taxonID	type	description	language	source
B7038788FF91C356807EF938FB9606AC.taxon	description	Figs 6, 7.1 – 7.9 Description FRUIT. Oblong to slightly elliptical, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, more or less shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges; calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, oblong in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with a reticulate pattern of thin rounded to angular ridges. Ridges delimit irregular, small to expansive areoles with simple or arbuscular freely ending ridgelets. Vasculature of the endocarp follows the reticulum. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall or in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall forming two or three layers, each with at least one row of periclinally oriented cells; locule surface smooth, often clearly lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF92C356804DFC06FDDD008B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimens used for endocarp and fruit description GABON • “ Monts de Cristal, route de Kinguélé ”; 19 Jan. 1968; N. Hallé & J. F. Villiers 4579; P [MNHN- P-P 04504542] • Bélinga; 20 Feb. 1961; N. Hallé 1269; P [MNHN-P-P 04504541]. Other material GABON • Ogoué-Ivindo, M’Passa Field Station, near Makokou on Riviere l’Ivindo; alt. 480 m; 18 Jul. 1981; A. Gentry 33411; P [MNHN-P-P 04495966] • Ogooué-Lolo, Bambidie; ca 0 ° 45 ′ S, 13 ° 6 ′ E; 15 Aug. 2000; F. J. Breteler 15615; P [MNHN-P-P 01068095] • “ Abanga chantier C. E. F. A. ”; 11 Jun. 1963; N. Hallé 2442; P [MNHN-P-P 04504543].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF92C356804DFC06FDDD008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Oblong, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 200 – 250 µm thick when dry. Length 10 – 40 mm, width 8 – 15 mm, thickness 5 – 8 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, length ca 19.2 mm, width ca 7.7 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 4 – 6 main ridges longitudinally, two of them reaching the point of the base on each face. Ridges rounded and thick, delimiting a reticulate pattern, faintly apparent, enclosing ca 40 small areoles with simple freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 120 – 136 µm thick excluding ridges (163 – 185 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2 – 3 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 12.7 – 21.7 µm in width, followed by a layer of 6 – 7 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8 – 19 µm in width. Innermost row contains small, periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 6.7 µm in width. Locule surface smooth.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF93C35780B2FEA0FB8C0217.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • “ Plateau des Cataractes ”; 24 Oct. 1969; P. Sita 1872; P [MNHN- P-P 04495916]. Other material CAMEROON • “ Colline Nssas dans le village Pan-Pan à 15 km au Sud, Sud-Ouest de Matomb, Matomb- Botmakak ”; 11 Mar. 1986; M. Ekitiké 48; P [MNHN-P-P 04495907] • “ Akonolinga, Frès de Mendong (25 km N. d'Akonolinga) ”; 7 Mar. 1962; R. Letouzey 4485; P [MNHN-P-P 04495897]. GABON • “ Ile de l’éléphant ”; 9 Dec. 1971; A. Hladik 1859; P [MNHN-P-P 04495893]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • Bouenza; 3 ° 53 ′ S, 13 ° 42 ′ E; 23 Aug. 1965; C. Farron 4577; P [MNHN- P-P 04495914].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF93C35780B2FEA0FB8C0217.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Oblong, smooth when dry. Mesocarp ca 75 µm thick when dry. Length 10 – 19 mm, width 5 – 10 mm, thickness 4.0 – 5.1 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 13.1 mm, width ca 6.9 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca three main longitudinal ridges (with other small longitudinal ridges); the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges rounded-angular and thin, delimiting a reticulate pattern, enclosing ca 20 – 60 small areoles with arbuscular freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 135 – 156 µm thick excluding ridges (180 – 232 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1 – 2 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 12.3 – 24.1 µm in width, followed by a layer with 8 – 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9 – 23 µm in width. Innermost row with small periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 9 µm in width and inflated into the locule surface.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF95C3518049FEA0FD6102E3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimens used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • 16 km on the road from Kribi to Ebolowa, than turning right on forest exploitation Rouillon, exploitation track followed in about S direction for 24 km, on bank of the Nièté River.; 2 ° 42 ′ N, 10 ° 3 ′ E; 21 Jun 1975; J. J. F. E. de Wilde 8304; BR [BR 0000021246852] • Lolodorf, Mt. Minn; 22 Nov. 1967; H. Jacques-Felix 9190; P [MNHN-P-P 04495847]. Other material CAMEROON • Galery forest of Kienke R., just E of Kribi; 2 ° 56 ′ N, 9 ° 55 ′ E; 5 Apr. 1969; J. J. Bos 4276; P [MNHN-P-P 05036812] • Korup National Park; 24 Mar. 1998; D. Kenfack 1073; P [MNHN- P-P 05036862] • 16 km on the road from Kribi to Ebolowa, than turning right on forest exploitation Rouillon, exploitation track followed in about S direction for 24 km, on bank of the Nièté River.; 2 ° 42 ′ N, 10 ° 3 ′ E; 21 Jun. 1975; J. J. F. E. de Wilde 8304; P [MNHN-P-P 04534452]. TANZANIA • Tanga, Korogwe District, Ambangulu Forest Reserve, W of Ambangulu cam site above Makweli village; 5 ° 4 ′ 16 ″ S, 38 ° 24 ′ 16 ″ E; 5 Nov. 1998; M. A. Mwangoka & C. Kayombo 101; P [MNHN- P-P 05036843].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF95C3518049FEA0FD6102E3.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Oblong, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 300 – 400 µm thick when dry. Length 10 – 22 mm, width 5 – 15 mm, thickness 5.6 – 7.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 18.9 mm, width ca 7.1 mm, thickness ca 3.5 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca 2 – 3 main longitudinal ridges, highly branched, with the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges slightly angular and thin, delimiting a reticulate pattern with a random global aspect, enclosing ca 40 – 45 irregular areoles with arbuscular freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 151 – 295 µm thick excluding ridges (256 – 302 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with ca 14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13 – 20 µm in width. Locule surface smooth.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF95C352804EFA00FDA1057D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • Ca 40 km S of Badjob, ca 50 km SW of Eséka; 18 Dec. 1963; W. J. J. O. de Wilde 1549; P [MNHN-P-P 04495824]. Other material CAMEROON • Ca 40 km S of Badjob, ca 50 km SW of Eséka; 18 Dec. 1963; W. J. J. O. de Wilde 1549; P [MNHN-P-P 04495824] • Left bank of Sanaga River near ferry Nachtigal, ca 20 km N of Obala; alt. ca 400 m; galery forest; 11 Jun. 1964; W. J. J. O. de Wilde 2662 b; P [MNHN-P-P 04495825].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF95C352804EFA00FDA1057D.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Oblong, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 70 – 80 µm thick when dry. Length 12.0 – 17.3 mm, width 5 – 8 mm, thickness 2.0 – 5.9 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 16 mm, width ca 7.2 mm, thickness ca 4.4 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca three main longitudinal ridges, which span from the apex to the base of the endocarp. Ridges slightly angular and thin, delimiting a reticulate pattern, enclosing ca 50 – 60 polygonal areoles with more or less arbusclular freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 102 – 157 µm thick excluding ridges (ca 186 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall with two layers: outermost layer with 10 – 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9 – 15 µm in width; innermost layer with a single row of small periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 8 – 9 µm in width, inflated into the locule.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF96C35380B1FAE7FEC50629.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1932; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 4671; P [MNHN-P-P 00441031].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF96C35380B1FAE7FEC50629.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, apex acute, smooth when dry. Mesocarp 200 – 400 µm thick when dry. Length 13 – 23 mm, width 5 – 7 mm, thickness 8.0 – 9.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, compressed in the dorsoventral axis, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 12.9 mm, width ca 6.5 mm, thickness ca 8.8 mm. Apex acute. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge is thicker than other ridges, spanning from the base to the apex. Ridges thin and rounded, forming a diffuse pattern of small interconnected ridges running from the main ridge. Endocarp wall 544 – 761 µm thick excluding ridges (744 – 940 µm thick including ridges). Vasculature on the endocarp surface resting on ridges, with the endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with ca 20 rows of isodiametric cells, homogeneous; outermost layer with 13 – 17 rows of cells, cells 45 – 60 µm in diameter; innermost layer with 5 – 7 rows of cells, cells 20 – 35 µm in diameter. Locule surface smooth and lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF96C35280B6FDEEFDDE034C.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Globose to elliptical, occasionally laterally compressed, brown-black when mature. Epicarp glabrous. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical to globose in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with thin to thick rounded and diffuse ridges (i. e., not reticulate), sometimes absent. Vasculature of the endocarp follows the reticulum of ridges or resides in a channel. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside or within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall thick, homogeneous, without preferential orientations of cells. Locule surface smooth, occasionally lacunate or with clusters of hairs.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF97C353801FFEDAFBF0036B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description SOUTH AFRICA • Natal, Ngome; 15 Dec. 1969; C. D. Louwsburg 2730; WAG [WAG. 1462859]. Other material SOUTH AFRICA • 1948; R. J. Rodin 3952; P [MNHN-P-P 05193345].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF97C353801FFEDAFBF0036B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Globose, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, with traces left by the vasculature when dry. Mesocarp 210 – 272 µm thick when dry. Length ca 9.5 mm, width ca 8.6 mm, thickness ca 5.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 7.6 – 8.7 mm, width ca 7.8 mm, thickness ca 4.4 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth, with only minute channels. Endocarp wall 600 – 640 µm thick. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels, with the endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with ca 24 rows of isodiametric cells, homogeneous, cells 25 – 55 µm in diameter. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF97C34D8072FB98FCDA053A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1999; P. P. Lowry et al. 5162; P [MNHN-P-P 00724815].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF97C34D8072FB98FCDA053A.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, asymmetrical at the apex, ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 100 µm thick when dry. Length 5 – 8 mm, width 3.5 – 5.0 mm, thickness 3.0 – 4.8 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical to globose in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 6 mm, width ca 5 mm, thickness ca 4 mm. Apex slightly flattened. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca 5 – 6 main longitudinal ridges; the median and two lateral ridges reaching the point of the base. Ridges thin and rounded, forming a diffuse pattern, interconnected with the main ridges. Endocarp wall 520 – 750 µm thick excluding ridges (660 – 980 µm thick including ridges). Vasculature of the endocarp resting on ridges, with the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall in the thicker part of the keel. Endocarp wall with ca 20 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 30 – 55 µm in width. Inflated cells line the locule surface, cells 15 – 18 µm in width. Locule surface not lacunate, ornamented with clusters of 3 – 6 simple and wide hairs.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF89C34D8006FD2FFB320476.taxon	description	Description See description of Desmostachys planchonianus Miers, the sole member of the genus.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF89C34F8072FC94FDDD050E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1993; B. Lewis & S. Razafimandimbison 735; P [MNHN-P-P 04561640]. Other material MADAGASCAR • 2003; R. Rabevohitra et al. 4810; P [MNHN-P-P 04561628] • 2003; R. Rabevohitra et al. 4658; P [MNHN-P-P 04561629] • 2002; J. Rabenantoandro et al. 1155; P [MNHN-P-P 04561630].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF89C34F8072FC94FDDD050E.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, rugose when dry, revealing the underlying rugosities of the endocarp. Mesocarp 250 – 300 µm thick when dry. Length 10 – 16 mm, width 7 – 12 mm, thickness 5.0 – 5.8 mm. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 11.1 mm, width ca 7.8 mm, thickness ca 3.5 mm. Apex with an asymmetrical bulge; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular, with 20 – 25 mounds arranged longitudinally and interspaced by 4 – 5 channels. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Vasculature of endocarp lies in the channels between mounds. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 245 – 290 µm thick excluding mounds (338 – 474 µm thick including mounds). Endocarp wall with two layers: outermost layer with 7 – 10 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 16 – 21 µm in length; innermost layer with 7 – 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 20 – 27 µm in width. Locule surface smooth.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8BC34F802FFD30FD0E013B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose to puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, smooth to reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Keel often surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, occasionally not visible. Apex more or less asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with diffuse or reticulate pattern of sharp to angular ridges. When reticulate, ridges delimit polygonal areoles with or without freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp with a symmetrical pair of pores compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit, or replaced by an apical bulge. Vasculature on the endocarp surface follows the reticulum of ridges. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall or in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall with at least one row of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth, more or less lacunate. Taxonomic remark This work was largely completed before the taxonomic modification of the genus Desmostachys s. l. (Jongkind & Lachenaud 2019). For practical reasons, we decided to keep the structure of this survey, but we included the taxonomic modifications. The probable polyphyly of Desmostachys s. l. had already been outlined in the discussion, and we decided to keep these comments as a means of corroborating the study of Jongkind & Lachenaud (2019).	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8CC34883FEFEA0FB0A04B0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • 1966; R. Letouzey 8309; P [MNHN-P-P 04495051].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8CC34883FEFEA0FB0A04B0.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 50 – 70 µm thick when dry. Length 9 – 15 mm, width 6.3 – 10.0 mm, thickness 5.0 – 6.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, lenticular to globose in transverse section, length ca 11.3 mm, width ca 6.8 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca 4 – 5 main longitudinal ridges; the median and occasionally a lateral ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges sharp and thin, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 20 – 25 polygonal areoles with freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 112 – 154 µm thick excluding ridges (260 – 330 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with 9 – 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8 – 15 µm in width. Locule surface smooth, lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8CC34883EFFC51FCD60185.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • 1969; J. J. Bos 4277; P [MNHN-P-P 04495129].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8CC34883EFFC51FCD60185.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, smooth when dry. Mesocarp 750 – 820 µm thick when dry. Length 21 – 25 mm, width 9 – 15 mm, thickness 5.0 – 10.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 18.4 mm, width ca 9.2 mm, thickness ca 8.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical, bulged; base subacute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 4 – 6 main longitudinal ridges; the median and a lateral ridge reaching the point of the base on each face. Ridges angular and broad, almost rectangular, with a median channel clearly visible, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 20 – 24 polygonal longitudinally elongate areoles. The ridges merge with the bulge at the apex. Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall 180 – 200 µm thick excluding ridges (320 – 385 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with ca 17 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7 – 16 µm in width. Locule surface smooth and lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8CC34983D9F8A4FAEB04AE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description IVORY COAST • “ Côte d’Ivoire ”; 1931; Service forestier 364; P [MNHN-P-P 04495087]. Other material IVORY COAST • “ Côte d’Ivoire ”; 1931; Service forestier 446; P [MNHN-P-P 04495088] • 1963; W. J. J. O. de Wilde 514; P [MNHN-P-P 04495094] • Tabou, along road via Irputou to Cavally River; 8 Apr. 2000; C. C. H. Jongkind 4975; WAG [WAG. 1463136].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8CC34983D9F8A4FAEB04AE.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp puberulent, reticulate-rugose when dry, revealing the underlying rugosities and ridges of the endocarp. Mesocarp thin. Length 14 – 21.4 mm, width 10.0 – 11.1 mm, thickness 7.0 – 11.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, globose in transverse section, length ca 19.4 mm, width ca 10.7 mm, thickness ca 10 mm. Sharp keel, sinuous and serrated, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute and asymmetrical; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose and ridged. Ridges sharp and diffuse with only a median ridge serrated. Surface covered by ca 70 rugged protuberances, evenly distributed, and by ‘ ridges’ that form small, vertically and longitudinally elongate mounds. Endocarp with a symmetrical pair of pores situated at the merging of the apex and the median ridge. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 370 – 477 µm thick excluding ridges (1200 – 1380 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1 – 2 rows of isodiametric cells, cells ca 27 – 40 µm in diameter; followed by a layer of 15 – 21 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells ca 19 – 24 µm in length; innermost layer with 5 – 6 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 9 – 14 µm in width. Locule surface smooth and lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8DC34B8073FC5CFCBE06FE.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly asymmetrical at the apex, laterally highly compressed, red-brown when mature. Epicarp glabrous. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Small keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with thin rounded to sharp ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing areoles; most areoles with freely ending ridgelets. Vasculature of the endocarp free or resting on the ridges; endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall thin, divided into distinctive layers, at least one layer with anticlinally oriented cells (outer part) and another with periclinally oriented cells (inner part). Locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae, irregular in shape. Locule surface lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8FC34B80B4FDC7FC220232.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description JAPAN • Okudai 60474; UC.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF8FC34B80B4FDC7FC220232.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Mesocarp ca 200 µm thick when dry. ENDOCARP. Length ca 12.5 mm, width ca 8.1 mm, thickness ca 1.5 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with 2 – 3 main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges thin and sharp, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 15 – 18 irregular areoles generally with freely ending ridgelet inside. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on the ridges. Endocarp wall 180 – 235 µm thick excluding ridges (262 – 302 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall with three layers: outermost layer with 11 – 12 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 14 – 26 µm in length; middle layer with 3 – 4 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 11 – 22 µm in width; innermost layer with periclinally oriented cells, cells 6 µm in width, lining the locule with regularly spaced and elongate to rounded papillae; papillae 12.2 – 21.0 µm (av. 14.6 µm) in diameter. Locule surface lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF81C345803EFEA0FC7C04D4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA • “ District de Tchen-Kéou-Tin ”; s. d.; M. l’abbé Farges s. n.; P [MNHN-P-P 04513501].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF81C345803EFEA0FC7C04D4.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp glabrous, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 70 µm thick when dry. Length 13 – 18 mm, width 8.1 mm, thickness 3.9 mm. ENDOCARP. Length ca 12.6 mm, width ca 7.8 mm, thickness ca 1.1 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 3 – 4 main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges thin and rounded, forming a reticulate pattern enclosing 14 – 20 areoles, generally with a freely ending ridgelet inside. Vasculature of the endocarp free. Endocarp wall 161 – 202 µm thick excluding ridges (ca 250 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 5 – 10 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 10 – 13 µm in length; followed by a layer of 5 – 7 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15 – 19 µm in width; innermost layer with a single row of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 6 µm in width, lining the locule with regularly spaced and elongate papillae; papillae 11 – 21 µm in diameter, ca 1000 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF81C34580A7FC70FEE60293.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, occasionally slightly globose, asymmetrical at the apex, red-brown to black when mature. Epicarp glabrous or yellowish puberulent with small ovoid hairs to papillate hairs, which line the surface, and simple hairs with granular ornamentation or only simple hairs without granular ornamentation; ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical to obovate in lateral view, globose to lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry or faintly visible. Apex truncate or acute, always asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp irregularly rugose or ridged, with a diffuse or reticulate pattern of rounded to sharp ridges. Vasculature follows the ridges or rests between rugosities. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside or within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with at least one row of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth and faintly lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF82C346805DFEA0FDF6024A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • “ Baringa / S / Maringa (Terr. Befale) Forêt ”; 26 Oct. 1958; C. Evard 5094; BR [BR 0000015572356]. Other material GABON • 1897; R. P. Klaine 959; P [MNHN-P-P 04495392].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF82C346805DFEA0FDF6024A.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, red when mature. Epicarp glabrous, ridged, with diffuse long arbuscles, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 200 – 250 µm thick. Length 24 – 26 mm, width 18.3 mm, thickness 14.0 – 17.5 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 23 mm, width ca 17.6 mm, thickness ca 17 mm. Keel faintly apparent, with a median channel, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex truncate; base rounded and slightly asymmetrical, positioned in opposition to the apex asymmetry. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with 3 – 4 main longitudinal ridges; the median and a lateral ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges sharp and thin, with a median channel (corresponding to the trace left by the vasculature of the fruit), forming a partial and sparse reticulum with ca 16 – 17 areoles, some areoles transversally extended, others small and randomly positioned, with freely ending ridgelets, occasionally arbusclular. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically at the apical end of the median ridge. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges; endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 240 – 362 µm thick excluding ridges (400 – 430 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall with two layers: outermost layer with 3 – 4 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 18 – 28 µm in diameter, innermost layer with 10 – 13 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13 – 21 µm in width. Locule surface smooth and lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF82C347804CFAFAFB8C0526.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1902; J. Gillet 2674; BR [BR 0000015572677]. Other material REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • “ Route de Kinkala, Itineraire Mahitou - Boutsouka - Tonkama ”; Jun. 1964; A. Bouquet 28; P [MNHN-P-P 04495336].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF82C347804CFAFAFB8C0526.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to obovate, red when mature. Epicarp glabrous, ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 400 – 600 µm thick when dry. Length 21 – 30 mm, width 15 – 20 mm, thickness 12.0 – 19.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Obovate in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 26.3 mm, width ca 17 mm, thickness ca 16.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp wall in the plane of symmetry, with one part flattened and containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex truncate; base acute, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged and rugose, with a median ridge reaching the point of the base and running nearly to the apex. Lateral ridges irregular and disconnected, running along more or less the entirety of the endocarp length. Ridges rounded with a slight median channel, forming a diffuse pattern, occasionally forming an arbuscle-like branch. A few isolated mounds cover the surface randomly. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the apical endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Endocarp wall 263 – 306 µm thick excluding ridges (470 – 560 µm including ridges). Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges but also free. Endocarp wall with ca 15 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 20 – 27 µm in width. Locule surface smooth, slightly lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF83C34180AFFDC4FD0F0521.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • Brazzaville; 1953; J. Koechlin 2334; P [MNHN-P-P 04495011]. Other material GABON • 1897; R. P. Klaine 489; P [MNHN-P-P 04495007]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • Brazzaville; 1950; J. Koechlin 633; P [MNHN-P-P 04495012].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF83C34180AFFDC4FD0F0521.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical with acute apex, laterally compressed, brown when mature. Epicarp puberulent with two types of hairs, simple hairs with granular ornamentation and small papillae-like hair expansions that line the fruit; faintly rugose when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 200 – 400 µm thick when dry. Length 25 – 35 mm, width 16.5 – 26.0 mm, thickness 10 – 17 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 25.6 mm, width ca 16.3 mm, thickness ca 12 mm. Keel running along the dorsal length of the endocarp, flanked by two channels, with the vascular bundle embedded within keel / endocarp wall; a single channel runs along the ventral length of the endocarp. Apex acute, asymmetrical, forming a rectangular protuberance; base rounded-acute and slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugged with ca 90 mounds, more or less square-polygonal, with freely ending channels inside, more or less branched. Mounds organized in 9 – 12 longitudinal lines separated by 5 – 6 main longitudinal channels. The main channel on each face reaching the pore positioned subapically on the apical protuberance. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels between mounds and along the channel branches inside the mounds. Endocarp wall 289 – 372 µm thick excluding mounds (460 – 544 µm including mounds). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 8 – 9 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 22 – 31 µm in length; innermost layer with 5 – 6 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14 – 21 µm in width. Locule surface smooth, lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF85C341807AFDC3FB84015B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1892; M. Dybowski 698; P [MNHN-P-P 04495750]. Other material CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC • 1978; Peyre de Fabrègues 3610; P [MNHN-P-P 04495743]. SENEGAL • 1933 – 1934; J. Trochain 3367; P [MNHN-P-P 04495790].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF85C341807AFDC3FB84015B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, red-brown when mature. Epicarp puberulent with small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex. Mesocarp 420 – 620 µm thick when dry. Length 17 – 23 mm, width 13 – 16 mm, thickness 9 – 14 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 18 mm, width ca 13.1 mm, thickness ca 14 mm. Keel running along the dorsal length of the endocarp, flanked by two channels, with the vascular bundle embedded within keel / endocarp wall; a single channel runs along the ventral length of the endocarp. Apex truncate; base rounded-acute and slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose with ca 70 – 80 mounds, more or less square-polygonal, with a freely ending channels inside, more or less branched. Mounds organized in 7 – 8 longitudinal lines separated by three main longitudinal channels. The main channel on each face reaching a pore positioned subapically, each pore with a central pit. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels between mounds and along the channel branches inside the mounds. Endocarp wall 288 – 307 µm thick excluding mounds (588 – 661 µm including mounds). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 7 – 8 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 24 – 34 µm in width; innermost layer with 8 – 9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16 – 21 µm in width. Locule surface smooth, lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF85C34280BAF9C9FE110479.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NIGERIA • 1955; J. C. Okafor fhi 34969; P [MNHN-P-P 04495708].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF85C34280BAF9C9FE110479.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, brown-black when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 300 µm thick when dry. Length 30.8 – 34.0 mm, width 17 – 24 mm, thickness 12.0 – 18.7 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 27.4 mm, width ca 17 mm, thickness ca 14 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex greatly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca four main ridges, two lateral ridges reaching the point of the base. Ridges sharp and rectangular with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern well developed in the upper half of the endocarp and more diffuse in the lower half. The reticulum encloses 10 – 20 irregular, more or less polygonal areoles with freely ending ridgelets inside. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Endocarp wall 270 – 315 µm thick excluding ridges (362 – 735 µm including ridges). Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 4 – 6 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 19 – 30 µm in length; middle layer with 4 – 8 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 20 – 27 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, which line the locule surface with inflated cells, cells 8 – 13 µm in width. Locule surface smooth, lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF86C3428097FCEAFC440145.taxon	description	Figs 12 – 15, 16.1 – 16.18 Description FRUIT. Elliptical, occasionally globose, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red to brown when mature. Epicarp strigose or puberulent, scarcely pilose, with simple hairs with granular ornamentation and / or uncinate hairs or long and thin hairs, ridged or rugged-rugose to smooth when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ornamentation. Calyx persistent or not. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical, occasionally globose in lateral view, lenticular, occasionally globose in transverse section. Keel often surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall; occasionally replaced by channel containing the primary vascular bundle. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical or cleft. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth, rugged - rugose, and / or ridged, with ridges rounded to sharp comprising a diffuse to reticulate pattern with or without freely ending ridgelets. Secondary ridges (i. e., small ridges delimiting a reticulum inside or between the primary reticulation / ridges) occasionally present. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions compressed on the keel, sometimes much reduced and forming pores, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, absent in African species. Vasculature resting on ridges when present, occasionally between ridges or rugosities. Endocarp wall with two or three cell layers. Locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae. Locule surfaces more or less lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF87C37C805AFAB4FB2E05B7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC • Oubangui, Boukoko; 20 Mar. 1948; R. P. Tisserant s. n.; P [MNHN- P-P 03951984]. GABON • 1904; R. P. Klaine 3505; P [MNHN-P-P 03951995]. Other material CAMEROON • 1969; J. J. Bos 5089; P [MNHN-P-P 03951958]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1964; A. Bouquet 833; P [MNHN-P-P 03951922].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FF87C37C805AFAB4FB2E05B7.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, laterally compressed, brown when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 300 µm thick when dry. Length 11.2 – 15.0 mm, width 8.4 – 11.1 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 10.8 – 11.7 mm, width 8.5 – 9.1 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly flattened, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with three main longitudinal ridges (up to eight counting small longitudinal ridges) more or less branched, all reaching the point of the base. Ridges rounded and thin, enclosing 21 – 25 longitudinal and polygonal areoles with small freely ending ridgelets, occasionally absent. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on the ridges and free in the mesocarp. Endocarp wall 154 – 171 µm thick excluding ridges (268 – 277 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 0 – 6 row (s) of isodiametric cell, cells 24 – 32 µm in diameter; followed by a layer with 5 – 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9 – 13 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 8.5 µm in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 14.3 – 17.4 µm (av. 16.1 µm) in diameter, ca 810 – 840 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB8C37C80B9FD54FEC8008B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA • Liu 171; KUN [KUN- 0647593]. Other material VIETNAM • 1888; B. Balansa 3981; P [MNHN-P-P 00698073].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB8C37C80B9FD54FEC8008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose-puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 200 µm thick when dry. Length 25 – 38 mm, width 14 – 20 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 32.7 mm, width ca 15.2 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex greatly asymmetrical; base acute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with two types of ridges; the primary ridges composed of one main median ridge, which reaches the point of the base, and two lateral ridges that run close to the apex. Primary ridges rectangular and thin with a median channel, forming a diffuse pattern with short lateral freely ending ridgelets. Secondary ridges thin and rounded, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing numerous areoles. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on the channels of the ridges and free in the mesocarp. Endocarp wall 434 – 450 µm thick excluding ridges (550 – 600 µm thick including secondary ridges and 1300 µm thick including primary ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 12 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, followed by a layer with ca 7 rows of periclinally oriented cells, innermost layer periclinally oriented, lining the locule surface with rounded papillae, papillae ca 20 µm in diameter. Locule surface lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB8C37C80B9FD54FEC8008B.taxon	discussion	Remarks The cellular details of the specimen examined were not clearly visible; thus, we were unable to obtain cell size information. The inner endocarp surface was also decayed but we were able to distinguish a few papillae.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB9C37F80A8FEA0FBEA0619.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description VIETNAM • “ Indo-chine, Ba Drang ”; 18 May 1921; B. Hayata 672; P [MNHN-P-P 06672331]. Other material VIETNAM • “ Indo-chine ”, Annam; 23 May 1923; E. Poilane 6622; P [MNHN-P-P 06672332].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB9C37F80A8FEA0FBEA0619.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, cleft at the base, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 270 – 320 µm thick when dry. Length 12 – 20 mm, width 10 – 15 mm, thickness 7 – 10 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 12.6 mm, width ca 9.5 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Keel thick, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical with an acute protuberance on either side in lateral view; base flat and cleft on one side. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged and faintly rugose, with two thin rectangular to sharp ridges on each face, the median ridge running from the base up to ¾ of the endocarp length and the second ridge running up to the subapical part. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically one on either endocarp face, each protrusion with a central pit. Endocarp wall 380 – 405 µm thick excluding ridges (813 – 1064 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers, sometimes homogeneous: outermost layer with 15 – 17 rows of isodiametric, occasionally anticlinally oriented cells, cells 22 – 49 µm in diameter, followed by a layer with 3 – 4 rows of small periclinally oriented cells, cells 7 – 10 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 6.5 µm in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced, sessile rounded papillae, papillae 8.6 – 15.5 µm (av. 10.2 µm) in diameter, ca 460 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB9C37F80A8FEA0FBEA0619.taxon	discussion	Remarks The endocarp was considered “ smooth inside ” (Sleumer 1971). Here we demonstrate that the locule is densely covered by papillae. These papillae are difficult to observe without SEM.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBBC37F804CFE0AFC7C0235.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • 1899; G. A. Zenker 2032; P [MNHN-P-P 03951972].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBBC37F804CFE0AFC7C0235.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical; epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 135 – 150 µm thick when dry. Length 10.0 – 12.4 mm, width 7.0 – 9.6 mm, thickness 6.0 – 8.9 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 10.9 mm, width ca 9.9 mm, thickness ca 7.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall, occasionally divided into two parts subapically. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded-flat and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge beginning at the point of the base then dichotomizing at the ¾ of the endocarp length; the apical ¼ of the endocarp length is ridgeless. Ridges rounded and thin, each with a median channel, enclosing 1 – 3 polygonal areoles, extended transversally and longitudinally. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 154 – 181 µm thick excluding ridges (460 – 470 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall homogenous, with 9 – 12 rows of isodiametric cells, 14 – 26 µm in diameter. Locule surface unknown, lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBBC37F804CFE0AFC7C0235.taxon	discussion	Remarks A tissue (placenta?, degradation?) obscures the surface of the locule.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBDC37980A0FEA0FC190386.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON • 1902; R. P. Klaine 3064; P [MNHN-P-P 04472306]. Other material GABON • 1983; J. J. F. E. de Wilde 606; P [MNHN-P-P 04472313].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBDC37980A0FEA0FC190386.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, red when mature. Epicarp densely puberulent with yellow short simple hairs with granular ornamentation and longer simple hairs without ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 240 – 300 µm thick when dry. Length 11.0 – 13.6 mm, width 7.0 – 11.0 mm, thickness 4 – 7.1 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 12.1 mm, width ca 7.6 mm, thickness ca 6.3 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, horn-like protrusions or pores absent; base rounded and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 4 – 5 main longitudinal ridges; the median ridges running from the point of the base up to the point of the apex. Ridges rounded, thin, with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern (sparse subapically and subbasally, but denser toward the middle), enclosing 13 – 15 polygonal areoles each with a freely ending ridge. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 128 – 173 µm thick excluding ridges (300 – 360 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with at least two cell layers: outermost layer with 5 – 9 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 22.7 – 29.0 µm in width, innermost layer with 1 – 5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13 – 14 µm in width. Locule surface unknown, lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBDC37A8097FAA6FE5205E6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GUINEA • 1949; J. G. Adam 3833; P [MNHN-P-P 04472332]. Other material GUINEA • 1949; J. G. Adam 5788; P [MNHN-P-P 04472335] • 1949; J. G. Adam 5252; P [MNHN- P-P 04472330]. IVORY COAST • Bingerville; 27 Mar. 1906; A. Jolly s. n.; P [MNHN-P-P 04472370] • 1959; A. J. M. Leewenberg 2527; P [MNHN-P-P 04472371].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBDC37A8097FAA6FE5205E6.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to obovoid, red when mature. Epicarp sparsely strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp ca 200 µm when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 8.0 – 11.9 mm, width 5.0 – 7.8 mm, thickness 5.5 – 7.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Light brown, elliptical to obovoid in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 10.4 mm, width ca 7.1 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, without horn-like protrusions or pores; base rounded-acute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp sparsely ridged, with one median ridge running longitudinally, beginning at the point of the base and spanning ca ¾ of the endocarp length. Ridges angular-sharp, thin, with a median channel, forming a sparse diffuse pattern from the median ridge, absent from the apical ¼ of the endocarp length. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 138 – 172 µm thick excluding ridges (257 – 266 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with at least two cell layers: outermost layer with one row of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, 16.1 – 22.7 µm in width; innermost layer with 8 – 9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, 8.8 – 22 µm in width. Locule surface unknown, not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBEC37A8054FD1AFC0401BF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimens used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • “ Côte orientale de Madagascar ”; s. d.; Chapelier s. n.; P [MNHN-P-P 04472113] • McPherson 18809; MO [MO- 2972314]. Other material MADAGASCAR • s. d.; Chapelier s. n.; P [MNHN-P-P 04472112].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBEC37A8054FD1AFC0401BF.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, brown when mature. Epicarp glabrous, granular, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 135 – 214 µm thick when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 7 – 9 mm, width 4 – 5 mm, thickness 4.4 – 5.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 7.6 – 8.0 mm, width ca 4.6 mm, thickness ca 4.3 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, horn-like protrusions or pores absents; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged delimiting a reticulate pattern of rounded ridges. Ridges thin and faintly apparent, with a median channel, enclosing more than 80 small polygonal areoles distributed over the entire surface of the endocarp. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 165 – 201 µm thick excluding ridges (227 – 265 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with at least two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 11 rows of periclinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 18.9 – 27.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of small periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.9 – 9.6 µm in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae, papillae ca 13.3 µm in diameter. Locule not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBEC37B809AF8A1FAC8032A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description VIETNAM • Hiep HLF 203; MO [MO- 2080935]. Other material INDONESIA • “ Celebes ” [Sulawesi]; 1863; Kunz?; P [MNHN-P-P 04504863].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBEC37B809AF8A1FAC8032A.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, cleft at the base, red when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and small papillae-like hairs lining the fruit, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 142 – 242 µm thick when dry. Length 15 – 25 mm, width 10.0 – 11.4 mm, thickness 8 – 9 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 17.8 mm, width ca 11 mm, thickness ca 8.6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base flattened and cleft. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged and faintly rugose, with 3 – 4 main longitudinal ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern, enclosing 3 – 4 large polygonal areoles. Ridges thin, rectangular, with a median channel, interconnected with some very short freely ending ridgelets. Rugosities distributed over the entire surface. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Endocarp wall 314 – 375 µm thick excluding ridges (ca 490 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 16 – 19 rows of isodiametric, occasionally anticlinally oriented cells, followed by a layer with 6 – 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 9.2 – 11.8 µm (av. 10.1 µm) in diameter, at least 220 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBFC37580A1FBDFFAB10355.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1926; Perrier de la Bâthie 17843; P [MNHN-P-P 04472108]. Other material MADAGASCAR • 1932; J. Leandri 468; P [MNHN-P-P 04472110] • 1996; C. C. H. Jongkind 3385; P [MNHN-P-P 05279694] • 1997; C. C. H. Jongkind 3696; P [MNHN-P-P 05274867].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFBFC37580A1FBDFFAB10355.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Globose, brown when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, finely ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 88 – 111 µm thick when dry. Length 11 – 17 mm, width 11.3 – 15.0 mm, thickness 10 – 12 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, globose in lateral view and transverse section, length ca 11.5 mm, width ca 10.9 mm, thickness ca 9.2 mm. Keel thin and delicate, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with two types of ridges. The primary ridges comprise three main longitudinal ridges, two of them spanning from the apex to the base. Primary ridges thin, rounded and forming a sparse diffuse pattern. Secondary ridges thin and sharp, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing numerous areoles. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on ridges. Endocarp wall 317 – 338 µm thick excluding ridges (340 – 426 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3 – 11 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 23.7 – 44.0 µm in width, followed by a layer with 3 – 9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 20 – 27 µm in width, innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 12 – 18 µm in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 12.3 – 18.0 µm (av. 14.9 µm) in diameter, ca 448 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB1C377804FFBF7FCD0049B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description PHILLIPINES • 1916; A. D. E. Elmer 16418; P [MNHN-P-P 04504850].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB1C377804FFBF7FCD0049B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Oblong, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent-strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and uncinate hairs, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 50 µm thick when dry. Length 11 – 15 mm, width 7.5 – 12.0 mm, thickness 5 – 10 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, oblong in lateral view, hexagonal in transverse section, length ca 12.4 mm, width ca 7.6 mm, thickness ca 6.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical and almost flat with two uncinate protuberances in lateral view; base flattened and cleft on the opposite side. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with two types of ridges. Primary ridges large and rectangular, composed of two main longitudinal ridges, running from the subbasal part up to the subapical part of the endocarp length and forming a diffuse pattern with only 2 – 3 lateral freely ending ridgelets. Secondary ridges thin and rounded, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing numerous areoles. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions positioned on the bigger uncinate protuberance at the apex. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on ridges. Endocarp wall 229 – 282 µm thick excluding ridges (285 – 296 µm including secondary ridges and 360 – 396 µm including primary ridges). Endocarp wall with four cell layers: outermost layer with ca 5 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 12.5 – 16.5 µm in diameter, followed by a layer with ca 6 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 21.4 – 28.3 µm in width, then a layer with ca 5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.1 – 11.9 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.7 – 6.9 µm in width, covering the surface of the locule (detail of the surface unknown). Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB3C3778010FB88FD97008B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NEW GUINEA • s. loc; s. d.; s. col. s. n.; MO.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB3C3778010FB88FD97008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical; epicarp puberulent. Calyx persistence and mesocarp thickness unknown. Length 20 mm, width 15 mm, thickness 15 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.7 mm, width ca 12.9 mm, thickness ca 11.2 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex rounded and asymmetrical; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with two main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge runs from the point of the base up the half of the endocarp length, then divides into several smaller ridges and a lateral ridge, which runs from the subbase up to the subapex. Ridges rectangular, thin, with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 13 – 18 irregular ridges with arbuscular freely ending ridgelets. Vasculature of the endocarp surface in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Endocarp wall 502 – 564 µm thick excluding ridges (652 – 672 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 11 – 13 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 14.0 – 43.1 µm in length, followed by a layer with 6 – 8 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 21.1 – 25.6 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.3 – 9.8 µm in width, covering the locule surface, apparently with rounded papillae (detail of the surface poorly preserved). Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB4C3708050FEA0FA8D04F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA • Kouy-Tcheou Province; Jun. 1912; Abbé Cavalerie 3932; P [MNHN-P-P 05279333].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB4C3708050FEA0FA8D04F1.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to oblong, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow uncinate hairs, smooth when dry. Mesocarp thin when dry. Length 15 – 23 mm, width 10 – 16 mm, thickness 5.0 – 7.9 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, oblong in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 16.5 mm, width ca 11 mm, thickness ca 8.1 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp on only one side in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical, flattened in the lateral view; base flattened and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth with thin, faintly apparent channels, 3 – 4 main channels running longitudinally. Vasculature of the endocarp in the channels; primary vascular bundle positioned inside the channel surrounding the endocarp. Endocarp wall 173 – 226 µm thick. Endocarp wall with ca 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.9 – 15.4 µm in width. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB4C3708067FC12FB04008B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • Forest near Boa Bakundu village, south west of Kumba; 19 Apr. 1986; D. Thomas & M. Etuge 63; BR [BR 0000015596772]. Other material NIGERIA • Ekwuno PFO 370; MO [MO- 2730593].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB4C3708067FC12FB04008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, red when mature. Epicarp pilose, with yellow long and thin hairs and yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 132 – 162 µm thick when dry. Length 11.6 – 15.5 mm, width 8.5 – 10.0 mm, thickness 5.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 11.6 mm, width ca 8.7 mm, thickness ca 5.9 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, with a central pit in apical view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with 3 – 4 main longitudinal ridges (6 – 7 including small longitudinal ridges); the median and two lateral ridges reaching the point of the base and running along the endocarp length. Ridges thin, rounded to rectangular, with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 23 – 25 polygonal and longitudinally extended areoles. Surface of endocarp finely covered by ridgelets-rugosities. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 227 – 245 µm thick excluding ridges (320 – 386 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1 – 3 rows of isodiametric cells (mesocarp?), cells 12.2 – 17.2 µm in diameter, followed by a layer with 15 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.4 – 13.2 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.4 – 8.7 µm in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 11.8 – 13.7 µm (av. 12.7 µm) in diameter. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB5C3718099FEA0FEE20232.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description SUMATRA • 19 Nov. 1988; Burley 1577; L [L. 2288996]. Other material SUMATRA • s. d.; H. S. Yates 1342; P [MNHN-P-P 04504846].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB5C3718099FEA0FEE20232.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, brown when mature, length 25 – 34 mm, width 15 – 17 mm, thickness 11 – 13 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, with a cork-like texture, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 33.8 mm, width ca 17 mm, thickness ca 10.7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with two types of ridges. Primary ridges comprising three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Primary ridges large, rectangular, with a median channel and with wavelet ornamentation on both sides of the channel; delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 7 – 8 square-polygonal areoles transversally. Secondary ridges thin and sharp, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing numerous areoles. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces. Endocarp wall 258 – 322 µm thick excluding ridges (433 – 597 µm thick including the secondary ridges and ca 959 µm thick including primary ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 2 – 4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 30.7 – 32.6 µm in width; middle layer with 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.9 – 21.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.3 – 8.4 µm in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with papillae. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB7C3738071FE43FAEB0218.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • 17 km from Kribi, Edea road; 8 Mar. 1969; Bos 4098; WAG [WAG. 1398990] • “ Prės de la riviėre Niete au SSE Zingui (40 km SE de Kribi) ”; 11 Mar. 1968; R. Letouzey 8970; P [MNHN- P-P 04494818] • Bakingini, at edge of plantation area above Mile 11; 6 Mar. 2007; J. J. Wieringa 5840; WAG [WAG. 1398985]. GABON • 1966; N. Hallé 3734; P [MNHN-P-P 04494807].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB7C3738071FE43FAEB0218.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, red when mature. Epicarp pilose and puberulent, with long and thin red hairs and simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp rugosities. Mesocarp ca 14 mm thick. Calyx not persistent. Length 53 – 95 mm, width 40 – 58 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 58 mm, width ca 37 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in the lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, with large mounds in 3 – 4 major longitudinal rows. Mounds formed by folds of the wall. Endocarp wall 694 – 850 µm thick without and with ridges. Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 15 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 20.5 – 58.5 µm in diameter; innermost layer with 15 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.3 – 32.0 µm in width. Inner endocarp smooth with long and thin hairs. Locule surface folded, not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFB7C37380A2FEA7FE9F06DE.taxon	description	Description See description of Lavigeria macrocarpa (Oliv.) Pierre, the only species of Lavigeria examined for this study.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA9C36D80ACFE6DFABE039D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description BOLIVIA • Pando; 17 Jun. 1987; J. C. Solomon 17073; U [U. 1343377]. Other material FRENCH GUIANA • Crique Baboune; 29 Jul. 1981; Centre Orstom 4687; P [MNHN-P-P 05221896].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA9C36D80ACFE6DFABE039D.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, apex asymmetrical, red-black when mature. Epicarp glabrous, channels with vasculature marked when dry. Mesocarp 200 – 240 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 20 – 50 mm, width 13 – 30 mm, thickness 12.7 – 16.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical to oblong in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 22.5 mm, width ca 13 mm, thickness ca 12.3 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp on one side in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth with ca 3 main shallow channels containing the vasculature of the endocarp. Endocarp primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 353 – 386 µm thick. Endocarp wall with ca 12 – 14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.3 – 33.0 µm in width. Inner endocarp surface smooth with long and thin hairs. Locule surface slightly lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA9C36D8094FEA7FC6706FC.taxon	description	Description See description of Leretia cordata Vell., the sole member of the genus.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA9C36D8093FA83FCF40183.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp glabrous. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical to globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, almost smooth. Vasculature of the endocarp generally resting between rugosities. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with two layers, including layer with rows of periclinally oriented cells and another with rows of anticlinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth, sometimes slightly lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAAC36E80B6FEA0FD1A04AB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MEXICO • 1982; M. Guillermo Ibarra 72; U [U. 1343380].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAAC36E80B6FEA0FD1A04AB.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Globose, symmetrical at the apex. Epicarp smooth or slightly rugose when dry, revealing the endocarp faint rugosities. Mesocarp ca 350 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 18.8 mm, width 14.7 mm, thickness 10.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Globose in lateral view, length ca 15.8 mm, width ca 13.6 mm, thickness ca 10.2 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with a central channel. Base with a small rounded protuberance at the point of the base. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth with sparse rugosities randomly distributed, and short ridge beginning the apex and running transversally and subapically over 0.5 mm at the most. Vasculature of the endocarp free. Endocarp wall 714 – 809 µm thick. Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 17 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 21.7 – 32.8 µm in length; innermost layer with 14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.9 – 26.7 µm in width. Inner endocarp surface smooth, not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAAC36E8048FC59FACC01EE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GUATEMALA • Cadenas, in low forest bordering Rio Sarstun; 18 Mar. 1967; Contreras 6781; U [U. 1343381].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAAC36E8048FC59FACC01EE.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, apex slightly acuminate and asymmetrical, length 14 – 26 mm, width 10 – 20 mm, thickness 10 – 13 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical-globose in lateral view, length ca 16.4 mm, width ca 11.3 mm, thickness ca 9.3 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, with ca 2 – 3 main longitudinal channels that separate irregular mounds. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels, between rugosities. Endocarp wall 692 – 795 µm thick with and without rugosities. Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 13 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 16.8 – 30.2 µm in length, innermost layer with 20 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.5 – 28.2 µm in width. Inner endocarp surface smooth, lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAAC36F80BEF91EFE2505DF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CUBA • Province of Pinar del Rio, Guanajay; 1904; H. A. Van Hermann 250; P [MNHN-P-P 04513543]. Other material CUBA • Sep. 1859 – Jan. 1860; C. Wright 1389; P [MNHN-P-P 04513544].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAAC36F80BEF91EFE2505DF.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical or globose, asymmetrical at the apex, length 10 – 23 mm, width 8 – 11 mm, thickness 6 – 13 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, length ca 12 mm, width ca 8.8 mm, thickness ca 6.9 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute; base with small rounded protuberance at the point of the base. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular; rugosities distributed randomly at the surface. Vasculature of the endocarp free. Endocarp wall 373 – 468 µm thick excluding rugosities (535 – 545 µm thick including rugosities). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 10 – 12 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 15.7 – 34.0 µm in length; innermost layer with 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.8 – 19.8 µm in width. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFABC36F8062FD42FEA904FB.taxon	description	Description See description of Mappianthus iodoides Hand. - Mazz., the only species of Mappianthus examined for this study.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFABC3698071FC68FE62042C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA • Kwangsi Province; 15 Sep. 1933; A. N. Steward & H. C. Cheo 1093; P [MNHN-P-P 04513538]. Other material CHINA • Kouy-Tcheou Province; s. d.; Cavalerie 1518; P [MNHN-P-P 05274868]. Des ion FRUIT. Elliptical, asymmetrical at the apex, red-green when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, faintly rugose when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp rugosities. Mesocarp 100 – 200 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 20 – 37 mm, width 10.0 – 17.7, thickness 4 – 8 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 25.5 mm, width ca 12.8 mm, thickness ca 6.9 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical, acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose with ca 73 – 91 mounds; mounds more or less square polygonal, each with more or less branched freely ending channel inside. Mounds organized in 5 – 6 longitudinal lines separated by four main longitudinal channels. The main channel on each face reaching a pore positioned subapically. Vasculature of the endocarp in the channels between mounds; primary vascular bundle half-embedded, positioned in the channel surrounding the endocarp. Endocarp wall 293 – 329 µm thick excluding mounds (484 – 496 µm thick including mounds). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1 – 4 rows of isodiametric, occasionally anticlinally oriented cells, cells 26 – 35 µm in length, followed by a layer with 7 – 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 24.6 – 29.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.1 – 13.8 µm in width, lining the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 21.9 – 30.6 µm (av. 25.6 µm) in diameter, ca 138 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFADC36980BCFCD8FD7B02BD.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Ovoid to elliptical, with the apex occasionally acuminate, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose to puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and uncinate hairs, more or less ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a gynophore. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to ovoid or partially globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, with a subapical pore on each face, occasionally absent; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged or rugose. Pits large, exclusively circular, organized in longitudinal lines. Pits associated with small, bullate tubercles protruding into the locule. Ridges thin to thick, forming a reticulate pattern, delimiting a few polygonal areoles. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on the ridges. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with at least one layer with rows of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae, occasionally lacunate, often hardly discernible.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFADC36A8030F8B7FE6E034A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDIA • 1871; Wight s. n.; K [sheet lacking barcode, same specimen series as K 000700042] Other material INDONESIA • “ Celebes ” [Sulawesi]; P [MNHN-P-P 04513530].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFADC36A8030F8B7FE6E034A.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, asymmetrical and acuminate at the apex. Epicarp glabrous, shrunken when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Length 9.0 – 13.5 mm, width 8.0 – 9.3 mm, thickness ca 5 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, length ca 13.5 mm, width ca 8.9 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical, acute in lateral view, with apical hole in apical view. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted, ridged and rugose. Ridges large and rounded, faintly apparent, with three main longitudinal ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing a few polygonal areoles. Rugosities apparent on the ridges, mostly on the keeled margin and transversally oriented ridges. Pits large, 1 – 2 mm in diameter, exclusively circular, organized in longitudinal lines, 3 – 4 pits longitudinally and transversally (ca 12 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles, ca 240 µm in length inside the endocarp. Endocarp wall ca 182 – 210 µm thick (with and without ridges; the ridges are mainly formed by a fold of the wall rather than extra thickening). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.4 – 28.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.2 – 11.0 µm in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 13 – 18 µm (av. 16 µm) in diameter. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAEC36A80BCFBFFFD63008B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MALAYSIA • 26 Oct. 1988; Othman S. 56069; L [L. 3807104] • Perak; 8 Dec. 1965; Mohd, Shah & Sidek 1168; L [L. 2289517].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAEC36A80BCFBFFFD63008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, apex elongate. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, faintly revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Length 23 – 30 mm, width 13 – 18 mm, thickness 7 – 10 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, length ca 17 mm, width ca 12.2 mm, thickness ca 8.2 mm. Apex slightly asymmetrical, acute in lateral view, with apical hole. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Ridges sharp and thin, with three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge running from the point of the base up to ¾ of the endocarp length, the two lateral ridges running from the point of the apex almost to the base, each connected with the keel by four transverse ridges enclosing three areoles. Pits large (0.4 – 1.2 mm in diameter), exclusively circular, organized in longitudinal lines, 8 – 9 pits longitudinally, ca 6 pits transversally with one pit between median ridge and lateral ridges, and two pits between lateral ridges and the keel (ca 44 – 48 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles, ca 302 µm in length inside the endocarp. Cellular details of endocarp wall unknown. Inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 13.2 – 18.0 µm (av. 15.9 µm) in diameter, ca 600 – 800 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAFC36B80B6FEA0FD8C0216.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDONESIA • “ Celebes ” [Sulawesi], Tondano; 1923; J. S. A. Kruiff 23; L [L. 2289530]. Other material INDONESIA • “ Celebes ” [Sulawesi]; 1840; E. A. Forsten s. n.; L [L. 0014929]. PHILIPPINES • Ramos 80631; K.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFAFC36B80B6FEA0FD8C0216.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Ovoid. Epicarp strigose with yellow uncinate hairs, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 143 – 240 µm thick when dry. Length 8 – 17 mm, width 7 – 12 mm, thickness 6 mm. ENDOCARP. Ovoid in lateral view, length ca 8 mm, width ca 7.8 mm, thickness ca 3 mm. Apex slightly asymmetrical, acute in lateral view, with subapical pore. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Ridges rounded and thin to thick, with three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge running from the base up to ¾ of the endocarp length, the two lateral ridges running from the apex almost to the base. The two lateral ridges are each connected with some transverse ridges; transverse ridges free or connected with the keel. Pits large (0.4 – 0.9 mm in diameter), exclusively circular and organized in longitudinal lines, 3 – 5 pits longitudinally, 4 pits transversally with one pit between median ridge and lateral ridges, and one pit between lateral ridges and the keel (ca 17 – 19 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles, ca 400 µm in length inside the endocarp. Endocarp wall ca 170 – 270 µm thick (with and without ridges; the ridges are mainly formed by a fold of the wall rather than by extra thickening). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2 – 4 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 13.0 – 22.7 µm in diameter, followed by a layer with ca 5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.5 – 17.7 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.6 – 15.4 µm in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 12.6 – 16.0 µm (av. 14 µm) in diameter. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA1C365800AFEA7FB6206F8.taxon	description	Description See description of Natsiatum herpeticum Buch. - Ham. ex Arn, the sole member of this genus.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA1C365802BFE14FD0802B6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA • 1903; H. B. Cale s. n.; P [MNHN-P-P 04513511].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA1C365802BFE14FD0802B6.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to ovoid, apex slightly asymmetrical, black when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 98 – 126 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 10.2 – 15.0 mm, width 7.6 – 10.0 mm, thickness 5.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical to ovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 9 mm, width ca 7 mm, thickness ca 5.1 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with a central channel. Apex asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, ridges faintly apparent, with at least two main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges thin and rounded, with a median channel, delimiting a sparse reticulum with only 3 – 4 polygonal areoles visible. Vasculature resting in the channels of the ridges; endocarp primary vascular bundle semi-embedded within the endocarp wall in the channel of the keel. Endocarp wall 280 – 370 µm thick excluding ridges (432 – 531 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 0 – 3 row (s) of isodiametric cells (mesocarp-endocarp cell transition), cells 15.1 – 19.7 µm in diameter; innermost layer with 12 – 16 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 12.7 – 21.5 µm in width. Locule surface unknown, lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA1C365802BFE14FD0802B6.taxon	discussion	Remarks A figure from Stull et al. (2011) shows the endocarp of Natsiatum herpeticum Buch. - Ham. ex Arn. better preserved with more areoles and freely ending ridgelets than seen here. We speculate that the development of the endocarp in our sample was halted, or the endocarp was decayed by fungal attacks (see Discussion for preservation issues).	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA1C3658041FA56FDF0008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to almost oblong, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red-black when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp rugosities. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical to oblong in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view, with a subapical bulge; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular. Vasculature of the endocarp resting between the rugosities. Primary vascular bundle positioned in the channel in the plane of symmetry or outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall composed of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA2C3668035FE44FE4D026D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description SRI LANKA • “ Ceylon ”, Kandy District, E of Madugoda; 30 Apr. 1975; A. H. H. Jayasuriya 1922; L [L. 2289443]. Other material SRI LANKA • “ Ceylan ”; s. d.; Thwaites 492; P [MNHN-P-P 04513579]. INDIA • Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri; s. d.; Hook. fil. & Thomson 359; P [MNHN-P-P 04513576].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA2C3668035FE44FE4D026D.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Oblong; mesocarp 108 – 189 µm thick when dry. Length 10 – 20 mm, width 6 – 10 mm, thickness 3.0 – 7.3 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, oblong in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 14 mm, width ca 7.2 mm, thickness ca 6.6 mm. Rugosities extended longitudinally, organized in 3 – 4 longitudinal lines, separated by 3 – 4 main longitudinal channels. Endocarp wall 208 – 295 µm thick excluding the rugosities (336 µm thick including rugosities). Endocarp wall with ca 16 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.6 – 23.7 µm in width.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA2C3668023FA9DFCDA008B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA • s. d.; s. col. 4118; P [MNHN-P-P 04513559]. Other material CHINA • 1907; J. Cavalerie 3164; P [MNHN-P-P 04449925].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA2C3668023FA9DFCDA008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical; mesocarp 72 – 129 µm thick when dry. Length 10 – 20 mm, width 6 – 9 mm, thickness 4.0 – 6.7 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.7 mm, width ca 7.3 mm, thickness ca 6.7 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Rugosities extended longitudinally, organized in 3 – 4 longitudinal lines, separated by 3 – 4 main longitudinal channels. Endocarp wall 164 – 197 µm thick excluding rugosities. Endocarp wall with ca 7 – 8 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14.2 – 26.8 µm in width.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA3C361828FFCF1FAEA0629.taxon	description	4. Pits 60 – 65 on each face .......................................................................................... P. bracteata Wall. – Pits> 90 on each face ........................................................................................................................ 5 5. Endocarp 40 – 60 mm in length, oblong ............................................. P. macrophylla (Blume) Blume – Endocarp <40 mm in length, not oblong .......................................................................................... 6 6. Endocarp obovoid, 125 – 130 pits per face ........................................................... P. borneensis Becc. – Endocarp ovoid, 168 – 178 pits per face .................................................................... P. palmata Wall.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA3C36780BBFEA7FAEA0452.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to oblong, symmetrical to highly asymmetrical and accrescent at the apex, laterally compressed, yellow-red when mature. Epicarp pilose, with clusters of yellow to red hairs or long and thin hairs. Calyx persistent or absent. ENDOCARP. Brown to cream, elliptical to ovoid in lateral view, occasionally obovoid, lenticular to elliptical in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry in some species. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted, occasionally ridged or rugose, irregular. Pits associated with shallow mounds, narrow or polygonal in shape, not protruding beyond the endocarp wall. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with two layers, one layer with rows of periclinally oriented cells and another with rows of anticlinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth, generally not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA5C361804BFEDBFE540245.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description BORNEO • 1920; M. Ramos 1840; L [L. 2289425]. MALAYSIA • 18 Jun. 1986; Patrick et al. SAN 118639; K [K 000183648].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA5C361804BFEDBFE540245.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly asymmetrical and accrescent at the apex, yellow-orange when mature. Epicarp with clusters of yellow hairs. Calyx persistent. Length 20 – 25 mm, width 11 – 15 mm, thickness 8.0 – 10.1 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.4 mm, width ca 10 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. Marginal keel encircling the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, lacking except for a thin trace observable in the upper part. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular to elongate (concave area), ca 0.8 – 1.7 mm in diameter, representing most of the surface of the endocarp, more or less organized longitudinally with ca 8 – 10 pits longitudinally and 6 – 7 pits transversally (ca 35 – 45 pits per face). Each pit with a central dimple or one freely ending ridge inside. Pits without tubercles. Endocarp wall ca 330 µm thick excluding pits (114 – 154 µm thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3 – 5 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 12.3 – 24.5 µm in length; middle layer with 9 – 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.2 – 14.2 µm in width; innermost layer with a single row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0 – 20.7 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with slightly rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA5C362805EFAE7FD0A06D3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MALAYSIA • Borneo, Sarawak; 8 Jul. 1979; B. Lee S. 40246; L [L. 2289394].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA5C362805EFAE7FD0A06D3.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Obovoid, slightly asymmetrical and widely acuminate at the apex, yellow-brown when mature. Epicarp with clusters of yellow hairs. Mesocarp thin but thick at the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length ca 56 mm, width ca 14 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, obovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 39.1 mm, width ca 17.3 mm, thickness ca 9 mm. No clear keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, but thin trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex asymmetrical and emarginate in lateral view; base acute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular in the upper half and more elongate in the lower half of the endocarp, relatively thin, 0.2 – 0.4 mm in width, randomly arranged with ca 12 – 13 pits longitudinally and 10 – 11 pits transversally (ca 125 – 130 pits per face). Pits narrow, without tubercles. Endocarp wall 681 – 766 µm thick excluding pits (307 – 351 µm thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits), with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 16 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 32.8 – 45.7 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14.5 – 24.0 µm in width; innermost layer consist of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.7 – 11.4 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule covered with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA6C3628045FE71FD7A02B6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MALAYSIA • s. d.; W. S. Kurz s. n.; P [MNHN-P-P 00868411]. Other material MALAYSIA • “ British North Borneo, Elphinstone Province ”, Tawao; Oct. 1922 – Mar. 1923; A. D. E. Elmer 21444; P [MNHN-P-P 04513389].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA6C3628045FE71FD7A02B6.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Ovoid with a symmetrical and elongate apex, yellow-brown when mature. Epicarp with clusters of yellow hairs. Mesocarp thin, but thick at the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 45 – 80 mm, width 15 – 23 mm, thickness 10.0 – 11.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, ovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 30.5 – 40.0 mm, width 16.4 – 20.0 mm, thickness 11 – 15 mm. No clear keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, but thin trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex slightly asymmetrical and emarginated in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and faintly ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, relatively thin, 0.3 – 0.6 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with ca 11 – 12 pits longitudinally and 5 – 7 pits transversally (ca 60 – 65 pits per face). Pits narrow, without tubercles. Ridges faintly apparent, rounded, delimiting a pseudo-reticulum enclosing numerous areoles on the endocarp surface. Endocarp wall 615 – 684 µm thick (ridges height insignificant, ca 250 µm including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 10 – 11 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, 22.0 – 38.0 µm in length, followed by a layer with 17 – 18 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.7 – 21.9 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 4.3 – 7.3 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA6C363804EFA56FE8705EB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDONESIA • “ Celebes ” [Sulawesi]; 1874; O. Beccari HB. 2497 / 98; L [L. 2289338].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA6C363804EFA56FE8705EB.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, with a symmetrical and elongate apex, red when mature. Epicarp with clusters of yellow-red hairs. Mesocarp thin, but thick at the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 30 – 45 mm, width 15 – 20 mm, thickness 15 – 16 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 20 – 35 mm, width ca 16 mm, thickness ca 11 mm. No clear keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, but trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex asymmetrical, slightly emarginate in lateral view; base rounded and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, thin, 0.4 – 0.8 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with ca 13 – 14 pits longitudinally and 8 – 11 pits transversally (ca 145 – 150 pits per face). Pits mainly narrow, occasionally capitate, without tubercles. Ridges large and flattened, diffuse, with three main ridges longitudinally (8 – 10 counting all longitudinal ridges); the median ridge reaching a subbasal area and spanning to the ¾ of the endocarp length; the two adjacent ridges running from the apex and interconnected together at the location of the subapical pore, and becoming diffuse and faintly apparent in the middle of the endocarp length with some transverse and longitudinal freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 1035 – 1055 µm thick excluding pits. Detail of wall unknown. Locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA7C31D8015FD19FC6606BF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MALAYSIA • Borneo; Nov. – Dec. 1931; J. & M. S. Clemens 26544 Bis; L [L. 2289632]. Other material PHILIPPINE • 1916; A. D. E. Elmer 15960; P [MNHN-P-P 04513397].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFA7C31D8015FD19FC6606BF.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, with a symmetrical and elongate apex, red when mature. Epicarp with clusters of yellow-red hairs. Mesocarp 330 – 400 µm thick, but thicker at the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 55 – 130 mm, width 19 – 30 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, oblong in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 40 – 60 mm, width 13.3 – 25.0 mm, thickness 8 – 20 mm. No clear keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, but with a trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex asymmetrical, emarginate in lateral view; base acute, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily longitudinally elongate, occasionally two pits are merged, 0.4 – 1.0 mm in diameter, more or less longitudinally arranged, with ca 11 – 12 pits longitudinally and 7 – 9 pits transversally (ca 90 – 105 pits per face). Pits shortly rounded, without tubercles. Ridges rounded, limited to two lateral ridges, not branched, only present in the upper third (apical end) of the endocarp length. The two lateral ridges reaching the apex at the location of the subapical pore. Endocarp wall 550 – 660 µm thick excluding pits (285 µm thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 10 – 16 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 15.5 – 23.3 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 13 – 19 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.5 – 12.6 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.2 – 9.02 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD9C31D804CFDA3FAAE02DC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description COUNTRY UNKNOWN • s. loc.; s. d.; s. col. s. n.; P. Other material VIETNAM • “ Indochine ”, Annam; 4 Jun. 1920; A. Chevalier 1499; P [MNHN-P-P 04513413].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD9C31D804CFDA3FAAE02DC.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Obovoid, symmetrical and elongated at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp with yellow long and thin hairs. Mesocarp thin but thicker in the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 30 – 44 mm, width 15.0 – 25.0 mm, thickness 9 – 10 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to oblong in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 26.5 mm, width ca 12.3 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. No clear keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits elongate longitudinally (concave area), ca 1.4 – 2.8 mm in length, representing most of the surface of the endocarp, organized longitudinally with ca 12 pits longitudinally and 7 – 12 pits transversally (ca 81 – 105 pits per face). Pits without tubercles. Endocarp wall ca 542 – 591 µm thick excluding pits (ca 200 µm thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 17 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 10.3 – 19.3 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 4 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.9 – 18.6 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 17.0 – 29.8 µm in width, lining the locule surface with the inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDBC31F804CFEA0FC0E03EB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description SUMATRA • 3 Apr. 1968; Jacobs 8155; L [L. 2289602].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDBC31F804CFEA0FC0E03EB.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Ovoid, slightly asymmetrical and elongate at the apex, yellow when mature. Epicarp with clusters of hairs. Mesocarp thin, but thicker in the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 35 – 55 mm, width 16 – 25 mm, thickness ca 13 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, ovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 29.3 mm, width ca 18 mm, thickness ca 13 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and faintly ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, thin, 0.3 – 0.8 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with ca 11 – 13 pits longitudinally and 8 – 11 pits transversally (ca 168 – 178 pits per face). Pits narrow and shortly rounded, without tubercles. Ridges rounded, limited to two laterals ridges, not branched, only present in the apical third to half of the endocarp length. The two lateral ridges reaching the apex at the location of the pore, with one on each face. Endocarp wall 594 – 627 µm thick excluding pits (300 – 400 µm thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 14 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 22.3 – 34.6 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15.8 – 22.9 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 11 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDBC31F8048FB1FFE9F0203.taxon	description	Description See description of Pleurisanthes flava Sandwith, the only species of Pleurisanthes examined for this study.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDBC3188058FA20FCDE0693.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GUYANA • Potaro-Siparuni; 1987; J. J. Pipoly 10168; P [MNHN-P-P 05279044].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDBC3188058FA20FCDE0693.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acuminate and slightly elongate at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex, rugose-ridged when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ornamentation. Mesocarp 131 – 163 µm thick when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 11.0 – 12.7 mm, width 9.0 – 10.2 mm, thickness 8.0 – 8.5 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, tomentose with long simple hairs forming a distinct ‘ layer’ in transversal view ca 200 µm thick, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular to globose and folded in transverse section, length ca 11.6 mm, width ca 10.2 mm, thickness ca 8.6 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view, with a central pit in apical view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose with some elongate and large mounds organized in 4 – 5 longitudinal lines separated by four channels. Vasculature resting in the channels. Endocarp primary vascular bundle in the channel surrounding the endocarp. Endocarp wall 260 – 353 µm thick with and without mounds (the rugosities of the endocarp surface are formed by folds in the wall rather than thickenings). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 6 – 7 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 24.7 – 57.2 µm in length; innermost layer with 2 – 3 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.5 – 17.3 µm in width. Locule smooth, highly lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDCC3188046FDB1FDA103A4.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, apex accrescent elongate, sometimes widely inflated, laterally compressed or not, yellow to black when mature. Epicarp puberulent to pilose, with simple hairs, small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex, long and thin hairs, or uncinate hairs, yellow, occasionally red or white; occasionally shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx absent or persistent, often separated from the fruit by more or less extended gynophore. ENDOCARP. Brown to cream, elliptical-ovoid to globose, rarely deltoid in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Keel, more or less visible, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged, with the ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern, which in general surrounds the pits. Sometimes the ridges are not visible except at the apex. Pits more or less circular, in longitudinal lines or randomly distributed, each pit associated with a tubercle protruding into the locule; tubercles spiny, peg-shaped, cylindrical, or elongate-flattened. Vasculature of the endocarp free; primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall mainly with three stratified cell layers. Locule surface often with regularly spaced and rounded to large papillae, occasionally only present at the apex of the tubercles, smooth in some cases, not clearly lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDEC31A806CFE7EFB140176.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC • Boukoko; 18 Apr. 1951; R. P. Tisserant 2085; P [MNHN- P-P 04495460]. Other material CAMEROON • 1968; R. Letouzey 9166; P [MNHN-P-P 04495454]. COUNTRY UNKNOWN • s. loc.; 18 May 1900; s. col. 1863; P [MNHN-P-P 04495455].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDEC31A806CFE7EFB140176.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acuminate and accrescent at the apex. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, ridged when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 192 – 612 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 12 – 17 mm, width 8 – 12 mm, thickness 4 – 8 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 11 mm, width ca 8.4 mm, thickness ca 5.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular and thin, ca 0.2 – 0.3 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 8 – 11 pits longitudinally and 8 – 9 pits transversally (ca 93 – 106 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 983 – 1718 µm in length and 352 – 456 µm in diameter at the base, with 17 – 18 cells spanning the width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, faintly apparent, with a prominent median ridge running longitudinally from the base up to the apex. Endocarp wall 243 – 302 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer composed of 1 – 2 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.8 – 20.1 µm in width, middle layer with 9 – 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.0 – 35.6 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.16 – 17.0 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated to papillate cells. Locule not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDEC31B83E0F996FE7B04E9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1993; O. Andrianantoanina & A. Solotiana 62; P [MNHN-P-P 00440603].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDEC31B83E0F996FE7B04E9.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, accrescent at the apex, brown-orange when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex and simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 480 – 500 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an extended gynophore. Length 25 – 30 mm, width 19 – 22 mm, thickness 15.0 – 16.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to globose in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 22.5 mm, width ca 17 mm, thickness ca 15 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular, occasionally elongated longitudinally, 0.4 – 1.4 mm in length, randomly arranged with 11 – 12 pits longitudinally and 12 – 15 pits transversally (ca 145 – 150 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 3 – 4 mm in length and 647 – 931 µm in diameter at the base, faintly capitate at the apex, with 26 – 27 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 569 – 601 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 8 – 14 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 17.8 – 50.5 µm in length, followed by a layer with 3 – 9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 17.7 – 23.7 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 0.5 – 1.4 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and sessile rounded papillae; papillae 7.6 – 13.1 µm (av. 10.6 µm) in diameter, with ca 1000 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDEC31B83E0F996FE7B04E9.taxon	discussion	Remarks The innermost row of periclinally oriented cells, which have a small width, could be collapsed due to a dryness inside the locule.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDFC31583FEFC19FDE10594.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1994; D. Ravelonarivo et al. 72; P [MNHN-P-P 00440605].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFDFC31583FEFC19FDE10594.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, accrescent at the apex, brown-orange when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex and simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 620 – 1541 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an extended gynophore. Length 20 – 26 mm, width 20 – 26 mm, thickness 17.4 – 26.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, globose in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 19.9 mm, width ca 18.2 mm, thickness ca 14 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular, occasionally elongated longitudinally, 0.2 – 1.1 mm in length, randomly arranged with 10 – 11 pits longitudinally and 13 – 15 pits transversally (ca 159 – 173 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 3 – 4 mm in length and 600 – 655 µm in diameter at the base, capitate at the apex, with 20 – 21 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 512 – 569 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 7 – 8 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 19.0 – 29.9 µm in length, followed by a layer with 9 – 10 rows of isodiametric or occasionally periclinally oriented cells, cells 21.0 – 33.5 µm in diameter; innermost layer with one row of isodiametric cells, cells 14 – 18 µm in diameter, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 9.7 – 17 µm (av. 13.9 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD1C31783FEFCB5FABA0404.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON • “ Gabonia ”; s. d.; R. P. Teilles 100; P [MNHN-P-P 04494750]. Other material GABON • 19 Feb. 1902; R. P. Klaine 1571; P [MNHN-P-P 00418164].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD1C31783FEFCB5FABA0404.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Ovoid to globose, accrescent at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with red to yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 100 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 34 – 35 mm, width 12 – 20 mm, thickness 7 – 8 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, ovoid to globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.6 mm, width ca 11.4, thickness ca 5.5 mm. Sharp keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongated longitudinally, 0.3 – 0.9 mm in length, randomly arranged with ca 5 pits longitudinally and 8 pits transversally (ca 40 – 42 pits per face). Pits associated with an elongate-flattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 412 – 874 µm in length and 400 – 450 µm in diameter at the base. Ridges rounded and thin, with a median ridge running longitudinally from the point of the apex to the center of the endocarp length and then splitting into two parts, merging with two lateral ridges. Ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern with 12 – 14 areoles. Secondary ridges delimiting small areoles more or less enclosing each pit. Endocarp wall 276 – 326 µm thick excluding ridges (ca 460 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2 – 4 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 15.4 – 27.4 µm in length, followed by a layer with 14 – 16 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.0 – 14.2 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.7 – 15.6 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded to elongate papillae; papillae 10.9 – 18.3 µm (av. 14.8 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD3C3178065FC3AFDD0008B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 2002; F. Ratovoson et al. 678; P [MNHN-P-P 00440639]. Other material MADAGASCAR • 2005; T. Andriamihajarivo et al. 638; P [MNHN-P-P 06807829].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD3C3178065FC3AFDD0008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp pilose with yellow long and thin hairs, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 360 – 400 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 17 – 21 mm, width 8 – 12 mm, thickness 4 – 6 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 17.1 mm, width ca 10.4 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance but flattened laterally, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged with only 1 – 2 longitudinal ridges present in the flattened apical part. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.2 – 0.6 mm in diameter, more or less randomly arranged with 10 – 13 pits longitudinally and 8 – 10 pits transversally (ca 107 – 114 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1500 µm in length and 420 – 620 µm in diameter at the base, with 20 – 23 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 246 – 289 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits), with three cell layers: outermost layer with 4 – 7 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 15.4 – 28.9 µm in length, followed by a layer with 9 – 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.0 – 11.2 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.0 – 9.9 µm in width, lining the locule surface with more or less flattened cells. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD4C310806BFEA0FD7103EE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • 1986; M. Etuge & D. Thomas 28; P [MNHN-P-P 00557873].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD4C310806BFEA0FD7103EE.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 225 – 425 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a small gynophore. Length 17 mm, width 11.6 mm, thickness 9.3 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to obovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 12 mm, width ca 8 mm, thickness ca 5 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, occasionally circular, 0.6 – 1.3 mm in length, arranged in longitudinal lines with 6 – 7 pits longitudinally and transversally (ca 40 – 45 pits per face). Pits associated with cylindrical tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 2.5 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter at the base, capitate at the apex, with ca 45 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and large, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 332 – 438 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1 – 2 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.6 – 10.7 µm in width, followed by a layer with ca 17 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.5 – 25.3 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.5 – 5.8 µm in width, lining the locule surface with more or less flattened cells. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD4C3118019FB1DFB1C06BD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description IVORY COAST • 1906; A. Chevalier 17326; P [MNHN-P-P 04495475]. Other material IVORY COAST • 1976; J. de Koning 6802; P [MNHN-P-P 06807655].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD4C3118019FB1DFB1C06BD.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow uncinate hairs, slightly ridged when dry. Mesocarp 250 – 300 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a small gynophore. Length 24.3 – 35.0 mm, width 15 – 18 mm, thickness 10.0 – 11.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, with a cardboard-like texture (due to decay, see Remark and Discussion for preservation issues), elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 21.7 mm, width ca 13.7 mm, thickness ca 10 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular, randomly arranged with 10 – 12 pits longitudinally and 8 – 9 transversally (ca 60 – 80 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule. Endocarp wall 550 – 638 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 7 – 8 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 31.3 – 56 µm in length, followed by a layer with 6 – 7 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 26.2 – 31.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cell, cells 13.8 – 14.4 µm in width, lining the endocarp. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD4C3118019FB1DFB1C06BD.taxon	discussion	Remark The studied specimens were attacked by a saprophytic fungus. This could explain the peculiar texture of the endocarp. The tubercles are atrophied (see Discussion for preservation issues).	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD5C31383D7FDAFFC76060D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • Mayombe, Mount Bamba; 6 Jan. 1969; Y. Attims 42; P [MNHN- P-P 04494730].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD5C31383D7FDAFFC76060D.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Ovoid, accrescent at the apex, with an inflated cap that covers half of the length of the fruit. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 130 – 140 µm thick when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 16.0 – 16.8 mm, width 11.3 – 16.0 mm, thickness 7.5 – 12.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, ovoid to globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.7 mm, width ca 10.5 mm, thickness ca 7.1 mm. Sharp keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, 0.5 – 1.7 mm in length longitudinally, randomly arranged with ca 6 pits longitudinally and 6 pits transversally (ca 33 – 36 pits per face). Pits associated with elongateflattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 724 µm in length and 716 µm in diameter at the base, with ca 15 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and not elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, with three main ridges running longitudinally. Ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern with 14 – 15 areoles. Secondary ridges delimiting small areoles more or less enclosing each pit. Endocarp wall 423 – 498 µm thick excluding ridges (ca 700 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3 – 4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 10.4 – 43.2 µm in length, followed by a layer with 8 – 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0 – 15.9 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.3 – 10.3 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded to elongate papillae; papillae 14.9 – 18.8 µm (av. 16.1 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD7C30D83EEFE3FFD9506A3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1987; M. Nicoll, P. Lowry & A. Rakotozafy 570; P [MNHN-P-P 00440635]. Other material MADAGASCAR • s. d.; REH 334; P [MNHN-P-P 06637527] • s. d.; Humblot s. n.; P [MNHN- P-P 00440634].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFD7C30D83EEFE3FFD9506A3.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp pilose-puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 440 – 560 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an elongated gynophore. Length 17 – 22 mm, width 11 – 20 mm, width 5 – 13 mm. ENDOCARP. Reddish-brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 17 mm, width ca 11.7 mm, thickness ca 7.4 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, 0.4 – 1.3 mm in diameter, more or less randomly arranged with 9 – 13 pits longitudinally and 10 – 12 pits transversally (ca 115 – 130 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 2 – 3 mm in length and 548 – 628 µm in diameter at the base, more or less capitate at the apex, with 16 – 20 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and large, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 480 – 566 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3 – 4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 8.3 – 12.8 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 13 – 14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.9 – 56.3 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.2 – 11.9 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 10.5 – 20.0 µm (av. 15.3 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC9C30D807BFE45FECE012A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MOZAMBIQUE • 1933; A. Gomes e Sousa 1584; P [MNHN-P-P 04495513]. Other material AFRICA • “ Côte orientale d’Afrique ”; Nov. 1888; R. P. Sacleux 787; P [MNHN-P-P 04495512] • “ Cap ”; s. d.; Orège? s. n.; P [MNHN-P-P 04495509].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC9C30D807BFE45FECE012A.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 200 – 260 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an elongated gynophore. Length 13 – 20 mm, width 8.0 – 9.2 mm, thickness 5 – 7 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.4 mm, width ca 8.2 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits exclusively circular, 0.2 – 0.3 mm in diameter, more or less longitudinally arranged with 14 – 18 pits longitudinally and ca 10 pits transversally (ca 170 – 184 pits per face). Pits associated with peg-shaped tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 658 – 700 µm in length and 267 – 326 µm in diameter at the base. Ridges sharp and thin, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 427 – 469 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1 – 2 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 8.0 – 12.6 µm in diameter, followed by a layer with 11 – 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15.0 – 44.3 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.9 – 12.2 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 12.3 – 27.8 µm (av. 21 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC9C30E83E8F9DEFD260410.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description IVORY COAST • 1962; A. J. M. Leewenber 4523; P [MNHN-P-P 04495495]. Other material GABON • s. d.; R. P. Klaine 1299; P [MNHN-P-P 04495499] • 1899; R. P. Klaine 1383; P [MNHN- P-P 04495503].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC9C30E83E8F9DEFD260410.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex, black when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an elongated gynophore. Length 20 – 25 mm, width 11 – 16 mm, thickness 7 – 9 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 17.9 mm, width ca 9.5 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. No keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex and base rounded, symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical in lateral view. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.1 – 0.3 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 18 – 19 pits longitudinally and 12 – 17 pits transversally (ca 242 pits per face). Pits associated with peg-shaped tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 698 – 982 µm in length and 388 – 576 µm in diameter at the base, bifid and / or capitate at the apex, with 16 – 17 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 130 – 185 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with two cell layers: outermost layer with 8 – 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.2 – 17.2 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 3.6 – 7.6 µm in width, lining the locule surface. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCAC30E807EFC31FDF1008B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • s. d.; H. Grevé 234; P [MNHN-P-P 00440649]. Other material MADAGASCAR • 1923; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1985; P [MNHN-P-P 00440648].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCAC30E807EFC31FDF1008B.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, slightly shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 313 – 566 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, occasionally separated from the fruit by an elongated gynophore. Length 19 – 40 mm, width 13 – 26 mm, thickness 7 – 20 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 18.9 mm, width ca 12.3 mm, thickness ca 8 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, 0.3 – 1.3 mm in length, randomly arranged with ca 10 pits longitudinally and 9 – 10 pits transversally (ca 108 – 115 pits per face). Pits associated with cylindrical tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1979 – 2340 µm in length and 675 – 1085 µm in diameter at the base, more or less capitate at the apex, with 26 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges faintly rounded to rectangular and large, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 370 – 400 µm thick excluding pits. Endocarp wall (without pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 7 rows of isodiametric to occasionally anticlinally oriented cells, cells 16.1 – 33.4 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 8 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 22.4 – 34.3 µm; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.0 – 8.3 µm in width, lining the locule surface. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCBC30F806AFEA0FE320271.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Other material CAMEROON • 1962; F. J. Breteler 2933; P [MNHN-P-P 04472184].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCBC30F806AFEA0FE320271.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acuminate and accrescent at the apex. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 130 – 300 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a short gynophore. Length 16.0 – 18.4 mm, width 9.6 – 11.0 mm, thickness 3 – 5 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 13.9 mm, width ca 8.8 mm, thickness ca 4.1 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.2 – 0.3 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 9 – 11 pits longitudinally and ca 8 pits transversally (ca 105 – 107 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 836 – 1500 µm in length and ca 500 µm in diameter at the base, with ca 22 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, enclosing 4 – 5 areoles, faintly apparent, with a ridge running longitudinally from the base up to the apex. Endocarp wall 221 – 280 µm thick excluding ridges (370 – 455 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 2 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 11.3 – 22.2 µm in diameter, followed by a layer with ca 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.3 – 33.2 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.5 – 15.5 µm in width, lining the locule surface with more or less inflated, papillate cells. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCDC30A8076FEA0FE3005D7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • “ Cameroun ”; s. d.; R. Letouzey 14156; K.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCDC30A8076FEA0FE3005D7.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow uncinate hairs. Length 28 – 35 mm, width 16 – 20 mm, thickness 6 – 8 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, width ca 15 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.1 – 0.3 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 11 – 12 pits transversally. Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1200 µm in length and ca 386 – 472 µm in diameter at the base, apex occasionally bifid, with ca 14 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, diffuse, faintly apparent. Endocarp wall 350 – 400 µm thick excluding ridges (484 – 534 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits and ridges) with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.2 – 32.8 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.8 – 16.2 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 8.7 – 15.7 µm (av. 13.7 µm) in diameter, ca 190 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCDC30A8076FEA0FE3005D7.taxon	discussion	Remarks Endocarp specimen with only the upper part preserved; fruits rare in herbarium collections. Pyrenacantha macrocarpa (A. Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel) Byng & Utteridge Fig. 28.1 – 28.8	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCDC30A8076FEA0FE3005D7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimens used for endocarp and fruit description IVORY COAST • Abidjan; s. d.; J. de Koning 4918; BR [BR 0000015570635] • 1954; N. Lovi 3952; P [MNHN-P-P 04494747]. Other material IVORY COAST • 1907; A. Chevalier 17216; P [MNHN-P-P 00418166]. GHANA • 1999; J. Stone, J. Amponsah & M. Chintoh 3421; P [MNHN-P-P 06807826].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCDC30A8076FEA0FE3005D7.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex and forming an inflated cap (representing about half of the length). Epicarp pilose, with long and thin hairs and yellow-white simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp thin when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a more or less elongated gynophore. Length 42.4 – 70.0 mm, width 20 – 25 mm, thickness 9 – 10 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, deltoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 20.6 mm, width ca 16.4 mm, thickness ca 9.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex truncate and slightly asymmetrical, with protuberance; base rounded, almost acute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.5 – 1.6 mm in diameter, arranged in longitudinal lines with 9 – 10 pits longitudinally and 8 – 9 pits transversally (ca 83 – 84 pits per face). Pits associated with elongate-flattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 710 – 1084 µm in length and 227 – 279 µm in diameter at the base. Ridges rounded-rectangular, thin, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 534 µm thick excluding pits. Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers poorly preserved except for the innermost layer including one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 3.3 – 10.5 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCDC30A8076FEA0FE3005D7.taxon	discussion	Remarks Endocarp wall poorly preserved in the specimens examined due to the preparation (see Discussion for preservation issues).	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCEC30A8053FD49FCCC01D4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description KENYA • 16 Sep. 1961; R. M. Polhill & S. Paulo 475; BR [BR 0000016755826].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCEC30A8053FD49FCCC01D4.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, shortly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 450 – 560 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 16 mm, width 10.2 mm, thickness 6.5 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 12.6 mm, width ca 8.7 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute and asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, ca 0.3 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 9 – 14 pits longitudinally and 10 – 12 pits transversally (ca 120 – 140 pits per face). Pits associated with peg-shaped tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 625 – 693 µm in length, 227 – 279 µm in diameter at the base, with ca 15 – 16 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and shortly elongate. Ridges faintly apparent, rounded and diffuse, with a median ridge running from the base to the apex. Endocarp wall 440 – 516 µm (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2 – 3 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.5 – 17.0 µm in width, followed by a layer with ca 15 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.6 – 43.6 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.7 – 12.3 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded-large papillae. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCEC30B8063F974FAA80491.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • Botuge; 25 Mar. 1955; C. Evrard 601; BR [BR 0000013148430].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCEC30B8063F974FAA80491.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acuminate and accrescent at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow uncinate hairs, slightly shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 230 – 312 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a short gynophore. Length ca 19.7 mm, width ca 11.4 mm, thickness ca 4.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 11 mm, width ca 7.2 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, ca 0.2 – 0.4 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 9 – 11 pits longitudinally and 8 – 10 pits transversally (ca 85 – 100 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 977 – 1100 µm in length and 285 – 361 µm in diameter at the base, with ca 17 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, faintly apparent, with a median ridge running longitudinally from the base to the apex. Endocarp wall 177 – 184 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1 – 3 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.5 – 14.6 µm in width; followed by a layer with ca 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.2 – 32.5 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 4.1 – 10.0 µm, lining the locule surface with inflated to papillate cells, cells 11.2 – 21.8 µm (av. 17.3 µm) in diameter. Locule not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCFC30583FEFBB4FBF20415.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description COMOROS • Mayotte; 2007; F. Barthelat 1764; P [MNHN-P-P 00631418].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFCFC30583FEFBB4FBF20415.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow uncinate hairs, ridged when dry, more or less revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 70 – 200 µm when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 16.0 – 18.2 mm, width 9.0 – 10.8 mm, thickness 5 – 7 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 15.4 mm, width ca 10 mm, thickness ca 6.6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex roundedflattened, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, 0.2 – 0.4 in length, arranged in longitudinal lines with 12 – 14 pits longitudinally and 8 – 9 pits transversally (ca 100 – 110 pits per face). Pits associated with peg-shaped tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles 828 – 905 µm in length and 311 – 327 µm in diameter at the base, with ca 16 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, faintly apparent. Endocarp wall 288 – 304 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14.7 – 32.3 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 4.1 – 10.0 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells or regularly spaced and large papillate cells (generally at the apex of the tubercle), cells 12.5 – 20.0 µm in diameter. Locule not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC1C30783C6FC36FBF30592.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON • 1899; R. P. Klaine 1469; P [MNHN-P-P 04494736].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC1C30783C6FC36FBF30592.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex and forming an inflated cap (representing about half of the length). Epicarp pilose, with yellow long and thin hair. Mesocarp ca 100 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a short gynophore. Length 33 – 50 mm, width 11.2 – 26.0 mm, thickness 8.6 – 12.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, obovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 18.5 mm, width ca 10.5 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex truncate and slightly asymmetrical, with protuberance; base rounded almost acute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, arranged in longitudinal lines with 10 – 11 pits longitudinally and 8 – 9 pits transversally (ca 60 – 70 pits per face). Pits associated with elongate-flattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles 523 – 813 µm in length and 554 – 651 µm in diameter at the base, with 25 – 26 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and not elongate, more or less anticlinal-isodiametric. Ridges rounded, thin, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall ca 400 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 4 – 6 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 20.5 – 37.0 µm in length, followed by a layer with 11 – 13 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.1 – 16.2 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.1 – 9.0 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae or inflated cells, cells 9.1 – 23.7 µm (av. 13.9 µm) in diameter with ca 1300 papillae / inflated cells per 0.25 mm 2. Locule not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC3C3078077FCB2FB8C0192.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC • Boukoko; 10 May 1950; R. P. Tisserant 1737; P [MNHN- P-P 04472207]. Other material CAMEROON • 1982; J. N. Asonganyi 448; P [MNHN-P-P 05279462] • 1962; F. J. Breteler 2968; WAG [WAG. 1399253].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC3C3078077FCB2FB8C0192.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Obovoid, slightly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 350 – 410 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 12 – 20 mm, width 10 – 12 mm, thickness 7 – 9 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to obovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.8 mm, width ca 9 mm, thickness ca 6.7 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, arranged in longitudinal lines with 5 – 7 pits longitudinally and 7 – 8 pits transversally (ca 38 – 43 pits per face). Pits associated with cylindrical tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1.8 mm in length and 0.6 mm in diameter at the base, capitate at the apex, with ca 30 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and large, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 244 – 295 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with two cell layers: outermost layer with 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14.7 – 21.8 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.3 – 9.0 µm in width, lining the locule surface. Locule not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC3C3008066F8B2FEBA0351.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON • 1964; N. Hallé 3598; P [MNHN-P-P 04472269]. Other material GABON • 1979; J. Florence 2002; P [MNHN-P-P 04472191].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC3C3008066F8B2FEBA0351.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acuminate and accrescent at the apex, brown when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and yellow-red uncinate hairs, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 170 – 300 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 10.2 – 12.0 mm, width 8.5 – 12.0 mm, thickness 3.5 – 5.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 9 mm, width ca 7.4 mm, thickness ca 5 mm. Sharp keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits elongate and thin, ca 0.1 – 0.5 mm in length, randomly arranged with 6 – 7 pits longitudinally and 5 – 8 pits transversally (ca 44 – 54 pits per face). Pits associated with cylindrical tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1307 – 1549 µm in length and 488 – 604 µm in diameter at the base, capitate or bifid at the apex, with ca 28 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, faintly apparent, with a median ridge running longitudinally from the base up to the apex. Endocarp wall 189 – 228 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2 – 3 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 11.8 – 18.5 µm in length, followed by a layer with 9 – 10 rows of periclinally oriented thick cells, cells 13.1 – 17.9 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.4 – 14.7 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated to papillate cells. Locule not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC4C30183E9FBF2FDC506B9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON • 1907; M. Le Testu 1038; P [MNHN-P-P 04494723]. Other material CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC • Boukoko; 10 Dec. 1947; Equipe?; P [MNHN-P-P 04494725] • Boukoko; 27 Jan. 1949; Equipe?; P [MNHN-P-P 04494720]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent elongate at the apex (representing 4 ∕ 5 of the fruit length). Epicarp pilose, with yellow long and thin hairs. Mesocarp thin when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an elongate gynophore. Length 45 – 80 mm, width 14 – 18 mm, thickness 7 – 12 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.8 mm, width ca 11.5 mm, thickness ca 6.8 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.3 – 0.6 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 7 – 12 pits longitudinally and 9 – 11 pits transversally (ca 74 – 83 pits per face). Pits associated with elongateflattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles 634 – 761 µm in length and ca 670 µm in diameter at the base, with ca 20 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and not elongate, more or less anticlinal-isodiametric. Ridges rounded and thin, with 5 – 6 ridges longitudinally; the median ridge runs from the base up to the apex. Ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 5 – 7 areoles. Secondary ridges delimiting small areoles more or less enclosing each pit. Endocarp wall 376 – 433 µm thick excluding ridges (520 – 590 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3 – 6 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 11.9 – 35.3 µm in length, followed by a layer with 5 – 9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.7 – 18.6 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.9 – 9.9 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 7.1 – 11.2 µm (av. 9.1 µm) in diameter, 650 – 920 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC5C30383E3FDAAFDE106D5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1904; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1746; P [MNHN-P-P 00441092]. Other material MADAGASCAR • s. d.; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1621; P [MNHN-P-P 00440610].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC5C30383E3FDAAFDE106D5.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, accrescent at the apex, brown-orange when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow long and thin hairs and yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Length 25 – 32 mm, width 17 – 25 mm, thickness 16 – 18 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to ovoid in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 20 mm, width ca 14.1 mm, thickness ca 12 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular, occasionally elongate longitudinally, 0.7 – 1.3 mm in length, randomly arranged with 9 – 12 pits longitudinally and 8 – 10 pits transversally (ca 80 – 93 on each face). Pits associated with spinycylindrical tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles 2290 – 2702 µm in length and 992 – 1264 µm in diameter at the base, capitate at the apex, with ca 33 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 374 – 394 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2 – 5 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.5 – 13.0 µm in width, followed by a layer with ca 18 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.8 – 21.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.7 – 16.5 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 11.8 – 27.0 µm (av. 16.9 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC7C3038051FE77FD650218.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description AFRICA • “ Côte orientale d’Afrique ”; s. d.; R. P. Sacleux 1873; P [MNHN-P-P 04472242]. Other material GABON • 1900; R. P. Klaine 1803; P [MNHN-P-P 04472246].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFC7C3038051FE77FD650218.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 141 – 170 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length ca 17.4 mm, width ca 9.2 mm, thickness ca 7.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.6 mm, width ca 8.3 mm, thickness ca 6.6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits exclusively circular, 0.1 – 0.2 mm in diameter, more or less longitudinally arranged with 12 – 18 pits longitudinally and 13 – 14 pits transversally (ca 200 – 210 pits per face). Pits associated with peg-shaped tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 852 – 1057 µm in length and 273 – 286 µm in diameter at the base. Endocarp wall 300 – 477 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 19 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.0 – 59.7 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.7 – 8.5 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 10.0 – 19.4 µm (av. 15 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF9C33D804CFEA7FB35045F.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose, with simple hairs with granular ornamentation or glabrous, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Brown-cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view, with pair of subapical pores, occasionally absent; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, rarely rugose; ridges diffuse or delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing polygonal areoles with freely ending ridgelets. Ridges rounded, occasionally sharp. Vasculatures of the endocarp resting on the ridges. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall or in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall at least with one layer with rows of periclinally oriented cells and another with rows of anticlinally oriented cells. Locule surface covered with large to rounded and regularly spaced papillae. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF9C33E8079FA52FB410521.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MELANESIA • “ Papouasie ” [Papuasia]; 1908; R. Schlechter 18681; P [MNHN-P-P 04513302].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF9C33E8079FA52FB410521.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation; mesocarp 50 – 72 µm thick when dry. Length 16.3 – 18.0 mm, width 8.2 – 9.0 mm, thickness 5 – 7 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, length ca 15.2 mm, width ca 7.2 mm, thickness ca 5.8 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 2 – 4 main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges rounded and thin, with a median channel, almost diffuse but enclosing ca 6 longitudinal polygonal areoles with freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the median ridge. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 174 – 246 µm thick excluding ridges (280 – 370 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 0 – 2 row (s) of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 15.9 – 23.5 µm in length; middle layer with 8 – 10 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 18.0 – 20.9 µm in length; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.7 – 11.0 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 9.1 – 20.7 µm (av. 15.1 µm) in diameter, 500 – 900 papillae (av. 637 papillae) per 0.25 mm 2.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFAC33E8067FDC3FAF40211.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDONESIA • 12 Oct. 2004; Heu Her 4; K [K 000271837].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFAC33E8067FDC3FAF40211.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp sparsely strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp thin. Length 13.0 – 20.5 mm, width 10 – 15 mm, thickness 7 – 9 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, length ca 20.5 mm, width ca 12.3 mm, thickness ca 9 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex truncate, slightly inflated and asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca four ridges longitudinally, the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges rounded and thin, with a median channel, enclosing 15 – 21 polygonal areoles. Areols elongate longitudinally, with freely ending ridgelets, some ridgelets arbuscular. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 514 – 575 µm thick excluding ridges (751 – 989 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 14 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 24.6 – 54.4 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 8 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 18.1 – 25.1 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.7 – 11.9 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 7.2 – 21.0 µm (av. 13.9 µm) in diameter, 710 papillae per 0.25 mm 2.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFAC33F83CDFA33FC530577.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 21 Nov. 1973; Jacobs 9671; L [L. 229211] • 1962; Bowers 84; L [L. 2292735]. Other material PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 1996; W. Takeuchi & J. Kulang 11657; P [MNHN-P-P 05279704].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFAC33F83CDFA33FC530577.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, with red simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 110 – 130 µm thick when dry. Length 18.2 – 25.0 mm, width 11.4 – 17.0 mm, thickness 7.6 – 10.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length 16.8 – 17.0 mm, width 10.7 – 11.9 mm, thickness 7.6 – 8.1 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex truncate, slightly inflated and asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca five longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges sharp to slightly rounded and thin, with a median channel, enclosing 7 – 11 polygonal areoles with small freely ending ridgelets. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 312 – 445 µm thick excluding ridges (740 – 840 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2 – 3 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 14.1 – 20.5 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 13 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15.6 – 40.3 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.1 – 17.4 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 9.5 – 18.8 µm (av. 12.7 µm) in diameter, 550 papillae per 0.25 mm 2.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFBC33F807CFD97FBDC02F9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NEW GUINEA • 1961; W. Vink 11381; L [L. 2293146]. PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 17 Feb. 1972; Katik 46856; L [L. 2293142].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFBC33F807CFD97FBDC02F9.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp glabrous, mesocarp thick, leather-like in texture. Calyx not persistent. Length 35 – 43 mm, width 25 – 30 mm, thickness ca 15 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, length 28.8 – 36.3 mm, width 21.5 – 28.0 mm, thickness 13.7 – 14.6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly flattened, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded-truncate or cleft at the base, or slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp sparsely rugose and ridged, with ca 2 – 5 longitudinal ridges; the median ridge spanning from the base to the apex. Ridges rounded and large, enclosing ca 0 – 5 polygonal areoles, occasionally without transversal ridges. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the median ridge. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 800 – 950 µm thick excluding ridges (ca 1300 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 17 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 16.4 – 47.7 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.4 – 27.1 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 19.4 – 32.7 µm (av. 25.0 µm) in diameter, 400 papillae per 0.25 mm 2.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFDC339803AFEA0FCA40336.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 1968; A. Millar NGF 40764; L [L. 2293149].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFDC339803AFEA0FCA40336.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation; mesocarp 120 – 340 µm thick when dry. Length 17.0 – 21.1 mm, width 13.2 – 15.0 mm, thickness 5.0 – 9.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 19.8 mm, width 12.4 – 12.5 mm, thickness ca 8.7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with a central channel. Apex slightly inflated and asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 5 – 6 ridges longitudinally; the median ridge running from the base to the apex. Ridges rounded and thin, with a median channel, enclosing ca 22 polygonal areoles with small freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the median ridge. Primary vascular bundle positioned inside the channel on the keel. Endocarp wall 391 – 405 µm thick excluding ridges (624 – 654 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall structure unknown.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFDC339803AFEA0FCA40336.taxon	discussion	Remarks The structure of the wall was crushed in the process of material preparation, rendering the anatomy unobservable (see Discussion for preservation issues).	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFDC33B8056FBD6FE210479.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDONESIA • Moluccas isl.; 1938; P. Buwalda 4471; L [L. 2293162].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFDC33B8056FBD6FE210479.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp glabrous; mesocarp 260 – 270 µm thick when dry. Length 17 – 26 mm, width 10.0 – 15.7 mm, thickness 7.4 – 10.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 23.6 mm, width ca 15.7 mm, thickness ca 8.7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly inflated and asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with three main ridges longitudinally. Ridges rounded and thin, forming a diffuse pattern, with two ridges spanning from the apex to nearly the base and a median ridge spanning from the base to nearly the apex. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 157 – 188 µm thick excluding ridges (ca. 420 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 5 – 7 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 17.2 – 29.4 µm in length, followed by a layer with 2 – 3 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15.4 – 24.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 4.3 – 6.0 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 8.9 – 28.3 µm (av. 15.0 µm) in diameter.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFFC33B806FFCEBFA9C0128.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NEW GUINEA • 1954; Royen 344 8; L [L. 2293115].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFFC33B806FFCEBFA9C0128.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Epicarp glabrous; mesocarp 70 – 200 µm thick when dry. Length 15 – 18 mm, width 10.0 – 13.8 mm, thickness 8 – 10 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 17.1 mm, width ca 13.3 mm, thickness ca 10 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with three longitudinal ridges; the median ridge spanning from the base to the apex. Ridges sharp and thin, with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing ca 10 irregular areoles, each with freely ending ridgelets more or less branched. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 363 – 391 µm thick excluding ridges (520 – 686 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 8 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 15.7 – 28.7 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.1 – 20.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.9 – 7.4 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 8.0 – 27.0 µm (av. 16.4 µm) in diameter, ca 790 papillae per 0.25 mm 2.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFFFC3348063F9C4FDDF06FB.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly asymmetrical or symmetrical, laterally compressed, red-black when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with simple hairs with granular ornamentation or uncinate hairs, occasionally shriveled when dry. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transversal view. Keel or channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view, with a pair of subapical pores with a central pit; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular, almost smooth. Vasculature of the endocarp free. Primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall or in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall with at least one layer with row (s) of periclinally oriented cells and another with rows of anticlinally oriented cells. Locule surface covered by rounded and regularly spaced papillae. Locule lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF0C3348063FD1EFB460113.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDIA • 1890; King’s Collector s. n.; K. Other material VIETNAM • 2008; DDS _ 14043; P [MNHN-P-P 06807860].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF0C3348063FD1EFB460113.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Red when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 313 – 343 µm thick when dry. Length 22 – 35 mm, width 16 – 23 mm, thickness 10 – 15 mm. ENDOCARP. Lenticular in transverse section, length ca 21 mm, width ca 16 mm, thickness ca 9.9 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with thin median ridge. Apex rounded. Primary vascular bundle lying in the channel surrounding the endocarp. Endocarp wall 496 – 513 µm thick excluding rugosities (614 µm thick including rugosities). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 13 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 17.6 – 35.8 µm in length; middle layer with 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0 – 17.2 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.8 – 6.1 µm in width, lining the locule surface. Detail of the locule surface unknown.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF0C3348063FD1EFB460113.taxon	discussion	Remarks The surface of the locule was decayed by a fungi (see Discussion for preservation issues).	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF0C3358056F936FC84059A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description VIETNAM • 1923; E. Poilane 6677; P [MNHN-P-P 05279454]. Other material VIETNAM • 2008; DDS _ 14047; P [MNHN-P-P 06807857].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF0C3358056F936FC84059A.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Slightly asymmetrical at the apex, brown-black when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow uncinate hairs, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 200 – 250 µm thick when dry. Length 30 – 38 mm, width 15 – 23 mm, thickness 9.0 – 13.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Globose in transverse section, length 26.1 – 27.6 mm, width 12.9 – 14.0 mm, thickness 10.5 – 10.8 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 474 – 490 µm thick. Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 14 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 20.3 – 40.5 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca 7 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.1 – 22.4 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.7 – 8.7 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 12.8 – 20.6 µm (av. 15.7 µm) in diameter, ca 1020 – 1070 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface not lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF1C3358049FC8EFDF60251.taxon	description	Fig. 34 Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acute-acuminate at the apex, laterally compressed, yellow or blue when mature. Epicarp strigose to pubescent, with simple hairs with granular ornamentation and / or uncinate hairs, rugose-ridged or smooth when dry. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits more or less circular, associated with bullate tubercles. Ridges forming a diffuse pattern, faintly apparent. Vasculature of the endocarp free. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with at least one layer with rows of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth and lacunate.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF3C337802CFDA9FB47024C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • Gimbi; 4 Apr. 1948; J. H. Laurent 423; BR [BR 0000005850273].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF3C337802CFDA9FB47024C.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Slightly asymmetrical at the apex, yellow-blue when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and yellow uncinate hairs, rugose when dry. Mesocarp ca 200 µm thick when dry. Length 17.0 – 18.6 mm, width 10.0 – 10.4 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 16.9 mm, width ca 9.8 mm, thickness ca 6.3 mm. Pits circular in the center, more elongate laterally, 0.2 – 0.6 mm (av. 0.3 mm) in diameter, randomly arranged with 12 – 16 pits longitudinally and 9 – 11 pits transversally (ca 153 – 155 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 364 – 418 µm in length and 768 – 819 µm in diameter at the base. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and periclinal. Ridges rounded and thin, faintly apparent, with the median ridge spanning from the apex to the ¼ of the base. Reticulum forming a diffuse pattern of ridges interconnecting the median ridge with the keel, arbuscle-like shaped. Endocarp wall 110 – 216 µm thick excluding ridges (ca 220 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 10 – 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.3 – 26.4 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.7 – 9.7 µm in width, lining the locule surface.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF3C33083E3FAF8FDAC06B9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description BENIN • “ Dahomey ”; 28 May 1910; A. Chevalier 23794; P [MNHN-P-P 04495077]. Other material IVORY COAST • 1955; Aké Assi? 3104; P [MNHN-P-P 04495080].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF3C33083E3FAF8FDAC06B9.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Acuminate and asymmetrical at the apex. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 201 – 216 µm thick when dry. Length 9.0 – 12.4 mm, width 6.0 – 8.5 mm, thickness 3.0 – 5.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 11.3 mm, width ca 8.1 mm, thickness ca 5.1 mm. Pits circular in the center, more elongate laterally, 0.1 – 0.3 mm (av. 0.2 mm) in diameter, randomly arranged with 12 – 14 pits longitudinally and 11 pits transversally (ca 184 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 244 – 248 µm in length and 377 – 382 µm in diameter at the base. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and periclinal. Ridges rounded and thin, faintly apparent, with one median ridge running from the apex to the base. Reticulum forming a diffuse pattern of ridges running from the median ridge. Endocarp wall 145 – 165 µm thick (excluding ridges). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 9 – 10 rows of periclinally oriented (or occasionally isodiametric) cells, cells 6.3 – 24.7 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.0 – 11.5 µm in width, lining the locule surface.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF4C3308047FDAAFB740256.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description EQUATORIAL GUINEA • Bioko; 26 Sep. 1988; Carvalho 3626; P [MNHN-P-P 05030978].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF4C3308047FDAAFB740256.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Acute at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow uncinate hairs, ridged when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 204 – 264 µm thick when dry. Length 24 – 30 mm, width 14 – 18 mm, thickness 9 – 12 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, length ca 22.3 mm, width ca 13.8 mm, thickness ca 8.8 mm. Pits exclusively circular, 0.2 – 0.3 mm in diameter, more or less organized in longitudinal lines with 14 – 18 pits longitudinally and 9 – 10 pits transversally (ca 162 – 164 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 320 µm in length and ca 701 µm in diameter at the base. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and periclinal. Ridges sharp and thin, with three longitudinal ridges; the median ridge running from the base to the apex, the two lateral ridges running subbasally up to the top third of the endocarp length, where they merge with the median ridge. Endocarp wall 277 – 477 µm thick excluding ridges (800 – 960 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3 – 4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally (mesocarp?) oriented cells, cells 13.5 – 19.2 µm in width, followed by a layer with 11 – 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 18.0 – 21.4 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.3 – 10.0 µm in width, lining the locule surface.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF4C3318078F9C2FDB60359.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1997; R. Ranaivojaona et al. 114; P [MNHN-P-P 05279728]. Other material MADAGASCAR • 1992; S. T. Malcomber et al. 1212; P [MNHN-P-P 00379386] • 1933; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 19254; P [MNHN-P-P 00440680] • 2009; M. Y. Ammann, M. C. Madiomanana & A. J. Tahinarivo MYA 495; P [MNHN-P-P 05279690]. KENYA • 2000; G. Simon, L. Festo & G. Massawe 527; P [MNHN-P-P 04499342].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF4C3318078F9C2FDB60359.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Black when dry, laterally compressed and elongate dorsally. Ventrally truncate, with a fleshy appendage (red but black in dry condition) attached at the truncate part. Epicarp glabrous, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 80 – 100 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length ca 6 mm, width ca 10 mm, thickness ca 3 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, bilaterally symmetrical, unilocular, single-seeded, globose-truncate in lateral view, length ca 5.5 mm, width ca 7.6 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with rounded diffuse and thin ridges, with ca 10 lateral ridges. Vasculature of the endocarp free; primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 177 – 266 µm thick (excluding ridges). A sclerotic mass, ca 1.3 mm thick, is developed from the wall in the truncate part of the endocarp. Endocarp wall with sclerotic cells, with two cell layers: outermost layer with 4 – 7 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 29 – 86 µm in length; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0 – 16.5 µm in width, lining the locule surface, forming ripples (the cells have a triangular shape).	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF4C3318078F9C2FDB60359.taxon	discussion	Remarks The sclerotic mass in the truncate part could be a mechanical reinforcement due to the connection of this part with the fleshy appendage.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF5C333806FFBCCFAED05D9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description FRENCH GUIANA • Maripasoula; 2015; O. Poncy 2800; P [MNHN-P-P 00784576].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF5C333806FFBCCFAED05D9.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Laterally compressed, black when dry, elliptical. Epicarp glabrous. Mesocarp ca 190 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 15 – 20 mm, width 6.0 – 10.4 mm, thickness ca 6.1 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, bilaterally symmetrical, unilocular, single-seeded, elliptical in lateral view, triangular or pyriform in transverse section, length ca 14.5 mm, width ca 8.1 mm, thickness ca 5.9 mm. Large channel present on dorsal side, ca 2 mm wide, mirrored by a keel on ventral side. Apex and base slightly asymmetrical in lateral view. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose-granulate, homogeneous. Vasculature of the endocarp free; primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 300 – 320 µm thick. Endocarp wall with sclerotic cells, with two cell layers: outermost layer with 6 – 8 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 27.4 – 38.4 µm in width; innermost layer with 1 - 5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 23.8 – 35.2 µm width, cells tunnel-shaped (very elongate cells).	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF7C333806AFD4AFAFF018E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description BRAZIL • 1968; R. M. Harley & R. Souza 10028; P [MNHN-P-P 05279304]. Other material BRAZIL • 1969; M. Claussen 1838; P [MNHN-P-P 04513313] • 1974; R. M. Harley et al. 15081; P [MNHN-P-P 04513269] • 1894; A. Glaziou 22041; P [MNHN-P-P 04513276]. BOLIVIA • 1993; R. Quevedo 927; P [MNHN-P-P 04513320].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF7C333806AFD4AFAFF018E.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Black when dry, globose. Epicarp glabrous. Calyx persistent. Length 10 – 15 mm, width 10 – 15 mm, thickness 15 – 18 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, bilaterally symmetrical, trilocular, three-seeded, globose in lateral view and transverse section, flattened in the apex-base axis, length ca 10.4 mm, width ca 14.9 mm, thickness ca 15 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp on dorsal side only. Apex and base flattened in lateral view. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose with long and brittle rugosities. Endocarp wall of two parts: the outer part, ca 400 µm thick (930 – 1230 µm with rugosities), surrounds the three inner locule walls (350 – 390 µm thick), which surround the seeds. The outer surface of the endocarp with circular pores piercing the wall, ca 110 µm in diameter. Endocarp wall with sclerotic, isodiametric and homogeneous cells (inner and outer walls), 59.4 – 111.9 µm in diameter. Cells pitted and with spikes inside.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF7C333806AFD4AFAFF018E.taxon	discussion	Remarks The pores piercing the outer part of the wall might offer a means of gas exchange between the outer and inner parts of the locules. The significance of the spikes inside the endocarp cells is currently unclear.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF7C32D806DF8BDFCEB04C2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA • 1936; W. T. Tsang 27299; P [MNHN-P-P 04518074].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFF7C32D806DF8BDFCEB04C2.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Laterally compressed, black when dry, ovoid-elongate, acute at the apex. Epicarp glabrous. Mesocarp thin when dry. Length 30 – 34 mm, width 13.5 – 15.0 mm, thickness 13.7 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, slightly elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 33.2 mm, width ca 12.2 mm, thickness ca 12.5 mm. Apex acute and asymmetrical; base rounded and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose with ca 62 – 65 mounds, more or less square-polygonal in shape, with freely ending channels inside, more or less branched. Mounds organized in 3 – 4 longitudinal lines separated by 2 – 3 main longitudinal channels. The main channel on each face reaches a pore positioned subapically. Vasculature of the endocarp positioned in the channels between mounds and in the channel of the mounds. Endocarp wall 500 – 550 µm thick. Endocarp wall with 11 – 21 rows of sclerotic, periclinally oriented, elongated and homogeneous cells, cells 18.0 – 44.8 µm in width. Inner endocarp surface smooth, not lacunate. Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. Subclass Lamiidae Order Icacinales Tiegh. Family Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw Fig. 36.9 – 36.14	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFE9C32D8049FC62FD7001B8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NEW-CALEDONIA • 1979; H. S. Mackee 37671; P [MNHN-P-P 00180992].	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFE9C32D8049FC62FD7001B8.taxon	description	Description FRUIT. Brown-black when dry, more or less globose but flattened in the apex-base axis. Epicarp glabrous. Calyx persistent. Length ca 10.4 mm, width ca 16.7 mm, thickness ca 16.7 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, with five locules and five seeds, globose in transverse section. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth. Endocarp wall with two parts, the outer part surrounding the inner locule walls, but outer and inner walls fused and difficult to dissociate. All walls ca 2 mm thick, inner endocarp wall (locule) ca 200 µm thick, with crystalliferous cells. Endocarp wall with sclerotic cells, with two stratified cell layers: outermost layer with numerous rows of isodiametric cells, cells 28.3 – 44.0 µm in diameter; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 2.4 – 3.3 µm in width, lining the locule surface with inflated, elongate and semi-triangular cells.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
B7038788FFE9C32D8049FC62FD7001B8.taxon	discussion	Remarks The mesocarp is strongly attached to the endocarp wall. The structure of the endocarp is difficult to break due to the thickness of the endocarp wall.	en	Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W., Franceschi, Dario De (2020): Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales). European Journal of Taxonomy 645: 1-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.645
