identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B7423B8A044F3BFF06FF14B94D1EB4.text	03B7423B8A044F3BFF06FF14B94D1EB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Litoria raniformis subsp. raniformis (Keferstein 1867) AMS R	<div><p>Litoria raniformis raniformis (Keferstein, 1867)</p> <p>Figs 12, 13</p> <p>Neotype. AMS R45668, an adult male from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.683" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.05/lat -34.683)">Hay</a>, 50 miles on Balranald Road, NSW, Australia. 34.683° S; 144.05° E. Collected by Harald Ehmann on 9 September 1973.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Litoria raniformis can be diagnosed from other members of the Litoria aurea Group by the presence of vertebral stripe (vs absent in L. aurea and L. cyclorhyncha), dorsum with longitudinally aligned raised tubercles and skin ridges (vs absent in L. aurea); presence of black canthal stripe (vs absent in L. moorei and variably present in L. cyclorhyncha); pattern-less ventral surface (vs black reticulations ventrally in L. cyclorhyncha); absence of distinctive large black ringed yellow or cream spots in the groin, and pale yellow spots and/or marbling on the lower surface of the hind limbs (vs present in L. castanea).</p> <p>Measurements of neotype (mm). SVL: 60.1, HL: 21.4, HW: 21.4, IND: 3.7, NS: 4.1, IOD: 3.3, ED: 5.96, TD: 4.5, FeL: 26.9, TL: 26.7, FoL: 37.8, FLL: 9.8, RLF: 25.2, D1T: 1.3, D4T: 1.5, D1F: 1.5, D3F: 1.3.</p> <p>Description of Neotype. Snout prominent, rounded when viewed from above and in profile. Nostrils more lateral than superior, closer to snout than to eye. Canthus rostralis well defined and straight. Eye relatively large (ED/HL 0.28). Tympanum distinct, circular, length less than eye diameter (TD/ED 0.75). Vomerine teeth short straight plates bridging the gap between the choanae. Tongue approximately rectangular.</p> <p>Fingers long, broad, webbing absent. Subarticular and palmar tubercles prominent.Terminal discs not prominent, barely extending beyond lateral extremities of penultimate phalanx. Fingers in order of length 3&gt;4&gt;1&gt;2. Hindlimb length moderate (TL/SVL 0.48). Toes in order of length 4&gt;5=3&gt;2&gt;1. Webbing on toes I, II, III, V reaches base of terminal toe disc, and to base of the penultimate phalange on toe IV. Subarticular tubercles prominent. Oval inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, approximately one-third length of first toe. Terminal toe discs not prominent, not extending beyond lateral extremities of penultimate phalanx. Distinct pectoral fold present (Fig. 12B).</p> <p>Variation. A summary of variation in 17 mensural traits is presented in Table 6. Mean SVL: females = 69.3 mm, males = 61.7 mm. Head length equal to head width (HL/HW 0.87–1.1) and approximately one-third of SVL (HL/SVL 0.32–0.45). Eye relatively large, diameter equal to or greater than eye to naris distance (ED/EN 0.99– 1.44). Pupil horizontal when constricted (Fig. 13). Tympanum length greater than half eye diameter (TD/ED 0.68- 0.92). Hindlimb length moderate and variable (TL/SVL 0.41–0.64). Oval inner metatarsal tubercle prominent. Light brown nuptial pad wraps around inner surface of digit I from base of digit to base of penultimate phalange (SAMA R59848). Small vocal slits present in buccal cavity at base of tongue parallel to lateral margin of tongue.</p> <p>Dorsum mildly granular with varying coverage of low tubercles. Upper surface of limbs smooth or with varying coverage of low tubercles. Flanks with dense coverage of low tubercles. Chin, abdomen, undersurface of limbs, and lateral aspect of body coarsely granular or granularity confined to lateral margins of abdomen.</p> <p>Colour pattern. Variation in colour is described from images taken in life (Fig. 13). Head smooth with either uniform colour or heavily marked with dark patches. Iris gold. Canthus rostralis typically uniformly colored with the light tones of the dorsum. Darker tympanum contrasts with lighter loreal region. Prominent green to bronze mid-dorsal stripe extends from the snout or from between the eyes to the cloaca. Back covered in prominent dark tubercles arranged either in lines or irregularly. Dorsal colour varies from green to bronze sometimes with darker patches. A clearly demarked line with a black lower margin runs from the nostril through the eye, above the tympanum and then along the dorso-lateral margin to the groin. In the dorso-lateral region its upper margin is enhanced by prominent cream to white tubercles. Flanks with prominent cream or white coloured coarse granules in upper half. Colour pattern of limbs is a continuation of dorsal colour and pattern, leading edge of lower leg with prominent black margin. Back of thighs awash with emerald green to blue, moderately granular proximally with few to moderate numbers of prominent light coloured tubercles. Belly and chin cream or white, undersurfaces of limbs either cream or with light green flush, with dark patches. Groin regions with similar pattern and colour to back of thigh or less frequently with yellow spots with black outline, particularly tableland populations in the east of the species range. Throat dusky in mature males.</p> <p>Distribution. Southern New South Wales, northern Victoria and the Murray Valley in South Australia. It occurs in the IBRA regions: Murray Darling Depression, NSW South Western Slopes, Riverina, South Eastern Highlands, and Victorian Midlands. There is absence of records of L. raniformis from the alpine regions in north-eastern Victoria and south-eastern New South Wales and in the mallee country of western Victoria and eastern South Australia. Identity of vouchers from the southern tablelands of NSW assigned to L. raniformis by Thomson et al. (1996) needs confirmation with ancient DNA analyses. Our genetic data identified L. r. raniformis at seven locations in the central Mount Lofty Ranges south-east of Adelaide, all collected between 1972 and 1979.</p> <p>Ecology and reproductive biology. Populations occur in swamps dominated by eucalypts (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. largiflorens), Lignum, Typha, and Nitre Goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum), and also in irrigated rice crops (Wassens 2008). Common features of occupied wetlands are that they are large, continuous areas containing both permanent and ephemeral waterbodies that undergo regular flooding and are surrounded by areas containing suitable refugia in the form of ground debris, vegetation cover and cracking soils (Wassens 2008). Frogs concentrate in refugia prior to flooding, then disperse across the landscape during flooding events (Wassens 2008). Breeding is triggered by flooding during spring or summer (Wassens 2008; Wassens et al. 2010, Turner 2022). The larval phase may be as short as two months (Wassens 2008).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B7423B8A044F3BFF06FF14B94D1EB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vörös, Judit;Wassens, Skye;Price, Luke;Hunter, David;Myers, Steven;Armstrong, Kyle;Mahony, Michael J.;Donnellan, Stephen	Vörös, Judit, Wassens, Skye, Price, Luke, Hunter, David, Myers, Steven, Armstrong, Kyle, Mahony, Michael J., Donnellan, Stephen (2023): Molecular systematic analysis demonstrates that the threatened southern bell frog, Litoria raniformis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) of eastern Australia comprises two sub-species. Zootaxa 5228 (1): 1-43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.1
03B7423B8A064F07FF06FB6BB8811828.text	03B7423B8A064F07FF06FB6BB8811828.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Litoria raniformis subsp. major (Copland 1957) TMAG C	<div><p>Litoria raniformis major (Copland, 1957)</p> <p>Figs 14, 15</p> <p>Neotype. TMAG C290, an adult female from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.49&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.91" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.49/lat -42.91)">Lauderdale</a>, Tasmania, Australia. 42.91° S, 147.49° E. Collected by Mr Van Der Water on 27April 1971.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Litoria raniformis major can be diagnosed from L. r. raniformis and from L. castanea by the presence of 35 and 34 diagnostic nucleotide sites in the ND4 alignment respectively (Table 3).</p> <p>Measurements of neotype (mm). SVL: 65.8, HL: 23.9, HW: 24.7, IND: 4.2, NS: 5.4, IOD: 4.4, EN: 6.21, ED: 5.26, TD: 5.3, FeL: 33.9, TL: 32.5, FoL: 47.4, FLL: 12.6, RLF: 29.6, D1T: 1.7, D4T: 1.9, D1F: 1.7, D3F: 1.8.</p> <p>Description of Neotype. Snout prominent, rounded when viewed from above and in profile. Nostrils more lateral than superior, closer to snout than to eye. Canthus rostralis well defined and straight. Eye relatively large (ED/HL 0.22). Tympanum distinct, circular, length about equal to eye diameter (TD/ED 1.2). Vomerine teeth short straight plates bridging the gap between the choanae. Tongue approximately rectangular.</p> <p>Fingers long, broad, webbing absent. Subarticular tubercles prominent, palmar tubercles not prominent. Terminal discs not prominent, barely extending beyond lateral extremities of penultimate phalanx. Fingers in order of length 3&gt;4&gt;1&gt;2. Hindlimb length moderate (TL/SVL 0.49). Toes in order of length 4&gt;5=3&gt;2&gt;1. Webbing on toes I, II, III, V reaches base of terminal toe disc, and to base of the penultimate phalange on toe IV (Fig. 14D). Subarticular tubercles not prominent. Oval inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, approximately one-quarter length of first toe. Terminal toe discs not prominent, not extending beyond lateral extremities of penultimate phalanx.</p> <p>Variation. A summary of variation in 17 mensural traits is presented in Table 6. Mean SVL: females = 71.5 mm, males = 62 mm. Head length equal to head width (HL/HW 0.92–1.17) and approximately one-third of SVL (HL/SVL 0.3–0.39). Distance between eye and naris equal to or greater than internarial span (EN/IND 1.03–1.45). Eye relatively large, its diameter variable relative to eye to naris distance (ED/EN 0.85-1.54). Pupil horizontal when constricted (Fig. 15). Tympanum length greater than half eye diameter (TD/ED 0.63–1.17).</p> <p>Hindlimb length moderate (TL/SVL 0.42–0.54). Toe subarticular tubercles not prominent. Oval inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, approximately one-fifth to one-sixth length of first toe.</p> <p>Dorsum mildly granular with varying coverage of low tubercles. Upper surface of limbs smooth or varying coverage of low tubercles. Flanks with dense coverage of low tubercles. Abdomen, undersurface of thighs, and lateral aspect of body coarsely granular. Distinct pectoral fold present. Small vocal slits present in buccal cavity at base of tongue parallel to lateral margin of tongue.</p> <p>Colour pattern. Variation in colour is described from images taken in life (Fig. 15). Head smooth with uniform colour. Iris gold. Canthus rostralis typically uniformly colored with the light tones of the dorsum or with patches of light green. Darker tympanum contrasts with lighter loreal region. Green to bronze mid-dorsal stripe extends from the snout or from between the eyes to the cloaca varying in width and prominence. Back covered in prominent tubercles arranged either in lines or irregularly that are in some cases enhanced with dark colouration. Dorsal colour varies from green to bronze sometimes with darker patches. A clearly demarked line with a black lower margin runs from the nostril through the eye, above the tympanum and then along the dorso-lateral margin to the groin. In the dorso-lateral region its upper margin is enhanced by prominent cream or white or green tubercles. Flanks with prominent cream or white coloured coarse granules or tubercles. Colour pattern of limbs is a continuation of dorsal colour and pattern, leading edge of lower leg usually with dark margin. Back of thighs awash with emerald green to blue, moderately granular proximally with few to moderate numbers of prominent light coloured tubercles. Belly and chin cream or white, undersurfaces of limbs either cream or with light green flush, with dark patches. Groin regions with similar pattern and colour to back of thigh. Throat dusky in mature males.</p> <p>Distribution. Southern Victoria, south-eastern New South Wales, south-eastern South Australia and Tasmania. It occurs in the IBRA regions: Murray Darling Depression, South East Corner, South East Coastal Plain, Southern Volcanic Plain, Victorian Midlands, Naracoorte Coastal Plain, Furneaux, King, Ben Lomond, Tasmanian Central Highlands,Tasmanian Northern Midlands, Tasmanian Northern Slopes, and Tasmanian South East.Our mitochondrial genetic data identified a L. r. major (SAMA R15375 A) at a location, 4 miles S Verdun, in the central Mount Lofty Ranges south-east of Adelaide (collection date not available). A genetically identified L. r. raniformis was also collected at this locality (SAMA R15375 B).</p> <p>Ecology and reproductive biology. Litoria r. major occurs in cooler mesic habitats. Breeding occurs in spring and summer, in permanent and ephemeral wetland. Preference is shown for wetland habitats with a large proportion of emergent, submerged and floating vegetation, and slow-flowing or still water (Robertson et al. 2002, Heard et al. 2004, 2008, Hamer &amp; Organ 2008, Clemann &amp; Gillespie 2012). Demographic studies indicate a metapopulation structure around separate or interconnected wetlands, with permanent waterbodies, or those near permanent water, favoured (Heard et al. 2010, Clemann &amp; Gillespie 2012). In disturbed areas it occupies artificial waterbodies such as farm dams, irrigation channels, and disused quarries. Frogs overwinter beneath thick vegetation, logs, rocks and other ground debris, sometimes at considerable distances from waterbodies.</p> <p>Breeding does not appear to be as reliant upon flooding as in L. r. raniformis (White &amp; Pyke 1999) but see Robertson et al. (2002) and Heard et al. (2004). Breeding occurs in spring and summer, and the larval phase is often longer than in L. r. raniformis (Turner 2022). Anstis (2017) described the eggs and larval stages and development of L. r. major from south-eastern Victoria and Tasmania.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B7423B8A064F07FF06FB6BB8811828	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vörös, Judit;Wassens, Skye;Price, Luke;Hunter, David;Myers, Steven;Armstrong, Kyle;Mahony, Michael J.;Donnellan, Stephen	Vörös, Judit, Wassens, Skye, Price, Luke, Hunter, David, Myers, Steven, Armstrong, Kyle, Mahony, Michael J., Donnellan, Stephen (2023): Molecular systematic analysis demonstrates that the threatened southern bell frog, Litoria raniformis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) of eastern Australia comprises two sub-species. Zootaxa 5228 (1): 1-43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.1
