identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AE87D7FF91FFBCFDDCFA06FAE6F864.text	03AE87D7FF91FFBCFDDCFA06FAE6F864.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrops Spinola 1839	<div><p>Genus Pyrops Spinola, 1839</p> <p>Pyrops Spinola, 1839: 231.</p> <p>Type species: Pyrops candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758) by subsequent designation by Duponchel (1840: 200).</p> <p>Hotinus Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843: 490 (type species Pyrops candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758) by original designation) synonymized by Blanchard 1845: 425.</p> <p>After comparison with the classification proposed by Lallemand (1963) and Nagai &amp; Porion (1996), the genus Pyrops is here removed from the subfamily Fulgorinae and not attributed to any of the currently defined subfamilies, following the conclusions of the DNA study by Urban &amp; Cryan (2009). The subfamily Fulgorinae is found in the New World, with the Neotropical genus Fulgora Linnaeus, 1767 as type.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters</p> <p>The definition of the genus given by Constant (2015) is followed: head with cephalic process, sometimes very long, narrowing progressively beyond the eyes; apically it can be dilated or even spherical. Vertex about 4 times as broad as an eye. Before eyes, genae truncate, with a transverse carina which sometimes extends to vertex. Two longitudinal carinae on frons, a third median one starting on base of cephalic process. Fronto-clypeal suture usually slightly bisinuate; median carina on clypeus. Pronotum with median carina (sometimes obsolete) and a small but strongly impressed point on each side of it. Mesonotum with median and peridiscal carinae, sometimes obsolete. Tegmina at most 3 times as long as broad, with apical margin more or less rounded and with transverse veinlets on all surfaces. Clavus open and elongate, vein A 1+ A 2 extending far towards apex. Legs slender.</p> <p>The clavatus species group</p> <p>This group was defined by Baker (1925: 348) with the following set of characters: (1) medium sized species; (2) cephalic process short, very stout, strongly clavate, black or olive green above and with red or ochraceous apex; (3) tegmina largely black.</p> <p>It seems worth mentioning that Baker did not examine any specimen of P. atroalbus comb. nov. or P. watanabei.</p> <p>Lallemand (1963: 88) restricted the definition to characters of the cephalic process only: “ cephalic process rather short, much shorter than body, gradually narrowing, strongly dilated apically into a quite large ball” (translated from French).</p> <p>Nagai &amp; Porion (1996) followed Lallemand’s (1963) definition.</p> <p>After examination of the types of all species placed in the group by previous authors, the combination of the following characters is given to define the group: (1) medium sized species; (2) cephalic process rather short, progressively narrowing towards apex and strongly swollen apically; (3) apical third of hind wings black or white.</p> <p>The Philippine species P. polillensis is removed from the group based on the broad black area of the hind wing extending all along the sutural margin (see illustrations in Baker 1925), in contradiction with character (3), and not attributed to any of the currently defined species groups of Pyrops.</p> <p>The three species included here in the group are distributed in a zoogeographically consistent zone extending from northern India eastwards to Taiwan through Bangladesh, Myanmar, northern Thailand, Laos and southern China, and southwards to central Vietnam.</p> <p>Identification key to the species of the Pyrops clavatus group</p> <p>1. Abdomen black ventrally (Fig. 1B); tegmina pale yellow-white on disc and with 3 black spots in costal area before nodal line (Fig. 1A); cephalic process yellow (Fig. 1 D–F) (known from Laos, Thailand and Vietnam) ………………………………………… Pyrops atroalbus (Distant, 1918) comb. nov.</p> <p>– Abdomen red ventrally (Fig. 2B) …………………………………………………………………2</p> <p>2. Tegmina largely black on disc (Fig. 2A), or in the pale forms (Fig. 3A, D), bluish white on disc and without black spots in costal area; cephalic process red-brown to black (Figs 2 D–G, 3C, E) (known from N India, Bangladesh, N Myanmar, N Thailand, S China and N Vietnam) ……… ………………………………………………………………… Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839)</p> <p>– Tegmina mainly white on disc and with 3 black spots in costal area before nodal line (Fig. 4A, F); cephalic process yellow (Fig. 4 D–E) (known from Taiwan) … Pyrops watanabei (Matsumura, 1913)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87D7FF91FFBCFDDCFA06FAE6F864	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Constant, Jérôme;Pham, Hong-Thai	Constant, Jérôme, Pham, Hong-Thai (2017): Review of the clavatus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 305: 1-26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.305
03AE87D7FF97FFB6FDBDFD42FAE7FBAA.text	03AE87D7FF97FFB6FDBDFD42FAE7FBAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrops atroalbus (Distant 1918) Constant & Pham 2017	<div><p>Pyrops atroalbus (Distant, 1918) comb. nov.</p> <p>Figs 1, 5–6, 9A</p> <p>Fulgora atroalba Distant, 1918: 199 (type in BMNH).</p> <p>Laternaria atroalba – Metcalf 1947: 187 [transferred to Laternaria; catalogued].</p> <p>Fulgora watanabei apicalis – Lallemand 1963: 90 [considered as a junior synonym of Fulgora watanabei atroalba (Distant, 1918) (erroneous)].</p> <p>Fulgora watanabei atroalba – Lallemand 1963: 90 [transferred back to Fulgora and considered as a subspecies of P. watanabei (erroneous)].</p> <p>Fulgora watanabei var. formosana – Lallemand 1963: 90 [considered as a junior synonym of Fulgora watanabei atroalba (Distant, 1918) (erroneous)].</p> <p>Pyrops watanabei apicalis – Nagai &amp; Porion 1996: 26 [transferred to Pyrops but still considered as a junior synonym of Fulgora watanabei atroalba (erroneous)].</p> <p>Pyrops watanabei atroalba – Nagai &amp; Porion 1996: 26, pl. 18, fig. 223 [transferred to Pyrops, but still considered as a subspecies of P. watanabei (erroneous), type illustrated]. — Liang 1998: 22 [considered as a subspecies of P. watanabei (erroneous)].</p> <p>Pyrops watanabei formosana – Nagai &amp; Porion 1996: 26 [transferred to Pyrops but still considered as a junior synonym of Fulgora watanabei atroalba (erroneous)].</p> <p>Non Fulgora watanabei apicalis Kato, 1928: 221, pl. 9 fig. 1.</p> <p>Non Fulgora watanabei var. formosana Metcalf, 1947: 208.</p> <p>Note</p> <p>Liang (1998) erroneously stated that the name “ Pyrops watanabei atroalbus (Distant, 1918) ” was a new combination he proposed while the combination had already been proposed by Nagai and Porion (1996).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The species is immediately recognized by the following combination of characters:</p> <p>(1) Cephalic process yellow and strongly inflated apically (Fig. 1 D–F).</p> <p>(2) Abdomen black ventrally (Fig. 1B).</p> <p>(3) Tegmina strongly contrasted: pale yellow-white with black markings, including 3 black spots in costal area before nodal line (Fig. 1A).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>From Latin ater (adj.) ‘black’ and albus (adj.): ‘white’; the species epithet refers to the black and white colouration of the species.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype (Fig. 5)</p> <p>VIETNAM: ♂ [Indo-China, Tonkin, R.V. de Salvaza. 1917–98] [1918–1] [Fulgora atroalba Dist. Type] [Type] (BMNH).</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>VIETNAM: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Da Krong Nature Reserve, Quang Tri Province, 10 Jul. 2011, 16°37′ N, 106°47′ E, day collecting, Pham &amp; Hoang (♂ in RBINS, ♀ in VNMN); 1 ♀, Bach Ma National Park, 29 Sep. 2014, 16°12′ N, 107°52′ E, Tuan (VNMN).</p> <p>Material examined from photograph</p> <p>THAILAND: 1 ex. (Fig. 9A), Chiang Mai Prov., Maerim District, 18°54′50″ N, 98°56′42″ E, 14 Mar. 2016, Panaka Jirasuttayaporn.</p> <p>Measurements and ratios</p> <p>TL: ♂ (n = 1): 3.4 cm; ♀ (n = 1): 4.2 cm; LPr: ♂: 1.1 cm; ♀: 1.4 cm; LTg/BTg = 2.55; BF/BPrH = 3.1; LPr/LF = 2.95; LPr/BPrH = 8.8.</p> <p>Male genitalia</p> <p>Pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin regularly rounded dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 6A). Anal tube slightly elongate, 1.1 times as long as broad in dorsal view, broader at 4/5 of total length (Fig. 6C); lateral margins very slightly sinuate and apical margin strongly concave in dorsal view (Fig. 6C). Gonostyli (Fig. 6A) elongate, twice as long as high in lateral view; dorsal margin regularly rounded and posterior margin slightly projecting posteriorly in middle in lateral view (Fig. 6A).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>There is a discrepancy between the location given on the label of the specimen (“ Tonkin ”) and the one given in the original description (Distant 1918): “ Indochina, Xieng Klouang (R. Vitalis de Salvaza) ”. The latter location is situated in Laos, not far from the places where we have collected specimens in Central Vietnam. Despite our intensive collecting effort in northern Vietnam, we have never found the species in that region. Hence, it seems that the location given by Distant (1918) is more likely to be the correct one.</p> <p>Nagai &amp; Porion (1996: fig. 223) erroneously gave “central Taiwan ” as the type locality.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The species is known from one location in Laos, one in Northern Thailand, and two in Central Vietnam.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87D7FF97FFB6FDBDFD42FAE7FBAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Constant, Jérôme;Pham, Hong-Thai	Constant, Jérôme, Pham, Hong-Thai (2017): Review of the clavatus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 305: 1-26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.305
03AE87D7FF9AFFAEFDE5F8C3FDA3FBB0.text	03AE87D7FF9AFFAEFDE5F8C3FDA3FBB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrops clavatus (Westwood 1839) in Cuc Phuong	<div><p>Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839)</p> <p>Figs 2–3, 7, 9 B–G, 10–15</p> <p>Fulgora clavata Westwood, 1839: 139, pl. 12, fig. 1 (types in OUMNH) [described, illustrated, compared with P. pyrorhynchus (Donovan, 1800), the latter mentioned as the junior synonym Fulgora pyrorhina Westwood, 1839)].</p> <p>Hotinus ponderosus Stål, 1854: 244 (type in NHRS) [described and mentioned as close to P. clavatus; synonymized by Distant (1906)].</p> <p>Fulgora woodii Ollenbach, 1929: 279, pl. 1, fig. 13 (types in NFIC) [described, illustrated and mentioned as very near to Pyrops clavatus; synonymized by Lallemand (1963)].</p> <p>Fulgora nigripennis Chou &amp; Wang in Chou et al., 1985: 33, fig. 4 (type in NWAFU) [described in Chinese, illustrated, compared to P. clavatus], 37 (briefly described in Esperanto, host plant) syn. nov.</p> <p>Fulgora clavata mizunumai Satô &amp; Nagai, 1994: 312, figs 3, 12 (type in EUM) [described, illustrated, compared to P. clavatus] syn. nov.</p> <p>Pyrops clavata – Burmeister 1845: 4 [transferred to Pyrops]. — Schaum 1850: 64 [listed] — Kirby 1885: 211 [mentioned from India and briefly described]; 1892: 211 [idem]. — Nagai &amp; Porion 1996: 26 [catalogued; distribution]; 31 [very close to Fulgora nigripennis Chou &amp; Wang, 1985], pl. 18, figs 227–228 [illustrated].</p> <p>Hotinus clavatus – Adams 1847: 204 [compared with P. sultanus (Adams &amp; White, 1847)]. — Walker 1851: 267 [list of specimens in BMNH]; 1858: 41 [clavatus as the type and single member of a group within Hotinus]. — Stål 1854: 244 [close to Hotinus ponderosus Stål, 1854]. — Costa 1864: 82 [listed from Assam].</p> <p>Fulgora (Hotina [sic!]) clavata – Westwood 1848: 7, pl. 3, fig. 1 [described, illustrated].</p> <p>Hotinus ponderosus – Walker 1858: 315 [listed from Hindustan]. — Distant 1906: 191 [junior synonym of P. clavatus (Westwood, 1839)].</p> <p>Fulgora clavata – Butler 1874: 98 [placed in a section of Fulgora with white hind wings; list of specimens in BMNH; mention of “ ludicrous ” cephalic process; probable senior synonym of “ Fulgora ponderosa ”]. — Gadeau de Kerville 1881: 43 [listed as light-producing insect (erroneous)]. — Atkinson 1885: 130 [catalogued; described; distribution; intraspecific variation]. — Schmidt 1905: 354 [catalogued]. — Distant 1906: 191; fig. 83 [keyed; described; habitus, side of head and frons illustrated; senior synonym of Hotinus ponderosus Stål, 1854]. — Schumacher 1915: 129 [compared with Fulgora chimara Schumacher, 1915]. — Distant 1918: 198 [listed from “Indochina”], 200 [compared with P. atroalbus (Distant, 1918)]. — Paiva 1919: 373 [mentioned from Garo Hills, N India; notes on biology]. — Baker 1925: 348 [type of the clavata group in Fulgora], 361 [key to the species of the clavata group; described], pl. 4, fig. 1 [lateral aspect of habitus illustrated]. — Ollenbach 1929: 280 [compared with Fulgora woodi Ollenbach, 1929]. — Lallemand 1963: 71 [type of 5 th group of Fulgora], 88 [keyed; described; catalogued; senior synonym of Hotinus ponderosus Stål, 1854 and Fulgora woodi Ollenbach, 1929]; pl. 10, figs 4–7 [lateral view of head and male genitalia of type illustrated]. — Satô &amp; Nagai 1994: 312 [compared with Fulgora clavata mizunumai Satô &amp; Nagai, 1994].</p> <p>Fulgora ponderosa – Butler 1874: 98 [probable junior synonym of P. clavatus]. — Gadeau de Kerville 1881: 43 [listed as light-producing insect (erroneous)]. — Atkinson 1885: 131 [catalogued; described; distribution; probable variety of P. clavatus].</p> <p>Fulgora ponderosus – Matsumura 1913: 54 [close to P. watanabei (Matsumura, 1913)].</p> <p>Laternaria clavata – Metcalf 1947: 193 [catalogued; distribution]. — Allnatt 2013: 45, fig. 1 [illustrated from Assam].</p> <p>Laternaria clavata var. ponderosa – Metcalf 1947: 193 [catalogued; distribution; considered as a variety of clavatus (erroneous)].</p> <p>Laternaria woodi – Metcalf 1947: 208 [catalogued].</p> <p>Pyrops clavata mizunumai – Nagai &amp; Porion 1996: 26 [catalogued]; pl. 18, figs 222, 224, 226 [illustrated].</p> <p>Pyrops clavatus – Liang 1998: 42 [catalogued; new combination (erroneous)].</p> <p>Pyrops clavatus mizunumai – Liang 1998: 42 [catalogued; new combination (erroneous)].</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The species is immediately recognized by the following combination of characters:</p> <p>(1) Cephalic process red-brown to black, often black with apex red-brown, and strongly inflated apically</p> <p>(Figs 2 D–G, 3C, E). (2) Abdomen red ventrally (Figs 2B, 3B). (3) Tegmina largely black on disc in the dark forms (Fig. 1 A–B); in the pale forms, tegmina bluish</p> <p>white on disc without black spots in costal area (Fig. 3 A–B, D).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>clavatus (adj., Latin): clavate. The name refers to the shape of the cephalic process.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>BANGLADESH: Lectotype, ♂ of Fulgora clavata Westwood, 1839, here designated to provide a reference standard for the species (examined from photographs, Fig. 10) [Silhet] [Fulgora clavata Westw. Trans. Lin. Soc. 18. P. 139 Pl 12 Fig 5.] [Type] [Type Hem: 596 1/2 Fulgora clavata Westwood, Hope Dept. Oxford] (OUMNH).</p> <p>BANGLADESH: Paralectotype, ♀ of Fulgora clavata Westwood, 1839 (examined from photographs, Fig. 11) [Silhet] [Fulgora clavata Westw. Monogr. M. Hope, Sylhet] [W] [Type] [Type Hem: 596 2/2 Fulgora clavata Westwood, Hope Dept. Oxford] (OUMNH).</p> <p>INDIA: Holotype, ♀ of Hotinus ponderosus Stål, 1854 (Fig. 12) [Ind or] [Saund] [ponderosus Stål] [NHRS-HEMI000000198] (NHRS).</p> <p>MYANMAR: Syntype, ♂ of Fulgora woodii Ollenbach, 1929 (examined from photographs, Fig. 13) [Paga-yo, Tavoy, 27.I.20, O.C. Ollenbach] [Type] [Fulgora woodii (Ollen) ♂ n sp., O.C. Ollenbach det.] (NFRI).</p> <p>CHINA: Holotype, ♂ of Fulgora nigripennis Chou &amp; Wang, 1985 (examined from photographs, Fig. 14) [Fulgora nigripennis Chou, Wang &amp; Huang “ identified by Io Chou, August 1982 ”] [“ Host plant: coffee ”] [HOLOTYPE] (NWAFU). – Parts in italics between “ ” were translated from Chinese by D. Qin. The specimen was collected in Ruyuan, Guangdong Province in May 1975 by Lizhong Hua (D. Qin pers. comm., Jun. 2016).</p> <p>THAILAND: Holotype, ♂ of Fulgora clavata mizunumai Satô &amp; Nagai, 1994 (examined from photographs, Fig. 15) [Doi Pui, Chiang Mai (N Thailand) May 1987] [Holotype Fulgora clavata mizunumai] (EUM).</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>INDIA: 1 ♀, Darjeeling (Himalaya), 1869, Higgins (RBINS); 1 ♀, Kurseong, no date, R.P. Wery (RBINS).</p> <p>THAILAND: 5 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀, Chiang Mai, Dec. 2007, local collectors (RBINS).</p> <p>VIETNAM: 1 ♀, Ha Giang, Jul. 2009, local collectors (RBINS); 2 ♀♀, Cuc Phuong National Park, 20°19′00″ N, 105°36′30″ E, 19–23 Jul. 2011, day collecting, on tree trunk, leg. J. Constant and J. Bresseel (RBINS); 2 ♀♀, Cuc Phuong N.P., 25 May 2005, leg. H.T. Pham (VNMN); 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Lao Cai Prov., Sa Pa Mt, 1800 m, Oct. 2014, leg. Than Le Luong (RBINS); 1 ♀, Vinh Phuc Prov., Me Linh Station, 12 Aug. 2011, leg. H.T. Pham (VNMN); 3 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, Ba Vi N.P., 21°4′4″ N, 105°21′30″ E, 25–29 Jun. 2015, 1000 m, leg. H.T. Pham (VNMN); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Ba Vi N.P., 21°4′4″ N, 105°21′30″ E, 25–29 Jun. 2015, 600 m, leg. J. Constant and J. Bresseel (RBINS); 1 ♀, Nghe An Prov., Pu Mat N.P., 18°59′ N, 104°40′ E, Jul. 2014, local collector (RBINS); 1 ♀, Tuyên Quang Prov., Cham Chu Nature Reserve, 22°12′ N, 105°6′ E, 8–12 Jul. 2015, leg. J. Constant and J. Bresseel (RBINS); 2 ♂♂, same data, leg. H.T. Pham (VNMN); 1 ♀, Quang Binh Prov., Phong Nha-Ke Bang N.P., U Bo, 17°32′14″ N, 106°9′4″ E, 550 m, leg. H.T. Pham (VNMN); 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Son La Prov., Copia Nature Reserve, 21°22′12″ N, 103°30′42″ E, 20–23 Jul. 2016, J. Constant and J. Bresseel (RBINS).</p> <p>Material examined from photographs</p> <p>INDIA: 1 ex., Assam, Mangaldai, 13 Aug. 2014, Mirza Galib (Facebook group: InsectIndia); 1 ex., Manipur, Loktak Lake, 9 Oct. 2014, Sougrakpam Neli (Facebook group: InsectIndia); 1 ex., Nagaland, Aug. 2012, Tarun Karmakar (Facebook group: InsectIndia); 1 ex., Upper Assam, Dibrugarh, Rungagora, no date, H. Stevens (Alnatt 2013: fig. 1).</p> <p>VIETNAM: 1 ex. (Fig. 9 B–C), Me Linh Biological Station, 12 Jul. 2015, on a trunk of Dimocarpus longan (Sapindaceae), J. Constant.</p> <p>Additional data from literature</p> <p>INDIA: Garo Hills above Tura, 3000 ft (Paiva 1919).</p> <p>MYANMAR: Karen Hills (Ollenbach 1929 – location of the second syntype of Fulgora woodi).</p> <p>Measurements and ratios</p> <p>TL: ♂ (n = 5): 3.9 cm (3.7–4.0); LPr: 1.2 cm (1.1–1.3); TL: ♀ (n = 5): 5.1 cm (4.5–5.5); LPr: 1.35 cm (1.3–1.5); LTg/BTg = 2.47; BF/BPrH = 2.05; LPr/LF = 3.19; LPr/BPrH = 6.13.</p> <p>Male genitalia</p> <p>Pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin angularly bisinuate dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 7A). Anal tube slightly elongate, 1.1 times as long as broad in dorsal view, broader at 4/5 of total length (Fig. 7C); lateral margins very slightly sinuate and apical margin strongly concave in dorsal view (Fig. 7C). Gonostyli (Fig. 7A) elongate, 1.5 times as long as broad in lateral view; dorsal margin strongly rounded above lateral tooth and posterior margin rounded in lateral view (Fig. 7A).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>After examination of the photographs of the type specimens of Fulgora nigripennis Chou &amp; Wang, 1985 and Fulgora woodii Ollenbach, 1929, it was not possible to find any difference between those taxa and the types of P. clavatus and the recorded intraspecific variations of the species. Hence, the first is proposed as a junior synonym of Pyrops clavatus and the synonymy of the second under P. clavatus, as proposed by Lallemand (1963) and followed by Nagai &amp; Porion (1996), is confirmed.</p> <p>Ollenbach (1929) stated that the types of the species described in his paper would later be sent to the British Museum (currently BMNH) but he apparently never did so as none of the types of those species can be found in the BMNH collections (M. Webb pers. comm., 21 May 2013).</p> <p>The examination of numerous specimens of P. clavatus, including large series from Chiang Mai (Figs 2–3) and northern Vietnam, proved that the species shows important intraspecific colour variation of the cephalic process and wings: the tegmina vary from nearly completely black to nearly completely bluish white, the hind wings from white with black apex to completely white, usually tinged with blue or violet basally. The “subspecies” mizunumai described by Satô &amp; Nagai (1994) only represents the paler extreme of the species and cannot be considered as a subspecies, as it occurs sympatrically with the intermediate and darker forms. It is therefore synonymized under P. clavatus. Specimens showing basally blue-tinged and violet-tinged hind wings were found in the same population, on the same tree in Copia, North Vietnam. The variation is not linked to the sex of the specimens as both males and females showed the two variations.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Paiva (1919) stated that the species was “ not uncommon at 3000 ft. Several specimens sometimes found on a single tree to which they return after disturbance ”. Our observations confirm this statement which is valid for most species of Pyrops we have observed so far. We have found P. clavatus feeding on several unidentified species of tree in Ba Vi National Park (north Vietnam); in Cuc Phuong National Park (north Vietnam), some specimens of P. clavatus were found on a big tree together with numerous Pyrops spinolae (Westwood, 1842), while other trees of the same species and others around did not host any Pyrops specimens (Fig. 9 F–G); at Me Linh Biodiversity Station (north Vietnam), P. clavatus was observed on a big Longan tree trunk (Dimocarpus longan Lour., Sapindaceae) together with P. candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758), P. lathburii (Kirby, 1818) and P. viridirostris (Westwood, 1848). In North Vietnam we found the species at altitudes ranging from 150 to 1200 m.</p> <p>The species was also collected on coffee (Coffea sp., Rubiaceae) in southern China.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Known from N India, Myanmar, N Thailand, S China and N Vietnam.</p> <p>Very probably also present in Laos and maybe in Cambodia (see also Constant et al. 2016 for discussion on Fulgoridae from Cambodia).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87D7FF9AFFAEFDE5F8C3FDA3FBB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Constant, Jérôme;Pham, Hong-Thai	Constant, Jérôme, Pham, Hong-Thai (2017): Review of the clavatus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 305: 1-26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.305
03AE87D7FF82FFA9FD94F8E9FE2CFC7C.text	03AE87D7FF82FFA9FD94F8E9FE2CFC7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrops watanabei (Matsumura 1913)	<div><p>Pyrops watanabei (Matsumura, 1913)</p> <p>Figs 4, 8, 16–22</p> <p>Fulgora (Hotinus) watanabei Matsumura, 1913: 54 [described; close to “ Fulgora ponderosus ” (Stål, 1854)], pl. 8, fig. 1 [habitus illustrated] (types in HUIC).</p> <p>Fulgora chimara Schumacher, 1915a: 129 [described] (Types in MFNB and SDEI) [synonymized by Kato (1928); reinstated as good species by Metcalf (1947); re-synonymized by Lallemand (1963)].</p> <p>Fulgora watanabei var. apicalis Kato, 1928: 221 [described; host plant], pl. 9, fig. 1 [habitus illustrated] (type in UMUT). syn. nov. [name preoccupied by Fulgora apicalis Westwood, 1838, replaced by F. watanabei var. formosana by Metcalf (1947)].</p> <p>Fulgora watanabei var. formosana Metcalf, 1947: 208 [replacement name for F. watanabei var. apicalis]. syn. nov.</p> <p>Fulgora chimara – Schumacher 1915b: 110 [listed from “ Formosa ” (= Taiwan)]. — Kato 1928: 221 [synonymized under Pyrops watanabei (Matsumura, 1913)]. — Metcalf 1947: 193 [catalogued as a good species]. — Lallemand 1963: 89 [synonymized under Pyrops watanabei (Matsumura, 1913)].</p> <p>Fulgora watanabei – Kato 1928: 221 [listed; senior synonym of Fulgora chimara Schumacher, 1915; host plant]. — Mutsumura 1931: 1267 [described; illustrated]. — Chou et al. 1985: 118 [described; mentioned from Taiwan and China (Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan)].</p> <p>Hotinus watanabei – Matsumura 1931: pl. 8, fig. 12 [illustrated].</p> <p>Pyrops watanabei – Nagai &amp; Porion 1996: 26 [catalogued; mentioned from China (erroneous)]. — Liang &amp; Suwa 1998: 157 [lectotype designation]. — Yen &amp; Yang 2001 [description; biology; distribution; protection status].</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The species is immediately recognized by the following combination of characters:</p> <p>(1) cephalic process yellow and inflated apically (Fig. 4 D–E).</p> <p>(2) abdomen red ventrally (Fig. 4B).</p> <p>(3) tegmina mainly white on disc and with 3 black spots in costal area before nodal line (Fig. 4A).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species was dedicated to its collector, Kenji Watanabe.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>TAIWAN: Lectotype, ♀ of Fulgora (Hotinus) watanabei Matsumura, 1913 (examined from photographs, Fig. 16) [Hotinus watanabei Mats.] [Hotinus watanabei Mats.] [Hotinus watanabei det Matsumura] [Formosa Matsumura/ underside: Hoppo, 1 st VII ‘07] [Type Matsumura] [Lectotype Fulgora (Hotinus) watanabei Mats. det. A.P. Liang &amp; M. Suwa 1997] (HUIC).</p> <p>TAIWAN: Paralectotype, ♀ of Fulgora (Hotinus) watanabei Matsumura, 1913 (examined from photographs, Fig. 17) [Hoppo] [Paralectotype Fulgora (Hotinus) watanabei Mats. det. A.P. Liang &amp; M. Suwa 1997] (HUIC).</p> <p>TAIWAN: Paralectotype, ♀ of Fulgora (Hotinus) watanabei Matsumura, 1913 (examined from photographs, Fig. 18) [Formosa Matsumura / underside: Hoppo, 27 VII ‘07] [Paralectotype Fulgora (Hotinus) watanabei Mats. det. A.P. Liang &amp; M. Suwa 1997] (HUIC).</p> <p>TAIWAN: Syntype, ♀ of Fulgora chimara Schumacher, 1915 (Fig. 19) [Formosa, Hoozan, VIII.10, H. Sauter S.G.] [Fulgora chimara * Schum., F. Schumacher det.] [Type] (MFNB).</p> <p>TAIWAN: Syntype, ♀ of Fulgora chimara Schumacher, 1915 (examined from photographs, Fig. 20) [Kosempo, Formosa, H. Sauter, VII. X.1911] [Fulgora chimara * Schum., F. Schumacher det.] [Syntypus] (SDEI).</p> <p>TAIWAN: Holotype, ♀ of Fulgora watanabei var. apicalis Kato, 1928 (examined from photographs, Fig. 21) [Horisha, Formosa (VIII.1919) Col. M. Kato.] [Type No. 95, M. Kato coll.] (UMUT).</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>TAIWAN: 1 ♀, Taipei city, Congguan Nat. Taiwan University Campus, 2007, leg. W.B. Yeh (RBINS); 1 ♂ (dissected), 1 ♀, Taipei, Tanshui, 14 Jun. 2002, J.H. Chen (NMNS).</p> <p>Material examined from photographs</p> <p>TAIWAN: eggs (Fig. 22A), Taipei City, 28 Jul. 2012, S. Chen; eggs (Fig. 22B), idem, 19 Feb. 2016; 1 nymph (Fig. 22C), Nantou County, 14 Feb. 2012, S. Chen; 1 nymph (Fig. 22D): Taipei City, 7 Jun. 2012, on Triadica sebifera, S. Chen; 1 ex. (Fig. 22 E–F), idem, 16 Aug. 2012, on Triadica sebifera, S. Chen; 1 ex. (Fig. 22G), idem, predated by a Sparassidae spider; 5 ex. (Fig. 22H), Taipei City, 6 Aug. 2011, on Triadica sebifera, S. Chen.</p> <p>Measurements and ratios</p> <p>TL: ♂ (n=1): 3.9 cm; LPr: 1.0 cm; TL: ♀ (n=2): 4.3 cm (4.0–4.6); LPr: 1.1 cm (1.0–1.2); LTg/BTg = 2.31; BF/BPrH = 2.53; LPr/LF = 2.82; LPr/BPrH = 2.55.</p> <p>Male genitalia</p> <p>Pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin sinuate in lateral view (Fig. 8A). Anal tube slightly elongate, 1.1 times as long as broad in dorsal view, broader at 4/5 of total length (Fig. 8C); lateral margins slightly sinuate and apical margin strongly concave in dorsal view (Fig. 8C). Gonostyli (Fig. 8A) elongate, 1.77 times as long as high in lateral view; dorsal margin regularly and broadly rounded and posterior margin slightly projecting posteriorly in middle in lateral view (Fig. 8A).</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>The species was recorded on Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae) by Kato (1928), and on the same tree and Sapium discolor Muell. -Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) by Yen &amp; Yang (2015). Those data were confirmed by multiple observations in the field; freshly laid eggs were observed at the end of July, nymphs in February and June (pers. comm. S. Chen, Dec. 2015)</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Taiwan.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>This species was mentioned from China by Chou et al. (1985) and Nagai &amp; Porion (1996). However, no specimen of P. watanabei could be found either in the collections of NWAFU, where Chou and co-authors worked (pers. comm. D. Qin, Jun. 2016), in the collections of IZCAS (pers. comm. Z.S. Song, Jun. 2016), or in the collections of MHNL, and there are also no photographic records available supporting the presence of the species on the continent. Hence, the species is removed from the list of Chinese Fulgoridae and is regarded as endemic in Taiwan.</p> <p>Like in P. clavatus, this species shows specimens with posterior wings entirely white and others with the apical third black.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87D7FF82FFA9FD94F8E9FE2CFC7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Constant, Jérôme;Pham, Hong-Thai	Constant, Jérôme, Pham, Hong-Thai (2017): Review of the clavatus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 305: 1-26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.305
