taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42.taxon	description	Figs. 1, 2	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N., Dubovikoff, Dmitry A. (2022): First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers. Zootaxa 5219 (5): 456-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4
03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Specimen PIN 3387 / 175, deposited in the Paleontological Institute, Moscow, Russia. An empty exoskeleton of a partly destroyed larva; only its head, prothorax, and one foreleg are preserved. Syninclusions include the head of a first instar cockroach larva, other crumpled insect fragments, and numerous fungal hyphae. Locality and horizon. Russia: Sakhalin Island: Dolinsk District: the village of Starodubskoye; Sakhalinian amber, middle Eocene (Baranov et al. 2015).	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N., Dubovikoff, Dmitry A. (2022): First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers. Zootaxa 5219 (5): 456-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4
03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42.taxon	description	Description. Head blackish, not narrowed posteriorly, short, ca. 2 mm long including mandibles, 1.4 mm wide (ca. 1.43 as long as wide). Ecdysial cleavage lines distinct, consisting of frontal and coronal sutures; frontal sutures diverge at obtuse angle. Antennal socket located at swollen, rounded projection (= antennal tubercle of MacLeod 1964). Antenna short; first and third antennomeres elongate, narrow; second antennomere not clearly discernible, probably very short; fourth antennomere poorly discernible, probably much shorter than third antennomere. Stemmata poorly discernible, three detected in dorsal view, one or two in ventral view. Mandibles not protruding, close to head capsule. Palpi not discernible. Pronotum destroyed, blackish, apparently short, 1.45 mm wide, ca. 1.7 mm as preserved. Foreleg crumpled. Coxa, trochanter not clearly discernible. Femur short, stout, covered with scarce setae. Tibia appears narrow, covered with relatively dense setae. Tarsus rather stout, clearly not conical, covered with relatively dense setae. Claw slightly curved, with basal dilation (Fig. 2 C).	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N., Dubovikoff, Dmitry A. (2022): First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers. Zootaxa 5219 (5): 456-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4
03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Its one-segmented tarsus indicates that this insect fragment is a larva, certainly belonging to Raphidioptera. The micro-CT shows that it is probably represented by an empty exoskeleton lacking internal tissues and air bubbles. The larva somewhat resembles those of some Hydrophilidae and Gyrinidae (Coleoptera) (e. g., Michat et al. 2010; Minoshima & Hayashi 2012), but differs from these by some details, e. g., these coleopteran larvae possess the anterior margin of the clypeolabrum furnished with projections; or their antennae are relatively long; or their mandibles are long with the inner teeth. It differs from the larvae of Megaloptera in particular by the relatively long head (it is usually short and rounded in Megaloptera) and the very short coxa (relatively long in Megaloptera). The head of larval Raphidioptera usually bears projecting mandibles, but this larva is unusual, similar to that of the extant Phaeostigma notatum (Fabricius, 1781), in which mandibles do not project (see Beutel & Ge 2008: Fig. 1 C). We follow the antennal segmentation interpretation of Beutel & Ge (2008). This approach seems reasonable. Indeed, as in their understanding, the antennal tubercle of this larva is obviously not a part of the antenna. We think that Haug et al. (2022) incorrectly interpreted the antennal segmentation in fossil Raphidioptera larvae. They considered the antennal tubercle as the first antennal antennomere (their ‘ element’), and the very short second ‘ element’ to be not an antennomere, although it is well discernible as such in some photographs (see e. g., Haug et al. 2022: Fig. 11 a). According to Aspöck et al. (1991), the antenna of Raphidioptera larvae is three-segmented; they consider the antennal tubercle as a possible other, basal antennomere, and the second antennomere of Beutel & Ge (2008) as an inconspicuous sclerite between the two long basal antennomeres. According to Tauber (1991), the antenna is four-segmented, but she did not indicate if the fourth antennomere is the antennal tubercle or the second (shortest) antennomere of Beutel & Ge (2008).	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N., Dubovikoff, Dmitry A. (2022): First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers. Zootaxa 5219 (5): 456-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4
03F487CED60FFFB71DE0FE70FBF9FC26.taxon	description	Fig. 3	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N., Dubovikoff, Dmitry A. (2022): First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers. Zootaxa 5219 (5): 456-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4
03F487CED60FFFB71DE0FE70FBF9FC26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Specimen SIZK K- 8213, deposited in the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kiev, Ukraine. An incomplete mature larva lacking the posterior part; details of the head are unclear in part because of a milky covering. Syninclusions: stellate hairs. Locality and horizon. Ukraine: Rovno Region: Sarny District: Klesov; Rovno amber, late Eocene.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N., Dubovikoff, Dmitry A. (2022): First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers. Zootaxa 5219 (5): 456-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4
03F487CED60FFFB71DE0FE70FBF9FC26.taxon	description	Description. Larva. Preserved length ca. 12.5 mm, estimated complete length ca. 15 mm. Head relatively broad, not narrowed posteriorly, ca. 2.0 mm long (including mandibles), 1.25 mm wide (ca. 1.60 times as long as wide). Ecdysial cleavage lines poorly discernible, consisting of frontal and coronal sutures; frontal sutures diverge at a relatively sharp angle. Mandible protruding, poorly discernible. Maxillary palpi relatively long; four distal elongate palpomeres; basal palpomere not discernible. Labial palpi short, three-segmented. Antennal tubercles probably short, but not clearly discernible. Antenna: first antennomere rather short and stout; second antennomere very short, narrow; other antennomeres broken. Stemmata poorly discernible; at least three stemmata visible dorsally. Thorax covered with long scarce setae. Pronotum relatively short, widest anteriorly; 1.50 mm long, 1.15 mm wide (1.30 times as long as wide); shorter than head (0.79 times as long as head length). Mesonotum nearly quadrate (0.92 times as long as wide), widest caudally. Metanotum transverse (0.70 times as long as wide), widest caudally. All legs similar in structure, short, covered with long scarce setae. Coxa, trochanter very short, stout. Femur elongate, stout. Tibia nearly as long as femur, rather stout. Tarsus elongate, narrowed toward apex (conical); claws small, slightly curved, basally dilated. Abdomen wider than thorax; seven preserved segments transverse (their length less than width). Setae long, scarce.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N., Dubovikoff, Dmitry A. (2022): First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers. Zootaxa 5219 (5): 456-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4
03F487CED60FFFB71DE0FE70FBF9FC26.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The natural color of the larva is altered, with maculation presumed absent. All setae are covered by numerous minute droplets of water. The larva was found in a relatively small piece of amber, so it might be preserved in resin from various parts of the amber tree (e. g., any part of the trunk or stout twigs) (Perkovsky et al. 2012). The presence of stellate hairs indicates that this resin was exposed to the open air.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N., Dubovikoff, Dmitry A. (2022): First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers. Zootaxa 5219 (5): 456-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4
