanded above (below capitula), in lax paniculate-corymbose inflorescence; sometimes capitula arising from axils of upper leaves, less often only few or solitary. Involucral bracts two- to four-rowed linear-lanceolate, dirty dark green to almost black. Capitula with 30-35 florets; corolla light- or bright-yellow, two times or more as long as capitulum. Achenes about 4 mm long and 1 mm wide, slightly flattened, almost terete or indistinctly four- or five-angled, slightly narrowed toward: apex and near base, usually with four or five more strongly protecting ribs and indefinite number of, less conspicuous ribs, dark brown, densely covered with very short, light-colored hairs (under high magnification!); pappus of snow-white, almost entirely smooth, persistent hairs, slightly exceeding achene.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. [as <i>Prenanthes abietina</i>]","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cc8ac625-5d92-4d18-aa20-559384fb2e5c","Perennial herbs. Stems slender, ascending or scrambling, 60-100 cm, glabrescent. Leaves simple or pinnate with small lateral leaflets, long-petiolate, 3-12 cm, terminal leaflet ovate to triangular, 2-7 X 1.5-6 cm, apex obtuse to subacute, margins subentire or undulate-dentate, base cordate, hastate or sagittate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.5-7 cm, with widely winged base. Flowers July to August. Inflorescences terminal or from upper leafaxils, forming a loose panicle; involucres narrowly campanulate, 3-4 mm wide; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate; outer ones narrowly ovate, 3.5-4 X 1.2-1.5 mm, apex acute or obtuse, margins entire, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely hairy outside; inner ones oblong-Ianceolate, 12-13 X 1.5-2 mm, apex obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely hairy on midrib outside. Florets 5, rarely 6; corolla ligulate, mauve to purple, 17-20 X 3-3.5 mm, apex shallowly 3-5 incised; tubes 6-8 mm; ligule 10-12 mm, glabrous. Ovaries ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; pappus simple, white, 6-8 mm.\r\rfrom: Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo. (as <i>Cicerbita violaefolia</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b86b5eb1-9d95-449a-ac4c-86dd89eceffb","Perennial herbs, with long slender rhizomes. Radical leaves oblanceolate, 2-8 X 0.6-1.5 cm, erenulate, pinnate-creft or lobed, both surfaces and margins sparsely short hairy. Flowers July to August. Flowering stems 5-10 cm, puberulent, especially on upper portion, branched with 2 or 3 capitula. Involucres narrowly campanulate, 8-14 X 4-8 mm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate; outer ones erect or spreading, ovate to narrowly ovate, 1.5-3 X 1-1.5 mm, apex acute or obtuse, margins entire, both surfaces glabrous; inner involucral bracts erect, oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 X 1.5-2 mm, margins scarious, apex acute or obtuse, both surfaces glabrous, except ciliate at apex; corolla ligulate, yellow, 14-15 X 2-2.5 mm, apex 2-5 shallowly incised; tubes 3-4 mm, ligule 10-11 mm. Ovaries ellipsoid, 0.7-0.8 mm, glabrous; pappus white, 5.5-6.5 mm. Achenes long-ellipsoid, 3.5-4 mm, 12-14 striate.\r\rfrom: Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo. (as <i>Youngia gracilipes</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5527ec05-171b-413a-b256-d457c9579c5a","Rosulate perennial herbs, with long slender rhizomes. Radical leaves oblanceolate, 2-5 X 0.5-1.2 cm, sinuately denticulate to runcinate, sometimes entire, apex obtuse or roundish, base attenuate to narrowly winged petiole, both surfaces sparsely short hairy. Flowers July to August. Flowering stems short, up to 1.5 em, simple or branched with 3 or 4 capitula, puberulent, especially on upper portion. Capitula 15-20-flowered; involucres cylindrical, 4-5 mm in diam.; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, outer ones erect or spreading, ovate to narrowly ovate, 2-3 X 1.5-2 mm, apex acute or obtuse, margins entire, both surfaces glabrous; inner ones erect, oblong-lanceolate, 11-15 X 2-3 mm, apex acute or obtuse, margins scarious, both surfaces glabrous, except ciliate at apex; corolla ligulate, yellow, 15-17 X 2-3 mm, apex usually shallowly 5-incised, tubes 4-5 mm, ligules 10-12 mm. Ovaries ellipsoid, 1-1.3 mm, glabrous; pappus white, 7-9 mm.\r\rfrom: Ikeda, H. 2008: <i>Compositae</i>. – Pp. 332-379 in: Ohba, H., Iokawa, Y. & Sharma, L. R. 2008 (Ed.): Flora of Mustang, Nepal. – Tokyo. (as <i>Youngia simulatrix</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"90be358d-5d9b-4c50-9981-31a22c32d4d0","Herb, perennial, 60-150 cm high. Flowering stems tomentose, glabrous or hispid at the base, up to 10.0 mm in diameter, strongly branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves indistinct. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate or sometimes linear-ovate, at least (10.0) 6.0-cm long, 0.5-1.0 cm wide, entire, acute or obtuse, glabrous, tomentose or sometimes hispid. Peduncle up to 0.1 cm long, densely tomentose. Involucre 16.0-18.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 11.0-13.0 mm long, arachnoid and hispid. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 3.5-4.5 mm long, scabrid with a crown of 0.2-0.5 mm long scales, tuberculate in upper part; beak 2.0-4.0 mm long, half as long, about as long or slightly longer than the corpus. Pappus 6.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1d96b378-f969-44bd-85e1-04e12d9993fe","Annuals, 10-40 cm. Stems 1-8, simple or branched proximally and/or distally, glabrous or proximally puberulent. Cauline leaves: proximal oblanceolate to obovate, usually pinnately lobed (lobes 4-6+ pairs, ± equal, apices obtuse), ± fleshy, ultimate margins dentate, abaxial faces usually white-arachnose (usually in patches on lobes); distal reduced (pinnately lobed or dentate proximally, lobes obtuse). Calyculi of 3-8+, ovate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.1-0.3 mm wide. Involucres campanulate, 57(- 9) x 2.5-4(-5) mm. Phyllaries 13-21+ in 2-3 series, oblong or lanceolate to lineal; hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles bristly. Florets 21-60; corollas white or yellow (usually with abaxial lavender stripes), 7-15 mm; outer ligules exserted 5-9 mm. Cypselae: cylindric to prismatic, 1.2-2 mm, ribs extending to apices, 5 more prominent than others; persistent pappi 0. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c5bad220-0eaa-4308-bd74-5195696fa3e2","Perennial. Plants entirely glabrous, with more or less thickened, oblique, tap root. Stem solitary, 30-60(80) cm high, erect, finely  ribbed-sulcate or straight, solid, simple, branched only in inflorescence, with strongly reduced, approximate, slender, upward-directed, equal, lateral branches bearing one to three (six) capitula, leafy, green, sometimes pale violet below or throughout. Basal and lower cauline leaves 6-20 cm long (including petiole) and 0.2-0.8 cm wide, linear or oblong-linear, acute, less, often subobtuse, entire or indistinctly toothed, gradually narrowed in long, narrow-winged petiole, as long as lamina or shorter, often withering before anthesis; middle and upper cauline leaves slightly smaller, linear or narrowly linear, acuminate, entire; middle cauline leaves with shorter petiole, upper leaves sessile, not amplexicaul, strongly reduced in inflorescence, bract-like; all leaves glaucous-green, somewhat thick Capitula with 8-12 florets, numerous, on straight, slender, 0.5-2 cm long peduncles, borne in very narrow but long (usually half as long as stem) racemose panicles. Involucre cylindrical, 9-11 mm long and 2.5-3.5 mm wide (in beginning of flowering); involucral bracts with well-developed narrow cornicle near apex; outer bracts five or six, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute, unequal, without membranous border, one-fifth to one-third as long as inner ones; inner bracts eight, oblong-linear, subobtuse, crisped-pilose apically along margin, all bracts equal, with wide membranous border (innermost), inside glabrous. Receptacle irregularly alveolate, smooth. Florets yellow, with purple teeth of ligule, one and one-half times longer than involucre; corolla 11-12.5 mm long; ligules up to 2(2.5) mm broad; corolla tube 3-4 mm long, glabrous. Style branches dark green. Achenes similar, dark brown, 4-5.5 mm long and 0.8-1 mm wide, fusiform, dorsally somewhat compressed, more or less obtusely triangular in cross section, gradually attenuate into rather thick (0.3-0.5 mm wide), short tip with weakly developed disk and 11-14, obtuse, unequally thick ribs, densely covered with short (under high magnification of binocular microscope!), upward-directed, white, prickly hairs, that are very short and almost appressed-hairy between ribs; pappus 6-7 mm long, white, comprising scabrous, thin, soft hairs, connate at base into ring and with difficulty falling in clusters. Chromosomes 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"864f8196-d24d-4c13-9910-d34c7b08dff7","Herb, up to 5 cm high. Rosette leaves oblong, 3.2-6.0 cm long, 1.2-2.0 cm wide, pinnatisect, entire or dentate, petiole-like attenuate, pilose or glabrous; lateral lobes antrorse. Peduncle absent. Heads with c. 40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate or hemispherical, 13.0-23.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0-25.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts broadly ovate, 8.0-10.0 mm long, 6.0-8.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 8.0-15.0 mm long, 3.0-5.0 mm wide, margin minutely ciliate. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-14.0 mm long, yellow; tube 5.0-6.5 mm long; ligule 5.0-7.5 mm long. Anthertube c. 2.0 mm long. Style 7.0-10.0 mm long; branches c. 1.5 mm long. Achenes 3.5-8.0 mm long, scabridulous, transversely wrinkled, with 5 ribs. Pappus 10.0-15.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris Sessiliflora</i> Complex (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"74a7ce2b-6849-4ad6-9099-99b1f8015b25","traditionally treated as intermediate species (S. intybacea/H. intybaceum > H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5054e7e0-9aef-4474-a4f2-e58833a450ad","Plants 20-150 cm. Involucres 12-20 mm. Ligules surpassing phyllaries by 5-7 mm. Cypselae light tan or sordid, 9-14 mm, including very slender beaks 5-7 mm; pappi of 6-15, wholly plumose bristles, barbs straight, separate. 2n =16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 70. <i>Rafinesquia</i> Nuttall. Pp. 348-349 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"19318039-2366-45c2-b097-b053caa24ee9","Perennials, 12-70 cm (often mounded). Stems 1, branched proximally and distally, usually tomentose, sometimes glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal obovate to narrowly spatulate, sometimes pinnately lobed (lobes 1-2+ pairs, subequal, apices obtuse), sometimes ± fleshy, margins usually obtuse-lobed, sometimes entire; distal not notably reduced (similar to others). Calyculi of 5-16+, ovate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm. Involucres 10-14 x 4-8+ mm. Phyllaries 16-30 in 2-3 series, (red-tinged) lanceolate or oblong to linear, hyaline margins 0.05-0.1 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 47-99; corollas medium yellow, 11-20 mm; outer ligules exserted 5-10 mm. Cypselae usually cylindro-fusiform, sometimes weakly prismatic, 1.5-2.2 mm, ribs extending to apices, ± equal; persistent pappi 0. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cf0c79a5-3456-44c2-996e-e94d9129e3f7","Annuals, 3-15(-25+) cm. Stems (1-)3-8, ± decumbent or spreading-ascending, branched proximally and distally, glaucous or glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, sometimes pinnately lobed (lobes 2-4+ pairs, oblong to triangular, unequal, apices acute), not fleshy, ultimate margins usually dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced (narrowly triangular to linear or filiform, margins dentate or entire). Calyculi of 5-12, ovate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide. Involucres ± campanulate, 7-10 x 5-6+ mm. Phyllaries 13-25+ in 2-3 series, lance-oblong or lanceolate to lance-linear, subequal, hyaline margins 0.05-0.3 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 16-88; corollas yellow (usually with red or purplish abaxial stripes), 6-14 mm; outer ligules exserted 5-8 mm. Cypselae ± cylindric, 1.8-2.4 mm (distal 0.3 mm slightly expanded, cupped, smooth), ribs not extending to apices, ± equal; persistent pappi of 12-15, ± deltate teeth (often hidden within cups at apices of cypselae) plus 1-2 bristles. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b7862075-dc93-4b5d-a5f0-4dfdee1142b9","Leaves 1-3 cm, reduced distally to bracts 0.5-5 aim. Heads 10-150+. Calyculus bractlets 0.5-1+ mm. Principal phyllaries 3-5 mm after flowering. Corollas 1.5-2 mm. Cypselae 2.5-3.5 mm; pappi: longest bristles 2-3 mm. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 73. <i>Prenanthella</i> Rydberg. Pp. 359-360 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3b9c12a3-3d0f-491e-9fa1-5bcb5b15c4d9","Biennial. Root robust, mostly vertical, root collar covered with dry remnants of previous year's leaves. Stems (25)50-100 cm high, mostly solitary, glabrous, erect, robust, simple, less often more or less branched in upper part. Lower leaves flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 mm wide, like other leaves broadened at base, semiamplexicaul, acuminate at apex; middle leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm wide, with wide, almost amplexicaul base, much shorter than lower leaves, abruptly narrowed upward into linear lamina, sometimes folded; upper cauline leaves reduced, oblong-lanceolate, shorter than internodes, filiform-acuminate, almost amplexicaul. Peduncles 5-11 cm long, at fruiting weakly thickened below capitula; capitula 3.5-5 cm long at fruiting. Involucral bracts seven or eight(nine), deltoid-lanceolate, 22-25 mm long, one and one-half times as long as florets, as fruiting as long as achenes or slightly shorter, sometimes reddish-brown and membranous along margin, sometimes lanate below; florets yellow. Peripheral achenes weakly concave, with pappus about 4 cm long, without pappus 2.2 cm long; body of achene about 1.2 cm long, sulcate, scabrous from fine tubercles along ribs, grayish, abruptly narrowed into slender, 1.1 cm long beak, ribbed below, swollen at apex and with hairy annulus; pappus 1.8 cm long, dirty-white, shorter than achene with beak.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cef87d34-e440-4398-bcb4-d13930ecca48","Herb, annual, 4-45 cm high. Flowering stems 1 to several, erect to ascending, glabrous, pubescent or sometimes glandular, branched. Rosette leaves sometimes obovate, ovate or linear, 1.0-15.0 cm long, entire or sometimes pinnatifid, entire, remotely dentate, sometimes undulate, acute to obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or sometimes glandular and woolly; lateral lobes triangular or oblong. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly obovate, entire or dentate, more or less amplexicaul, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 12-35 flowers. Involucre 2.0-8.0 mm long; involucral bracts ovate or oblong-ovate, 2.0-5.0 mm long, acute, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, 2.0-11.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform or narrowly obovoid in outline, 1.4-1.7 mm long, reddish brown, with 15 ribs. Pappus absent.\r\rBased on: Chambers, K. L. & O’Kennon, R. J. 2006: 76. <i>Krigia</i> Schreber. – Pp. 362-367 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 38 <i>Krigia</i> Schreb. (dwarf dandelion). – Pp. 358-363 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.\r\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b9241cad-4595-4e6a-bd88-71a8af62b00c","Perennials, 10-35(-70) cm (in bushy clumps); taproots deep, vertical, rhizomes branched, woody. Stems erect to ascending or decumbent, green, glaucous, much branched from bases and distally, strongly striate, glabrous (often bearing round galls). Leaves (basal not in rosettes, absent at flowering); proximal blades lineal; 5-30(-60) x 1-2(-4) mm, margins entire, apices acute, faces glabrous; cauline reduced to subulate scales. Heads (1-50+) borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Involucres cylindric, 10-16 x 4-6 mm, apices spreading. Calyculi of 8, ovate to linear bractlets 2-4 mm, margins erose-ciliate (faces glabrous). Phyllaries 5(-7), linear, 10-15 mm, margins scarious, apices acute or obtuse, not appendaged, faces glabrous. Florets usually 5; corollas usually light pink to lavender, rarely white, 18-20mm, ligules 3-4 mm wide, Cypselae 6-10 mm, weakly striate, glabrous; pappi 6-9 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 79. <i>Lygodesmia</i> D. Don. Pp. 369-373 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3250aba0-18e3-47a8-ac6a-1fe203eb72c7","Annuals, 5-60 cm. Stems 1-5+, ± erect, branched distally, sparsely leafy, glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal obovate, pinnately lobed (lobes 3-5+ pairs, triangular to oblong or linear), not fleshy, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced (usually with 2 lobes near bases). Calyculi of 5-8+, ovate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm. Involucres ± campanulate, 7-10 x 3-6 mm. Phyllaries 16-20+ in 2-3 series, lanceolate to lance-linear, hyaline margins 0.05-0.1 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 19-70; corollas usually yellow, sometimes white, 6-7 mm; outer ligules exserted 1-2 mm. Cypselae ± cylindro-fusiform, 1.7- 2.3 mm, ribs extending to ca. 0.1-0.2 mm short of apices (minutely hirtellous or muriculate), ± equal (distal 0.1-0.2 mm of cypselae smooth); pappi persistent, of 8-15+, needlelike teeth plus 1(-2) bristles. Pollen 70-100% 4-porate. 2n = 28.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"62f6c311-f3b9-4136-8acb-da52eab71b78","Annuals, 10-35 cm. Stems 1(-9), erect, branched from bases and distally, relatively sparsely leafy, glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, usually pinnately lobed (lobes oblong to triangular), not fleshy, ultimate margins ± dentate, faces glabrous; distal greatly reduced (margins entire or basally dentate, apices acute). Calyculi of 5-8+, subulate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm. Involucres ± campanulate, 6-9 x 4-6.6 mm. Phyllaries 12-15+ in 2(-3) series, lance-oblong to lance-linear, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 30-61; corollas white or pale yellow, 6-10+ mm; outer ligules exserted 1-4 mm. Cypselae ± cylindro-fusiform, 1.7-2 mm, ribs ending 0.2-0.3 mm short of apices, ± equal (distal 0.2-0.3 mm of cypselae slightly expanded, smooth); pappi persistent, of 16-18 needlelike teeth plus 2 bristles. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8f5c1081-70e6-4ea3-8733-0a03ed931859","Perennials, 10-40 cm. Stems 120+, bases relatively thin. Leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate, 4-12 cm x 2-15 mm; mid cauline often reduced to linear or minute bracts. Involucres campanulate, 10-15 x 12-20 mm. Phyllaries ovate to narrowly lanceolate, unequal, 2-14 mm, apices dark brown, obtuse to acute. Paleae 12-18 mm. Florets 20-40; corollas pale pink abaxially, white to yellow adaxially, 15-18 mm. Cypselae 5-6 mm; pappi 4-7 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 81. <i>Pinaropappus</i> Lessing. Pp. 374-376 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e6937830-a754-43c6-a02b-f4f24c937c1b","Herb, perennial, 60-115 cm high. Flowering stems slightly ribbed, pubescent, tomentose or hispid mostly in the lower part, up to 9.0 mm in diameter, branched. Rosette leaves oblong-obovate, 6.0-18.0 cm long, c. 5.0 cm wide, runcinate, arachnoid and hispid. Cauline leaves ovate or obovate to oblong, 2.0-10.0-(18.0) cm long, (0.5)-1.0-3.0-(5.0) cm wide, runcinate, obtuse, semiamplexicaul, arachnoid and hispid. Peduncle 0.8-1.0 cm long, densely tomentose. Heads with 10-12 flowers. Involucre 15.0-18.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 12.0-13.0 mm long, hispid or densely tomentose. Achenes 3.0-4.0 mm long, scabrid with a crown of 1 mm-long scales, tuberculate in the upper part; beak (1.0)-3.0-4.0-(5.0) mm long. Pappus 6.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"aeb42e08-f6a2-4cc0-b16e-fa80f3b7c3ab","Herb, perennial, 80-120 cm high. Flowering stems pubescent or glabrous, 4.0-7.0 mm in diameter. Cauline leaves 0.5-5.5 cm long, 0.2-0.3 cm wide, runcinate. Upper cauline leaves linear to ovate, 0.5-4.0 cm long, up to 0.2 cm wide, entire, pubescent or glabrous. Peduncle arachnoid. Heads with 5 flowers. Involucre 18.0-20.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 13.0-15.0 mm long, pubescent. Achenes (6.5)-8.0-11.0 mm long, somewhat tuberculate; beak (0.2)-0.5-1.5 mm long. Pappus 8.0-9.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6b6af34a-c526-4e0c-ab7d-63c36e079958","Herb, perennial, 60-100 cm high. Flowering stems slightly red in the lower part, arachnoid, up to 10.0 mm in diameter, branched already from base. Lower cauline leaves obovate, 6.0-9.0 cm long, 3.0-10.0 cm wide, runcinate, sometimes subentire, glabrous and hispid beneath. Middle and upper cauline leaves linear or narrowly ovate, 0.8-6.5 cm long, up to 0.4 cm wide, entire, arachnoid or glabrous. Peduncle up to 0.7 cm long, arachnoid. Heads with 9-11 flowers. Involucre 14.0-16.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 10.0-12.0 mm long, hispid or densely tomentose. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 5.0-7.0 mm long, scabrid with a crown of shorit scales, tuberculate in the upper part; beak 0.8-1.3 mm long. Pappus 7.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i> , Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f7920b11-410e-4f87-9808-24e9a6f4ece9","Herb, up to 5 cm high. Rosette leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, 2.5-7.0 cm long, 0.5-1.6 cm wide, entire or dentate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or silky. Peduncle absent. Heads with many flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate or hemispherical, 10.0-30.0 mm long, at flowering 15.0-25.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, 5.0-12.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide, woolly; inner involucral bracts ovate to linear, 12.0-21.0 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, glabrous to woolly, margin minutely ciliate. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 18.0-38.0 mm long, yellow or white; tube 8.0-18.0 mm long; ligule 10.0-20.0 mm long. Anthertube 3.0-7.0 mm long. Style 15.0-26.0 mm long; branches 1.5-3.0 mm long. Achenes 1.5-4.0 mm long, scabrid, transversely wrinkled, with 5 ribs, attenuate. Pappus 11.0-29.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris sessiliflora</i> complex (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"20b2ac67-295e-4e2c-a344-bb3a0b16d814","Herb, annual, 4-35 cm high. Flowering stems 1-50, scapelike, erect or ascending, sometimes glandular or pubescent, weakly branched or unbranched. Rosette leaves linear, ovate or obovate, (0.4)-1.5-18.0 cm long, irregularly pinnatifid, irregularly denticulate, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or sometimes woolly and glandular or; lateral lobes broadly triangular. Cauline leaves few, linear or narrowly obovate, mostly entire. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 8-35 flowers. Involucre 4.5-8.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrowly ovate or oblong-ovate, 4.0-7.0 mm long, acute, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, 4.0-12.0 mm long, yellow or yellowish orange, often tinged purple on outer face. Achenes narrowly obovoid in outline, 1.5-2.3 mm long, slightly muricate, angular, reddish brown, with 15-20 ribs. Pappus light orange-brown, whitish or pale straw-coloured; outer pappus 0.5-1.0 mm, palaeceous; inner pappus 4.0-6.0 mm, scabrid.\r\rBased on: Chambers, K. L. & O’Kennon, R. J. 2006: 76. <i>Krigia</i> Schreber. – Pp. 362-367 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 38 <i>Krigia</i> Schreb. (dwarf dandelion). – Pp. 358-363 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e59dc4b5-6ff6-4cfd-a83c-65a499a65fb7","Herb, up to 13 cm high. Rosette leaves elliptic-ovate or linear-ovate, 2.0-13.0 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, dentate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or somewhat glandular. Peduncle 0.0-10.0 cm long, glabrous or pilose, covered with bracts. Heads with c. 25 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate to hemispherical, 13.0-25.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0-25.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate or ovate-oblong, 7.0-15.0 mm long, 2.0-4.0 mm wide, glabrous or pilose, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate to linear, 11.0-25.0 mm long, 2.0-4.0 mm wide, margin sometimes minutely ciliate. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-27.0 mm long, yellow or white, rarely orange or pink; tube 5.5-13.0 mm long; ligule 6.5-14.0 mm long. Anthertube 2.5-9.0 mm long. Style 9.0-22.0 mm long; branches 1.0-2.5 mm long. Achenes 2.0-7.0 mm long, scabrid or smooth, with 5 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or with a filiform beak. Pappus 7.0-18.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris Sessiliflora</i> Complex (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4d7f9493-e00f-4337-837f-dbbefa34a1ed","Herb, 1-30 cm high. Flowering stems scapelike, silky. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, linear or oblong, 2.0-15.0 cm long, 0.1-1.5 cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, ciliate, obtuse or acute, attenuate, glabrous; lateral lobes linear, ovate or triangular. Involucre 8.0-18.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-13.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear-ovate or linear, 4.0-15.0 mm long, 1.0-2.0 mm wide, acute, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts dark green, woolly, margin scarious. Corolla ligulate; ligule 3.0-5.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, often purple on outer face. Achenes ovoid in outline, 4.0-5.0 mm long, glabrous, brown, ribbed; beak 3.5-5.0 mm long. Pappus white, 3.5-5.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Moore, D. M. 1983: 39. <i>Agoseris</i> – Pp. 265 in: Flora of Tierra del Fuego – St. Louis. (as <i>Agoseris coronopifolium</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4cbe39e7-0b2c-404c-be1a-e26779e33d91","Herb, perennial, 10-70 cm high. Flowering stems 1-5, scapelike, ascending or erect, woolly, glabrous or sometimes glandular, branched, branched in upper half; branches ascending. Rosette leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, (2.0)-5.0-25.0 cm long, pinnatifid or entire, entire, remotely dentate or undulate, rounded, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a more or less winged petiole, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces; lateral lobes triangular or rounded. Cauline leaves few, linear, narrowly ovate or obovate, sometimes pinnatifid, entire or sometimes dentate, amplexicaul and auriculate, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence with (2)-3-20 heads. Peduncle covered with bracts. Heads with 25-60 flowers. Involucre 7.0-11.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 7.0-11.0 mm long, acute, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-25.0 mm long, orange or yellowish orange. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 2.0-3.0 mm long, slightly muricate, terete, reddish brown, with 12-15 ribs. Pappus whitish or pale orange-brown; outer pappus 0.3-0.5 mm, palaeceous; inner pappus 4.0-5.5 mm, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Chambers, K. L. & O’Kennon, R. J. 2006: 76. <i>Krigia</i> Schreber. – Pp. 362-367 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 38 <i>Krigia</i> Schreb. (dwarf dandelion). – Pp. 358-363 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7d2fb2d3-2a6d-47f6-b2a3-2e92533cdcc0","Herb, annual, 5-30 cm high. Flowering stems 1-3, erect or ascending, glandular, branched already from base. Rosette leaves pinnatifid, entire, attenuate; lateral lobes linear. Cauline leaves reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1 head or with few heads. Peduncle 1.0-3.0 cm long, without bracts. Heads with c. 25 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 13.0-17.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-12.0 mm (or more) in diameter; involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute, glandular with red- or purple-tipped glands, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, without scales, bristly. Corolla ligulate, yellow; ligule 15.0-25.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, glabrous, stramineous or orange-brown, with 5 ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus white, 5.0-8.0-(9.0) mm long, united at base.\r\rBased on: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 61. <i>Calycoseris</i> A. Gray. Pp. 307-308 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0b88c650-70d2-4304-b1a1-bf6a347fa817","Perennials (sometimes flowering first year), (20-)90-200 cm. Stems 1 (from rhizomes) or 2-3+ (from caudices), usually erect (sometimes relatively thick), branched mostly distally (usually relatively leafy proximally, sometimes sparsely leafy distally), glabrous or sparsely arachnose to tomentose. Cauline leaves: proximal (somewhat thick, usually withering early) elliptic, oblanceolate, lanceolate, or linear (sometimes 1-2-pinnately lobed, lobes lanceolate or linear to filiform, sometimes antrorse, bases usually tapering), ultimate margins entire or dentate to denticulate, faces glabrous or ± arachnose to tomentose; distal reduced. Calyculi of 12-18(-30), lanceolate to subulate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm. Involucres ± campanulate, 9-12(-16+) x 6-8(-12+) mm. Phyllaries 18-30+ in 2-3 series, lanceolate or linear to subulate, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous or ± arachnose and glabrescent. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 41-100; corollas white (usually each with abaxial purple stripe), 13-20 mm; outer ligules exserted 8-14 mm. Cypselae ± prismatic, 1.4-2.5 mm, ribs extending to apices (± muriculate at 30x), 5 more prominent than others; pappi persistent, of fimbriate crowns or 20-25, blunt teeth (0.01-0.1 mm). Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e5ef19c9-aef6-4219-ad4d-4efa7a80fabc","Perennial. Tap root woody, more or less slender, long, vertical, with woody, simple or weakly branched, 0.3-2 cm thick caudex, covered with dark brown remnants of petioles of dead basal leaves. Stems one or two (three), (8)10-40 cm high, erect, cylindrical, longitudinally striate, solid, divaricately branched from middle or base, with obliquely upward-directed or rather strongly divergent branches less leafy, green, glabrous together with glaucous-green leaves. Basal leaves numerous, 4-14 cm long (including petiole) and (0.3)0.5-2(2.5) cm wide, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong-oblanceolate, less often linear or oblong-obovate, acuminate, acute, sometimes obtuse, irregularly sinuate-toothed, pinnatilobate or runcinate pinnatipartite, with triangular or linear, usually acute and entire lobes, less often entire, gradually narrowed into short, winged, basally strongly expanded petiole, and not withering before flowering; cauline leaves sessile, non-amplexicaul; lower cauline leaves like basal, middle and upper cauline leaves strongly reduced, narrowly linear, acute, entire or, like apical leaves, very small, bract-like. Capitula few, less often somewhat numerous, with 4-9(11) florets, on erect or slightly bent, slender, 0.7-7 cm-long peduncles, in spreading corymbs. Involucre cylindrical or cylindrical-campanulate, 9-12 mm long and 3-4 mm wide (at start of flowering), sometimes with individual arachnoid hairs at base; outer involucral bracts three to five, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire or obtusely and finely toothed, mostly unequal, without membranous border, glabrous outside, with apical tubercle, 1.5-4 mm long; inner involucral bracts five or six (eight), narrowly oblong; all equal, with narrow membranous border (innermost), and one prominent vein, glabrous on both sides or covered with erect, longer, eglandular, yellowish setose hairs along midrib on outer surface, with distinct black tubercle or horn above, with crisped, white hairs along margin at apex. Receptacle smooth, glabrous. Florets yellow, ligule purple on outer side, one and one-half to two times as long as involucre; corolla 13-20 mm long; ligule up to 3-3.5 mm long; corolla tube 2.5-4.5 mm long, glabrous; style branches yellow; immature achenes similar, yellowish or dark brown, 7-9 mm long and 0.7-1 mm wide, fusiform, distinctly appressed dorsally, slightly narrowed above, with more or less distinct, broad disk at apex, indistinctly ribbed (possibly, with 10-12 unequally thick ribs), glabrous; pappus 7-7.5mm long, pale rusty, of toothed, persistent hairs.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i> Youngia serawschanica</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"62bb23a6-4e12-4a61-972d-416fdf62ce33","Perennial. Taproot woody, thick, long, vertical, with short, woody, 1-4(6) cm thick, or with few-headed caudex, covered with dark brown remnants of petioles of dead basal leaves. Stems few, less often solitary, 15-50(60) cm high, 1.5-3.5-(5) cm thick at base, erect, cylindrical, longitudinally striate, solid, branching above, base or from middle, less often only in upper part, with erect, obliquely upward-directed or rather strongly divergent branches, leafy, green, or violet below, glabrous together with glaucous-green leaves, less often sparsely crisped-hairy below capitula. Basal leaves numerous, 5-20(28) cm long and 2-6(8) cm wide, pinnatisect or deeply pinnatipartite, with oblong, lanceolate, linear, less often linear-filiform, usually acuminate, entire, toothed or divided lateral segments (with one or two teeth or lobes on each side) or 6-12 pairs of lobes and terminal segment not larger than laterals, very rarely lyrate or irregularly toothed, on long, non-winged, basally strongly expanded petioles, leaf axils densely tomentose from dirty rusty hairs, almost as long or two-thirds as long as lamina, leaves not withering before flowering; lower and middle cauline leaves like basal; upper cauline leaves pinnatipartite, pinnatilobate or entire, and then linear or linear-filiform, sessile, non-amplexicaul; apical leaves very small, sometimes with individual crisped hairs. Capitula usually numerous, with 8-15-florets, on erect or slightly bent, slender, 0.3-2 cm long peduncles, in lax corymbose inflorescence. Involucre cylindrical, 8-10.5(11) mm long and 2.5-3.5(4) mm wide (at beginning of flowering); outer surface of involucral bracts covered with more or less dense or scattered, somewhat long, grayish, eglandular, crisped hairs, very rarely glabrous, with well-developed, narrow, bent horns near apex; outer bracts five to seven; oblong-lanceolate, acute, unequal, with membranous border, one-fourth to two-fifths as long as inner; inner bracts (seven) eight (nine), oblong-linear, obtuse, equal, with narrow membranous border (innermost), and one prominent vein, crisped-hairs along margin at apex, glabrous inside. Receptacle finely pitted, smooth. Florets yellow, one and one-half to two times as long as involucre; corolla 11-15 mm long; ligules up to 3 mm wide; corolla tube 2.5-3 mm long, scatteredly puberulent with acicular, scabrous hairs; style branches yellow. Achenes similar, black, 4.5-7 mm long and 0.7-1 mm wide, fusiform, distinctly compressed dorsally, gradually narrowed above into short, yellowish, more or less thin, beak-like structure, 0.7-1.5(2) mm long and 0.2-0.3 mm wide, abruptly expanded at apex into almost flat disk, with 10-12(13) obtuse, unequally thick ribs, densely covered with short (under high magnification of binocular microscope!), upward-directed spines and very short, almost appressed, hairs between ribs (especially immature achenes); pappus comprising 4-6 mm long, white, scabrous, thin and soft hairs, falling singly with difficulty.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Youngia tenuifolia</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"eac4390a-d386-4884-9bb0-a9fe2b6dbc01","Herb, up to 7 cm high. Rosette leaves narrowly ovate or obovate, 2.0-7.0 cm long, 0.5-1.2 cm wide, runcinate, entire or dentate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or hispid. Peduncle up to 3.0 cm long. Heads with 15-25 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 13.0-18.0 mm long, at flowering 10.0-18.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts 10.0-14.0 mm long, 2.5-4.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts 14.0-17.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide, acute or slightly obtuse, glabrous or subglabrous. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-20.0 mm long, yellow or yellowish orange; tube 5.0-10.0 mm long; ligule 7.0-10.0 mm long. Anthertube 5.0-6.0 mm long. Style 10.0-14.0 mm long; branches c. 3.0 mm long. Achenes 2.3-4.0 mm long, scabrid, transversely wrinkled, with 5 ribs, attenuate. Pappus 7.0-11.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris sessiliflora</i> complex (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"37ca187d-d227-475f-a85b-35d883b2b3e2","Herb, perennial, 100-150 cm high. Flowering stems sometimes reddish violet in the lower part, arachnoid, 10.0-12.0 mm in diameter, branched already from base or slightly branched in upper half. Lower cauline leaves linear to linear-ovate, c. 8.0-9.0 cm long, 3.0-7.0 cm wide, dentate, glabrous or arachnoid. Middle and upper cauline leaves linear-ovate to linear, 0.5-8.5 cm long, up to 0.7 cm wide, entire, light green on both surfaces. Peduncle tomentose. Heads with 5-6-(8) flowers. Involucre 17.0-18.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 11.0-13.0 mm long, densely tomentose. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 0.6 mm long, scabrid with a crown of 0.5-1.0 mm long scales, tuberculate in upper part; beak (1.0)-1.3-1.8 mm long. Pappus 8.0-9.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, <i>Tribe Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"bb21a77e-8e10-440c-af0a-73abdf91c4cd","Herb, perennial, c. 100 cm high. Flowering stems arachnoid or glabrous, branched already from base. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly ovate, 0.5-5.0 cm long, c. 0.1-0.2 cm wide, entire, glabrous. Heads with 5 flowers. Involucre 15.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 13.0-15.0 mm long, arachnoid. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 6.0-6.5 mm long, scabrid with a crown of scales, tuberculate; beak 0.5-0.7 mm long. Pappus 8.0-9.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0e493721-83a8-49d5-85ed-d10adffe2c91","Perennials, 15-120 cm; taprooted. Stems branched and leafy distally, or simple and leafy only proximally (subsp. detlingii and plants of extreme environments). Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate (distal often sessile, clasping); blades linear to broadly lanceolate, 10-50 cm, margins entire, dentate, lacerate, or pinnatifid, apices obtuse to acuminate, faces glabrous or scurfy-puberulent. Peduncles erect or curved-ascending, ebracteate or leafy (10-70 cm). Involucres globose to narrowly ovoid in fruit, 10-30 mm. Phyllaries: often purple-spotted (especially in subsp. lacinata), apices erect, abaxial faces glabrous or scurfy-puberulent (often black-villous in subsp. leptosepala); outer lanceolate to broadly ovate, deltate, or linear, slightly to much shorter than inner, 0.5-9 mm wide, apices cuspidate to acute; inner broadly to narrowly lanceolate, apices acuminate. Florets 13-300; corollas yellow, surpassing phyllaries by 5+ mm. Cypselae columnar, 3.5-8 mm (tapering to bases); pappi of 5-10(-15 in subsp. detlingii, or -24 in subsp. siskiyouensis), white to dull yellowish, deltate to lanceolate, aristate scales 0.5-8 mm, aristae barbellulate to barbellate. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. – Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"34448700-24fe-4325-bf62-e6dfb95c12ca","Leaves 5-30 cm. Peduncles 5-40 cm. Involucres 10-40 mm after flowering. Phyllaries reflexed in fruit, often reddish, outer 2-8, inner 3-18. Ligules 2-10 mm, equaling or barely surpassing phyllaries at flowering. Cypselae 7-17 mm; pappi: scales 5-15 mm, apices notched 1-2 mm, bristles delicate, 4-6 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 65. <i>Uropappus</i> Nuttall. Pp. 322-323 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2f5c6945-e01c-43c0-8111-954fdcd227e2","Herb, annual, 20-180 cm high. Flowering stems 1-3 (or more), erect, glaucous, glabrous, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves 1.0-12.0 cm long, 0.5-6.0 cm wide, glaucous or greyish green, often tinged purple. Cauline leaves few, obovate, denticulate, obtuse, attenuate or petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform. Peduncle sometimes covered with bracts. Heads with 30-60 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, 6.0-10.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-13.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, margin scarious. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, sometimes pitted, without scales. Corolla ligulate, 8.0-20.0 mm long, white, sometimes tinged purple or pink. Achenes weakly clavate or cylindrical in outline, 4.0-4.5 mm long, puberulous or glabrous, sometimes angular, whitish, ribbed, attenuate. Pappus absent.\r\rBased on: Keil, D. J. von 2006: 62. <i>Atrichoseris</i> A. Gray. P. 309 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7b3f0f40-63f2-44a4-a72b-6a8f49dd430f","Herb. Flowering stems 1. Rosette leaves linear-ovate or narrowly obovate, 7.0-38.0 cm long, pinnatifid or entire, entire, dentate and ciliate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or sparsely villose, often glaucous on both surfaces; lateral lobes antrorse. Peduncle 8.0-40.0-(80.0) cm long, glabrescent or villose. Heads with 15-200 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate, campanulate or cylindrical; involucral bracts ovate or obovate, green or purplish medially, glabrous, villose or pubescent, minutely ciliate. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate, usually orange or pink, purple, red, yellow, white; tube (4.0)-7.0-9.0 mm long; ligule 4.0-12.0 mm long, 1.0-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 2.0-5.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform, cylindrical or obovoid in outline, 6.0-9.0-(11.0) mm long, scabrid or glabrous, ribbed, with a filiform beak; beak (2.0)-5.0-10.0 mm long, about as long as the corpus. Pappus 9.0-15.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c4386985-3775-4a17-b256-0a7691815026","Herb, up to 8 cm high. Rosette leaves elliptic-ovate or obovate, 1.5-15.0 cm long, 0.5-4.0 cm wide, runcinate, rarely pinnatifid or pinnatisect, entire or dentate, attenuate, hispid or glabrous. Peduncle very short or absent. Heads with c. 25 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate to hemispherical, 8.0-30.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-25.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts ovate, 7.0-11.0 mm long, 3.0-7.0 mm wide, acute or rounded, woolly, hirsute or glabrous, margin minutely ciliate; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 13.0-22.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, glabrous, margin minutely ciliate. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 13.0-24.0 mm long, yellowish orange or yellow; tube 7.0-11.0 mm long; ligule 6.0-13.0 mm long. Anthertube 4.0-6.0 mm long. Style 11.0-22.5 mm long; branches 2.0-4.5 mm long. Achenes 2.0-10.0 mm long, smooth or scabrid. Pappus 7.0-17.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris sessiliflora</i> complex (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5f2d7f81-8b5f-4eb1-bb50-58d4eb46f5ac","Stems: branches 4-8 cm. Leaves: proximal 3-7 cm. Peduncles 1-4 mm. Calyculi: bractlets 4-8 x 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous. Involucres 7-12 mm. Cypselae 6-8 mm; pappus bristles: the longer 7-11 mm, shorter 5-7 mm. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 74. <i>Pleiacanthus</i> (Nuttall) Rydberg. P. 361 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c2c774f6-f02e-431e-a92f-083f393f2978","Stems: branches to 1 cm thick, fleshy, studded with persistent petiole bases proximally. Leaves crowded or tufted at ends of branches; petioles ca. 1 cm, narrowly winged, bases thickened; blades bright green, 5-13 x 4-6 cm, relatively thin, bases cuneate, apices rounded or obtuse, faces ± tomentose, soon glabrescent. Heads 20-35. Cypselae 3-3.5 mm. 2n =16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 71. <i>Munzothamnus</i> P. H. Raven. Pp. 349-350 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"761a077d-8780-4f4a-b327-faccdd7f1232","Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, up to 4 mm thick, with thin arachnoid-hairy pubescence in the lower part; branched from the base with yellowish-green, glabrous, virgate branches. Lower cauline leaves oblong or oblong-linear, toothed with bristles on teeth and beneath along midrib, withering by anthesis; other leaves linear-filiform, 0.8-3.0 cm long, about 1 mm wide, glabrous, entire. Capitula 15-16 mm long at fruiting, terminal on branches, mostly with 11 florets. Inner involucral bracts 13-14 mm long, dark green, with scattered arachnoid pubescence on the outer side. Achene body large, 5.0-5.5 mm long, upper part with one row of wide and short, deflected scales, below with one or two rows of smaller, isolated, tubercles and scales; crown of five, wide, smooth, obtuse, or weakly obtuse three-lobed scales; beak 0.75-1.0 mm long, thick with indistinct articulation in the middle or slightly below, with cupulate and ribbed lower part, scarcely clavate in the upper part; pappus 7-8 mm long.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"20346808-54ed-4998-baed-66445e848df2","Herb, perennial, 10-50 cm high. Flowering stems 1 to few, scapelike, erect to ascending, glabrous or glandular and woolly, unbranched. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, linear or narrowly ovate, 2.0-25.0 cm long, entire or pinnatifid, entire, remotely dentate or undulate, acute to obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, glabrous or sparsely woolly or sometimes glandular; lateral lobes oblong or triangular. Cauline leaves absent. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 25-35 flowers. Involucre 10.0-15.0 mm long; involucral bracts linear to ovate, 10.0-15.0 mm long, acute, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, 12.0-25.0 mm long, yellowish orange or yellow, often tinged purple on outer face. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 2.2-2.7 mm long, slightly muricate, terete, reddish brown, with 10-15 ribs. Pappus pale orange-brown or whitish; outer pappus 0.5-1.0 mm, palaeceous; inner pappus 5.0-8.0 mm, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Chambers, K. L. & O’Kennon, R. J. 2006: 76. <i>Krigia</i> Schreber. – Pp. 362-367 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 38 <i>Krigia</i> Schreb. (dwarf dandelion). – Pp. 358-363 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4e1f704a-1909-460e-baff-e0d923cfaf69","Annuals, 2-12(-45) cm. Stems usually 1, erect or ± prostrate, usually ± branched proximally (often forming mats, usually leafy throughout), glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal obovate to spatulate, usually pinnately lobed (lobes 1-3+ pairs, nearly equal, apices obtuse), usually fleshy, ultimate margins entire, faces glabrous; distal not reduced (similar to others). Calyculi of 8-13+, lance-deltate to lanceolate bractlets (sometimes intergrading with phyllaries), hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide. Involucres ± campanulate, 6-8 x 2-6+ mm. Phyllaries 13-22+ in 2-3 series, (often red-tinged) oblong to lanceolate, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles glabrous. Florets 18-76; corollas medium yellow, 4-8 mm; outer ligules exserted 1-4 mm. Cypselae ± prismatic, 1.2-1.5 mm, ribs extending to apices, 5 more prominent than others; persistent pappi 0. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e091ea0b-8ee8-43f2-9281-53d0d39678a8","intermediate species (amplexicaule - pallidiflorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"58b90eba-1a5c-4b12-89a1-ff84c3e59067","Annuals, (5-)10-25(-50) cm. Stems 1-5, ascending to erect, branched near bases and distally, usually glabrous (sometimes glaucous), rarely stipitate-glandular. Cauline leaves: proximal narrowly oblong to elliptic, pinnately lobed (lobes 3-8+ pairs, oblong to triangular, ± equal, apices obtuse to acute), ± fleshy, ultimate margins dentate to denticulate, faces glabrous; distal reduced (narrowly triangular to lineal; bases ± dilated, ± clasping). Calyculi of 8-12+, ovate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.3 (-0.7) mm wide, usually glabrous (margins sometimes stipitate-glandular). Involucres ± campanulate to hemispheric, 7-13 x 4-6 (-12+) mm. Receptacles bristly. Florets 75-115; corollas lemon yellow, 10-14(-16) mm; outer ligules exserted 6-10(-13) mm. Cypselae ± cylindro-fusiform to prismatic, 1.8-3 mm, ribs extending to apices, ± equal or 5 more prominent than others; pappi persistent, crenate crowns of 15-25+, blunt or rounded teeth. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5cd76b8b-eda2-4c1a-a493-6cb9dda509aa","Herb, 1-2 cm high. Rosette leaves oblong, 0.8-2.0 cm long, 0.2-0.4 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, slightly dentate, petiole-like attenuate, silky. Peduncle absent. Heads with c. 12 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 9.0-10.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, up to 12.0 mm long, woolly; inner involucral bracts glabrous or woolly, margin minutely ciliate. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 9.5-11.5 mm long; tube 3.5-5.0 mm long; ligule 6.0-6.5 mm long. Anthertube 4.0-4.2 mm long. Style 8.0-10.5 mm long; branches 2.0-3.0 mm long. Achenes 2.0-3.0 mm long, smooth, with 5 ribs, attenuate. Pappus c. 8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris sessiliflora</i> complex (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ac900bf7-621b-4016-b23f-955ce1ac9705","Annuals (sometimes persisting), (5-)20-50(-100+) cm. Stems usually branching from bases and/or distally, rarely scapiform, usually glabrous proximally, sometimes pilosulous. Cauline leaves (1-)3-9+, proximal mostly lanceolate, margins usually dentate, sometimes pinnately lobed, distal narrowly lanceolate to lance-attenuate, margins entire or with 1-2 lobes near bases. Heads (1-)3-5+ in loose, corymbiform arrays. Calyculi: bractlets 13-16+ in 2-3 series, subulate to filiform, 8-12+ mm. Involucres ± cylindric to campanulate, 17-24+ mm. Phyllaries 16-21+. Florets 50-150+; anthers 2.5-3.5 mm (pollen equatorial diameters mostly 43-47 μm). Cypselae: bodies reddish brown, 4-6 mm, beaks 8-10 mm; pappi 7-10+ mm. 2n = 12.\r\rfrom: Strother, J. L. von 2006: 82. <i>Pyrrhopappus</i> de Candolle. Pp. 376-378 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c3d2a6bb-6bb9-421c-8307-cb927253308f","Annuals, 4-36 cm. Stems 1-5, erect or ascending, branched mostly distally, glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal oblanceolate to lance-linear, sometimes pinnately lobed, not fleshy, ultimate margins, usually dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced (margins 2-4 dentate near bases or entire). Calyculi of 5-12, lance-deltate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm. Involucres narrowly campanulate, 4-8+ x 2-4+ mm. Phyllaries 8-15+ in 2+ series, lance-linear to linear, ± equal, hyaline margins 0.05-0.3 mm wide, abaxial faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 19-67; corollas pale yellow, 4-7.4 mm; outer ligules exserted 1-3 mm. Cypselae fusiform or prismatic, 1.2-1.8 mm, ribs .extending to apices, 5 more prominent than others; persistent pappi of 15-24+, needlelike teeth plus 1 bristle. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate, mean 25 μm. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5d84d839-91f0-4088-9a67-b7c070205584","Herb, up to 5 cm high. Rosette leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, 2.0-7.0 cm long, 0.3-1.0 cm wide, runcinate, pinnatisect or pinnatipartite, entire or dentate, acute, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or hirsute. Peduncle up to 2.0 cm long. Heads with 10-20 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-25.0 mm long, at flowering 8.0-20.0 mm in diameter; outer involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 7.0-11.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, acute or obtuse, hirsute, margin scarious; inner involucral bracts narrowly ovate or oblong, 12.0-14.0 mm long, c. 2.0 mm wide, hirsute or glabrous. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 13.5-20.0 mm long, white; tube 7.0-10.0 mm long; ligule 6.5-10.0 mm long. Anthertube c. 5.0 mm long. Style 12.0-15.0 mm long; branches 2.0-3.0 mm long. Achenes 2.0-6.0 mm long, smooth or scabrid, with 5 ribs, attenuate. Pappus 12.0-14.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris sessiliflora</i> complex (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a074b72d-0e35-4336-a451-005bdce4be9a","Annuals, 5-44 cm. Stems 1-4, erect to ascending, usually branched proximally and distally, glabrous (usually glaucous). Cauline leaves: proximal obovate, usually pinnately lobed (lobes 38 pairs, ± equal, bases whitehairy), ± fleshy, ultimate margins dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced (sometimes 2-4-dentate near bases). Calyculi of 8-12+, ovate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.3 mm wide. Involucres ± campanulate, 5-8 x 2-6 mm. Phyllaries 18-22+ in 2-3 series, oblong or lanceolate to linear, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 30-65; corollas white, 5-8 mm; outer ligules exserted 1-3 mm. Cypselae ± cylindro-funnelform or weakly prismatic, 1.2-2 mm, ribs extending to apices, ± equal or 5 more prominent than others; pappi 0 or crenate crowns (0.01-0.1 mm). Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a7032942-5872-4a95-b083-1dddea038e4a","Plants 1-6 cm. Leaves 0.5-5 cm, margins conspicuously white-crustose. Heads 1-2 cm diam. Calyculi: margins of bractlets crustose-dentate ± throughout. Involucres 10-14 mm. Florets 9-18; corollas white to cream, aging pink or purple, ligules 4-10 mill, equaling or scarcely exserted beyond involucres. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Keil, D. J. von 2006: 75. <i>Glyptopleura</i> D. C. Eaton. Pp. 361-362 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"accfc102-1b2b-40bc-a0eb-71636bde7ab9","Leaves: blades 6-15 cm x 2-4 mm, distal most reduced to scales. Calyculus bractlets 1-5 mm. Involucres 12-18 x 4-5 mm. Phyllaries 16-20 mm, faces glabrous. Corollas 15-16 mm. Cypselae 8-10 mm; pappi 6-8 mm. 2n = 12.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 78. <i>Shinnersoseris</i> Tomb. Pp. 368-369 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b5c7f7f8-b5c8-43f4-b57b-6329382dbc5d","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fba73b2b-bb66-47bf-bbee-36722a8df1e3","Annuals (sometimes persisting), 5-40(-80+) cm. Stems seldom, if ever, scapiform, branching from bases and/or distally, usually sparsely to densely pilosulous proximally, sometimes glabrous. Cauline leaves 1-3(-5+), proximal mostly oblanceolate to lanceolate, margins usually pinnately lobed, sometimes dentate or entire, distal ± lanceolate, margins usually pinnately (3-)5-7(-9+)-lobed. Heads (1-)3-7+ in loose, corymbiform arrays. Calyculi: bractlets 8-13 in 1-2 series, deltate to subulate, 3-5(-6) mm. Involucres ± campanulate to cylindric, 16-22 mm. Phyllaries 13-21. Florets 50-60; anthers 3.5 mm (pollen equatorial diameters 43-46 μm). Cypselae: bodies reddish brown, 4-5 mm, beaks 7-9 mm; pappi 7-9(-10) mm. 2n = 12.\r\rfrom: Strother, J. L. von 2006: 82. <i>Pyrrhopappus</i> de Candolle. Pp. 376-378 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3614c360-c428-4c6e-b04b-7ea44abeabdf","Leaves 6-20 cm, faces glabrous. Involucres 7-13 mm after flowering. Phyllaries not reflexed in fruit, margins often red distally, glabrous or minutely puberulent apically. Florets 10-18 mm, much surpassing phyllaries at flowering, glabrous. Cypselae straight or slightly curved on one side, 3-4 mm, obtusely 3-angled at 1 adaxial and 2 lateral nerves. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 80. <i>Phalacroseris</i> A. Gray. Pp. 374-375 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f590fc10-7f85-4f23-a5c1-c64f56a8eb35","Plants (40-)60-150+ cm. Leaves: apices straight (not recurved or coiled), faces initially floccose to tomentulose, soon glabrescent. Peduncles distally inflated. Involucres conic in bud. Outer florets usually shorter than phyllaries; corollas each proximally yellow and distally purple or brownish purple (giving each head a yellow ""eye""). 2n = 24.\r\rfrom: Soltis, P. S. von 2006: 59. <i>Tragopogon</i> Linnaeus. Pp. 303-306 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f590fc10-7f85-4f23-a5c1-c64f56a8eb35","<i>Tragopogon mirus</i> has been shown to be an allotetraploid species, whose parents are the diploid Old World species <i>T. dubius</i> and <i>T. porrifolius</i>, which, after their introduction starting in the early 1900s, have co-occurred in the Palouse region of E Washington and Idaho of the USA only since the 1920s. In the same area and around the same time a second allotetraploid species, <i>Tragopogon miscellus</i> with the parents <i>T. dubius</i> and <i>T. pratensis</i> has been formed (Ownbey 1950). The anchestries of both hybridogenous species have been confirmed by various subsequent studies (Soltis & al. 2004) and it has also been demonstrated that both tetraploids were formed repeatedly in the wild during the 20th century, a speciation process that probably is still ongoing today (Malinska & al. 2011).\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rOwnbey M. 1950: Natural hybridization and amphiploidy in the genus <i>Tragopogon</i>. – Amer. J. Bot. <a href=""http://www.jstor.org/stable/2438023"" target=""_blank""><span style=""color: #336699"">37: 487–499</span></a>.\r\rMalinska H., Tate J. A., Mavrodiev E., Matyasek R., Lim K. Y., Leitch A. R., Soltis D. E., Soltis P. S. & Kovarik A. 2011: Ribosomal RNA genes evolution in <i>Tragopogon</i>: a story of New and Old World allotetraploids and the synthetic lines. – Taxon <a href=""http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000002/art00005"" target=""_blank""><span style=""color: #336699"">60: 348–354</span></a>.\r\rSoltis D. E., Soltis P. S., Pires J. C., Kovarik A. & Tate J. 2004: Recent and recurrent polyploidy in <i>Tragopogon (Asteraceae)</i>: genetics, genomic, and cytogenetic comparisons. – Biol. J. Linn. Soc. <a href=""http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00335.x"" target=""_blank""><span style=""color: #336699"">82: 485–501</span></a>.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7091950b-13e5-417f-9ff7-e9a4f96660fb","Herb, annual, 5-30 cm high. Flowering stems 1-3, erect or ascending, glandular, branched already from base. Rosette leaves pinnatifid, entire, attenuate; lateral lobes linear. Cauline leaves reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1 head or with few heads. Peduncle 1.0-3.0 cm long, without bracts. Heads with c. 25 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 10.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-12.0 mm (or more) in diameter; involucral bracts linear-ovate, acute, glandular with stramineous glands, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, without scales, bristly. Corolla ligulate, white; ligule 20.0-30.0 mm long, veins often tinged red on outer face. Achenes fusiform in outline, wrinkled, brown or orange-brown, with 5 ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus white, 5.0-8.0-(9.0) mm long, united at base.\r\rBased on: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 61. <i>Calycoseris</i> A. Gray. Pp. 307-308 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"977d685c-d060-4c35-979d-fa66e5f08629","<i>Tragopogon miscellus</i> has been shown to be an allotetraploid species, whose parents are the diploid Old World species <i>T. dubius</i> and <i>T. pratensis</i>, which, after their introduction starting in the early 1900s, have co-occurred in the Palouse region of E Washington and Idaho of the USA only since the 1920s. In the same area and around the same time a second allotetraploid species, <i>Tragopogon mirus</i> with the parents <i>T. dubius</i> and <i>T. porrifolius</i> has been formed (Ownbey 1950). The anchestries of both hybridogenous species have been confirmed by various subsequent studies (Soltis & al. 2004) and it has also been demonstrated that both tetraploids were formed repeatedly in the wild during the 20th century, a speciation process that probably is still ongoing today (Malinska & al. 2011).\r\r<h3>References</h3>\rOwnbey M. 1950: Natural hybridization and amphiploidy in the genus <i>Tragopogon</i>. – Amer. J. Bot. <a href=""http://www.jstor.org/stable/2438023"" target=""_blank""><span style=""color: #336699"">37: 487–499</span></a>.\r\rMalinska H., Tate J. A., Mavrodiev E., Matyasek R., Lim K. Y., Leitch A. R., Soltis D. E., Soltis P. S. & Kovarik A. 2011: Ribosomal RNA genes evolution in <i>Tragopogon</i>: a story of New and Old World allotetraploids and the synthetic lines. – Taxon <a href=""http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000002/art00005"" target=""_blank""><span style=""color: #336699"">60: 348–354</span></a>.\r\rSoltis D. E., Soltis P. S., Pires J. C., Kovarik A. & Tate J. 2004: Recent and recurrent polyploidy in <i>Tragopogon (Asteraceae)</i>: genetics, genomic, and cytogenetic comparisons. – Biol. J. Linn. Soc. <a href=""http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00335.x"" target=""_blank""><span style=""color: #336699"">82: 485–501</span></a>.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"977d685c-d060-4c35-979d-fa66e5f08629","Plants 60-150+ cm. Leaves: apices usually recurved to coiled, faces initially floccose to tomentulose, soon glabrescent. Peduncles distally inflated. Involucres conic to urceolate in bud. Outer florets usually slightly shorter than phyllaries (see discussion for exception); corollas yellow. 2n = 24.\r\rfrom: Soltis, P. S. von 2006: 59. <i>Tragopogon</i> Linnaeus. Pp. 303-306 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"29f755ba-7463-43cd-8c90-84e1e401f4df","Herb. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or linear-obovate, (5.0)-10.0-20.0-(32.0) cm long, pinnatifid, entire, sometimes ciliate, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous or densely tomentose, tinged purple at base; lateral lobes (6)-10-16, linear or narrowly ovate, mostly retrorse or rarely antrorse. Peduncle (6.0)-10.0-25.0-(45.0) cm long, glabrescent, apically woolly to villose. Heads with 30-100 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or hemispherical; involucral bracts green or usually purplish medially, glabrous or sparsely villose, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts tomentose or glabrous. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube (4.0)-6.0-15.0 mm long; ligule 10.0-20.0 mm long, 2.0-4.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.0-5.0 mm long. Achenes narrowly ovoid, cylindrical or obovoid in outline, 5.0-9.0 mm long; beak 3.0-10.0 mm long, half to twice as long as the corpus. Pappus 10.0-20.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f895f29c-1c34-411c-8c3c-193c9d27dc25","Herb, perennial, 20-50 cm high. Caudex often branched. Flowering stems 1-5, usually procumbent or ascending, glabrous, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 5.0-30.0 cm long, entire or pinnatifid, entire or denticulate, acute, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly obovate, acute, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence with (2)-3-20 heads. Peduncle glabrous or sometimes glandular. Heads with 25-60 flowers. Involucre 7.0-12.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, 15.0-25.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 2.0-2.8 mm long, brown, with 12-15 ribs. Outer pappus 0.5-0.8 mm, palaeceous; inner pappus 4.5-6.0 mm, scabrid.\r\rBased on: Chambers, K. L. & O’Kennon, R. J. 2006: 76. <i>Krigia</i> Schreber. – Pp. 362-367 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a1693523-ef41-42a5-8250-69c865864574","Annuals, 4-45 cm. Stems 1, erect, simple or blanched proximally and/or distally or 2-10, decumbent to ascending, and ± branched distally, glabrous or sparsely arachnose (sometimes only in leaf axils). Cauline leaves: proximal oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, usually pinnately lobed (lobes usually unequal, apices acute or obtuse), sometimes ± fleshy, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces glabrous (proximal most cauline usually more deeply divided); distal seldom notably reduced (sometimes pinnately lobed). Calyculi 0 (i.e., outer phyllaries intergrading with inner), or of 5-12+, oblong or ovate to lanceolate or linear bractlets, hyaline margins 0.1-0.3 mm wide. Involucres ± campanulate, 5-12 x 2-7 mm. Phyllaries 12-22(-40+, without calyculi) in 2-3(-5+) series, (usually red-tinged) lanceolate to linear, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 10-123; corollas light to medium yellow, 5-17 mm; outer ligules exserted 110 mm. Cypse1ae ± cylindro-fusiform or ± prismatic, 0.9-1.7 mm, ribs extending to apices, ± equal or 5 more prominent than others; persistent pappi usually 0, rarely of 1-2 bristles. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n =14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cf5ce737-69b9-470a-9d7d-b32303f917fe","Stems usually 1, usually erect, branched distally. Distal cauline leaves ovate to lanceolate, pinnately lobed (at bases, lobes 1-2 pairs, narrow). Calyculi of 8-12+, lance-deltate to lanceolate bractlets. Involucres 7-11 x 3-8 mm. Phyllaries 18-22+ in 3 series. Corollas light yellow, 10-17 mm; outer ligules exserted 6-10 mm. Cypselae ± cylindro-fusiform, 0.9-1.5 mm, ribs ± equal. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5f921a2c-ad91-485e-a9d1-ead9aa8ffe50","Stems (1-)3-5(-10), erect (when single) or decumbent to ascending, branched proximally and/or distally. Distal cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate usually pinnately lobed (from bases to near apices). Calyculi of 5-12+, oblong to linear bractlets (sometimes ± intergrading with phyllaries). Involucres 6-9(-11) x 2.5-5(-7) mm. Phyllaries 12-21+ in 2-3 series. Corollas medium yellow, 8-16 mm; outer ligules exserted 4-8 mm. Cypselae ± prismatic (5-angled), 1.3-1.7 mm, 5 ribs more prominent than others. 2n =14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"879f0981-f9ae-4689-a877-f36db69b1bed","Stems usually 1, erect, branched distally. Distal cauline leaves narrowly triangular; usually pinnately lobed (near bases, lobes 1-2 pairs, narrow). Calyculi of 8-12+, oblong to linear bractlets. Involucres 5-7 x 2-4.5 mm. Phyllaries 12-16+ in 2-3 series. Corollas medium yellow, 5-9 mm; outer ligules exserted 1.5-3.5 mm. Cypselae ± cylindro-fusiform, 0.9-1.5 mm, ribs ± equal. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"32b4f644-1f25-4bde-81fa-6596d235605e","Stems 1-6, ascending, branched proximally and distally. Distal cauline leaves oblanceolate to obovate, pinnately lobed (lobes 2-5 pairs, narrow, ultimate margins crisped, apices acute). Calyculi 0 (or bractlets intergrading with phyllaries). Involucres 7-9.2 x 3.4-5.4 mm. Phyllaries 22-40 in 4-5 series; Corollas medium yellow, 6-10 mm; outer ligules exserted 2.5-4 mm. Cypselae ± prismatic (5-angled), 1.3-1.6, mm, 5 ribs more prominent than others. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6246a387-dd7e-41af-af10-2ebc3ae7a8ce","Annuals, 5-30 cm. Stems 1-4, ascending to erect, ± branched proximally and distally (leafy to apices), glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal oblanceolate, pinnately lobed (lobes 2-4 pairs, obtuse), ultimate margins entire or dentate; distal not much reduced (± linear, lobes usually 1-2 near bases, apices acute). Calyculi of 7-11, ovate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm. Involucres 7-8.5 x 3-6 mm. Phyllaries 9-13+ in 2-3 series, (red-tinged) oblong to lanceolate or lance-linear, hyaline margins 0.1-0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 20-85: corollas medium yellow, 7-11 mm; outer ligules exserted 3.5-5.5 mm. Cypselae ± prismatic, 1.6-2 mm, ribs extending to apices, ± equal or 5 more prominent than others; persistent pappi of 11-14, irregular, ± dentate teeth plus 1-2 bristles. Pollen 70-100% 4-porate. 2n = 28.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5ea5c1d6-e8fe-4241-b2b0-e36394854fe4","Herb, perennial, (30)-40-125 cm high. Flowering stems slightly red in lower part, arachnoid, pubescent, or somewhat hispid, up to 8.0 mm in diameter, slightly branched already from base or branched in upper half. Lower cauline leaves narrowly ovate or oblong, 3.0-10.0 cm long, 0.4-1.2 cm wide, entire or weakly runcinate, entire, subentire, or dentate, arachnoid or glabrous. Middle and upper cauline leaves linear to narrowly ovate, (0.7)-1.5-5.0-(7.0) cm long, 0.1-0.2-(0.5) cm wide, entire, arachnoid or glabrous. Peduncle 0.8-2.0 cm long, tomentose. Heads with 11 flowers. Involucre 13.0-16.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 10.0-13.0 mm long, arachnoid or sometimes hispid. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 3.0-4.5-(5.5) mm long, scabrid with a crown of 0.2-0.5 (0.7) mm long scales, tuberculate in the upper part; beak 1.3-3.0-(4.0) mm long. Pappus 5.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e114e30b-e271-478b-8711-efbee08e3649","Annuals, 4-45 cm. Stems 1 (scapiform), erect or arcuate-ascending, mostly glabrous (shaggily piloso-hirsute proximally and at bases of heads). Cauline leaves: proximal oblanceolate to linear, pinnately lobed (lobes usually linear to filiform, sometimes broader), not fleshy, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces usually shaggily piloso-hirsute (at least proximally), glabrescent; distal usually 0. Calyculi of 12-20, lanceolate to linear bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm, abaxial faces shaggily piloso-hirsute to arachnose. Involucres (8-)10-15 x 56 mm. Phyllaries usually 20-26+ in 2-3+ series, (midstripes often reddish) lanceolate to lance-linear or subulate, unequal, hyaline margins 0.1-0.5 mm wide, abaxial faces (of outermost, at least) shaggily piloso-hirsute to arachnose (at least proximally). Receptacles sparsely bristly or glabrous. Florets 40-250; corollas usually yellow to pale yellow (often with abaxial reddish stripes), sometimes white, 16-20 mm; outer ligules exserted 11-13 mm. Cypsalae ± prismatic, 2-3.4 mm, ribs extending to apices, 5 more prominent than others; persistent pappi of 12-15+, irregular, lance-deltate teeth plus (1-)2 bristles. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"16fb66a5-c3ca-4b57-93c3-392a7b4ebf1c","Herb. Flowering stems 1. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate, 2.0-46.0 cm long, sometimes ciliate or undulate, usually entire, sometimes dentate, rarely lacerate, tomentose, pubescent or glabrous, sparsely villose, rarely tinged purple at base on both surfaces; lateral lobes 4-6, narrowly ovate, antrorse. Peduncle 5.0-60.0-(90.0) cm long, glabrous or glabrescent, sometimes glandular, apically puberulous or woolly. Heads with 15-150 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or hemispherical; involucral bracts purplish medially or green, tomentose or glabrous, sometimes glandular, sometimes minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts margin sometimes minutely ciliate at apex. Receptacle with or without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 4.0-18.0 mm long; ligule 6.0-24.0 mm long, 2.0-5.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.0-7.0 mm long. Achenes narrowly ovoid or fusiform in outline, 5.0-9.0 mm long, glabrous or apically scabrid, ribbed, with a stout beak; beak 1.0-4.0 mm long, mostly less than half as long as the corpus. Pappus 8.0-18.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cccb751d-ce3d-49e8-8813-e275c6dade4b","Herb, perennial, 15-40 cm high. Flowering stems 2-4, erect to ascending, glabrous, branched. Rosette leaves linear-ovate to linear, 0.3-5.0 cm long, 0.2-0.4 cm wide, entire, attenuate. Cauline leaves reduced to scales. Synflorescence with 1 head. Peduncle without bracts. Heads with 5 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 11.0-14.0 mm long, at flowering 3.0-4.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear, acute, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, without scales and naked. Corolla ligulate, pale purple to white. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 8.0-11.0-(12.0) mm long, smooth and glabrous, angular, light orange-brown. Pappus c. 2.0-11.0 mm long (some bristles 8-11 mm, some c. 2-4 mm long), persistent, united at base, barbellate.\r\rBased on: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 77. <i>Chaetadelpha</i> A. Gray ex. S. Watson. P. 368 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"49761df6-b12b-40af-a694-92864b9ad7a8","Herb, perennial, 10-60 cm high. Caudex woody. Flowering stems erect, glabrous or sparsely pilose at base, unbranched or branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate, 4.0-10.0-(25.0) cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, entire or dentate, ciliate, glabrescent or glabrous. Cauline leaves entire or pinnatifid, dentate, attenuate, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform, with 1-13 heads. Heads with 50-100 flowers. Involucre at flowering narrowly campanulate or cylindrical, 8.0-15.0-(18.0) mm long, at flowering 5.0-10.0-(12.0) mm in diameter; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 1.0-14.0 mm long, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, margin scarious. Corolla ligulate, 5.0-7.0 mm long, white. Achenes fusiform in outline, 7.0-8.0 mm long, muricate, brown, with 10 ribs, with a filiform beak; beak 4.0-5.0 mm long. Pappus plumose, white, 7.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bogler, D. J. 2006: 54. <i>Hypochaeris</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 297-299 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York & Oxford.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8a51cfd8-e281-4643-8a36-f055e4041f54","Annuals, (5-)10-25(-40) cm. Stems 1-5+, erect to ascending, branched from bases and distally, sparsely leafy, usually ± stipitate-glandular, sometimes sparsely arachnose or glabrous (sometimes glaucous). Cauline leaves: proximal obovate to oblong, usually pinnately lobed (lobes 3-8 pairs, oblong or triangular to lineal; apices obtuse to acute), ± fleshy, ultimate margins dentate, faces usually glabrous, .sometimes sparsely arachnose; distal reduced (± elliptic, then pinnately lobed, to linear, bases narrowly cuneate, margins usually dentate, sometimes entire). Calyculi of 8-12+, lance-ovate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.5-0.2 mm wide (faces sometimes stipitate-glandular). Involucres ± campanulate, 8-14 x 4-5 mm. Phyllaries 12-20+ in 2-3 series, lance-oblong to lance-linear (apices acuminate), hyaline margins 0.05-0.3 mm wide, faces glabrous or stipitate-glandular. Receptacles sparsely bristly. Florets 58-93; corollas medium yellow, 14-20 mm; outer ligules exserted 7-10 mm. Cypselae cylindro-fusiform, 2.5-4 mm, ribs extending to or beyond apices, 5 more prominent than others (often winglike); pappi persistent, of 12-15 blunt teeth plus 0-6 bristles. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6e77c337-5cb5-4473-9774-c24917366255","Annuals, 10-60 cm. Stems 1-6, ascending or erect, simple or branched proximally and distally, glaucous or glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal linear to obovate, sometimes pinnately lobed, not fleshy, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced (ovate to lanceolate, rarely pinnately lobed, bases clasping). Calyculi 0. Involucres hemispheric, 10-22+ x 6-22+ mm. Phyllaries (25-)40-60+ in 4-6+ series, (midstripes usually reddish or purple) orbiculate to ovate, oblong, lance-oblong, or linear, unequal, hyaline margins 1-2.5 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles densely bristly. Florets 85-257; corollas usually pale yellow, sometimes white, 8-12 mm; outer ligules exserted 2-5 mm. Cypselae ± prismatic, 1.6-3.2 mm, ribs extending beyond apices, 5 more prominent than others; persistent pappi of 20-25+, blunt teeth plus 2-6 bristles. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9e180cec-107c-42a2-8500-8f6f0c7ccb5b","Herb, 30 cm high. Rosette leaves linear or narrowly ovate, 2.0-20.0 cm long, 0.1-1.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, entire or remotely dentate, subacute, amplexicaul, sometimes subglabrous, tomentose or sometimes woolly; lateral lobes linear. Peduncle 0.5-30.0 cm long, more or less tomentose, covered with bracts. Involucral bracts linear, 10.0-20.0 mm long, 1.0-2.5 mm wide, obtuse, dark green or sometimes black at apex, glabrous to tomentose. Corolla ligulate, white or pink; ligule 7.0-10.0 mm long, 2.0-3.5 mm wide. Achenes fusiform in outline, more or less curved, 9.0-14.0 mm long, transversely wrinkled, pale brown, ribbed, attenuate. Pappus plumose, white or brownish at base, 10.0-12.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Moore, D. M. 1983: 35. <i>Hypochoeris</i> L. – Pp. 261-263 in: Flora of Tierra del Fuego – St. Louis (as <i>Hypochoeris incana</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"564cdf38-0266-4e78-8ed1-98db668a885f","Herb, perennial, 75-120 cm high. Flowering stems sometimes red in the lower part, arachnoid, glabrous or hispid, 5.0-9.0 mm in diameter. Lower cauline leaves linear-ovate, c. 7.0 cm long, 0.4 cm wide, sometimes runcinate, entire or denticulate, glabrous or somewhat hispid. Middle and upper cauline leaves linear or narrowly ovate, 0.8-4.5 cm long, c. 0.1-0.1 cm wide, entire, somewhat hispid, arachnoid or glabrous. Peduncle 0.5-0.7 cm long, densely tomentose. Heads with 5-6-(8) flowers. Involucre 12.0-16.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 10.0-13.0 mm long, arachnoid. Achenes 4.5-6.0 mm long, scabrid with scales in upper part and with a crown of 0.3 mm long scales, tuberculate in upper part; beak 0.5-1.0 mm long. Pappus 6.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2b291ebf-1deb-49ed-8ca2-d8f0defa6edc","Annuals, (5-)10-40+ cm. Stems (1-)3-5+, ascending to erect, usually branched proximally and distally, glabrous or sparsely arachno-puberulent near bases (sometimes glaucous). Cauline leaves: proximal usually pinnately lobed (lobes 3-6+ pairs, usually filiform, subequal to unequal, apices acute), ultimate margins entire, faces glabrous or ± hairy (then usually glabrescent); distal reduced (usually pinnately lobed). Calyculi of 12-20+, lanceolate to linear bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide (abaxial faces often ± densely white-hairy). Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 9-17 x 4-7 mm. Phyllaries 20-25+ in 2-3 series, lance-linear to linear, hyaline margins 0.05-0.3 mm wide, faces usually glabrous, abaxial sometimes ± white-hairy. Receptacles bristly. Florets 31-139; corollas usually pale yellow, sometimes white, 15-23+ mm; outer ligules exserted 9-15+ mm. Cypselae ± cylindro-fusiform (sometimes weakly 5-angled), 2-3.3 mm, ribs extending to apices, usually ± equal; persistent pappi of 0-12+, blunt to acute teeth plus 1-2(-5) bristles. Pollen 70-100% 3-porate. 2n = 14.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ff0851bb-d5ea-44e0-b8a2-1afebd4a3f7d","Plants 5-45 cm. Stems (peduncles) sometimes with 1-3, leafy bracts proximally. Leaves: blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 7-30 cm, margins entire, often undulate, often ciliolate, (apices acuminate) faces glabrous or villous. Involucres 14-30 mm. Phyllaries 8-25, green to minutely purple-dotted, often with purple-lined midnerves, lanceolate, (apices acuminate) faces glabrous or villous, especially on margins and midribs. Florets 13-90; ligules 10-25 mm. Cypselae light brown or gray, 7-13 mm, sometimes narrowed distally, not beaked; pappi of 10-30, aristate scales 10-17 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 67. <i>Nothocalaïs</i> (A. Grey) Greene. Pp. 335-337 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ebea3b48-2848-445e-abcc-2976d67d7e35","Herb, perennial, 35-100 cm high. Flowering stems arachnoid or glabrous, tomentose or rarely hispid in the lower part, slightly branched already from base. Lower cauline leaves oblong-ovate, 3.0 cm long, 0.3-0.7 cm wide, irregularly dentate or entire. Middle and upper cauline leaves mostly narrowly linear or rarely narrowly ovate, 1.5-2.5-(5.0) cm long, up to 0.1-(0.3) cm wide, entire, arachnoid or glabrous. Peduncle up to 0.1 cm long, tomentose. Heads with 9-11 flowers. Involucre 12.0-15.0 mm long; inner involucral bracts 10.0-13.0 mm long, tomentose or sometimes hispid. Corolla ligulate. Achenes 3.5-4.5 mm long, scabrid with scales in the upper part and a crown of scales; beak 1.0-2.5 mm long. Pappus 6.0-7.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a0a0b881-7aed-4990-b7e7-82c6a3c3160c","Annuals, 5-30+ cm. Stems 1-11, erect or ascending, branched mostly proximally, glabrous or sparsely arachnose to puberulent and glabrescent. Cauline leaves: proximal mostly lance-linear, sometimes pinnately lobed, not fleshy, ultimate margins dentate or entire, faces glabrous or sparsely arachnose to puberulent and glabrescent; distal reduced subentire. Calyculi of 8-12+ lance-deltate to lanceolate bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05-0.3 mm wide. Involucres narrowly campanulate, 6-10 x 3-6 mm. Phyllaries 18-21+ in ± 2 series, lance-linear to linear, ± equal, hyaline margins 0.05-0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles not bristly. Florets 32-73: corollas yellow, 4-9 mm; outer ligules exserted 2-4 mm. Cypselae ± cylindro-fusiform to prismatic, 1.4-1.7 mm, ribs extending to apices, 5 more prominent than others; pappi persistent, of ca. 18, irregular needlelike teeth plus 1 bristle. Pollen mostly 4-porate (mean diam. 30 μm). 2n = 28.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0e0cb4d6-99f8-4619-8fb3-1072c592f387","Herb, biennial or perennial, 30-70 cm high. Flowering stems 1-5, erect or ascending, glabrous or pilose at base, unbranched or branched, branched in upper half. Rosette leaves narrowly obovate or elliptic, 6.0-20.0 cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, ciliate and dentate, hirsute or glabrous. Cauline leaves narrowly ovate, 5.0-10.0 cm long, 1.0-3.0 cm wide, entire or pinnatifid, dentate, attenuate, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform to paniculiform, with 1-10 heads. Heads with 50-100 flowers. Involucre at flowering broadly campanulate, 10.0-20.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-20.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts linear-ovate, 4.0-15.0 mm long, more or less hirsute. Corolla ligulate, 5.0-7.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 8.0-10.0 mm long, muricate, yellowish brown, with 45 ribs, with a filiform beak. Pappus plumose, white, 6.0-8.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 54. <i>Hypochaeris</i> Linnaeus. Pp. 297-299 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ.\r\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2d5f2bb7-84e8-477e-ab32-f925f808808a","Annuals, 4-30 cm. Stems 1-3+, ascending to erect (stout), branched from bases and distally, ± leafy, glabrous. Cauline leaves: proximal obovate to oblanceolate, pinnately lobed (lobes 2-6 pairs), not fleshy, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces glabrous; distal not notably reduced (narrowly ovate with 5-10 narrow teeth or lobes). Calyculi 0. Involucres narrowly to broadly campanulate, 9-12 x 4-10 mm. Phyllaries 31-49 in 56+ series (midstripes green or reddish), broadly ovate (outermost) to lance-oblong or lance-linear, unequal, hyaline margins 0.6-1 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles usually not bristly. Florets 39-133; corollas light yellow, 12-19 mm; outer ligules exserted 6-11 mm. Cypselae prismatic or columnar, 1.3-2.1 mm, ribs extending to (and just beyond) apices, 5 more prominent than others; pappi persistent, of 15-20, irregular, ± deltate teeth (often hidden by apices of cypselae) plus 0(-1) bristles. Pollen 70-100% 4-porate. 2n = 28.\r\rfrom: Davis, W. S.: 64. <i>Malacothrix</i> de Candolle. – Pp. 310-321 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f7c61a1f-9ee9-477f-bb4d-a6c388ea3b94","Perennials, 20-50 cm (rhizomes slender). Stems single, branches on distal 1/3-1/2, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Leaves green at flowering (at least on plants of spring and early summer, frequently absent in plants of late summer); basal blades oblanceolate to spatulate, runcinate, 4- 7 cm, margins pinnately lobed (faces glabrous or sparsely puberulent); cauline reduced, scalelike on plants of spring and early summer, linear and threadlike (to 3 cm) on plants of late summer. Heads borne singly op branch tips. Peduncles mostly 5-100+ mm (bracteolate). Calyculi of (4-6) appressed bractlets (unequal, lengths to 1/2 phyllaries). Involucres 9-1l(-12) mm (phyllaries 6-8, glabrous). Florets 10-16(-20). Cypselae tan, 5-6 mm, faces smooth, grooved; pappi of 30-40, white bristles (persistent), wholly plumose. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9e1e0d7f-ead3-43a7-bd50-cbd5bac7cbb4","Herb. Rosette leaves obovate, 2.0-10.0-(14.0) cm long, entire to pinnatifid, dentate or entire, petiole-like attenuate, puberulous to villose or sometimes glabrous, rarely tinged purple at base; lateral lobes 4-6, narrowly obovate or linear, distally antrorse or proximally retrorse. Peduncle 2.0-25.0 cm long, basally woolly or apically glandular. Heads with 10-40 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate or cylindric-campanulate; involucral bracts rarely green or purplish, glandular and more or less hairy. Receptacle without scales or rarely with scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 4.0-10.0 mm long; ligule 5.0-11.0 mm long, 2.0-4.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.0-5.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, 6.0-9.0 mm long, ribbed; beak 1.0-3.0 mm long, half as long as the corpus. Pappus 8.0-11.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7041d576-fa8d-4c7d-974a-f2a65590bf24","Annuals, 5-40 cm; taprooted. Leaves basal; petiolate; blades linear to oblanceolate, 3-25 cm, margins entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed (lobes slender, tapering), apices acute to acuminate, faces ± scurfy-puberulent. Peduncles erect or curved-ascending, ebracteate. Involucres globose to fusiform in fruit, 7-16 mm. Phyllaries: apices erect, acute to acuminate; outer deltate, glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent; inner lanceolate, faces often lightly black-villous on margins (midveins often purple-lined, thickened). Florets 5-200; corollas yellow or white, equaling or surpassing phyllaries by 1-3 mm. Cypselae columnar or obconic, 3-10 mm; pappi of (0-)1-5, white to yellow, brown, or blackish, aristate scales 0.5-7 mm (± arcuate, usually distinctly involute, except subsp. tenella, often abaxially villous, midveins usually tapering distally from thick bases, except subsp. tenetla, widths less than 1/5 bodies), aristae (white or straw-colored, ± stout) barbellate. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"04f6f272-a213-4e83-8bf9-47f92b3253d2","Cypselae truncate-fusiform, 3-6.5 mm (tapered to basal callosities, widest beyond middles, filled by embryos), ribs constricted at apices; pappi usually of deltate or ovate, arcuate, usually plane or barely involute scales 0.5-1 mm, shorter than cypselae, sometimes nearly obsolete. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ab843ff1-ae60-45bb-bc56-b85f7a0ae2b3","Cypselae columnar, 4-10 mm (tapered to basal callosities, filled by embryos or distal ¼ - ½ empty), ribs slightly flared apically, slightly constricted below flaring; pappi of orbiculate to lanceolate, arcuate, involute (glabrous or villous) scales 1-6.5 mm, usually 1-6 mm shorter than cypselae. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ea561f79-a3c6-4129-a213-271e9da5d236","Cypselae columnar to obconic, 3-4.5 mm (tapered to basal callosities, filled by embryos) ribs slightly flared apically; pappi of orbiculate to lanceolate, involute, arcuate (glabrous) scales 2.5-7 mm, 0.5-2 mm longer than cypselae. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b95572eb-244a-4fad-8a34-3db8a2c370e9","Herb, annual, 4-16 cm high. Flowering stems 1-20, scapelike, erect or ascending, woolly and sometimes glandular, unbranched. Rosette leaves linear or obovate, (0.5)-1.0-7.0 cm long, entire or pinnatifid, entire, dentate or undulate, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole or attenuate, glabrous or sometimes glandular or pubescent; lateral lobes linear or triangular. Cauline leaves absent or several, obovate or linear, up to 7.0 cm long, entire or pinnatifid, acute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 5-25 flowers. Involucre 2.5-6.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrowly ovate or oblong-ovate, 2.5-6.5 mm long, acute, glabrous. Corolla ligulate, 4.0-9.0 mm long, yellow to orangish yellow. Achenes obovoid in outline, 1.2-1.8 mm long, slightly muricate, angular, reddish brown, with 10-15 ribs. Outer pappus 0.4-0.6 mm, palaeceous; inner pappus 1.0-2.0 mm, scabrid.\r\rBased on: Chambers, K. L. & O’Kennon, R. J. von 2006: 76. <i>Krigia</i> Schreber. Pp. 362-367 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 38 <i>Krigia</i> Schreb. (dwarf dandelion). – Pp. 358-363 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"469b48a7-a2c9-4769-bd69-49b68674ba72","Herb. Flowering stems 1. Rosette leaves linear or obovate, 10.0-40.0-(50.0) cm long, entire to pinnatifid, dentate or ciliate, petiole-like attenuate, tomentose or more or less villose, often tinged purple at base on both surfaces; lateral lobes 6-10, linear or narrowly ovate, usually antrorse. Peduncle (15.0)-25.0-60.0-(96.0) cm long, glabrescent, apically tomentose to villose, sometimes covered with bracts. Heads with 40-500 flowers. Involucre at flowering hemispherical to campanulate; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, green or purple medially, sometimes minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts tomentose. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate. Anthertube 1.0-3.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, 3.0-7.0 mm long, glabrous, ribbed; beak 9.0-21.0 mm long, mostly three to four times as long as the corpus. Pappus 7.0-15.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ebd92de1-f181-4a5d-ac60-f4a7584409be","Perennials, 3-7 cm (forming dense clumps and mats). Stems 3-10+, bases relatively think. Leaf blades linear-oblanceolate, 2-5 cm x 1-3 mm; cauline progressively reduced to linear bracts. Involucres narrowly cylindric, 8-10 x 3-5 mm. Phyllaries purplish (margins white), broadly lanceolate, 6-8 mm, apices purple to dull brown (necrotic), acute. Paleae 7-8 mm. Florets 20-30; corollas pink, 6-8 mm. Cypselae 4-5 mm; pappi 2-3 mm.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 81. <i>Pinaropappus</i> Lessing. Pp. 374-376 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"dda5e7a9-ef3d-4627-a334-b0051e40b93b","Perennials (possibly flowering first year), 5-30(-45+) cm (roots or rootstocks producing tuberiform swellings 1-15 cm below soil surface). Stems usually scapiform, usually branching from bases, proximally glabrous or sparsely to densely pilosulous. Cauline leaves 0(-3), proximal mostly lanceolate, margins usually pinnately lobed, distal linear-filiform, margins entire. Heads borne singly or 2-3 in loose, corymbiform arrays. Calyculi: bractlets 8 in 1(-2) series, linear to subulate, 3-8 mm. Involucres cylindric to turbinate, 17-25 mm. Phyllaries 13-22. Florets 40-60+; anthers 4.5-5 mm (pollen equatorial diameters 46-52 μm). Cypselae: bodies stramineous, 4-5 mm, beaks 6-7 mm; pappi 10-12 mm. 2n = 24.\r\rfrom: Strother, J. L. von 2006: 82. <i>Pyrrhopappus</i> de Candolle. Pp. 376-378 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"40bc8a87-65d0-4810-a100-74ee972c41e4","Annuals, 10-200 cm (taproots relatively large). Stems single, branches divaricately or freely spreading, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves withered at flowering; basal blades linear to oblanceolate, runcinate, 3-10 cm, margins pinnately lobed; cauline much reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly or clustered along branches or in paniculiform arrays. Peduncles 2-10 mm (along branches), or 10-40 mm (in paniculiform arrays). Calyculi of appressed or reflexed bractlets (glabrous, pubescent, or stipitate-glandular). Involucres 5-7 mm (glabrous, puberulent, or densely stipitate-glandular). Florets 5-11. Cypselae light tan to dark brown, 2.1-6.8 mm, faces smooth to tuberculate, grooved; pappi of 5-24 tan or white bristles (falling or widened bases persistent, bases connate in groups of 2-4 distal portions breaking off), plumose on distal 50-85%. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d6bb2262-2510-4c6d-a995-873c7e20c3aa","Heads borne singly or clustered along branches. Peduncles 2-5 mm, glabrous or puberulent. Calyculi of appressed bractlets. Involucres glabrous or puberulent. Florets 5-11. Cypselae 2.3-3.1 mm; pappi of 7-20 bristles (widened bases persistent, bases connate in groups of 2-4, bristles plumose on distal 60-85%). 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"060c7e98-0c93-4653-8ad3-e57aba1ead1e","Heads borne singly or clustered along branches. Peduncles 5-10 mm, glabrous or puberulent. Calyculi of reflexed bractlets. Involucres glabrous or puberulent. Florets 6-8. Cypselae 5.5-6.5 mm; pappi of 13-19 tan bristles (widened bases persistent, connate in groups of 2-4, bristles plumose on distal 60-70%. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"237612c6-b9ea-4757-924c-873b9f8e12da","Heads in paniculiform arrays. Peduncles 10-25 mm, glabrous or puberulent. Calyculi of reflexed bractlets. Involucres glabrous or puberulent. Florets 7-9. Cypselae 3.2-4.3 mm; pappi of 18-24 bristles (falling and wholly plumose, or widened bases persistent, bases connate in groups of 2-4, and bristles plumose to tops of bases). 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c1751b75-d264-4d9a-aea3-0b66d289ef23","Heads in paniculiform arrays. Peduncles 10-40 mm, glabrous or sparsely glandular. Calyculi of appressed bractlets. Involucres glabrous or sparsely glandular. Florets 5-8. Cypselae 2.6-3.2 mm; pappi of 5-13 white to light tan bristles (widened bases persistent, bases connate in groups of 2-4, if bristles 5, breaking off completely, bristles plumose on distal 50%). 2n =16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c315e438-8485-472b-bcea-acb6fb303134","Heads borne in small paniculiform arrays along branches. Peduncles 10-40 mm, densely glandular. Calyculi of appressed bractlets. Involucres densely glandular. Florets 7-9. Cypselae light to dark tan, 2.1-2.4 mm, faces tuberculate, grooved; pappi of 9-14, white to light tan bristles (bases persistent, connate in groups of 2-4, plumose on distal 55-60%. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4b97754a-c9b7-4a50-8b91-24b5299dfbd2","Plants 2-6 cm. Leaves 1-6 cm, margins narrowly white-crustose. Heads 3-4 cm diam. (often appearing disproportionately large for size of plants). Calyculi: margins of outer bractlets crustose-toothed mostly near apices. Involucres 10-15 mm. Florets 7-14; corollas cream to pale yellow, aging pink or purple, ligules 15-25 mm, exserted 10-20 mm beyond involucres.\r\rfrom: Keil, D. J. von 2006: 75. <i>Glyptopleura</i> D. C. Eaton. Pp. 361-362 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5a59f0b0-4c2c-40ef-86f8-bb487b46c7fe","Annuals, 5-35 cm; taprooted. Stems 0. Leaves basal; petiolate; blades linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 2-20 cm, margins entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed, apices acuminate; faces glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent. Peduncles erect or curved-ascending, ebracteate. Involucres globose to ovoid in fruit, 4-8(-10) mm. Phyllaries: apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous; outer deltate; inner lanceolate (midveins often purple, thickened). Florets 5-100; corollas yellow or orange, equaling or surpassing phyllaries by 1-2 mm. Cypselae columnar to obconic, 1.5-3 mm; pappi of (4-)5 white or brownish, ovate to deltate, aristate scales 0.2-2.5 mm (straight or slightly arcuate, scarcely involute, glabrous, midveins linear, widths less than 1/5 bodies, thicker at base), aristae (brown, fine) barbellulate. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"7b2eb88c-a915-4aff-9672-22c4bf33da94","Perennials 25-65 cm (in clumps); taproots thick, fleshy or woody, rhizomes spreading. Stems erect, green, stout, branched from bases and distally, weakly striate, glabrous. Leaves (basal forming rosettes, sometimes withering before flowering) proximal blades linear, 100-200 x 1-8 mm, margins of usually pinnately laciniately lobed, lobes remote and narrow, 1-15 mm; cauline similar, 5-10 mm, reduced to scales distally. Heads borne singly. Involucres cylindric, 18-25 mm x 5-8 mm, apices narrow. Calyculi of 8-10, ovate bractlets 1-3 mm, margins ciliate-tomentulose. Phyllaries 8-10, linear, 18-26 mm, margins scarious, apices appendaged, faces glabrous or tomentulose. Florets 8-1; corollas usually pink, purple, or lavender, rarely white, 35-40 mm, ligules 5-6 mm wide. Cypselae 11-17 mm, faces smooth, adaxial not sulcate, glabrous; pappi 10-15 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 79. <i>Lygodesmia</i> D. Don. Pp. 369-373 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f57e5dc1-c88a-436c-80f1-e509f1e20046","Perennials, 10-30 cm (rhizomes stout). Stems 1-3, branches ascending, glabrous. Leaves green (at least cauline) at flowering; blades linear to lanceolate, shallowly runcinate, 2-6 cm (relatively thick and firm), margins pinnately lobed (thickened, usually minutely, sharply spinose, faces glabrous). Heads borne singly along branches. Peduncles 2-10 mm (bracteate). Calyculi, of (6-8) appressed bractlets (unequal, lengths to ½ phyllaries). Involucres 10-14 mm. Florets (8-)10-13. Cypselae tan, 4.5-6 mm, (ribs well developed) faces slightly bumpy, grooved; pappi of 10-15, tan bristles (connate in groups of 2-4, bases persistent), plumose on distal 80%. 2n = 32.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4c663ab4-6fb3-4242-8c3a-cd711dac11d8","Annuals, 5-50 cm; taprooted. Stems 0. Leaves basal; petiolate; blades linear to narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 3-22 cm, margins entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed, apices acute or attenuate, faces glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent. Peduncles erect or curved-ascending, ebracteate. Involucres ovoid to fusiform in fruit, 5-20 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous; outer deltate; inner lanceolate (midveins often purple, thickened). Florets 5-120; corollas yellow or white, equaling or surpassing phyllaries by 1-3 mm. Cypselae columnar, 3-5.5 mm; pappi of 5, white or light brownish, lanceolate or ovate to deltate, aristate scales 1-4.5 mm (straight to slightly arcuate, plane or slightly involute, glabrous, midveins brown, broadened at bases, widths less than 1/5 bodies, linear distally), aristae (strawcolored or brown) barbellulate proximally, barbellate distally. 2n = 36.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"28cb435c-ffbb-432a-81b0-4eb87402eda2","Herb. Rosette leaves obovate, (7.0)-10.0-30.0 cm long, pinnatifid, dentate, entire, sometimes ciliate, petiole-like attenuate, hairy, rarely tinged purple at base; lateral lobes 10-14-(18), narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, antrorse. Peduncle 10.0-45.0 cm long, pubescent, glabrescent to villose, mostly glandular. Heads with 50-250 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate to campanulate; involucral bracts green or purplish medially, villose and glandular, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts more or less tomentose. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 3.0-6.0 mm long; ligule 6.0-16.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.0-5.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform or narrowly ovoid in outline, 3.0-5.0 mm long; beak 6.0-10.0 mm long. Pappus (4.0)-6.0-10.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2ae40ea8-1c8a-46be-acaf-b1ea4c2ec903","Perennials, 15-70 cm; rhizomatous, with fleshy adventitious roots. Stems 0. Leaves basal; petiolate; blades mostly oblanceolate, rarely lineal; 5-30 cm, margins entire or remotely denticulate, apices acute or acuminate, faces glabrous. Peduncles erect (15-70 cm) ebracteate. Involucres broadly to narrowly ovoid in fruit, 10-18 mm. Phyllaries: (not purple-spotted, apices erect) outer-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, apices acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous or black-villous; inner lanceolate, apices acute, both faces usually lightly black-villous. Florets 18-50; corollas yellow-orange, surpassing phyllaries by 5+ mm. Cypselae columnar or arcuate near bases, 4-8 mm; pappi of 24-48, brownish, barbellate bristles 5-10 mm (bases of bristles sometimes slightly widened). 2n =18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ab53e77c-9493-4e69-a45a-6a917a9c1392","Perennials, 20-50 cm (caudices woody). Stems 1-5+, divaricately and intricately branched (often forming dense bushes), usually glabrous, rarely tomentose. Leaves withered at flowering; basal blades linear-lanceolate, runcinate, 3-7 cm, margins pinnately lobed (faces glabrous); cauline much reduced and bractlike. Heads borne singly along branches. Peduncles 3-10 mm. Calyculi of appressed bractlets. Involucres 8-11 mm (phyllaries 4-6, glabrous). Florets 5-6. Cypselae tan, 3.5-5 mm, faces tuberculate, grooved; pappi of 15-20, usually tan, rarely white, bristles (connate in groups of 2-4, bases persistent), plumose on distal 80%. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"209399b6-0d3c-4f5a-9f0d-b49ebe0f9403","Herb. Flowering stems (0)-1-5. Rosette leaves sometimes linear or obovate, 3.0-15.0 cm long, (0.4)-1.0-1.5-(3.0) cm wide, pinnatifid or entire, dentate or entire, glabrous or villose; lateral lobes 6-10-(14), obovate, antrorse or patent. Peduncle 7.0-45.0 cm long, glabrous or glabrescent, often villose, sometimes glandular or tomentose. Heads with 25-200 flowers. Involucre at flowering hemispherical or campanulate; involucral bracts obovate to ovate, green or tinged purple medially, glabrous or sometimes glandular, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts more or less tomentose or rarely glabrous. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate, 8.0-16.0 mm long, yellow; tube 2.0-5.5 mm long; ligule 3.0-16.0 mm long, 1.0-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 1.5-4.5 mm long. Achenes obovoid to fusiform in outline, straight, 3.0-5.0 mm long, scabrous or glabrous, whitish or sometimes purplish; beak (1.0)-3.0-8.0 mm long, mostly about or twice as long as the corpus. Pappus 4.0-9.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9a617fba-4260-49c4-9498-8a7659b1ad2e","Annuals, 0-100 cm. Stems single, branched (branches nearly at right angles, stiff), glabrous. Leaves withered at flowering; basal blades oblanceolate, 6-10 cm, margins entire or toothed (teeth minute, faces glabrous); cauline much reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly along branches or in paniculiform arrays. Peduncles 2-10 mm. Calyculi of appressed bractlets. Involucres 6-9 mm. Florets 5. Cypselae light to dark tan, 3.8-4.2 mm, faces slightly bumpy to tuberculate, (grooved); pappi of 15-18 tan bristles (connate in groups of 2-4, bases persistent), plumose to tops of bases. 2n = 16\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"9c1a8aa2-8eb8-4036-9c45-04b02dd42cd1","Perennials, 15-40 cm (rhizomes slender). Stems 1-8, branches ascending, ± tomentose. Leaves green (at least cauline) at flowering; blades oblong-oblanceolate, 3-6 cm, margins entire or toothed (teeth remote, faces tomentose). Heads borne singly or clustered along stems and branches. Peduncles 2-10 mm (glabrous). Calyculi of (4-6) appressed bractlets (unequal, lengths to ½  phyllaries). Involucres 8-10 mm (phyllaries 5, glabrous). Florets 5(-6). Cypselae tan, 4-4.4 mm, faces smooth, grooved; pappi of 30-40, white bristles (persistent), wholly plumose. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5dea09dd-857d-4f92-9d8a-9788dbdac098","Annuals, 50-150 cm. Stems single, branches ascending or spreading, glabrous, puberulent, or glandular-pubescent. Leaves withered at flowering (glabrous or puberulent); basal blades linear to oblanceolate, runcinate, 3-10 cm, margins pinnately lobed; cauline much reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly or clustered along branches. Peduncles 37 mm. Calyculi of usually reflexed, rarely appressed bractlets. Involucres 5-7 mm (glabrous, puberulent, or stipitate-glandular). Florets 9-15. Cypselae light tan to dark brown, 2.8-4.5 mm, faces smooth to strongly tuberculate, grooved; pappi of 17-22 white or tan bristles (falling or widened bases persistent, bases connate in groups of 2-4, distal portions breaking off), wholly plumose. 2n = 32.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2ac269bf-6ca6-4994-9d55-51604239ecb2","Herb, annual, 4-25 cm high. Flowering stems erect, sometimes glandular, branched. Rosette leaves obovate, 1.0-10.0 cm long, pinnatifid or entire, entire or remotely dentate, acute to obtuse, glabrous or sometimes woolly and glandular. Cauline leaves obovate, entire or pinnatifid, entire or remotely dentate, obtuse to acute, glabrous or sometimes glandular or sometimes woolly. Synflorescence with 1 head. Heads with 5-25 flowers. Involucre 3.5-5.5 mm long; involucral bracts ovate, acute. Corolla ligulate, 4.0-7.0 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical in outline, 1.3-1.6 mm long, reddish brown, with 15 ribs, attenuate. Pappus sometimes absent, paleaceous or rarely of simple bristles.\r\rBased on: Chambers, K. L. & O’Kennon, R. J. von 2006: 76. <i>Krigia</i> Schreber. Pp. 362-367 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"5a7f67f8-d6b0-4604-a438-ebe74246f6d0","Perennials, 10-20(-25) cm (rhizomes stout). Stems erect or ascending, glabrous or weakly . scabrous-puberulent. Leaves usually withered at flowering; basal blades narrowly lanceolate, markedly runcinate, 3-7 cm, margins pinnately lobed (faces glabrous or weakly scabrous-puberulent); cauline much reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly on branch tips. Peduncles 10-50 mm (usually minutely bracteolate). Calyculi of appressed bractlets (unequal, lengths to ½ phyllaries). Involucres 9-12(-13) mm (phyllaries 5-6 glabrous). Florets 5-6. Cypselae tan, 3-5 mm, faces smooth to slightly bumpy, grooved; pappi of 15-25, white bristles (persistent), wholly plumose. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a0568123-8a61-46b7-86b0-4fbecdff09eb","Perennials, 40-100 cm. Stems single, simple or virgately branched, woolly-pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves green at flowering (spreading at bases); blades oblanceolate to spatulate, 10-20 cm, margins entire or irregulady toothed, teeth remote faces woolly-pubescent, glabrescent; cauline much reduced distally, margins entire or irregulady toothed. Heads borne singly along branches. Peduncles ± 0. Calyculi 0 (or bractlets intergrading with phyllaries). Involucres 12-15 mm (phyllaries 20-25 in 2-3 series, appressed, 2-15 mm, unequal, puberulent; receptacles pitted, each socket 5-sided, surrounded by minute, raised, scaly fringe). Florets 10-13. Cypselae tan or grayish tan, 5-6 mm, faces smooth, grooved (grooves sometimes absent or only visible as fine lines or striations); pappi of 20-25, tan to pale brown bristles (persistent), wholly plumose. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"35be8d88-9616-4ae8-bbff-58f8b4fff8c7","Annuals, 50-200 cm. Stems single, branches virgate, usually glabrous, rarely tomentose. Leaves withered at flowering; basal blades oblanceolate to spatulate, runcinate, 3-10 cm, margins pinnately lobed (faces usually glabrous, rarely tomentose); cauline much reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly or clustered along branches. Peduncles 3-10 mm, bracteate. Calyculi of appressed or reflexed bractlets. Involucres 6-8 mm. Florets 5-9. Cypselae light tan to dark brown, 2.2-3.6 mm, faces smooth to tuberculate, not grooved; pappi (falling) of  23-28, white bristles, wholly plumose. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"4e4168d9-85cd-4dfd-90b3-da4e8fcdf02a","Calyculi of appressed bractlets. Florets 5-6. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"d4376b15-283d-471a-bbe5-ec83d8ca15b7","Calyculi of reflexed bractlets. Florets 8-9. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e410e0f3-ebc2-497d-8a20-3898cd7c87f8","Herb. Rosette leaves linear-elliptic or linear, (7.0)-10.0-30.0-(36.0) cm long, entire to pinnatifid, dentate or entire, petiole-like attenuate, villose or tomentose, often tinged purple at base; lateral lobes (14)-20-18-(22), narrowly ovate or linear, sometimes antrorse or mostly retrorse. Peduncle 15.0-65.0-(94.0) cm long, glabrescent. Heads with 10-100 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate to cylindrical; involucral bracts purplish medially or green; outer involucral bracts glabrous to villose, margin minutely ciliate. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 8.0-20.0 mm long; ligule 6.0-15.0 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Anthertube 2.5 mm long. Achenes narrowly obovoid in outline, 5.0-7.0 mm long, ribbed; beak (10.0)-15.0-25.0 mm long, mostly three to four times as long as the corpus. Pappus (11.0)-15.0-20.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"14070931-7f7f-48a4-baba-af093884c8f9","Herb, annual, 20-30 cm high. Flowering stems ascending, weakly pilose, branched. Cauline leaves linear, 1.0-3.0 cm wide. Peduncle c. 1.0 cm long, sometimes woolly. Involucral bracts linear-ovate, 5.0-8.0-(10.0) mm long, more or less woolly. Corolla ligulate, white when dry. Achenes slightly curved to straight, 15.0-25.0 mm long, puberulous or glabrous, hispid at apex, sometimes muricate, attenuate.\r\rBased on: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"0048bfab-f714-4969-8726-7ba3a1d63526","Perennials (possibly flowering first year), 15-40 cm. Stems seldom, if ever, scapiform, branching from bases and/or distally, glabrous or pilosulous proximally. Cauline leaves (1-)3-9+, proximal mostly spatulate or oblanceolate to linear, margins entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed, distal usually narrowly lanceolate to lance-attenuate, margins usually entire or with 1-2 lobes near bases, sometimes pinnately 3-5(-7+)-lobed. Heads (1-)3-5+ in loose, corymbiform arrays. Calyculi: bractlets 3-5+ in 1-2 series, deltate to subulate, 2-5 mm. Involucres ± cylindric, 12-15(-20+) mm. Phyllaries 13-16+. Florets (20-)30-60+; anthers 3.5-4 mm (pollen equatorial diameters unknown). Cypselae: bodies stramineous, 3-4 mm, beaks 6-7 mm; pappi 6-7 mm. 2n = 12.\r\rfrom: Strother, J. L. von 2006: 82. <i>Pyrrhopappus</i> de Candolle. Pp. 376-378 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a5dd3162-e098-47cf-973d-d20f0bbaa48a","Perennials, 10-70 cm; taprooted. Stems branched, leafy distally. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate (proximally, distal often sessile, clasping); blades linear to oblanceolate, 5-30 cm, margins entire or remotely dentate to pinnately lobed (usually with narrow rachises and linear teeth or lobes), apices acmuinate, faces glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent. Peduncles erect or ascending (4-35 cm), ebracteate or leafy. Involucres broadly to narrowly ovoid in fruit, 8-22 mm. Phyllaries: apices erect, abaxial faces glabrous or scurfy-puberulent; outer lanceolate to triangular or lineal; apices acute or acuminate; inner lanceolate, apices acuminate, both faces usually lightly black-villous. Florets 10-75; corollas yellow, surpassing phyllaries by 5+ mm. Cypselae columnal; 3.5-8 mm; pappi of 15-30, silvery, linear to lanceolate or oblong, (flat, glabrous) aristate scales 1-3(-5) mm (margins endre, apices acute or lacerate), aristae (slender) plumose. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"88cfdd53-81e6-4836-b9c3-02f5328241ca","Peduncles 15-60 cm. Involucres 6-19 mm. Florets 10-80(-100); corollas yellow. Cypselae brown to purplish, narrowly truncate-fusiform, 5-8 mm, each filled by embryo or no more than distal 0.5 mm vacant, apices not enlarged at bases of pappi; pappi 7-10 mm, scale bodies 3-5 mm, faces glabrous, aristae 4-5 mm. 2n = 36.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 69. <i>Stebbinsoseris</i> K. L. Chambers. Pp. 346-348 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press. (as <i>Stebbinsoseris decipiens</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cbf6413c-85fc-4b56-97b1-43b4caa5a037","Herb, 0-5 cm high. Flowering stems 1. Rosette leaves obovate or rarely linear, 1.0-25.0 cm long, (0.5)-2.0-10.0-(16.0) cm wide, ciliate and entire, petiole-like attenuate, sometimes glabrous; lateral lobes 4-10, obovate to linear, antrorse. Peduncle 3.0-60.0 cm long, glabrescent or glabrous, apically tomentose, basally puberulous, sometimes glandular. Heads with 5-100-(300) flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical to hemispherical, (2.0)-10.0-18.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts green or purple medially, puberulous or villose, mostly glandular, sometimes glabrous, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts woolly to villose or sometimes glabrous. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow; tube 1.0-5.0 mm long; ligule 2.0-15.0 mm long, 1.0-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 1.0-4.0 mm long. Achenes fusiform to obovoid in outline, 2.0-5.0-(10.0) mm long, somewhat ribbed; beak 5.0-11.0 mm long, about as long to four times as long as the corpus. Pappus 4.0-9.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c4f9adea-2455-4df1-8cbb-ac1eecd4ed0f","Perennials, 15-75 cm; taprooted. Stems branched or simple. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate (distal often sessile, clasping); blades linear to oblong-lanceolate, 8-35 cm, margins entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or scurfy-puberulent. Peduncles erect (10-55 cm), ebracteate or leafy. Involucres ovoid in fruit, 12-25 mm. Phyllaries: abaxial faces glabrous or scurfy-puberulent; outer broadly or narrowly deltate to ovate-lanceolate, apices recurved, acuminate; inner lanceolate, acuminate, faces usually lightly black-villous. Florets 25-100; corollas yellow, surpassing phyllaries by 5+ mm. Cypselae columnar, 5-12 mm; pappi of 5-10 dull, yellowish brown, linear-lanceolate, glabrous aristate scales 4-10 mm, aristae barbellate to subplumose. 2n = 18, 27.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"8c51bbd5-f14f-4c0e-88ef-8cb887e3c791","Perennials, 10-60 cm (rhizomes slender). Stems single, branches erect or ascending (from near bases), glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Leaves green at flowering; blades linear-lanceolate, 3-8 cm, margins entire or toothed (teeth remote, faces glabrous or sparsely puberulent). Heads borne singly along blanches. Peduncles 10-50 mm (bracteate). Calyculi of (4-7) appressed bractlets (unequal, lengths to ½ phyllaries). Involucres 12-14 mm (phyllaries 8-12, glabrous). Florets (7-)8-10. Cypselae light tan, 5-6 mm, faces smooth, grooved; pappi of 25-30, light tan bristles (sometimes connate in groups of 5-6+, persistent), wholly plumose. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"1b7cb3a7-1880-4e02-9acb-e127cad1398e","Capitula in small clusters on long or short branches, often subumbellate in upper part and some capitula subsessile. Involucral bracts 10-13 x 1.0-1.5(-2.0) mm, blackish, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, with very short, curled hairs and few to numerous, short to long, pale hairs.\r\rfrom: Sell, P. & Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"34129977-e057-488d-99ae-7ff59c00ecc0","Biennial. Plant green; almost glabrous or weakly arachnoid-pubescent. Stems few, usually branched, less often simple, (10)15-40(50) cm high. Leaves pinnatisect, .sometimes (especially often cauline) undivided, oblong-linear or linear; lateral segments usually a few, linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong; terminal segment longer, oblong or oblong-linear, gradually narrowed below; basal leaves petiolate; cauline leaves sessile, narrowed toward base. Capitula numerous, 5-6 mm wide at flowering, up to 1 cm wide at fruiting. Involucre arachnoid-pubescent initially, almost glabrous at fruiting; outer involucral bracts oblong-ovate, sometimes corniculate at apex, one-third to half as long as oblong lanceolate inner bracts; ligulate florets yellow. Achenes narrowly cylindrical, almost straight, on lower side weakly thickened below, grayish, 10-12 mm long, with smooth longitudinal ribs; stalk light coloured, 2-2.5(3) mm long, one-fifth to one-fourth as long as achene; pappus readily detaching, dirty white, as long as or slightly shorter than achene, bristles plumose.\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. & Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"db28f16a-1fd4-4e68-925e-e450896a4785","Plants 5-35 cm. Stems (peduncles) often with 1-2, leafy bracts near bases. Leaves: blades lanceolate to oblanceolate, 4-20 cm, margins plane, entire, sometimes ciliolate, (apices acute) faces glabrous. Involucres 12-22 rnm. Phyllaries 15-50, minutely purple-dotted except on membranous margins, sometimes purple-lined on midribs, broadly lanceolate to ovate, apices acute to acuminate, faces usually glabrous. Florets 13-100; ligules 10-25 mm. Cypselae brown, 6-10 mm, tapered distally, not beaked; pappi of 10-25, narrow, smooth to barbellulate, aristate scales 8-13 mm.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 67. <i>Nothocalaïs</i> (A. Grey) Greene. Pp. 335-337 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"23b91192-e06b-4633-b1fe-208ef8bb9765","Annuals, 5-35 cm; taprooted. Stems 0. Leaves basal; petiolate; blades linear to narrowly elliptic, 3-20 cm, margins usually pinnately lobed (with narrow rachis and linear lobes), rarely entire, apices acuminate, faces glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent. Peduncles erect or curved-ascending, ebracteate. Involucres ovoid to fusiform in fruit, 10-22 mm. Phyllaries: apices erect, acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous; outer deltate; inner lanceolate, (midveins often purple, thickened). Florets 5-50; corollas yellow, equaling or surpassing phyllaries by 1-3 mm. Cypselae columnar, 4.5-7 mm; pappi of 5, white or light brown, linear-lanceolate, aristate scales 4-11 mm (arcuate, scarcely involute, apices acuminate, faces usually glabrous, rarely villous, midveins brownish, stout, widths 1/5 – 1/3 bodies, tapered distally), aristae (white or brown) barbellate. 2n = 36.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"fe346430-329a-4a16-989b-007e01baf794","Plants 15-60 cm. Involucres 18-25 mm. Ligules surpassing phyllaries by 15-20 mm. Cypselae 12-18(-20) mm, including relatively stout beaks 3-6 mm; pappi of 15-21, plumose (proximal 65-80%) bristles, barbs crooked, entangled. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 70. <i>Rafinesquia</i> Nuttall. Pp. 348-349 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"095d3401-ce27-47f1-88c2-c54f9497243f","Annuals, 3-0 cm; taprooted. Stems 0. Leaves basal; petiolate; blades linear to narrowly elliptic or spatulate, 3-25 cm, margins entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed, apices acuminate to obtuse, faces glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent. Peduncles erect or curved-ascending, ebracteate. Involucres ovoid to fusiform in fruit, 5-14 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous; outer deltate; inner lanceolate (midveins often purple, thickened). Florets 5-100; corollas yellow or orange, equaling. or surpassing phyllaries by 1-3 mm. Cypselae truncate-fusiform, 2.5-5.5 mm; pappi of 5 silvery to blackish, deltate to lanceolate, aristate scales 1-4 mm (slightly arched at bases, flat, glabrous, midveins linear, widths less than 1/5 bodies, thicker at bases), aristae (brown, fine) barbellulate. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"748131bc-7e59-41b9-9bb1-cd9b551db973","Perennials, 15-70 cm; taprooted. Stems branched proximally, leafy proximally. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate (petioles broadly winged, clasping); blades linear to oblanceolate, 6-35 cm, margins entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed, apices acuminate. Peduncles erect or arcuate-ascending (15-50 cm), ebracteate. Involucres ovoid in fruit, 10-20 mm. Phyllaries: not spotted, abaxial faces usually scurfy-puberulent, usually black-villous; outer linear to broadly or narrowly ovate-deltate, apices erect or recurved, acuminate; inner lanceolate, apices erect, acute to acuminate. Florets 25-70; corollas yellow-orange, surpassing phyllaries by 5+ mm. Cypselae columnar, 4-7 mm; pappi of 5-10, dull yellowish brown, lanceolate, glabrous, aristate scales 2-4 mm, aristae barbellate. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 68. <i>Microseris</i> D. Don. Pp. 338-346 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b979bede-4f45-4ba4-a182-1f6db695e6bf","Perennials, 30-80 cm solitary; roots or rhizomes fleshy; caudices woody, branched. Stems 1, erect, green, simple or sparsely branched distally, strongly striate. Leaves (basal in rosettes, sometimes withered at flowering); proximal blades linear, 100-350 x 2-3 mm, margins entire; cauline similar or reduced to scales. Heads (1-5) borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Involucres cylindric, 14-22 x 5-6 mm, apices narrow. Calyculi of 8-14, deltate bractlets 1-5 mm, margins scarious, erose-ciliate (faces tomentulose). Phyllaries 8, linear, 14-22 mm, margins scarious, apices often purplish, acute, appendaged. Florets 8-10; corollas pink to lavender or blue, 30-40 mm, ligules 4-6 mm wide. Cypselae (subcylindric) 11-14 mm (faces smooth, abaxial weakly striate, glabrous, adaxial sulcate); pappi 12-18 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 79. <i>Lygodesmia</i> D. Don. Pp. 369-373 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"3c5c0f74-ede8-4149-8630-10ba6f105bc8","Perennials 5-25(-60) cm; roots or rhizomes vertical, deep. Stems 15, erect or ascending, green, simple or branched from bases, obscurely striate (glabrous, puberulent or scabrous). Leaves (basal not forming rosettes, cauline present at flowering); basal blades linear to subulate, 5-150 x 1-6 mm, margins entire; cauline similar, sometimes reduced to scales distally. Heads (1-30, showy) borne singly or in loose, corymbiform arrays. Involucres cylindric, 15-25 x 6-8 mm, apices narrowed or spreading. Calyculi of ca. 8, deltate to ovate bractlets 2-5 mm, margins ciliate (faces tomentulose). Phyllaries 5-12, linear, 15-24 mm, margins scarious, apices appendaged (faces glabrous or scabrous). Florets 5-12; corollas 20-40 mm, lavender, pink, purple, rose, or white, ligules 5-10 mm wide. Cypselae (subcylindric, obscurely 4-5-angled) 10-18 mm (faces smooth or rugose, sometimes sulcate); pappi 10-13 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 79. <i>Lygodesmia</i> D. Don. Pp. 369-373 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6fa25ae2-cef0-4f88-b235-99ee137b9ece","Perennials, 20-70 cm (rhizomes stout). Stems 1-5+, erect to ascending, relatively densely to sparsely branched, glabrous. Leaves withered at flowering; basal blades linear to filiform, 5-8 cm, margins entire or toothed (teeth remote, faces glabrous); cauline mch reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly on branch tips. Peduncls 0, or 150+ mm (bracteolate). Calyculi of appressed bractlets. Involucres 5-14(-15) mm (phyllaries 5-6, glabrous). Florets 4-5(-6). Cypselae tan, 3-6 mm, faces smooth, grooved; pappi of 15-25, white bristles (persistent), wholly plumose. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b0f98249-99ae-4424-b6b8-f01d75e35d2e","Peduncles 5-60 cm. Involucres 6-30 mm. Florets 10-125; corollas yellow or white. Cypselae gray, straw-colored, brown, or violet (dark purplish in southwest California), narrowly truncate-fusiform to columnar, 4.5-12 mm, each filled by embryo or distal 0.5-3 mm vacant and more slender than proximal part, apices slightly widened at bases of pappi; pappi 7-19 mm, scale bodies 4-11 mm, faces usually glabrous, rarely villous, aristae 3-8 mm. 2n = 36.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 69. <i>Stebbinsoseris</i> K. L. Chambers. Pp. 346-348 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press. (as <i>Stebbinsoseris heterocarpa</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"86106c8e-bdd5-43b2-8013-19a1dbeb9511","Annuals, 50-200 cm. Stems single, branches ascending or spreading, glabrous. Leaves withered at flowering (glabrous); basal blades linear to oblanceolate, runcinate, 3-10 cm, margins pinnately lobed; cauline much reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly or clustered along branches. Peduncles 3-4mm. Calyculi of reflexed bractlets. Involucres 7-9 mm (sparsely glandular-puberulent). Florets 11-13. Cypselae light tan to brown, 1.9-2.3 mm, faces smooth, slightly bumpy or tuberculate, grooved; pappi of 19-21, white bristles (falling), plumose on distal 80-85%. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"6c2fcd3e-ee83-4f58-aa08-ff5dfb270fec","Annuals, 10-60 cm. Stems single, branches ascending, glabrous. Leaves withered at flowering; basal blades oblanceolate to spatulate, 5-7 cm, margins entire to pinnately lobed (faces glabrous); cauline much reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly along branches. Peduncles 5-10 mm (glabrous). Calyculi of appressed bractlets. Involucres 8-9.5 mm. Florets 5-6 (ligules usually pink, rarely white or orange-yellow). Cypselae tan to light brown, 3.3-3.8 mm, faces moderately tuberculate, grooved; pappi of 9-12(-15), light tan bristles (connate in groups of 2-4, bristles and/or bases persistent), plumose on distal 50-60%. 2n = 16.\r\rfrom: Gottlieb, L. D. von 2006: 72. <i>Stephanomeria</i> Nuttall. Pp. 350-359 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ee0195ad-fe77-46fd-83e3-c37b63b99b48","Perennials 25-60 ecn (dense bushy clumps); taproots deep, vertical, woody. Stems ascending to erect, pale green, striate, often muchbranched from bases and distally, glabrous. Leaves: (basal forming rosettes, sometimes withered and absent at flowering) proximal blades linear, 50-70 x 1-2 mm, entire or sparingly laciniate; cauline 40 mm or less, reduced to scales distally. Heads (1-6), borne singly. Involucres cylindric, 14-21 x 4-6 mm, apices narrow. Calyculi of 8-10, ovate bractlets 2-3 mm, margins ciliate (apices often purple, with small appendages, faces glabrous, sometimes roughened). Phyllaries 5-7, linear-oblong, 16-20 mm, margins scarious, faces glabrous, apices appendaged (often dark). Florets 5-7; corollas lavender, 2-16 mm, ligules 5-6 mm wide. Cypselae 11-14 mm, faces smooth, adaxial weakly sulcate, glabrous; pappi 11-13 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Bogler, D. J. von 2006: 79. <i>Lygodesmia</i> D. Don. Pp. 369-373 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"b6511846-c8d2-4a97-9f7e-9d354bcb35a2","Herb. Flowering stems 1. Rosette leaves obovate or narrowly ovate, 15.0-25.0 cm long, entire or pinnatifid, dentate or entire, glabrous or sparsely villose, glaucous on both surfaces; lateral lobes 4-8, triangular or narrowly ovate, antrorse. Peduncle 15.0-65.0-(90.0) cm long, glabrescent, more or less glandular, apically villose or apically pubescent. Heads with (25)-50-150 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindric-campanulate or campanulate; involucral bracts green or purplish medially, more or less glandular, villose or pubescent; outer involucral bracts villose. Receptacle without scales. Corolla ligulate, yellow or orange; tube 8.0-10.0 mm long; ligule 6.0-8.0-(12.0) mm long, 1.0-3.0 mm wide. Anthertube 2.0-3.0-(5.0) mm long. Achenes fusiform in outline, (6.0)-8.0-10.0 mm long, ribbed, with a filiform beak; beak 5.0-10.0 mm long, mostly about as long as the corpus. Pappus 10.0-14.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Baird, G. I. von 2006: 66. <i>Agoseris</i> Rafinesque. Pp. 323-335 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.\r\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"15d838c9-6a33-47ec-9398-425151fb918f","Plants 7-35 cm. Stems (peduncles) ebracteate. Leaves: blades linear-lanceolate, 7-30 cm, bases broadly attenuate, margins entire, plane or undulate, ciliolate, (apices acuminate) faces glabrous or villous. Involucres 17-27 mm. Phyllaries 13-34, often red-striped or dotted, lanceolate, apices acuminate, faces glabrous. Florets 13-80; ligules 15-25 mm. Cypselae brown, 7-10 mm, narrowed distally, not beaked; pappi of 40-80, intergradent, smooth to barbellulate bristles and ± subulate to setiform scales 8-10 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 67. <i>Nothocalaïs</i> (A. Grey) Greene. Pp. 335-337 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"77111549-a627-469a-8d82-0f1aab21de4b","Plants 3-45 cm. Stems (peduncles) ebracteate. Leaves: blades linear to oblanceolate, 3-20 cm, bases attenuate to obtuse, margins plane, usually coarsely toothed or pinnately lobed (lobes spreading or retrorse), sometimes entire, sometimes ciliolate, faces glabrous. Involucres 10-20 mm. Phyllaries 8-35, evenly and minutely purple-dotted, ovate-lanceolate, apices acuminate, faces glabrous. Florets 13-75; ligules 10-20 mm. Cypselae brown, 5-10 mm, sometimes narrowed distally 1-3 mm, not beaked; pappi of 30-50, barbellulate bristles 6-10 mm. 2n = 18.\r\rfrom: Chambers, K. L. von 2006: 67. <i>Nothocalaïs</i> (A. Grey) Greene. Pp. 335-337 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"2e06a683-cfda-4a9c-8de1-c7743d2f2276","Herb, perennial, rhizomatous, (3)-10-20 cm high, with taproot. Caudex 1.0-4.0 cm, branched. Flowering stems 1-10 (or more), erect or ascending, terete, medullary, often tinged purple, glabrous, striate, robust, unbranched or branched; branches remote. Rosette leaves oblong, ovate, elliptic or obovate, 1.5-6.0-(9.0) cm long, 0.4-1.3-(2.5) cm wide, entire, lyrate-pinnatipartite or lyrate, entire or dentate, subacute or obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, glaucous or tinged purple at base; lateral lobes 2-6. Cauline leaves ovate to obovate to circular, 2.0-9.0 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, entire, runcinate or lyrate-pinnatifid, entire or dentate, acute to obtuse, petiole-like attenuate, glabrous, glaucous and tinged purple often, the upper ones reduced to scales. Synflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform, with 5-80 (or more) heads. Peduncle 0.3-2.0 cm long. Heads with 9-12 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 8.0-13.0 mm long, at flowering (1.5)-3.0-4.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts 10.0-11.0 mm long, glabrous, margin scarious or sometimes white scarious; outer involucral bracts ovate to oblong, acute; inner involucral bracts linear to oblong, obtuse, margin sometimes minutely ciliate at apex, white scarious. Receptacle areolate or foveolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 7.0-12.0 mm long, yellow; tube 3.5-4.0-(5.0) mm long, glabrous; ligule up to 1.5 mm wide, tinged purple on outer face. Anthertube 2.3-2.5 mm long; apical appendages acuminate, 0.8-0.9 mm long. Style branches 0.8-1.1 mm long, yellow. Achenes cylindrical to fusiform in outline, 4.0-8.0 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, scabrid, smooth or wrinkled, subterete, yellowish brown, with 10-13 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak or attenuate; beak c. 1.0 mm long. Pappus white, 4.0-6.0-(7.0) mm long, persistent or caducous, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis nana</i>); Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield (as <i>Crepis nana</i>); Bogler, D. J.: 36. <i>Crepis</i> Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York: Oxford University (as <i>Crepis nana</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"c4ab6b17-f4f0-49f2-a95a-5e26e2d26629","Perennial, 1-4 dm high; caudex 1-2 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, bearing scars or bases of old leaves, leafy at crown, prolonged into a strong woody oblique or horizontal subterranean stem; caudical leaves numerous, somewhat fleshy, canescent-tomentulose, 3-9 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, oblanceolate, acute, deeply runcinate-pinnatifid, with the segments all acutely dentate, to bipinnately divided and the secondary lobes dentate, lobes and teeth corneous-mucronate, attenuate into a narrowly winged petiole, scarious or purplish toward the broader base; cauline leaves mostly reduced to small bracts, in occasional robust specimens the lowest one or two similar to the caudical leaves; stems 1-4, erect, slender, terete, striate, puberulent or glabrous, cymosely 1-3-furcate at summit, 2-6-headed, rarely branched from near the middle, the branches 1-2-headed; peduncles 1.5-7 cm long, strictly arcuate, slender, glabrous or ± tomentulose; heads erect, medium, many-flowered; involucre cylindric-campanulate, 10-12 mm long, 5-6 mm wide at middle in fruit, canescent-tomentose, rarely (cf. m.v. 1) pubescent with short and long yellow gland hairs; outer bracts 10-14, imbricate, very unequal, the longest 1/3-1/2 as long as the inner in fruit, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute; inner bracts 13-15, lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined, glabrous within, becoming strongly carinate dorsally and spongy-thickened in fruit, ultimately reflexed; receptacle flat, paleaceous, paleae setiform, sometimes exceeding the pappus; corolla 11-12 mm long; ligule 1.5 mm wide; teeth 0.2-0.3 mm long, elaborately gland-crested; corolla tube 3.5-4 mm long, densely pubescent with strong straight several-celled trichomes 0.5-1 mm long; anther tube yellow, 3.75 x 1.25 mm dis.; appendages 0.45 mm long, linear, acute, united; filaments 0.6 mm longer; style branches about 1 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, obtuse at tip, green; achenes uniform, dark brown or occasionally with white sterile ones present, 4.5-5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, columnar, curved or straight, ± attenuate to the summit, with scarcely expanded pale pappus disk, slightly constricted at the thinly calloused hollow base, 10-ribbed, ribs rather prominent, rounded, muriculate; pappus white, about 4 mm long, 3-4-seriate, rather fine, soft, persistent. Flowering June-July; flowers bluish-purple!\r\rfrom: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22. (as <i>Crepis purpurea Babcock</i>)","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"370f6f1e-d964-4b67-a5f1-a069dfbbb815","(H. bifidum ≤ H. glanduliferum) or (H. bifidum ≤ H. piliferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b7a1c410-f8b1-4c6d-a137-2ff4ad536a90","(H. fritzei - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9e5d0794-e9d5-4329-84a0-15873d202d3c","(H. flocciferum - H. glaucinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f3ea0519-e3fa-4d22-9b1b-bab6110ad2e5","(H. candidum - H. laniferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5c08dbf6-42e9-4a48-ae74-cb94f1667d3b","(H. cerinthoides - H. laniferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6b5b2ff5-3097-4ea2-99ba-b415f5ea398b","(H. cordatum - H. coriaceum) or (H. cordatum - H. solidagineum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0e5de9c3-53ad-4192-9ea8-e6e46c394a8b","(H. bupleuroides > H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b226fe1a-fe75-4789-ab77-22db749b388b","(H. caesium ≥ H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ff1a3205-1e09-41c8-900e-238fe1ca4a22","(H. pannosum < H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1cebd6e0-4731-463c-bbd4-f8b2528fe559","(H. bifidum > H. pellitum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ae89dfc0-65a6-492c-87b5-89cbbe2811ca","(H. murorum - H. nobile)Sometimes also accepted as segregate of the H. nobile species group (see e.g. Gottschlich 2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f84852ec-6c89-4ca8-af5e-577c34e8a3f6","(H. laevigatum - H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a2c3b341-f417-4440-860d-c4102956a0d6","(H. amplexicaule > H. pictum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cb7b37cf-1d97-4847-ae71-033ca5366dd2","(H. alpinum < H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9d9d6795-9023-425e-80aa-163e28b68a82","(H. amplexicaule - H. argillaceum) or (H. amplexicaule - H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f17d372a-a72d-4c6a-9034-0daece45ec07","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1b320948-d160-42b8-b20d-02d6598e00c9","(H. alpinum < H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3ffa05e9-f55b-4dd3-954c-868846dc8605","(H. alpinum > H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9b40556e-0f0e-45da-bb23-6f4dd13d639f","(H. glaucinum - H. montserratii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0da79048-4fc7-4f16-901b-abce623fb027","(H. bifidum - H. humile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4a717cdd-c0e8-44a4-ba44-a0bfde933ec7","(H. acanthodontoides < H. bifidum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"90678449-09c5-4d18-9eb0-f44eb65fe4fc","(H. prenanthoides - H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6a9ebff7-88b8-4139-b983-ddded0e61970","(H. grovesianum - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"075d8677-0ced-40e7-b9c8-d084f55ef084","(H. lachenalii - H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2fde6117-7817-431b-a17e-1f351e81675e","(H. chloropsis - H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5e42d55a-8c0e-4bc5-9c83-12efdae4fe4d","(H. lachenalii - H. pallescens)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"67e1f5a7-d8f1-484d-a9aa-1a3dbeafa0d6","(H. glaucinum ≥ H. lachenalii) [or (H. atrovirens - H. lachenalii) see Mateo Sanz 2007a].Inclusion of H. lugubre following Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"29d370e8-2234-490d-ab08-34c02aaa3c45","(H. lachenalii - H. sabaudum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ed1f3c07-9a77-4040-bf6b-8ff44e56a42b","(H. humile - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d5da1798-6e78-4b63-a7fd-f82359cb9233","traditionally treated as intermediate species (Schlagintweitia huteri/H. huteri > H. kalsianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4c3d8f29-a575-420b-b394-fb3bb77b1586","(H. candidum - H. eriopogon)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a3916cf9-31e4-4240-af83-8f3711c6332b","(H. alpinum > H. intybaceum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4c61a281-455a-452b-b8fa-df10a975488a","(H. glaucinum - H. grovesianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"089127ca-bdcb-4599-822d-46b4f7d79e1b","(H. gymnocerinthe - H. ramondii) or main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"28e514dc-dc74-42f9-9a58-2c8252fd663e","(H. sabaudum - H. sparsum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"da923a9c-2d48-45fe-8714-48b94487d180","(H. amplexicaule - H. arragonense)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a6bf9ce8-d012-4d12-9f31-3f46381da836","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d2abf6ba-05fa-4f8f-a960-8a4b2854da16","(H. olympicum - H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cf2c13b8-e262-4f93-97fc-82c3d35dee96","(H. bombycinum - H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9a420da0-ca39-43cf-a9f4-282926f18a69","(H. alpinum - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5a466be2-cc54-472f-b4f6-ed37d8e5f85e","(H. bombycinum - H. ramondii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"65aae23a-70a6-435c-af8a-784c03ea8f22","(H. humile < H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8dc818e2-c0a7-443f-9cd6-575a57f6855e",,"Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a0dd4486-8e7a-48e0-9786-974c134846d0","(H. bifidum ≤ H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a6c78629-cd16-4171-9d7f-53d6b2894eb2","(H. lamprophyllum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e7b85d72-d5ba-406f-9c82-ccca89fe719c","main speciesH. acuminatum sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. lachenalii - H. laevigatum) (see Mateo Sanz 2006b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bf26a50f-67e0-4cbb-b17f-0e70df82f4e6","(H. glaucum > H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3ca00d8e-fddf-4844-9488-19f4f5b1d507","(H. amplexicaule - H. merxmuelleri)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"eedd0152-31b7-470b-886e-589f9ca90a7b","(H. naegelianum > H. pannosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"14bb8754-761b-4aa2-bb06-68c5466dfefd","(H. atratum - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a7132cf1-0125-4892-9371-cedb693d16e3","(H. alpinum - H. lachenalii - H. prenanthoides) or (H. fritzei - H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"955d4e79-6c74-424d-a667-0aad483d5083","(H. elisaeanum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"98b675e5-012d-4478-8709-b667bea787ee","(H. erosulum - H. gouanii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2110c736-405d-46c6-a059-ba9365e1ced8","(H. humile - H. scorzonerifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1c703e93-c97e-4fb0-a44d-e4d9d208f4d1","(H. gymnocerinthe - H. hastile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"179ff67a-b921-4e34-8089-effb66bd9cf9","(H. prenanthoides - H. ramondii) or (H. cerinthoides ≤ H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c07026d4-4d1d-46b3-9225-4b35a9ac2fc3","(H. nigrescens < H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"95c89b83-8a6e-485f-b937-feefc7c30044","(H. cordifolium - H. laniferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"95b3b524-3202-43bb-8411-551e127191ba","(H. bifidum - H. mixtum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4bad52a2-e80a-4b72-b299-3bf27d1e5d18","(H. bifidum < H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"eb74bda2-b7a7-4275-bdb6-32090774e15c","(H. caesium - H. schmidtii) or (H. hypochoeroides - H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"de7dd78c-09d2-4292-b50a-ed7c98a153a1","(H. flocciferum - H. loscosianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e426274d-4de5-4ec7-a154-b12ac4c8e4cc","(H. bifidum < H. glaucum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dbdb750c-fa50-48a9-aba8-e58aa38b3ed4","(H. mixtum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ef610a7e-e474-418b-ac8b-6c4ca62c38f6","(H. bupleuroides - H. chondrillifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9b55a1f7-352c-43a0-af3e-5f5b799a7664","(H. glaucinum - H. neocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9a53c71c-9045-447f-952c-1c34dfdfaaec","(H. humile - H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4bebb630-5bb7-4aa7-84b2-3fb31bebbb96","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a1a47bc0-2c08-44aa-87d9-d472b5bc5bb9","H. coriaceum sometimes treated as separate intermediate species (H. gouanii - H. murorum) (Mateo Sanz 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b96d1cf4-ee88-4eb3-85b8-86babaabcad7","(H. bifidum ≤ H. lachenalii) or (H. bifidum - H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ec5d775c-eeab-44ba-8bce-8d427ad7b3ae","(H. lachenalii < H. schmidtii) or (H. saxifragum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"edd8fb7b-5bef-4bfb-8720-f7a060c25b94","(H. sabaudum < H. umbellatum) or (H. sabaudum - H. umbellatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"109e4eff-c180-4ab0-ab32-14fd4c77662c","(H. gymnocerinthe - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5f65a793-73fd-4649-afc9-c8a3470dd8f3","(H. ramondii - H. rupicaprinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7185fca8-ac13-436f-b111-b7fd7177c3f2","(H. humile > H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a7f69e26-32ec-4e64-a49b-d4bfe276eeb1","(H. bocconei < H. eversianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3957fe26-7700-4a15-99e1-43e9e10d725d","(H. murorum - H. schmidtii)An intermediate species (H. glaucinum > H. humile) is additionally separated by de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"555dcf33-b81e-4bd9-86e2-59c05bdb61e0","(H. gymnocerinthe - H. murorum) or (H. cerinthoides - H. murorum) or (H. cerinthoides > H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d7252357-284f-41c9-8e51-471c28d3aa0a","(H. lachenalii ≥ H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"00d5bc4c-918f-4f9d-93e2-f07c53d5f1f1","(H. laniferum - H. neocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e7b87b17-9bb4-457a-a8d4-0d2fd681aec9","(H. alpinum < H. bifidum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a27e3ee2-1233-4e4e-8438-c66b0b0c49ba","(H. glanduliferum - H. murorum) or (H. murorum - H. piliferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e97f43b8-dc2d-4151-9989-9241ce57cdf1","(H. erosulum - H. lawsonii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e2e92afc-8f19-4d3f-ab16-557317c0940e","(H. naegelianum < H. scorzonerifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5c1dba36-18d5-4e91-b519-979d8d26370c","(H. bifidum - H. huetianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fc18183c-5eab-425f-839d-192cdd9f16f8","(H. bifidum - H. juranum) or (H. bifidum > H. jurassicum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"840b8a80-a85b-435d-bb51-8c2a1790d06e","(H. alpinum ≥ H. murorum)\r\rGrouping of British taxa of H. sect. Alpina follows Tennant & Rich (2008; British alpine hawkweeds. London). They accept two species groups (H. alpinum and H. nigrescens group resp.) but several taxa cannot not be assigned clearly. The latter taxa have been accepted here without assignment to any species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5b5c93cc-dc8a-42d5-9993-5a9faf855f3b","(H. pallescens < H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cbf137b4-e7ce-4b30-9f13-7b1f7292866c","main speciesH. gredense sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. sabaudum - H. umbrosum) (Mateo Sanz 2007b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"924a0cc7-4947-4fe1-8ee5-1b431630ac0c","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a9a92809-25a8-49a7-9566-21544bf12e11","(H. prenanthoides - H. umbellatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7c08f04e-4623-482b-8b21-4a0a527cc14f","(H. cordifolium - H. lawsonii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"648d01a2-cb52-49da-b488-7b9febdabd53","(H. murorum - H. transsylvanicum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0b6577ab-69d3-4d5b-ab2c-860e7414b3cd","(H. lawsonii - H. mixtum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dba8b9ee-bf72-41ba-ae79-ae1cc9ca874a","According to the Central European tradition placed in the H. carpathicum species group (see e.g. Gottschlich 2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ea8192fb-ad5c-429a-af8e-ed6738673bba","(H. intybaceum < H. murorum)\rAlso treated as taxon of the H. atratum species group (Gottschlich 2007a). Further discussion by Schuhwerk & Lippert (1999).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c967e462-2f60-49b7-af1f-91f8a41c8c34","(H. arragonense - H. spathulatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8284ea73-798b-4a88-ad67-6e0e6e22155e","(H. amplexicaule - H. apricorum/H. porrifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0bee41f9-ab6c-425d-ad25-16a4b35d2203","(H. chondrillifolium < H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2ae9b0e8-14e7-4a48-86d6-1a86aec201cc","(H. bifidum > H. grovesianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3f5c476f-4465-4c88-b9d6-5355db3b83b3","(H. bifidum - H. spathulatum) or (H. atrovirens - H. spathulatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fec389b2-fa08-478b-9490-01c6f0a10de5","(H. prenanthoides < H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f5edf094-2858-455e-a33c-00ce0507053d","(H. tomentosum - H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"62e8c706-704a-477f-b7d1-e7e80e0e986d","(H. atratum - H. epimedium) or (H. atratum - macilentum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"62c26e48-7087-4883-a322-237f152f40a7","(H. cantalicum - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8e819bfe-60e8-4bb4-90f4-89abbf0f5330","(H. bifidum - H. tomentosum) or (H. pictum ≥ H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8616f333-2229-4b44-9aa0-35bb047b1de2","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f46b3377-0b92-4303-a30e-46c7c4e68d9c","(H. alatum - H. cordatum) or (H. cordatum < H. olivaceum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8b5db491-d197-4f96-9fc8-b8e4de285de3","Sometimes accepted as a separate intermediate species (H. bifidum - H. murorum) [see the other ICN treatment of Hieracium].","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c49db9dc-0ce9-463b-8e06-cca3a8abc8f6","(H. schmidtii - H. subsericeum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f7f1e56b-511d-4a1a-a57b-f2e22e03319c","(H. glaucum - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"49ecff4a-a67f-4f33-a042-1e412c734db2","Included species according to Tyler (2006), H. basilare following Gottschlich & al. (1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b9dd845b-326c-46e6-9483-7cc1996c9d89","Sell & Murrell (2006) accept H. subramosum as a separate species.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e4ca30f6-dea5-4ebc-9459-d600d5e4e68e","(H. compositum - H. sabaudum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6bef3596-f7e2-4196-a0a5-a9b2f72e26fb","(H. dollineri - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1a27f2d8-e163-4508-9465-ee418f87e189","(H. hypochoeroides - H. stelligerum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"65dff531-944b-46a6-81de-a57f4f1d432f","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"43dfe6a0-b221-4543-9176-645a5d81df57","(H. compositum - H. gouanii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e8c8853a-d59a-4c33-abdf-323af5630eaa","(H. candidum - H. phlomoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"655b00c0-4030-4e13-a8d2-d9dd9ef2a660","(H. mixtum - H. pseudocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5ebad77d-6fe2-42d4-8447-7fd58b14949c","(H. cirritum ≥ H. juranum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"aaa2a62f-bf4c-468e-bef9-f9afe4cc662d","(H. racemosum ≤ H. umbellatum) or (H. racemosum - H. umbellatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2782abe4-6f81-49c6-8aa7-1ada008c6f00","(H. mixtum - H. ramondii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3a0c6705-4ae4-4531-ada4-39c60e9381d4","(H. bocconei - H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1d520961-8a2c-4a5a-a97c-832bd5547e11","(H. humile < H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e188ab89-f895-4013-b3ac-96a1c4869e67","(H. alpinum - H. bifidum - H. lachenalii)\r\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b481cc45-dcbd-48d9-8d94-3a3b0a1200f0","(H. porrifolium - H. umbellatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0d46899a-ca04-4b4d-9e43-0be6b25bceed","main speciesH. pulmonarioides sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. amplexicaule - H. murorum) (see Mateo Sanz 2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"310c4693-586c-4d39-8c64-9ed3f347e5fc","(H. andurense - H. gymnocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6ed37cf0-d502-4dfa-8498-d2799fab38ec","(H. chondrillifolium > H. cydonifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8a0216ea-b174-4be0-a0db-5e9a1d66898e","(H. amplexicaule - H. recoderi)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a96d0418-b4df-4400-91ac-070a308767a6","(H. murorum ≤ H. prenanthoides)H. vogesiacum sometimes treated as separate intermediate species (H. glaucinum - H. gymnocerinthe) (Mateo Sanz 2008) or (H. cerinthoides - H. murorum) (de Retz 1975) resp.H. olivaceum sometimes treated as separate intermediate species (H. cerinthoides < H. murorum) (de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e7f9538d-5d72-49b1-a8fb-24ba7ca7deac","(H. racemosum - H. sabaudum)Gottschlich (2009) prefers to name this intermediate species H. neoplatyphyllum.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b6de93ba-9277-4992-9105-32835f73622d","See Gottschlich (2010; Willdenowia 40: 193-194).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"662e47e9-7800-46b4-9971-db59dbbd42ad","(H. humile - H. oxyodon)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7444e983-ab96-4755-8f3b-a9534bc8f414","(H. glaucum - H. laevigatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d99358d4-f107-445b-bd24-f99f794f681b","(H. murorum - H. pellitum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e9e1b9e8-aff5-4844-abdb-492c080610e8","(H. candidum - H. spathulatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ff959e91-ac6b-4b69-96e1-10d5f498ab5d","(H. pannosum - H. prenanthoides) or (H. gymnocephalum < pannosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"672aff17-99f2-4f8f-a4a7-04c070d71477","(H. acanthodontoides > H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cc99518b-4f4b-4dd8-864a-296de05b8e2f","(H. murorum < H. sabaudum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3f851cce-578a-4de4-ae6d-e2d09dc4acdc","(H. hypochoeroides - H. pictum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b1aaaacb-128b-42e0-b6a0-e6e97ed34430","(H. atrovirens - H. sabaudum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"21858647-b10e-4c50-82db-1cad6710e271","(H. gouanii - H. racemosum) or (H. cordifolium - H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e0eec897-1e13-44c5-9889-1cf88425211c","(H. dentatum - H. piliferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ff7707ac-1793-4455-80ed-a072e8393ba8","(H. cordifolium - H. murorum) or (H. cordifolium > H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5f59a012-8d57-413e-9ce7-228bbda19c7f","(H. racemosum - H. recoderi) or (H. cordifolium < H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"db563092-142e-4931-aad2-fbf17935de51","(H. lawsonii - H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d351b3be-a0ac-4a55-87b1-d9e74ee11373","(H. atrovirens - H. pulmonarioides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c0c824c6-3a03-45a0-a72a-3cbf85b5e5d5","(H. murorum > H. prenanthoides) vs. (H. jurassicum - H. murorum) (as regards the latter see Mateo Sanz 2007b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1e4a9eb3-34d6-46fd-833d-8dbc93f8a3d0","de Retz (1975) is listing it with the formula (H. villosum - H. vogesiacum), i.e. (H. juranum - H. villosum).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1bb8a1b9-7bbf-42a1-9fd7-ce70dad2c5ee","(H. glaucinum - H. gouanii) or (H. atrovirens - H. gouanii) (see Mateo Sanz 2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a43ef51b-677d-4e84-b567-56cc56c34322","(H. gouanii - H. neocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3938125c-1862-401b-98a1-fb2d4169371c","(H. glaucinum - H. valentinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"439a708b-51ff-4659-99fd-efac810372e7","(H. andurense - H. erosulum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1b9915ed-ed59-4771-8ca8-cc51bb24c8ba","(H. cordifolium - H. gouanii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"02ba980c-800e-445c-9eec-82495fc6de0c","(H. chloropsis - H. pamphili)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8ebccd8f-a599-471d-9905-221c8fb17299","Taxon treated as subspecies of H. pospichalii by Gottschlich (2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cb40ec9b-4c16-4634-b378-ab8501805760","(H. alpinum - H. intybaceum - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f63ca403-785e-4d06-9563-91a67b708b0f","(H. cordatum - H. glaucinum) or (H. atrovirens - H. cordatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a578b6c9-73e3-4ad1-9e1a-e745625a3b33","(H. humile - H. pallescens) [or (H. humile - H. incisum) de Retz 1975].","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"18c526f9-4e86-4db3-bb21-ba808e3c3f81","(H. porrifolium - H. glabratum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cc768e8f-795c-4b51-9802-cee53de87410","(H. bupleuroides/glaucum > H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d2cc4cb4-43e7-4048-80f6-676a68fcb277","(H. laevigatum - H. tephrosoma)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"64d88828-2301-45e5-a6a0-f8c30481f3e2","main speciesH. subgracilipes sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. laevigatum - H. murorum) (see Mateo Sanz 2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"19bc5ad6-8d46-46ad-9cbe-415dea1a3a13","(H. dollineri - H. pallescens)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3c201c74-187a-43d8-84ce-b1b29d97ac39","(H. jurassicum < H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e93c7ed2-0247-4da9-99cf-eddf28ddb021","(H. glaucinum - H. spathulatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"61401537-0d1e-4608-98bf-4c02fe5c6b24","(H. glaucum - H. naegelianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"900e19e1-9a0c-4d2f-98b7-4fc9f7fb6103","(H. fourcadei - H. ramondii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"92f91732-6a4c-484e-9513-507a6255b91e","(H. glanduliferum - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b36c6a9f-8ce2-44c5-afb1-ea38c127f74c","(H. atrovirens - H. bifidum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"95f71989-29a9-4fc4-a459-f26a3fff7c65","(H. bifidum - H. candidum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ebf6bb36-98b6-4819-95f8-7c9891f6afa3","(H. lachenalii - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7e767f23-9f15-4446-9376-8b05c3e219f4","(H. laurinum - H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a0c76767-344d-441e-8be4-759212926fd8","(H. chondrillifolium - H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b0483ac9-f9e3-4b24-96be-9b563d016745","(H. bifidum - H. chlorifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"039fe9ea-2179-4231-b7dd-c966bc5459ae","(H. humile < H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9097d7f8-8fcf-4095-98b5-8b8a7c2066df","(H. alpinum - H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3ffe7782-eca7-4ce1-837c-4da38537a57b","(H. nobile - H. sabaudum) (H. nobile ≥ H. sabaudum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5b916a90-4dde-407e-abd3-e178d4d66a56","(H. tomentosum ≤ H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"55e0de64-2750-4358-be93-4adb467917fc","(H. candidum - H. lawsonii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"81f21ac6-669a-4a30-80f1-3930f61644cc","(H. lachenalii - H. nigrescens)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"925efe4e-7fad-444b-8785-3f86b735dd85","(H. laevigatum - H. saxifragum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"92f13cb7-a0d6-4360-b05b-e97a70e7359d","(H. picroides < H. sparsum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"688f4b90-e0ab-4004-9ad6-70e9a79790fe","(H. bifidum - H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"252a7c6e-ac51-4ee0-ab17-97bd315369c2","(H. bifidum < H. tomentosum) or (H. bifidum > H. tomentosum)H. jordanii treated as an intermediate species (H. bifidum - H. tomentosum) by de Retz (1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9d3767c8-cc5d-4c00-9973-3ba40affbe0e","(H. caesioides - H. pellitum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f2b9570b-330c-4c52-bfe2-85b73da48604","(H. hastile - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a1a29bd4-0fa3-42b8-af5d-61740e9e3559","(H. bifidum > H. glanduliferum) or (H. bifidum > H. piliferum)H. trichopsis sometimes treated as an additional intermediate species (H. cirritum - H. pallescens).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"19a2dc26-81a1-45d3-b4ae-263f21b321c6","(H. erosulum - H. laniferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2185bd86-6455-405c-a518-9473b3ea5420","(H. lachenalii - H. murorum) or (H. lachenalii ≤ H. murorum)Included species from Skandinavia according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium subpellucidum possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"23d825c4-6241-4fec-a3a2-000e7f6e9efd","(H. caesium - H. laevigatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"73f35d62-1a55-4e6e-9f0f-1d17a5b25822","(olympicum - parnassi ??) [see Gottschlich & al. 2006 for further discussion]","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9a11ee90-b550-4b03-bca1-49503f16099d","(H. bifidum ≥ H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b14133e7-b2cc-4d14-90d8-ae1006dd1f4a","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"337f6f63-79f4-414d-91b5-5707584821f3","(H. cantalicum - H. jurassicum) or (H. cantalicum > H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b7183493-1d92-4d5f-b128-4608dbda55b1","(H. bifidum - H. bocconei - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d8a6053c-c2c4-4030-98a8-1a496380633e","Included species according to Tyler (2006); H. myrtillinum possibly belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3ecbd3f7-def8-4607-bb00-efec5e68bf1f","(H. humile - H. pictum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d4551a77-03dc-48ce-b27b-4bc7f4564bf0","(H. murorum - H. orteganum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3f771de8-d5dc-42f5-a655-80ea325b984e","(H. arragonense - H. elisaeanum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e747b456-6e47-40ce-9bc1-3656c3034aed","(H. eriophorum - H. umbellatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"54f95a53-8d72-4f33-85f2-9e3e7acb1c21","(H. bifidum - H. legionense)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8b5d81d3-2b6b-4e9d-9a62-7072f5a62608","(H. atrovirens - H. laevigatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5ef30668-6bb1-41bf-864e-f4119e479cac","(H. laevigatum - H. onosmoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4b750167-3300-4605-bea1-2e5442bc7148","(H. monnieri - H. verbascifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"221a05ef-9a47-4d30-9c2f-17c25c7889ab","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0c1b854a-1947-459a-b063-96a420e214d2","main speciesH. platyphyllum sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. racemosum - H. sabaudum) (see Mateo Sanz 2006b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a5a3f7ec-2f8f-4d96-a04e-78f2390b0be3","(H. gymnocerinthe - H. humile) or (H. cerinthoides - H. humile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cda9fff8-4105-4d20-ba22-8adbc402e575","(H. murorum ≤ H. prenanthoides) or (H. murorum - prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1bca2bb4-5992-43b4-926e-2d930aad43a2","(H. amplexicaule - H. pannosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5808443f-913b-4313-aee1-3aa7908b7db8","(H. alatum - H. saxifragum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"226e3773-d3c8-4dd4-b373-650f629af9a4","(H. bombycinum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b0508985-feb3-4541-a716-15b236713fa8","(H. lachenalii - H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ab353f67-e62d-4e8c-a664-43394d1352d5","(H. lachenalii - H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e7c503d1-926c-4a8e-bcf1-7b2a20685b64","(H. porrifolium - H. pospichalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bfd22267-1889-40f8-843d-c8bd0583a210","(H. amplexicaule - H. lawsonii)H. ucenicum sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. lawsonii - H. pseudocerinthe) (see Mateo Sanz 2006a) or (H. amplexicaule < H. lawsonii) de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6660d230-0318-479d-9371-d502ffa7112a","(H. montserratii - H. pulmonarioides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"971925a5-e758-4518-a88a-763012109c5d","(H. bifidum > H. humile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f8101dcb-401f-476d-a4a3-c431222bcea3","(H. chlorifolium - H. wilczekianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f06d6361-0fe4-4859-b22f-9c45a996fde1","(H. prenanthoides ≥ H. sparsum) or (H. prenanthoides - H. sparsum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"35892d30-e18d-4b82-ac8c-643727ad2951","H. barbulare treated as intermediate species (H. leiopogon - H. murorum) by de Retz (1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0f63bb24-a7ae-46bd-add7-115737420ce3","(H. juranum - H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"45c66658-5d99-4b53-87da-8f093cb1ae51","(H. elisaeanum - H. ramondii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f156311d-2f53-4c76-bbad-202e8cd7ddec","(H. adusticeps - H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f8c5e525-5731-483f-bb28-67c9cbe50265","(H. gouanii - H. gymnocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7c659962-5198-4bc5-afc6-4bf36a7e5dad","(H. cordifolium - H. ramondii) [or (H. colmeiroanum - H. vogesiacum) de Retz 1975].","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"70ed0950-2045-4056-85f3-592126e4e390","main species or (H. andurense - H. cordifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5975ec5d-ef39-4c82-98f5-c634f88d43fa","(H. sabaudum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5adaa0e6-cc43-4641-8dcd-e656c260c646","(H. atratum - H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1ea0ebc6-8b01-47cd-930a-0b46b47964a6","(H. acanthodontoides - H. pellitum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"23381b37-6212-4cef-ae46-b3ef951dad53","(H. prenanthoides - H. schmidtii) or (H. prenanthoides ≥ H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"43533d37-2121-4925-81aa-434587e0e7a2","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5315b568-ddd2-46ad-a61f-57567cee5379","(H. intybaceum - H. umbellatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bcae0fd4-a02c-491b-8e95-64dbaacfefc5","(H. humile > H. scorzonerifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8ad76aab-5f0f-4e12-af81-0cf4e5a1a774","(H. amplexicaule - H. rupicaprinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e0358c98-4222-4d17-811c-7ce18bd565ee","(H. murorum - H. recoderi)\rAccepted by Gottschlich (2007a) but under H. sonchoides.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e2fdaf2c-9951-47f7-a981-1739b02a756c","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"02213f8f-e867-4b45-b11f-214dba157d1b","(H. inuloides - H. taurinense)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"068148b9-a866-49de-b185-aea43d9d52f6","(H. lachenalii - H. mixtum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"664a211d-9d71-4606-ba22-e0f0b0d50fe1","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9c9625b0-1f79-45d5-ad15-d8cf938a018b","(H. arragonense - H. cordatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8af3444e-6e28-438e-a77c-ed7c5560071c","(H. inuloides - H. picroides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3805a46a-0d32-466b-a688-0a807deb76bc","(H. cordatum - H. gymnocerinthe) or (H. cerinthoides > H. cordatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f79c3e95-c342-4c23-bca2-0c8579911b1f","(H. bifidum - H. pseudocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fb50aed9-d6c8-4de1-ae9e-135491d21b52","(H. murorum - H. ramondii) [or (H. olivaceum - H. ramondii) de Retz 1975 who also separates (H. subsericeum - H. vogesiacum) for H. souliei and (H. olivaceum - H. subsericeum) for H. gastonianum].","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"48ab190a-f0ec-4e97-9b6b-f629e50bc107","H. sonchifolium sometimes treated as separate intermediate species (H. amplexicaule - H. gouanii) (Mateo Sanz 2008).H. leptocladum sometimes treated as separate intermediate species (H. amplexicaule > H. lawsonii) (de Retz 1975).H. subsquarrosulum sometimes treated as separate intermediate species (H. amplexicaule < H. humile) (de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cbb74270-1e87-4b3b-bae3-ce1caf63b712","(H. merxmuelleri - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1cc3b78b-ea32-4ea6-a5d2-946bf8ec069a","H. subsericeum sometimes treated as separate intermediate species (H. cerinthoides - H. phlomoides) (Mateo Sanz 2008) or (H. cerinthoides ≤ H. phlomoides) (de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ff3b9570-d39c-497c-9b66-73dcb0dfca59","(H. cordifolium - H. recoderi)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8de4a66c-725c-4cae-a95c-7f0dc6938ecd","(H. laevigatum - H. racemosum) [for H. insuetum, Mateo Sanz 2006b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2e938c48-0122-40fa-a731-403ca14e5bd1","(H. murorum > H. sabaudum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"272c8d11-e7e4-44cb-956e-4635712bf349","(H. amplexicaule < H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0a733a62-1321-4558-aab6-c0bffc0053f1","(H. bifidum - H. schmidtii) or (H. bifidum - H. glaucinum/schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"56ef6e93-e06d-470a-9e48-3a7de47d8c2f","(H. amplexicaule - H. gymnocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bd04ff49-d9f8-43a3-8aeb-4b5966e2f022","(H. cydoniifolium - H. picroides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fa309bec-c3b4-468a-b3ea-d6ac99cafb5d","(H. glaucinum - H. pictum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fa2d7bae-bfea-4a1c-8bb2-3c0783cb4021","(H. bifidum - H. phlomoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5a38bcf1-be76-4676-a1c8-4e5ab7f0fb56","(H. bocconei - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f56e5e27-1238-408e-b534-a33361b81546","(H. murorum - H. pallidiflorum) or (H. chamaepicris - H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cdefb1b2-7b1d-4954-8bac-33a45bc3aef5","(H. amplexicaule - H. juranum)? \rPosition unresolved according to Gottschlich (2009).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7e945a32-6add-4b1a-8aaa-14afd7bbc438","(H. prenanthoides - H. tomentosum)H. thapsoides sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. prenanthoides - H. tomentosum) (de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b29b30ec-6f91-48f5-be1b-ad5ec1dcea38","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9a727003-adde-44f4-acdd-1c228294b614","(H. amplexicaule - H. prenanthoides) or (H. amplexicaule > H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c0536b55-87d0-413b-86fa-70d675b0343b","(H. amplexicaule - H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"94d9dc1b-5fdf-4f94-b4e5-38eee4fbf109","(H. cerinthoides - H. lawsonii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"746cc8fa-4886-48b4-9015-ce6d397dbc6c","(H. erosulum - H. gymnocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c3b1bade-e26e-449f-8bd1-c669f8a02a5a","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7af4de7b-fee4-48d9-ba9f-eae42f3f7919","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"638ffb22-58b5-4eab-97c1-1e506593c020","(H. amplexicaule - H. bombycinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"95ed4312-4ad0-49ea-9e4e-d2c4789f0e71","(H. candidum - H. subandurense)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b185900a-8bb7-4dcc-8c2a-113ee4ebcfc3","(H. amplexicaule - H. loscosianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ae718256-02ff-4847-af50-4801180e4525","(H. arragonense - H. bombycinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"acc5190a-2d70-458e-9957-5c4d9e89950b","(H. schmidtii - H. spathulatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b249ee57-f845-4a77-8492-220b39358c6f","(H. lainzii - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1828f06c-a053-4404-8d2b-d2e22b0ddce9","(H. alpinum ≤ H. pallescens)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7c43e84b-f086-49a3-ba15-37df5f7fa11c","(H. murlainzii - H. pseudocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8a10b12f-2eb5-4cd7-8ec4-c2c0c9099281","(H. glaucinum - H. phlomoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2923a0e8-81bf-45b8-afdd-1e5520842ba3","(H. amplexicaule - H. spathulatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6aca8ce6-d8d0-4976-b207-887e501ac745","(H. murorum - H. taurinense)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a0e45ead-9620-40a1-be86-f784d8b31e73","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1de6aa8d-3980-4e21-bf4f-e0d220b02e7d","(H. bombycinum - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d946c542-59bd-4867-9d94-1ccfa99f845f","(H. intybaceum < H. prenanthoides) [or (H. pallidiflorum - H. prenanthoides) (de Retz 1975)].","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1d03d6d7-ba5e-47df-96ae-3520e4d4c89b","(H. fourcadei - H. gymnocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8f50440d-5805-4a59-b231-b577bf04b58e","Sometimes H. colmeiroanum is treated as separate intermediate species (H. lawsonii - H. subsericeum) (de Retz 1975, Mateo Sanz 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2a9d932a-beef-442a-974b-9e6deacb29f7","(H. schmidtii - H. solidagineum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"deeda8eb-b16d-48bf-ba9f-37952be9bc65","(H. intybaceum - H. prenanthoides) [or (H. pallidiflorum > H. prenanthoides) de Retz 1975].","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"80fcd249-984e-4892-abd0-040d126765ba","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b65ce1d5-ff74-486d-9dc9-1b71dd916362","(H. caesioides - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1a828140-af33-4005-b8eb-c02882d862fc","(H. cydoniifolium - H. sparsum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9202340a-ec6f-4e5d-af08-9873a1471556","(H. laevigatum - H. xanthoprasinophyes)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"260e5f4c-f1cb-4bd5-82b7-dd2e94180aa3","(H. racemosum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"29393a07-32dc-4dba-975f-7d6537670361","(H. isatidifolium - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a41759fa-4445-45b1-bde8-cbe7fd953213","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"831881f5-9d46-45a8-899b-ac01cc55ce2b","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9a647748-97ac-408a-9bc3-16a0dde20595","(H. franconicum - H. laevigatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6215704f-6365-4e0f-b42a-435be107bef8","(H. dentatum - H. naegelianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b42204ce-df84-4644-83ea-f826202c4ddc","(H. amplexicaule - H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7f60cc09-c5bc-45cf-8e0a-a41350e36184","(H. amplexicaule - H. cordifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"32e032cf-ff7a-430f-b779-4dd4a788eb63","(H. cantalicum - H. glaucinum) or (H. cantalicum - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d98720e2-aaeb-41e0-ad7e-e8fd76a69d25","(H. laevigatum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"982602a6-25fb-456c-ae9f-3538825a3caa","(H. bracteolatum > H. olympicum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"58d4ef17-197a-452b-802f-07ffc3a3ccb6","(H. glaucinum - H. pseudocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f8e4db57-2184-4d10-8590-323e7f018ea7","(H. glaucum/H. bupleuroides - H. valdepilosum) or (H. glaucum - H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"88d1f82d-8e01-44b2-abc2-8900c42d1279","(H. jurassicum - H. picroides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"801d73d6-9aeb-4baa-8536-e53f276c41c2","(H. amplexicaule - H. vetteri)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"568df900-5ac6-4c6c-a96b-e5e74cde6e87","The eponymous species has been placed in the H. lepidotum species group by Tyler (2006) which is followed here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"81d69fcf-505f-4e79-8dc8-987f768b1ab4","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"510d095d-907a-45b3-bc11-1bc8827462e6","(bifidum > sparsum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"18512db1-0981-4746-b500-56d9f28d2e93","(H. schmidtii - H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b4b43c5a-ae61-48da-8274-c3431a228689","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4a19f840-372e-45ef-a8c0-f38c2b968fec","(H. gymnocerinthe - H. lawsonii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7d349a54-9d15-4ad5-a7dc-56b276980202","(H. acanthodontoides < H. caesioides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a9f6a1a0-5b9e-4119-b00b-f11769dafa01","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"481c90c6-98f6-4916-94b0-cd13ab827b1a","(H. bupleuroides < H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1a53e297-aead-4798-828b-6a8ef8c8876c","(H. acanthodontoides < H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"680b7ae0-b16e-4c48-a874-26d99872b9a1","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5641a662-172a-443a-a82d-61a73bb658c6","(H. calcareum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4414c6da-c70d-4770-a67a-2ffe80e83974","(H. jurassicum - H. ramondii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2f7986eb-8c41-491b-98c9-498e5104f12b","(H. jurassicum - H. schmidtii) or (H. olivaceum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a9ffb15f-1cf5-4df7-a5f8-b56e4461fd77","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a3408f90-a48e-4544-8686-1ed649b57a3a","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4afbb776-2da7-420d-86c0-d5f5f54b3929","(H. chloropis - H. glaucopsis)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4d0b5334-77ca-421f-8f52-24b1bc4d7a0b","(H. caesioides - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"99aa8716-51ab-4a93-a0fc-755a7aed719b","(H. murorum - H. racemosum) or (H. murorum ≥ H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6a0459b1-133f-407a-86de-9139589b5529","(H. glaucinum - H. laniferum)H. fredesianum sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. laniferum - H. murorum) (Mateo Sanz 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3d14135e-09d2-479d-b666-6a14ce435e7d","(H. arragonense - H. ramondii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9b4a2ca3-6031-43ad-ba92-92d77be4d6fd","(H. candidum - H. glaucinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"91b32c63-274a-4a1a-90a2-f592501d9be5","(H. alpinum - H. piliferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dd96ffe4-4437-4163-9f3f-b72c826618de","(H. lachenalii ≤ H. prenanthoides) or (H. lachenalii - H. prenanthoides) or (H. lachenalii - H. rapunculoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9658c651-844d-4578-9948-29571673bf3c","(H. pallescens - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4cd8f1c4-a6bc-414e-8abc-b2c246c3cc64","(H. laevigatum ≤ H. porrifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fe0098ec-fe31-480c-8175-8a048be0bbce","(H. humile > H. murorum) or (H. humile ≥ H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7a5c0cb2-f2d5-4687-be62-e951fe20c6c5","(H. fastuosum - H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8965d195-3980-4c37-98ce-848f88205c88","(H. gymnocerinthe - H. mixtum) or (H. cerinthoides - H. mixtum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"76f25203-81c5-479e-8dec-6a575978b8f2","main species vs. (H. bifidum ≥ H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2ff732f3-d8b4-407a-9335-58c172094f3c","(H. amplexicaule - H. bifidum) or (H. amplexicaule ≤ H. bifidum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e735bd10-539c-40f8-b6ac-a1a6ff9ce6b8","(H. bifidum < H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"419bdbba-06bc-4db3-84f0-0486eac51ce7","(H. phlomoides - H. ramondii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7fe32bbf-e39f-4040-b471-77cb0c20770f","(H. bombycinum - H. pseudocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5f31ba7d-4d99-4d4a-8a2e-2a951976348a","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9d33ef0f-7ff7-4200-aa53-7b373f7caf43","(H. tomentosum - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0efb2773-cd60-4af1-bbfb-2b429a242d33","(H. pallidum < H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1f3b6865-c6b6-43fd-b02d-5ec0fc50454a","(H. pseudoprasinops - H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"64e1460a-a22d-43f4-9857-1b1db9a8e3f4","(H. schmidtii > H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5b869238-5e7b-46ce-b171-e699dfbab6f0","(H. andurense - H. lawsonii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3ba135db-26f5-4c2d-911e-d42e8ae8f01c","(H. bocconei > H. picroides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9f4c6952-d619-44a4-9735-f7cd492a2e3e","(H. kuekenthalianum - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ee96428f-f005-4130-947d-2b2d6afc82b0","(H. bifidum - H. glaucum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"232fd429-ae4c-492d-9c28-4f47bde706c3","(H. lainzii - H. pseudocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"615bcc52-f14f-42fa-806f-a04fa088696a","(H. alpinum - H. lachenalii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0b659703-b20b-4ee1-b65b-c6fd6c1c0f02","(H. bocconei - H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"42623637-76bb-41da-b4f0-13f17077d19c","(H. lachenalii - H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5d0d0011-716e-42e9-9284-2e471175b84f","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5128ad44-f9b3-4d7a-9191-279d2a7e48bc","(H. amplexicaule > H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"901a80b0-e2d5-4185-85da-61cb0160d36a","(H. glaucum - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"917479b0-087d-4eab-bcea-ba9707840352","(H. bifidum - H. naegelianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6a66beb2-908c-4c6c-b1fe-1d1ed6acb099","(H. arragonense - H. glaucinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ef46d227-aa87-4718-9621-0c4f5643aef6","(H. andurense - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dac80caa-4900-4614-82d6-039db62c1c4e","(H. schmidtii - H. solidagineum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bff0a9da-d177-454b-bbb4-6bbfbe6b8e1e","(H. pictum - H. saxifragum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"90aff95e-6dcc-4f6c-9bfe-26da0db1b372","(H. bupleuroides ≥ H. sabaudum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4866d887-1996-4a8b-9770-4561a50cb389","(H. pulchellum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a963bc72-4816-4497-b3d6-ddb15b68dafc","(H. naegelianum < H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"841a0c64-f0cb-4c09-a07a-6cb7d756fa17","(H. alatum - H. schmidtii) [or H. schmidtii < H. vogesiacum; de Retz 1975].","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9fff5040-8138-4049-88f1-e1f8a458884a","(H. tomentosum > H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"17f8ee9a-9037-4465-9e38-04e92e02f766","(H. bocconei - H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e376cab6-4c47-4c05-b86f-e1820cc8cf9e","(H. atratum - H. bocconei)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"210cd2bc-e300-43ad-9c38-58ef0918387d","(H. cordatum - H. sonchoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"80549573-a9d5-4587-bdc7-44486594fbee","(H. naegelianum > H. pannosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3f865f33-4293-48e2-a4ef-3265ac4d330a","(H. amplexicaule - H. phlomoides) or (H. amplexicaule > H. phlomoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"71a7d241-2a19-4aa3-b635-197116885160","(H. racemosum - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dd521d6e-62bd-4955-afd2-fb3c45bab204","(H. bifidum - H. racemosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"16200cee-9aee-48c3-9db6-28ce39a6c84c","(H. conicum - H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"07e1b80c-bfeb-4169-b8d2-5c8a6be1b59d","(H. alpinum ≥ H. bifidum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"662d488a-a0a5-486d-9209-fb14f188fca4","(H. lachenalii - H. pallescens) [to be clarified; same formula is given also for H. benzianum species group]","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ca86801d-f7a5-42f2-82c4-fc2ec7c033f0","(H. cordatum - H. erosulum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7beaf92a-d9f2-4b39-bb23-d344b8033bff","(H. amplexicaule - H. candidum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b2d2f376-32d5-4edb-a9f0-047e88735a97","(H. pictum - H. schmidtii) [for H. farinulentiforme; de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d5cc3de2-0ba7-468a-958a-5b095b476b33","(H. cordatum - H. racemosum) ""H. rectum"" (Mateo Sanz 2008)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d2a496fd-938b-48c5-8795-867e1edc1a18","(H. kerneri - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d331c12c-fd99-4aeb-9000-ba43ae21688b","(H. dentatum - H. scorzonerifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4c0b5413-9a38-4ea9-95fb-c846210b5b75","main species\rAccepted micro-species for Central Europe mostly according to Schuhwerk (2008). Some taxa occurring outside that region have been accepted in Britain (Sell & Murrell 2006) and Skandinavia (Tyler 2006), which is followed here. Furthermore, some taxa traditionally included in the main species were transferred to different species groups by Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5f03fcf6-2c9b-4605-8236-05a59f87afbf","(H. lawsonii - H. ramondii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c193bd3f-ff74-4867-b681-e1a117a4b661","(H. prenanthoides - H. sabaudum)\rSee Szeląg (2010; Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 79: 247) for discussion on further potential subdivisions of that species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b5b382dc-5c82-430b-9a89-5b1fc7892554","(H. amplexicaule - H. lainzii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1a81df73-bae5-440f-b444-9fa876ef3a12","(H. glaucum - H. humile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"24c65455-7117-435c-bcc9-829defa9ce16","(H. galeroides - H. grovesianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f85c0967-d19b-42e0-8dc9-a2ecc383b441","(H. grovesianum - H. pellitum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"acc018fa-d2d3-4e3d-8050-8582ca0c498e","(H. austriacum < H. saxatile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"daca0e8e-8875-4481-bcde-9fe60977287e","(H. bupleuroides ≤ H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"17277567-74be-4d9c-b996-d8dd613b9250","(H. apricorum - H. pallescens)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3b0955e2-75a8-4566-97fa-691d17c52a8c","(H. gouanii - H. laniferum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ac9c9518-0b99-40f3-832e-c78dc5b6c472","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"406f412b-aa58-4723-b6c1-671ea5275501","(H. latifolium - H. symphytaceum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e3dd2238-5260-46e5-8c98-6dda2d4ae4a6","(H. murorum - H. sericophyllum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"77038739-bc16-4163-90ae-735be70042ac","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"965e79db-7373-4ef4-b3c0-995e9d92c299","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"27f47eb9-9006-4238-a6e1-31676d981b57","H. bohemicum is sometimes accepted as an additional micro-taxon, e.g. by Gottschlich (2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"325dda6f-53ea-48c5-84fb-2bfd94c1964b","(H. schmidtii - H. vulgatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7d9eaf90-56d8-4783-a9fa-480097dd9cdf","(H. alpinum < H. dentatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fb34dfcd-8c95-43b8-83f5-1504160913ff","(H. lachenalii - H. porrifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2b0f53f5-e4b5-418e-962c-187d465925d6","(H. dentatum - H. humile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c8726d1b-52b6-45c0-b03b-a21851e5398a","(H. amplexicaule - H. humile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"61413fcd-fb3a-43ed-bb2f-af295179761e","(H. cordifolium - H. erosulum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4d591021-e313-415d-9a2f-00e4032a0af4","(H. bocconei > H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"80043500-8e1e-4881-97b3-7e07124f0c11","(H. glaucinum - H. sonchoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5188c600-55cd-4c35-83b0-8d6877ac2dbc","(H. bifidum < H. porrifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"516b1d8f-14e6-42b0-958f-064116da5220","(H. nobile - H. prenanthoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"401748cc-443c-488b-8cf1-97e6b70a9324","(H. naegelianum - H. valdepilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e7e8ac8b-8a7a-4b26-8de2-399f8d65c042","(H. cordatum - H. fredesianum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"064767a6-a20a-4c6a-a56d-83a893476266","(H. chondrillifolium > H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f01b54f9-d800-4df9-ad22-2340d20942ce","(H. prenanthoides - H. villosum)H. porrectum treated as a separate intermediate species (H. bifidum < H. valdepilosum) by de Retz (1975) and Gottschlich (2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a9ea5f9c-4693-47be-9c68-72440e5ea9e7","(H. lycopsifolium - H. umbellatum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b578b96b-db8e-4c78-b58e-0c67b45d68ac","(H. humile - H. phlomoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"93425e3b-f6c5-415a-a0d5-0934fa4c434d","(H. bifidum - H. gymnocerinthe) or (H. glaucinum - H. lawsonii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e0144816-174d-4abf-909b-2148dff4aa36","(H. lainzii - H. mixtum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"51a7137e-bfe7-4ec2-8b5b-484aeaebbfec","(H. grovesianum < H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"553c145e-39b2-4db1-8bb2-e046211be811","(H. erosulum - H. glaucinum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f79e5dbe-2684-43f6-9f22-758b9f44fc26","(H. bifidum > H. pulchellum) or (H. bifidum - H. pictum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b67b9f91-3427-4279-b929-39908aa0dbcb","(H. bifidum ≥ H. dentatum) [or (H. bifidum > H. villoseum) for H. incisum (de Retz 1975)].","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b384e9d2-7967-4665-a23d-795f92d2b8af","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8c6faca2-ca75-4c29-8b94-f5ed0aded471","(H. eriopogon - H. pseudocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e5e08c91-863d-4b1c-99f8-a6910898e181","(H. amplexicaule - H. elisaeanum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"793bd9f8-e0e7-4035-b475-d736497fbd48","(H. candidum - H. subsericeum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c35d822c-9f71-42a5-8d69-ecbfb890b207","(H. candidum - H. cordifolium)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"63bfc899-35fa-4c72-91d1-fedbea22f21d","(H. candidum - H. gymnocerinthe)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d62582d8-7846-4efd-9444-0c921ef3dbb7","(H. scorzonerifolium > H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c90ca533-c985-4570-88f0-f9d8157146aa","main species\r\rGrouping of British taxa of H. sect. Alpina follows Tennant & Rich (2008; British alpine hawkweeds. London). They accept two species groups (H. alpinum and H. nigrescens group resp.) but several taxa cannot not be assigned clearly. The latter taxa have been accepted here without assignment to any species group.\r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"34c6ac7c-e7bc-4e0d-84ef-5d59646478e0","(H. naegelianum - H. pilosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e6d94b93-a62e-43ca-866a-31f95f52d069","(H. glaucum > H. tomentosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a018986b-8f72-455c-bdb4-b2d18970a4be","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5319fb67-f554-441e-9775-616640850d75","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6107ea7c-16d5-45ef-a3a7-1549264b7763","(H. murorum - H. sonchoides) or (H. cordifolium - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"583b148c-820f-4d37-b458-e71598f2c4f6","main speciesH. atrovirens sometimes treated as a separate intermediate species (H. murorum - H. schmidtii) (see Mateo Sanz 2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3fc37c1b-76db-4f42-9ba0-354dd35d7c68","(H. prenanthoides > H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"33526bc5-b03c-4509-9fb0-d06fa69787dc","The problems concerning the taxonomy of <i>Pilosella</i> have been summarised several times, recently by, e.g. Schuhwerk (1996, 2002) and Bräutigam & Greuter (2007), who give overviews of different approaches. Many authors stress that <i>Pilosella</i> (as a segregate genus or subgenus of <i>Hieracium</i>) is in need for a different taxonomic treatment compared to <i>Hieracium</i> s. str. because hybridisation and gene flow are much more frequent and the patterns of diversification differ. “Classification in <i>Pilosella</i> must follow different criteria than those currently applied in <i>Hieracium</i>” (Bräutigam & Greuter 2007). On the other hand, knowledge on reproduction of countless taxa is purely hypothetical. Gottschlich (2009a: 24) summarised the requirements regarding future revisions: taxa should be characterised by morphological discontinuities, geographical, ecological and/or phenological separation. Many recent studies in Europe revealed that a number of taxa meet these requirements. Consequently, such taxa can be ranked as species without any problems. “It seems more important […] that well characterized biotypes can be assigned to supraspecific units corresponding to the collective species of Zahn in scope and intention, even if – in some cases – their limitation has to be adjusted in detail” (Schuhwerk 2002).\r\rThe ICN portal offers two alternative taxonomic treatments for <i>Pilosella</i>:\r(1) <b>Taxonomy according to Med-Checklist 2</b> (Greuter & Raab-Straube 2008; see also Bräutigam & Greuter 2007) but including the extra-Mediterranean countries of Europe. Taxa occurring in the latter area (as well as extra-European taxa) have not been compiled completely but will be added continuously. \r(2) <b>A consequent step-wise micro-species concept.</b> The main (or basic) and intermediate species sensu Zahn have been transformed to rankless ""species groups"" (SG). For technical reasons the eponymous taxa are accepted as micro-species automatically. In some cases revision may prove that a “group” consists of one (accepted) taxon only, so that the SG then can be dissolved. Additional micro-species within a group are accepted only if there is a recent treatment of the SG, at least in parts of the distribution area. All other names are treated as synonyms of the SG as long as their position has not been clarified. Treatment of a name as synonym of a SG hence does not necessarily mean that it is a true synonym, in most cases it actually indicates the lack of modern revisions. In some cases synonymy given under the eponymous micro-species needs further studies, i.e. some names should better be placed under the general synonymy of the SG for the time being. Micro-species that cannot be assigned to one of the SG are accepted outside any group. The same refers to extra-European taxa. SGs should be understood as flexible entities for grouping micro-species without the necessity to produce new infraspecific combinations in the case of new taxonomic results. SGs can be easily dissolved or lumped, respectively, and micro-species can be easily moved. If an alternative, valid name for the SG is needed, we propose to chose the name of the eponymous species and add ""sensu lato"". Obvious recent hybrid offspring should be named with its hybrid formula and/or its hybrid name plus multiplication sign – such taxa should be treated like other outbreeding groups (see Schuhwerk 2002). \r\rThe second treatment accepts more collective species corresponding to main and intermediate species sensu Zahn than the first treatment (e.g. <i>P. bauhini</i> as an independent unit outside the <i>piloselloides</i> group). But it is not strictly following the Zahnian system by considering recent results.\r\rWe refrain from accepting sections and subsections. The current knowledge is not sufficient to assign a majority of micro-taxa to these infrageneric ranks, and the molecular systematics of <i>Pilosella</i> is still in an initial state. See also the systematics text on <i>Hieracium</i> s. str. for further literature on controversial discussions.\rWe also refrain from accepting subspecies as a standard rank for micro-taxa. As in all other taxa of this <i>Cichorieae</i> treatment this rank should be used only if taxa represent geographical and/or ecological vicariants (which occurs in a limited number of closely related <i>Pilosella</i> taxa). \r\rFormulae of intermediate species as well as main species following Zahn’s tradition are indicated in the systematics section of species groups or species, respectively; “parental” taxa of the formulae are given in alphabetical order (sources: Bräutigam & Schuhwerk 2005, Chrtek 2004, Gottschlich 2000, 2009a, Mateo Sanz 2006, de Retz 1975, Schuhwerk 2008). They should be understood as additional information for the sake of completeness and of historical documentation. Even nowadays, these formulae are seen as useful. As in some other genera dealt with in the ICN portal several names at species level have not been published validly; they are treated as “nom. provis.” (epithet in quotation marks). In some cases illegitimate names at species rank are accepted for the time being.\r\rTreatments published during the last two or three decades will be integrated continuously. Taxa ranked at subspecific level have been accepted as micro-species. The following publications have been incorporated so far: \r\rBomble F. W. 2009: <i>Hieracium calodon</i> subsp.<i> rhenovulcanicum</i> – eine Neubewertung. – Decheniana 162: 25-34.\r\rBomble F. W. 2010: Zur Fortpflanzung der Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> im Rheinland. – Decheniana 163: 29-46.\r\rButtler K. P. 1991: 40. <i>Hieracium</i> L. Pp. 595-642 in: Strid A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh: Edinburgh University.\r\rGottschlich G. 2000: Hieracia nova Alpium. – Linzer Biol. Beitr. 32: 363-398.\r\rGottschlich G. 2007a: Die Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> L. (<i>Compositae</i>) im Herbarium Rupert Huter (Vinzentinum Brixen, BRIX). – Veröff. Tiroler Landesmus. Ferdinandeum 86, Sonderband.\r\rGottschlich G. 2009a: Die Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>) in der Region Abruzzen (Italien). – Stapfia 89.\r\rGottschlich G. & Raabe U. 1991: Zur Verbreitung, Ökologie und Taxonomie der Gattung <i>Hieracium</i> L. (<i>Compositae</i>) in Westfalen und angrenzenden Gebieten. – Abh. Westfäl. Mus. Naturk. 53(4). \r\rHeinrichs, J. & Gottschlich G. 1996: Neue Studien zur Hieracienflora des Rheinlands. – Acta Biol. Benrodis 8: 79-118. \r\rSchou J. C. 2001: Danmarks Høgeurter. – Aarhus: Aarhus University.\r\rSchuhwerk F. 1996: Kommentierte Liste der bayerischen <i>Hieracium</i>-Arten. Teil I. Taxonomisches Konzept, Arten des Subgenus <i>Pilosella</i> a-f. – Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 66/67: 137-152.\r\rSchuhwerk F. 2010: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Cichorieae</i>) - Teil 5. – Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 80: 141-160.\r\rSchuhwerk F. & Lippert W. 1997: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Lactuceae</i>) - Teil 1. – Sendtnera 4: 181-206.\r\rSchuhwerk F. & Lippert W. 1998: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Lactuceae</i>) - Teil 2. – Sendtnera 5: 269-286.\r\rSchuhwerk F. & Lippert W. 1999: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Lactuceae</i>) - Teil 3. – Sendtnera 6: 197-214.\r\rSchuhwerk F. & Lippert W. 2002: Chromosomenzahlen von <i>Hieracium</i> (<i>Compositae</i>, <i>Lactuceae</i>) - Teil 4. – Sendtnera 8: 167-194.\r\rSzeląg Z. 2008: Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on <i>Pilosella alpicola</i> agg. (<i>Asteraceae</i>) in the Balkans and Carpathians. – Ann. Bot. Fennici 45: 301-306.\r\rThe alternative second treatment of <i>Pilosella</i> should be understood as work under construction. We have to deal with the available results and to try a synthesis of several approaches. Consequently, the treatment within some SGs is somewhat heterogenous. For the time being, distributional and other data are to be found only in the first alternative treatment (standard view). Even nomenclatural authors and references of many taxa may lack in the second treatment. These data will be added continuously.\r References (other titles cited)\r\rBräutigam S. & Greuter W. 2007: A new treatment of <i>Pilosella</i> for the Euro-Mediterranean flora. – Willdenowia 37: 123-137.\r\rBräutigam S. & Schuhwerk F. 2005: <i>Hieracium</i> L. – Habichtskraut. Pp. 741-766 in: Jäger E. J. & Werner K. (ed.), Rothmaler. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland 4. – Heidelberg: Elsevier. \r\rChrtek J. 2004: 11. <i>Hieracium</i> L. – jestřábnik. Pp. 540-701 in: Slavík H. & Štěpánková J. (ed.), Květena České republiky 7. – Praha: Academia. \r\rGreuter W. & Raab-Straube E. von (ed.) 2008: Med-Checklist 2. – Palermo, Genève & Berlin. \r\rMateo Sanz G. 2006: Aportaciones al conocimiento del género <i>Pilosella</i> Hill en España, VII. revisión sintética. – Fl. Montiber. 32: 51-71.\r \rRetz B. de 1975: <i>Hieracium</i>. Pp. 248-292 in: Jovet P. & Vilmorin R. de (ed.), Flora descriptive et illustrée de la France, troisième supplément. – Paris: Albert Blanchard.\r\rSchuhwerk F. 2002: Some thoughts on the taxonomy of <i>Hieracium</i>. – Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 72: 193-198.\r\rSchuhwerk F. 2008: (80A) UGttg Mausohrhabichtskraut, Habichtskraut zT/<i>Hieracium</i> subg. <i>Pilosella</i>. Pp. 974-984 in: Fischer M. A., Oswald K. & Adler W. (ed.), Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol, ed. 3. – Linz: Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der Oberösterr. Landesmuseen. \r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"774e052e-2f50-4657-94e1-0cef9b51f2ad","(crassiseta - leptophyton) ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b4ed296c-4160-46a6-806d-dfb50caef10a","(fallax - leptophyton)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"37b416c0-1651-4f70-bc44-ff902c807e36","(pseudopilosella - pseudovahlii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"30f1b4bc-cf4e-4954-a0b3-1cf3fd73a390","(caespitosa - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4c8cf23f-d253-4f8c-a301-512936b47973","(argyrocoma - vahlii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"85b4e3bb-01df-4688-af13-fb9789da6f25","(officinarum - sphaerocephala)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d763d901-fd1e-4032-b719-921e0bd44c4c","(lactucella - saussureoides) or (lactucella - tardans [nivea])","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b7533ae6-c928-4c2f-ad41-7cc536748881","(pseudopilosella - saussureoides); Hieracium niveum also accepted as main species (see de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"98f0f445-3342-47c1-84ef-129c697fc04f","(lactucella - pseudopilosella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"751c4df1-682a-4d00-8214-85728181dfd3","(aurantiaca - glacialis)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7804d74f-6d03-4619-b4b1-11531ac52c86","(pseudovahlii - saussureoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8e44951d-7d38-4568-9357-beed67e03ed5","(cymosa - floribunda)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0d0a24b1-63f1-455a-8593-1fd6da382937","(lactucella - vahlii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"04aee222-217a-4bf5-a96d-fb776e3d247f","(bifurca - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e6ecb64f-3732-4f1f-97a5-e6ec106064b1","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1ede23ac-98e6-40c5-9892-b60d69444f14","(lactucella - ziziana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ef18cdd1-54a6-47fb-87c1-4d3c6164ff9e","(caespitosa - cymosa)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5a6466d5-9001-4651-9f2c-ad54fb8ee2f9","(glacialis - lactucella) for Hieracium niphobium (see de Retz 1975).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"96620d17-068e-40d3-a90a-99cf03f62aab","(glacialis - peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c3d5e72c-d0b1-4089-8869-d336741e3e68","(argyrocoma - saussureoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a4637161-79d0-44b4-87eb-a6b9a94608de","(hoppeana - peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5fb27315-20a0-4b10-ba0f-49ad6181abf7","(officinarum - peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"761736b5-aeec-4794-81df-d4df12eeb61e","(officinarum - rothiana) or (echioides ≤ officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"16ed69c3-419b-4a28-95d3-917d1c1d8e36","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"63a2a74f-0830-4589-90af-3c694096fd91","(cymosa - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5dcbb8a3-e3f8-41ae-b2fc-3272b76d9e7c","(aurantiaca - sphaerocephala)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f0a9db51-f1aa-4c01-bba8-d9fa52c3f448","(hoppeana - montana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cd16c48a-6394-4477-a1c3-6a5b24290c82","(aurantiaca ≤ officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ee2966ba-7d50-47ae-84d0-b6c57cbfe543","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0a61d814-fd56-4f6b-99c6-08fded8d54ba","(bauhini - echioides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fea4bd2a-cd70-4e56-9cb6-7366807e78f4","(peleteriana - saussureoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ec8b66d4-7fbe-4900-b232-5863a12059c9","(brachiata - lactucella); Hieracium pseudoparagogum is interpreted as (brachiata - schultesii) [see Bräutigam & Schuhwerk 2005] but it may represent spontaneous hybrids only.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ce840c86-5609-45a6-a473-717b655df8c9","(lactucella - hoppeana - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5cfbd771-5ddf-4da9-9e66-67ef8703b678","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cf574286-2aad-4b21-ba1d-070a7bd02497","(glomerata - officinarum) or (glomerata > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e8e297d8-eb4e-4cd4-8611-03fd301ca693","(argyrocoma - pseudopilosella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d69a12d1-5267-4db9-bf9e-dde7d8ca07c3","(breviscapa - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a18b403e-750f-4531-b586-2a804fff27ad","(fusca < officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cef38d36-0845-4d46-9f15-17b7265257db","(brachycoma - hoppeana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2d287970-79a3-445f-b552-5ee499f90617","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8f4e4425-5846-4811-8126-83c5986109b7","(saussureoides - vahlii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e79e4690-9060-428f-b003-2d1d70153a90","(densiflora > officinarum) or (densiflora ≥ officinarum) or (officinarum - ziziana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b22b15d0-42ab-480b-a95c-edafa10a03f6","(caespitosa - peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2a73de0c-67e5-4370-ae2c-8c30c74b11f0","(floribunda - officinarum) or (floribunda > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e86d9039-957c-478a-989b-626179f62d7f","(floribunda < officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"adc23499-4ef2-4a5f-9aa2-117aa21c3d32","(caespitosa > lactucella) or (caespitosa ≥ lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5c54e758-b183-4fb2-afc8-89c84caf8049","(cymosa - glacialis)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c97cd0f8-8669-4d58-8d97-662e5e7a9d13","Some authors, e.g. Mateo Sanz (2006), treat it as an independent intermediate species (hoppeana - pseudopilosella).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7f4a6c64-34d9-4e5a-b0b8-d4e5a8626567","(pseudopilosella < piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"921da2cc-0166-4434-951c-89b1d61cc1f8","(aurantiaca - caespitosa)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"469510e8-3768-42d4-8689-58f0514d37db","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2f409157-1a25-45c8-ab16-2119a5b8fd8e","Several authors, e.g. Mateo Sanz (2006), accept it as main (or principal) species; see also Gottschlich (2010; Willdenowia 40: 194 sub Pilosella amphipolia).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cf0c2e90-0aeb-40a6-b497-112b6b49b2d4","(cymosa - echioides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e3bf2ad8-32c8-455d-8513-091a201aec89","(hypeurya - pseudopilosella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a5a3c0db-6b3e-4604-9f8a-bdc8b6d35702","(lactucella - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"600b9078-cc7f-4910-bde1-0e53335f5241","(lactucella - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"db080830-137c-4b01-bc35-7fe228afee3e","(cymosa > peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ed48a220-e3ec-4933-a637-96b7db3677d2","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5c44a2e4-ace0-4729-9d79-3e17075b2919","(peleteriana ≥ piloselloides) for Hieracium leucense (see Bräutigam & Schuhwerk 2005).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"219478fe-dda5-4e0d-bfd0-b26952b7861f","(bauhini < peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9f6da16a-d299-456d-94fb-ec964216bd2a","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d4fde036-f36a-467d-96e8-e8a283d15f56","(aurantiaca - cymosa) or (aurantiaca > laggeri)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c08531e5-adcb-41f8-9d09-796c916caa79","(fallax > officinarum) for Hieracium fallaciforme (see Bräutigam & Schuhwerk 2005).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"487cd7bf-5305-4996-9d7b-a30abeebaf78","(laggeri - triplex)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a20c963e-2707-4c47-829f-bb7a457b9b5d","(galiciana - pseudopilosella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d6486295-b47a-4ed3-ba8b-8d2175d2970a","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6a691d17-01e8-4041-9407-aeb17eafad80","(hoppeana - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ac3d8e68-cfc3-4caf-bf0b-58f30a522d07","(peleteriana - pseudopilosella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"beb9feaa-9d39-4a35-bc08-523c55dc5918","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b06a98aa-23a6-412c-a981-73a83569ab2b","(corymbuloides [niphobium] > peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0ede5934-d01f-45cc-b5c9-d7991a13a0de","(galiciana - vahlii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fd7828c9-a92a-4bd4-81f1-d10e9e187741","(calodon > officinarum) or (calodon ≤ officinarum) for Hieracium nassovicum (see Bräutigam & Schuhwerk 2005).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7c15a7ac-9126-42cb-bf32-d300f9250024","(bauhini - rothiana) and (auriculoides - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b4837ed0-8d87-4aea-a266-4dab068dd6c6","(kalksburgensis - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"48f29158-cd43-4154-bc8c-deb91496e29d","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cba00afc-135a-4a8b-ae85-1c85ce77277a","(laggeri > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f508c1ec-82fd-422b-9fc5-cc89f0fa2b51","(lactucella - laggeri)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d3c71995-c40a-4167-8469-714ab29994c7","(glacialis < piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d8408ceb-8fd7-4c7a-b421-4743fa2163b5","(corymbuloides - tardans) (see de Retz 1975: ""niphobium - niveum"")","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d0cb7b2c-479c-4534-aa2d-4ef0d533fb56","(pseudopilosella - ziziana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"84341779-d43c-4f8b-aa6b-52eb20bd9238","(echioides - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"147ffd08-e893-4ec6-b5cc-914c2e76a37e","(piloselloides > tardans [nivea])","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e341abbc-94f7-486c-bb49-dccb6b3e563e","(bauhini/piloselloides < officinarum)\rSee Gottschlich 2010 (Willdenowia 40: 195) for relations between P. acutifolia and P. brachiata.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"141e2095-fd1e-4dc8-a362-e4487187c55c","(officinarum - pseudopilosella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5a359123-8509-454f-9e4e-c1048ea5de38","(officinarum - saussureoides) or (officinarum - tardans [nivea])","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e8ac9b81-06cc-46cd-8202-bad929540eb0","(aurantiaca > lactucella) or (aurantiaca > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e9a68549-706c-4dd6-b027-edbdba8208c9","(hybrida - officinarum) or (kalksburgensis - peleterianum) or (hybrida - kalksburgensis)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"16e35258-c5bc-466d-a35e-5ea6b042cb7e","(lactucella - peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a330063b-277f-4457-9ad5-d3ee9af911eb","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"286e4ced-e0ac-4ca4-9869-c1bc6ee213bb","(cymosa < officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d0c56c05-f23d-4320-bfd0-a414bfa5df1a","(guthnikiana ≤ officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dd8db268-9d78-4c55-8183-af8b15c53ea6","(glacialis - tardans [nivea])","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3b9269ea-f167-47b7-92c0-39e78ee374c8","(aurantiaca - bauhini) or (aurantiaca - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2e101277-5da7-46b7-95eb-731d176bd995","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"01ccf7b4-8832-4e47-a0ce-9fe76f855a6c","(bauhini - caespitosa)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c7ad127b-e20e-4daf-b531-ddc5efc130d3","(hoppeana - saussureoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ecef6d63-33ce-41dd-b5f0-caa2bfb84adc","(hoppeana - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c33099bf-022c-4f28-951b-ae9ba9f33922","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7f53d334-7551-4bf9-bc25-10f6025b00fb","In Central Europe traditionally part of the H. murorum species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"acc5e40e-56aa-4dd1-af96-c7c95739656a","In Central Europe traditionally placed in the H. murorum species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"19859702-e57d-47aa-aeff-79186edaaee2","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium reclinatiforme possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"495f40b2-10fd-4c8f-a0ec-183d8c99a8bc","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b8956045-3267-49e6-8bae-305c9c9dcfe0","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dbc136ef-7dea-43ca-8f48-35b60961114f","It can also be included in a wider H. diaphanoides species group (see Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6ce0773e-2478-41e7-a853-85970bea4807","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium porrigentiforme possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8771cd80-6ef0-4b08-b428-ade4be286211","It can also be included in a wider H. lachenalii species group (Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e3d169d1-8c5e-4312-8e0b-881250cadb88","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4b5606cb-4ed1-401f-99fe-6969d2dab68c","Taxon accepted as part of H. bifidum s. l. by Gottschlich (2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ffd404bb-67b0-4a93-a429-531f2433428d","Tyler (2006): ""the race from Gotland"".","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9b8cd2df-27e0-4669-82c1-196a8c7b504c","Following Gottschlich (2009) to be treated as member of the H. bifidum species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"086b4443-baf0-4be3-bafe-8d77f5be7efd","Tyler (2006): T. caesium auct.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c8028858-0429-46f4-80d7-c67d5b8b7a40","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium villattingense possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b7b7406d-5f0d-4f5a-a7a0-7822048d3c0d","In Central Europe traditionally placed in the H. lachenalii species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"12999d87-df10-4d15-8c2b-b2f190bf924f","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium cunctans possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"50d00898-bd22-468c-b67f-0f35bed9d0d2","In Central Europe traditionally placed in the H. lachenalii species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8f0f02db-7eb0-45e6-8458-43d1d9984296","According to Gottschlich (2007a) belonging to the H. jurassicum species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"74dd1288-3c6e-4a10-bfd0-62acccebba14","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"869e1913-c667-45da-8019-bc7303385302","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium anisotomum, H. integratifrons and H. mediiforme possibly belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"50d5e716-9524-4cd2-a947-df1458c55aac","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4ab7e825-189a-419e-b916-39fb8955ffc0","It can also be included in a wider H. murorum species group (see Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4240a93d-856c-47e9-a37d-3eae807f9d6e","It can also be included in a wider H. murorum species group (see Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f9f6bdb2-4f85-4869-a4bc-c2f193b1c11a","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8b930803-929c-418e-abe0-1b648f2b6b8a","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"44208db8-2ff5-4460-a708-39e80cfdd179","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium asemum and H. leucotrachelum possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cee47adf-2dbd-4c43-bf98-0498a79fc890","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"46a0d83b-8f23-4c65-80de-3e3eae21ec0f","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"08a98a36-13e7-4dd2-8fa9-0793e5886249","It can also be included in a wider H. murorum species group (see Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"99826b04-dd47-4b83-9d76-d387a47d9e0d","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium neoserratifrons possibly belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a2b9d42b-a715-4489-bd7f-fa9043fc5f93","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium pravifrons possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"304a2bc2-16ba-4353-9861-78e7776093f6","Tyler (2006): ""the typical form"".","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"346e36e8-2620-47f4-9832-ebbe23285ef3","Treated as a member of the H. bifidum species group by Gottschlich (2007a, 2009). Treatment of H. bifidum subsp. incisifolium as a synonym also following that source.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2d8145c6-50df-4ad3-ab36-dfd2489885d9","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium cuprimontanum and H. obliquifolium possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"084f71fe-c57c-40ab-843a-4a9f65b63af6","It can also be included in a wider H. fuscocinereum species group (see Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"01336296-170e-4e93-b99b-fbf6847bf8f0","It can also be included in a wider H. fuscocinereum species group (see Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7c043646-85d7-437e-887d-cd0e195e5215","It can also be included in a wider H. lachenalii species group (Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cc51ef87-1df2-4bad-b340-6e356542d333","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1e1b9b5c-5c26-4fef-bd86-6c767569fd10","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"65262277-65fb-45e9-9f80-06d911a8ef17","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"89b1b65a-87ab-451e-bd79-141344050ff9","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium carnosiceps possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"51afe9ff-c9d3-4b6e-8eb3-35374a025399","Tyler (2006): to be understood s. l.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0880dd0e-3b5d-4756-bd7e-71c858efeac8","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2b059cb5-ed68-4726-a5d7-5341cb87be11","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium fioniae possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0d92ed67-6c58-49d4-9744-ded52933fea7","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"42ab1b9f-1854-4c9e-8d13-dc3b105c83cd","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium dyringii possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1acc8880-bd96-4a53-b93a-aaa662756f83","According to Tyler (2006) an isolated species within Hieracium sect. Hieracium. The species cannot be included in any of his larger groups.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a59f489e-c8fa-40a6-9926-6b7e120fa5ab","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b3628ade-57a6-434f-8d05-a99ceb7a9d52","Sell & Murrell (2006) treat it as synonym of H. caesitium.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cddeb485-3df8-4912-a01a-a3a9f94c6425","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a7c2083c-83f8-4954-842c-39abe1c7aa00","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium eustictum, H. pseudofioniae, H. resupinatum and H. turbiniceps possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"70bf1584-7716-4127-9aa0-0f446a73eab1","Isolated species within Hieracium sect. Hieracium. The species cannot be included in any larger group (for details see Tyler 2006). In Central Europe traditionally placed in the H. murorum species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c7c8a22a-033e-4667-87f9-f042d5a0e115","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium hypoprasinum and H. subglaucovirens possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"29970ce0-c524-4f1d-b646-857f76720677","In Central Europe traditionally placed in the H. lachenalii species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"488c5163-87a7-4553-a48a-3a33200e3e89","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6ce67cb8-e4a8-4510-824d-2eecda479f83","In Central Europe traditionally accepted as taxon of H. caesium s. l. ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"67b439d7-e1b6-4a1b-b2a9-ce4a7b365786","In Central Europe traditionally placed in the H. lachenalii species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f5bd97ef-8fe1-426b-8632-37d607534d86","In Central Europe traditionally placed in the H. lachenalii species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ce2eca2c-ed4a-4e0f-85e9-8f8d115f64d1","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0b24de91-96ed-4304-88ff-3ee2017b04ee","H. zanogae has been accepted by Szeląg (2006b) though no material was seen and ""the taxonomic position ... remains unexplained"".","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b22cf76f-271b-4315-b7d5-61d71e63670a","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"899119cf-3118-485b-a6b6-a7c703cf5319","(H. picroides > H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0f5b4ba8-413a-437a-9089-53fffdce58b7","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ff1b5edd-d4a5-435d-93eb-4556caeed6a3","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"54847139-adaa-4d9c-ab82-12b6928b7a17","Included species according to Tyler (2006); Hieracium semicaesium possibly also belonging here.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c19febd4-3610-4503-b019-02137f3e6909","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"64ddff7d-bf73-45f6-9555-db0c9eded45b","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3447f990-3954-4371-adf7-95009939ef2b","Tyler (2006): Isolated species within Hieracium sect. Bifida.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c81d1171-1a91-49f0-8770-e6d0f90d0086",,"Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"445e5706-4227-41dc-9eef-c9e8111c79fc","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"155e7577-b2a2-4be3-a86e-f58207dd5828","It can also be included in a wider H. lachenalii species group (Gottschlich & al. 1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7b695dd9-9075-4beb-9307-518d0d159b53","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5e567da5-2c7f-41f7-b0c0-257d3bfe8ff2","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2bdd777d-2820-4bc7-951d-52879603445e","(H. murorum - H. phlomoides) or (H. murorum < H. phlomoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e3456e61-212b-4b7c-aedc-051b8d9c8439","Included species according to Tyler (2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"53f858ca-b443-4136-b36b-4b52c01a168f","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a79865f6-4f8d-447b-9cc3-c238930f0248","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"651184fd-c9df-45a6-a8b7-0b9821ef3963","Isolated species within Hieracium sect. Hieracium. The species cannot be included in any larger group (for details see Tyler 2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2f5e1361-b5f1-4e2d-b1eb-7be44ed1a1c5","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b7a67bec-6692-4562-ae9f-08610f1491c3","According to Tyler (2006) an isolated species within Hieracium sect. Vulgata.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bbfbb6db-c8d4-45b3-acb9-77ed6371ed4f","Perennial. Rhizome slender, creeping, terminating into slender and short vanishing stem, reaching 8-15 cm in height including leaves. Leaves two or few, on relatively long (usually about 5 cm) and wide, often intort, basally thickened petioles with entire or lyrate, oblong-ovate or ovate, flat or coriaceous lamina; lamina somewhat rugose, often reddish, finely appressed-hairy on both sides, spinose-toothed, often divided at base, obtuse or subacute. Capitula usually with 10 florets (8-13), cylindrical, with fruits 12-14 mm long, on axillary peduncles arising in groups of one or two (less often several); peduncles usually much longer than capitula, with one to several reduced leaves resembling outer involucral bracts. Involucre usually three-rowed; involucral bracts dirty dark red, very finely.pubescent dorsally (under a hand lens!), narrow membranous along margin, more or less obtuse; outer bracts sometimes somewhat squarrose, ovate or narrow-ovate; inner ones longer, linear- or triangular-lanceolate. Corolla pink. Achenes (according to Pavlov) all alike, glabrous, ribbed, slightly flattened, weakly narrowed toward both ends, apically expanded into a small disk; pappus snow-white, of equal, many-rowed, apparently smooth hairs (under high magnification, somewhat and nonuniformly barbed).\r\rfrom: Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. (as <i>Lactuca mira</i>","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"a81e506a-1efb-492c-8eb4-8e469fc3ab93","Herb, up to 4 cm high. Rosette leaves oblong, 2.0-3.0 cm long, 0.2-0.3 cm wide, entire or slightly dentate, attenuate, glabrous. Peduncle up to 2.0 cm long. Heads with c. 15 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 11.0-15.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-8.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, acute or slightly rounded, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts 8.0-9.0 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts 13.0-15.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 10.0-20.0 mm long, yellow or rarely pink; ligule 7.0-12.0 mm long. Anthertube 8.0-12.0 mm long. Style 10.0-12.0 mm long; branches 1.5-2.5 mm long. Achenes 2.0-2.5 mm long, smooth, attenuate. Pappus 9.5-15.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris sessiliflora</i> complex (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"96621ce3-bc9b-42a1-b943-5af6d7d8e8e3","(H. grovesianum < H. humile)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3de755e1-bc41-40c1-b500-a08f5a14e89a","Plant perennial, stem papillose at the base, glabrous upward. Leaves simple, unlobed, petiole winged, 4-6 cm long, lamina 4-7.5 x 3-3.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, entireserrate, acute-apiculate, cordate- hastate. Inflorescence a simple raceme. Capitula drooping, each with 3 florets, pedunculate. Involcure phyllaries biseriate, glabrous, outer ones 5-6, 3-5 x 1.5-2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, inners 3, 13-15 x 2-3 mm, linear to oblong, obtuse. Cypsela 7 x 1.5-2 mm, oblong, black, hispid, angled or prismatic, outer ones with 3 ribs, inners with 5 narrow ribs, rounded or truncate apically, narrow towards the base, beakless; pappus biseriate, outer very short, inner 6-7 mm long, white, fragile.\r\rfrom: Bano R. & Qaiser M. 2009: A new species and a new combination of <i>Prenanthes</i> L., (Lactuceae-Asteraceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir in: Pak. J. Bot. 41(5): 2087-2091.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"e9e7e61e-7b4b-4e8b-bd3e-2f1edc984e4a","Tyler (2006): Isolated species within Hieracium sect. Bifida.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"712a0923-5e57-4524-bd44-15bb98a6b981","(H. murorum - H. ramosissimum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f1aceae6-e944-4bac-a76a-847d4d3c819b","(H. grovesianum - H. villosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"75104885-23ad-40ce-a491-086dde12608d","(H. bornetii < H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"418403f6-8469-4115-a4cc-a8972529acbf","Herb, up to 7 cm high. Rosette leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, 1.5-11.0 cm long, 0.3-1.2 cm wide, pinnatifid, attenuate, glabrous. Peduncle up to 4.0 cm long. Heads with c. 30 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 14.0-23.0 mm long, at flowering 5.0-10.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, rounded, minutely ciliate; outer involucral bracts 8.0-11.0 mm long, 2.0-3.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts 15.0-19.0 mm long, 3.0-3.5 mm wide. Receptacle with scales. Corolla ligulate, 15.0-21.0 mm long, white; tube 7.0-9.0 mm long; ligule 8.0-12.0 mm long, bluish black at apex on outer face. Anthertube 4.0-5.0 mm long. Style 12.0-22.0 mm long; branches 1.8-2.0 mm long. Achenes 1.8-2.0 mm long, smooth, attenuate. Pappus 12.0-17.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Urtubey E., Stuessy T. F. & Tremetsberger K. 2009: Systematics of the South American <i>Hypochaeris sessiliflora</i> complex (<i>Asteraceae, Cichorieae</i>) in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 685–714.\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"f72ff7b4-42aa-434f-a7f1-d476b4f5156e","Isolated species within Hieracium sect. Hieracium. The species cannot be included in any larger group (for details see Tyler 2006).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c8b12b79-61cb-42ca-85cd-c82953670033","Belongs to sect. Alpina but cannot assigned to the H. alpinum or H. nigrescens species group resp. (see Tennant & Rich 2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"595e1108-57b0-42ba-8bb2-1917f09de679","According to Tyler (2006) an isolated species within Hieracium sect. Vulgata.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"37dd2001-9a21-44a3-9719-f6cd4934d6d9","(H. boreoapenninum < H. bifidum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"030a3278-4fb5-4256-949b-1e117d871dcf","(H. grovesianum - H. schmidtii)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"857238e7-99b3-43e4-b460-0179f4b7b41e","Potential synonyms that may belong to that micro-species are mentioned by Schuhwerk (2008: 386).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7220ab73-b7e0-4d54-9b00-90d4921bc16a","""... obviously related to H. graecum"" (Buttler 1991).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9ddbb970-a8aa-4078-85df-f3c2b55a40e4","According to Schuhwerk (2008) to be included in a wider H. pseudodollineri.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"778c32c3-1293-42bc-9aa0-ae932df708ea","According to Schuhwerk (2008) to be included in a wider H. bifidum micro-species. Skandinavian authors prefer to place it in the H. skandinaviorum species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7b4cdedd-8507-43ef-8905-dcb65075b302","Gottschlich & al. (1998) treat is as a subspecies of H. subramosum (H. caesium - H. fuscocinereum).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"91ed41e0-e249-45bc-bed6-5cf0679ffd99","Accepted taxon by Gottschlich (2007a) but under H. elisaeanum.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a6412056-98ea-4678-b847-2551d2630271","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5625e556-1037-494a-85f2-63058eac6294","Preliminary concept following Gottschlich & al. (1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9782ffab-75b4-4de9-a6ad-06e7c8ea10d9","On differences of <i>H. eriobasis</i> subsp. <i/>leucosericopodum</i> see Schuhwerk & Lippert (1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"421edc4a-912d-4a03-8a83-15eebff8b9f9","""A characteristic taxon in the H. waldsteinii-gymnocephalum group ..."" (Buttler 1991). It may belong to the gymnocephalum group or could be treated as a species outside any group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6908dd28-360a-4d7f-adb4-b8a1cbe57c62","(H. bupleuroides - H. murorum) or (H. bupleuroides - H. glaucinum/H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f6194ac6-6c92-4a88-983a-ee40df07c899","Gottschlich & al. (1998) treat it at species rank separately (H. laevigatum - H. subramosum [i.e. plicatum]).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a5fe090e-6ffc-4c3f-b2a2-9ff34ff7a1ad","(H. prenanthoides - H. virosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9d75d95a-3293-4451-8b7b-f410d8070d0b","Possibly, better to be placed in the H. ramosum species group (see Gottschlich 2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"32cade00-cde1-4af4-a5a5-7afed966f583","According to Schuhwerk (2008) to be included in a wider H. ammobium.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5044b69a-f8dc-47ce-8a14-faaf434943b9","Probably, better to be placed in the H. hypochoeroides species group (see Gottschlich 2007a).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1e9208ab-2452-4abb-b85f-14beb6688348","Taxon accepted by Gottschlich (2007a) but as subspecies of H. kuekenthalianum.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8524e0d3-1a36-4eb1-85b7-cba43c11d1e9","See Gottschlich & al. (1998).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1ca643b2-3332-41db-a454-804147ed04d7",,"Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"59162549-87a0-47a7-9761-988ba9f72733","Separated from H. tephrosoma s. l. as intermediate species of its own by, e.g., Gottschlich (2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"41e6fdc7-abdf-490b-a597-1b641d304de3","(H. albomurorum - H. amplexicaule)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a08fe4d7-c9f3-4eb9-9256-b878b166dac4","(H. mixtum - H. murorum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"db8b3d78-1442-486e-bf4b-24434781661b","(H. amplexicaule - H. mixtum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bdf116dd-a027-4e32-bfe2-5311bacd1a58","(H. amplexicaule - H. mixtum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d6277bb9-0f1f-4d78-8c74-df295534b986","(H. bombycinum - H. umbrosum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a096db5e-6fa2-4c73-928d-6c3ee1e91546","Taxonomy following Rich & McCosh (2010).\r\r<p>Rich T. C. G. & McCosh D. J. 2010: Taxonomy and conservation status of <i>Hieracium vinifolium</i> (including <i>H. kintyricum</i>), Claret-leaved Hawkweed (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Watsonia 28: 151-156.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a096db5e-6fa2-4c73-928d-6c3ee1e91546","Rich T. C. G. & McCosh D. J. 2010: Taxonomy and conservation status of <i>Hieracium vinifolium</i> (including <i>H. kintyricum</i>), Claret-leaved Hawkweed (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Watsonia 28: 151-156.","Conservation",,"eng",,,,,
"60a2982c-5340-4262-a6d7-9e5d3bef941f","From a morphological point of view obviously related to H. subcaesium (Müller 2004).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"75128e7b-cdff-4554-8d01-0df7b140e81c","From a morphological point of view obviously related to H. subcaesium (Müller 2004).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"16f9cae5-457d-4aac-a625-40605deba5da","From a morphological point of view obviously related to H. subcaesium (Müller 2004).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"61d78daa-f4f0-42fc-9cb7-88ff5e6794bd","See Sell & Murrell (2006) about the taxonomic problems concerning that taxon.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dbb64b57-db89-4fc3-a899-17eed00320bc","For classification see Szeląg (2006b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"8aafef42-64d7-4bd7-9e99-41e50c613be0","For classification see Szeląg (2006b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"11c82885-eb07-4f57-9527-dad9abd427a0","For classification see Szeląg (2006b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c3075a9f-b93a-43f3-9565-32262b3c4091","For classification see Szeląg (2006b).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2d502e8f-e198-448c-b4e0-2334d4790136","(maculatum < schmidtii)\rTaxonomy of the taxon is controversial; it is included in the H. onosmoides species group by other authors (see Bomble 2009).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d2c4ea7a-f7f0-4ba4-8bc8-33ed55c3b489","(aurantiaca > hoppeana/officinarum) or (aurantiaca > flagellaris) and (aurantiaca > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9547ab75-0e90-4eae-8b9c-054e168eb50b","(aurantiaca - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5eec9be7-a924-4432-84b9-060a9f37353a","(hoppeana - sphaerocephala)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"23a8960b-55b6-4795-997a-0d483953ca36","(officinarum < polymastix) or (officinarum ≤ polymastix)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c11890e9-8a74-474a-a856-2775051a9edb","(officinarum - densiflora/ziziana) or combination of 3 formulae: (officinarum > ziziana), (officinarum > densiflora), (fallacina - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6c4fced5-33bc-46bb-859e-2a3d16b02a7d","(fallax > officinarum) or (fallax ≤ officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"669ad707-e28e-4850-8c12-ee22a4abbe89","(officinarum - velutina)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0e9f3176-214c-4788-ad4a-f04a01bb7a2d","(hoppeana - velutina)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b916fd65-c8c5-4c89-803a-b4e48816da9f","(piloselloides - velutina) or (piloselloides < velutina)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c7224774-e055-4522-9090-6aae8577b034","(sphaerocephala - velutina)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ee738912-659a-41fd-a1be-6bc0805613e7","main species\rFormerly interpreted as intermediate species (angustifolia - hoppeana); see Schuhwerk (2008).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d06522b4-c36a-4f36-9795-68bbc5b0c6c6","(sphaerocephala - viridifolia)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cc3903f8-cf7f-412e-8fd7-860da741418c","(angustifolia - sphaerocephala)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"a7a05c14-f2ba-40c6-add7-dcf41e038097","(lactucella - sphaerocephala)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"eef94c17-9dad-4c33-8fa2-c68315c8654a","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"06766f2d-6391-4001-8214-e45faa0bf22b","(glacialis - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d53350e8-1292-4a5b-84f6-2eed14182458","(glacialis - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9e063cd7-f610-45f2-a04d-5e8616bc165f","(echioides > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c4aed000-fbf8-478c-86f7-5c1e06eec383","(echioides - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c193d5a3-1231-4f76-a8fb-88d9f2dbe0cf","(bauhini - cymosa)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"dd904eb1-241e-41d4-974f-32414e976d41","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fc683fbe-3642-441c-a8aa-71b8f95f3adb","(bauhini > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"07662356-827c-483e-a175-02f6dbdea73e","(bauhini - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d064a096-5c52-4090-a262-1d79ebf79212","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9050e1df-7cac-4289-a806-7c79d1241646","(cymosa - lactucella)\rFor relations between P. corymbulifera and P. sciadophora see Gottschlich 2010 (Willdenowia 40: 195).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"907f6d31-7c38-4819-85bb-caa1407a3468","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"2ffbf775-be14-47b2-99a8-c58f4d07b9e9","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c7458e6a-d98f-4ea4-b53d-903a47169082","main species","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4cf3153f-de34-4827-8de4-5f9cf2eaf705","(officinarum < piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0742940b-ed3d-41db-b011-337d5c09c630","main species or (officinarum < ziziana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"43586251-ed4d-498b-a189-2ab175198551","(officinarum - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d496d78f-117a-42a2-ad7f-c29a7a21e997","(caespitosa - piloselloides) [for Hieracium arvicola, see Bräutigam & Schuhwerk 2005]","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"b4769500-3862-49fb-a903-b2577154fb2d","According to Heinrichs & Gottschlich (1996) better to be lumped with P. caespitosa s. str.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d5540f48-3167-40f5-95fe-8a9499c5b7fd","(caespitosa - officinarum) or (caespitosa < officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"68506bec-a666-452a-86cd-11590b3529e0","(caespitosa > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"990ff754-9073-4ce1-a580-ee990311c193","(anchusoides - peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e72be06d-693c-45e0-bec3-1a5fdbc928bf","(anchusoides - hoppenana) or (anchusoides/ziziana - peleteriana) [for the latter see Gottschlich 2007a)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"cafc2205-764d-4ba0-9017-cefe1a7473dc","(hypeurya - saussureoides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f7c10a5a-5a46-4795-b749-ebec5102aba4","Herb, perennial, 20-40 cm high. Flowering stems glabrous. Rosette leaves linear-ovate, 6.0-15.0 cm long, 0.3-0.7 cm wide, entire, glabrous. Cauline leaves few, linear. Synflorescence corymbiform, with many heads. Heads with 5-6 flowers. Inner involucral bracts c. 5.0 mm long. Corolla ligulate, yellow. Achenes c. 3.0 mm long, with 10 ribs, attenuate into an ill-defined beak. Pappus white, c. 2.0 mm long.\r\rBased on: Iwatsuka, K. & al. 1995: Flora of Japan 3b. – Tokyo (as <i>Ixeris makinoana</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"df643d62-6d64-4560-afda-1b124978c031","Taxonomy of this taxon is controversial; according to Bomble (2009) closer to H. arvicola species group.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1256686c-74cd-4f2e-acb1-f8a9bf5df7e0","According to Mateo Sanz (2006) an intermediate (""especie tertiaria"") species (officinarum - tardans).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"c9c64914-f72d-4d2a-9123-b49d51a25e75","Possibly, better to be lumped with H. porphyritae (see Heinrichs & Gottschlich 1996).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"48ee143f-8915-4ba8-a7dc-c72f01d99957","(aurantiaca ≤ hoppeana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ef59a172-c2ea-49b6-995b-f3f2b84f58fe","(notha - viridifolia)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5ce9c80d-cf4e-4d15-b111-a1a24e1b2949","(aurantiaca - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"940fda50-f99d-484a-bf9d-b12e93902605","(floribunda ≤ officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f52f7708-0501-4770-a55c-f6003b473b33","(arvicola - officinarum) or (montana - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"0cae3e33-268b-4eef-b9dd-ca25706755aa","(auriculoides - officinarum) and (bauhini - rothiana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e11a2d43-9e64-47da-b28d-3e82c9dd38cd","(piloselloides - rothiana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"4881ff1b-48eb-49eb-b34c-6ed06c48198b","(cymosa > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9300ee66-47c2-45c2-8570-c64f32908747","(arvicola > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"06d35768-7bfa-406d-bf03-e8ca60d162f5","(macrantha - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"13a716c4-120a-4791-b727-bdab8bdde704","(peleteriana < piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"1b157509-2133-4016-ac7f-c9c9e0f29ef3","(floribunda - glomerata)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"830400f0-b7e3-44d1-b221-dced61389ee8","(lactucella - prussica)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ed115e4b-b727-44d2-b142-715548d5d1cc","(racemosum > sparsum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"648c9ec0-fbfb-40db-8a4f-be9de8d0ea9c","(calodon - piloselloides)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"6aab6dbf-2962-4c8b-a914-3d7e4f088f02","(flagellaris - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"58841307-3914-4e7a-a57c-3e9f74a7c8a0","(caespitosa < lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"7703c92d-7709-4295-86db-88a48e49855d","(floribunda - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"aa5301f6-1221-44ac-9400-92c0f877b301","(longiscapa > officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bb5c16cc-5200-46ca-923d-bae3dbe63fec","(longiscapa < officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"bed83020-3cc8-44cf-9bc5-30b6b902b7d0","(glomerata - lactucella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"9bb4bfb7-2118-4aaf-8da0-0ba7ab410c55","(cymosa - longiscapa)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"fc7872ab-5e19-40bd-98a6-afe4b1a1dc46","(bauhini > kalksburgensis)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e488ad09-4814-4714-ac5c-7cf73f9acbd0","(calodon - setigera [fallax])","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ccffade8-d264-47b6-88b5-0bedbfc05e51","(piloselloides < pseudopilosella)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5a008143-c08a-4aa9-8feb-63d38c22251c","(glacialis > peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"3e1fa0ab-a4ba-45d8-b59d-2ee2e1b05c50","(cymosa - officinarum)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"14c39dab-04b4-4bc1-ad28-5daa4f1ecc7a","(tardans [nivea] - peleteriana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"24c3cada-039d-40b1-a0d9-860ea8110841","(cymosa - fusca)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d8eb2967-e962-4f74-b846-e79f6af32fc8","(piloselloides - rothiana) [see Gottschlich 2007a]","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"f63b9ef9-f0f1-4585-87db-9632c5204dc2","Hieracium corvigenum is interpreted as intermediate taxon (hoppeana < piloselloides), H. cepitinum as intermediate taxon (hoppeana > piloselloides) resp.  (see Gottschlich 2009a). But both taxa seem to comprise unstabilised hybrids only.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"5712d817-4be5-4d11-861a-42e48c226561","(piloselloides ≤ tardans [nivea]) or (piloselloides ≤ saussureoides) [see Gottschlich 2010; Willdenowia 40: 194]","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"def4f28b-f419-4e69-bb66-fb7dc7832fb0","(cymosa - hoppeana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"14c0c5cb-dd55-416c-aca9-6ec4cb85ec80","(cymosa < hoppeana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"011a0ac6-b070-4829-8ece-a34f610ee27b","(cymosa > hoppeana)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ca47757c-9b0f-4e28-9d3b-65cfdb488d2f","(peleteriana - velutina)","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"d060c1ea-af74-42ba-a535-e224a8c0ab1d","(saussureoides - velutina) [see Gottschlich 2010; Willdenowia 40: 194]","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"519f4682-caed-447b-9ac3-aaf4f3efad75","See Gottschlich (2010; Willdenowia 40: 194).","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"37d81a19-8d8c-44e8-8140-a6d2aaab4149","Herb, perennial, 8-10 cm high, glabrous. Flowering stems weakly branched or unbranched. Cauline leaves obovate, 4.0-9.0 cm long, 0.6-1.6 cm wide, sinuate-dentate and involute, obtuse, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole, the upper ones reduced to scales. Peduncle 0.5-3.0 cm long. Heads with 9-13 flowers. Involucre at flowering cylindrical, 10.0-11.5 mm long, dark green; outer involucral bracts ovate to linear, acute; inner involucral bracts oblong, obtuse or acute, margin scarious. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ligulate, 11.0-12.0 mm long, yellow; tube 4.0-5.0 mm long, glabrous; ligule 2.0 mm wide. Anthertube 3.8 mm long; apical appendages acute, 0.8 mm long. Style branches 1.3-1.8 mm long, yellow. Achenes fusiform in outline, 5.5-6.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, muricate, subterete, light brown, with 10 ribs, attenuate. Pappus pale orange-brown, 6.0 mm long, persistent, flexible.\r\rBased on: Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22 (as <i>Crepis naniformis</i>).\r","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"cadbd528-6d7a-4b17-bb30-aad6657a8396","See Schuhwerk & Lippert (2002) for taxonomy of this taxon.","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"296b4758-048a-47bb-a394-affca64dfc40","Caulescent perennial herb. Roots thickened, cylindrical, partly swollen. Basal leaves few, remains of the bases of former leaves almost lacking. Stem erect, solid, glabrous, slightly striate, leafy, 30-70 cm tall, 2.2-4.0 mm diameter below, mostly branched in middle and upper part. Basal leaves entire, concave, 10-22 x 0.2-0.6 cm, narrowly lanceolate, glabrous, sheating at base, acute to acuminate at apex, margin plane, gradually narrowed towards the base, the main veins conspicuous. Cauline leaves very similar to the basal leaves but smaller, decreasing in size towards the capitula. Capitula 2-9 per stem, homogamous with ligulate flowers, solitary at the end of the branches, 20-28 mm long, 6-8 mm wide. Outer phyllaries 4-8 x 4-6 mm below, ca. 1/3x the size of inner phyllaries, broadly ovate, acute to acuminate, glabrous. Inner phyllaries 14-19 mm long, 4-5mm wide below, lanceolate, acute, glabrous but margines scarious below. Ligules yellow, outer surface purplish striped when young, longer than the inner phyllaries, 20-22 mm long, 5-toothed, teeth ca 0.25 mm long. Style branches filiform, each branch 2-3 mm long, papillose, obtuse, shorter than the ligules. Achenes 9-11mm long, cylindrical to almost squarish, ridged, furrowed, smooth or sometimes irregularly verrucose in part, glabrous. Pappus dirty white, 8-9 mm long, hairs plumose, five of them longer and scabrous only above.\r\rfrom: A. Duran & al. in Nordic J. Bot. 29: 20. 2011.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"296b4758-048a-47bb-a394-affca64dfc40","<i>Scorzonera tuzgoluensis</i> is a halophytic species growing in salt marshes at Tuz Lake.","Ecology",,"eng",,,,,
"296b4758-048a-47bb-a394-affca64dfc40","<i>Scorzonera tuzgoluensis</i> is considered by its author to be related to the similar <i>S. parviflora</i> and <i>S. elata</i>, two other halophytic species in the genus. ","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"ba6579a5-7d0a-42b6-9687-c5419f9d6190","Caulescent perennial, 45-65 cm tall, with woody fibrousrooted rhizome. Stem erect, with 4-9 capitula, glabrous below and glandular hairy above. Basal leaves glabrous, petiolate, 10-14 x1.6-2.6 cm, spathulate to oblanceolate or obovate, margin9inconspicuously and minutely dentate at the base only, upper part of leaves entire, apex mucronate; petiols slightly winged. Cauline leaves glabrous, entire, amplexicaul, auriculate, 4-8 x 1.5-3.0 cm, lanceolate, mucronate at apex, without teeth. Peduncles 5-8 mm in flower and 9-21 mm in fruit, erect or ascending, densely glandular hairy. Capitula 9-10-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, 10-12 x 8-11 mm, yellowish-green, densely glandular hairy. Phyllaries 2-pluriseriate, 9 inner and 9 outer; inner phyllaries 7-11 x 1.0-1.5 mm, yellowish-glandular hairy except for the apex which is blackish glandular hairy, upper parts slightly scarious, fimbriated or entire; outer phyllaries 3-5 x 0.8-1.0 mm yellowish-glandular hairy. Receptacle naked, flat. Corolla 10-12 mm, yellow; ligules ca 2 mm wide; tube 3-4 mm long; apex of lobes glandular hairy. Ovary 1.0-1.5 mm. Style branches 9-10 mm, yellow, lobes scabrous; stigma lobes ca 1 mm, papillate. Stamens ca 9 mm, anthers ca 5 mm. Achenes homomorphic, 5-6 mm x 0.8-1.0 mm, unbeaked, reddish brown to straw-coloured, 10-ribbed, spiculate. Pappus 4-5 mm long, included in or scarcely exserted from the involucre, barbellate, white, uniseriate. \r\rfrom: Yıldırım & al. in Nordic J. Bot. 29: 14. 2011.","Description",,"eng",,,,,
"ba6579a5-7d0a-42b6-9687-c5419f9d6190","<i>Crepis gemicii</i> is similar and closely related to <i>C. bupleurifolia</i>, <i>C. paludosa</i> and <i>C. pannonica</i> according to its authors. \r","Systematics",,"eng",,,,,
"e2de3718-ea16-4f2b-b1c9-59d04b5c8b62","Annual herb. Stem 70-75 cm, simple, erect, glabrous rarely spinulose in upper part, terete, whitish, striate. Leaves 8-10 x 2-3 cm, runcinate-pinnatilobed, glabrous, auriculate, margin unequal spinulose rarely in upper part. Inflorescence divaricately branched, cylindrical, paniculiform, many-capitulate; capitula except terminal ± sessile, solitary or in small clusters. Bracts and pedicels glabrous. Capitula homogamous, ligulate, many-flowered. Receptacle naked. Involucre 8-13 x 3-4 mm, cylindrical, longer in fruit than in flower; phyllaries 16-18, 4-5-seriate, glabrous to papillose, apex purple-tinged; outer ones 2 mm; inner ones 6 mm and apex glandular hairy. Flowers blue, glabrous. Achenes 8-9 mm including 5 mm, slender beak, homomorphic, compressed, pale brown, 15-ribbed, glabrous and only apex antrorsely white-hairy. Pappus 4 mm, white, of numerous, slender, equal, capillaceous, smooth hairs.\r\rfrom the protologue","Description",,"eng",,,,,
