taxonID	type	description	language	source
273C87B480243D5DC59A02BF165DFE38.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480243D5DC59A02BF165DFE38.taxon	description	Description Trees or shrubs, deciduous or semi-evergreen. Branches terete, generally unarmed. Leaves unifoliate, alternate, petiolate, stipular. Lamina oval to ovate, margin crenate to serrulate, serrate or lobed. Inflorescence umbellate or corymbose. Flowers usually 3 ‒ 6, pedicellate. Stamens 15 ‒ 50, with yellow anthers and white filaments. Hypanthium bowl-shaped, glabrous or pubescent. Petals 5, suborbicular to obovate, white to red, with 5 sepals persistent or caducous. Styles 3 ‒ 5, connate at base, glabrous or pubescent. Ovary inferior, 3 ‒ 5 - locular, with 2 ovules in each locule. Pome stone cells present in a few species. Seeds semicircular or spindly, black or brown, 1 or 2 in each locule. Chromosome number x = 17, usually diploid, triploid, tetraploid, and polyploid.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480243D5DC59A02BF165DFE38.taxon	distribution	Distribution Widely distributed in North temperate zone.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480243D5DC59A02BF165DFE38.taxon	discussion	Key to species	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480213D5DC55D016B165DFA25.taxon	description	Figs 5 – 6	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480213D5DC55D016B165DFA25.taxon	description	Description Tree or small tree. Branches terete, piliferous or glabrous. Leaves petiolate, petiole puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially piliferous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate. Pedicel piliferous or glabrous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals white, obovate. Stamens 15 ‒ 20, unequal. Styles 3 ‒ 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome subglobose. Carpopodium piliferous or glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480213D5DC55D016B165DFA25.taxon	distribution	Distribution Widely distributed in Asia (Fig. 5).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480213D5DC55D016B165DFA25.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480213D5DC55D016B165DFA25.taxon	discussion	Key to varieties of Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803F3D42C55002731234FA74.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: COUNTRY UNKNOWN • locality unknown; s. d.; fl; Linnaeus s. n.; holotype: LINN [LINN-HL 647 - 4]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803F3D42C55002731234FA74.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: RUSSIA • Transbaikalia; s. d.; Anonymous s. n.; type: LE, designated by Juzepczuk 1939: 370.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803F3D42C55002731234FA74.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: RUSSIA • 20 Sep. 1978; fr; Вартапетян B. [Vartapetyan V.] s. n.; holotype: MW [MW 0592212]!; isotype: MW [MW 0592213]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803F3D42C55002731234FA74.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Baihua Mountain; Jun. 1996; fl; Q. R. Liu 06719 8; BNU • ibid.; 8 Jul. 1988; fr; H. X. Gao 018414; BNU • Mentougou; 21 May 1974; fl; K. J. Guan 74 - 097; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 18 May 2005; fr; Z. Y. Liu 2050152; IMC • Kaixian; 5 Sep. 2002; fr; Z. Y. Liu 2023209 - 01; IMC. – Fujian • Xiamen; 14 Jul. 1981; fr; G. Yao et al. 8149; FJSI. – Gansu • Lien hoa _ shan, Hako, slopes of Mt.; Oct. 1926; fr; J. F. Rock. 13498; IBSC, AU • Tianshui; Apr. 1960; fl; Anonymous 00052; PE • Pingliang; 15 May 2014; fl; Y. He & J. S. Hao GSL 2014050511; BNU. – Guangdong • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X. P. Gao 54069; BNU • same collection data as for preceding; fl, fr; X. P. Gao 54078; BNU. – Guizhou • Tungtze; 18 May 1930; fr; Y. Tsiang 4909; IBSC. – Hebei • Xinglong; 12 May 1951; fl; Y. Liu 15269; IBK • Pohuashan; 21 Jul. 1930; W. Y. Hsia 2202; IBSC. – Henan • Xinxiang; Jul. 1959; fr; F. Q. Li 23704; HENU • Luanchuan; 18 Apr. 2015; fl; W. G. Yang 150418026 06; HEAC. – Heilongjiang • Haerbin; 11 Jul. 1956; fr; Lin 11 51; NEFI • Huma; 29 Jul. 1961; fl; Z. Lu 90083; NEFI. – Hubei • Yingshan; 28 Apr. 2015; fl; L. Chen CB 08794; CSH • Luotian; 19 May 2015; fl; L. Chen CB 09123; CSH • locality unknown; 1930; fr; H. F. Chow 41023; LBG. – Hunan • Yangmingshan; 12 Apr. 1942; st; Y. Jiang & S. Q. Chen 699; IBK. – Inner Mongolia • Humeng; 30 Jun. 1963; fl, fr; Anonymous 164; PE • Chahameng; 9 Sep. 1949; fl, fr; Y. W. Cui 00883; PE. – Jilin • Antu; 4 Sep. 1959; fl, fr; P. Y. Fu 1364; PE • Changbaishan; 6 Aug. 2012; fr; H. C. Zhou ZhouHC 1078; KUN. – Jiangxi • Lushan; 26 Jul. 1922; fr; A. N. Steward 4522; PEY. – Liaoning • Fengcheng; 18 May 1960; fl; Y. C. Deng & Q. H. Feng 220; IBK • Qianshan; 23 Jul. 1958; fr; F. M. Luo et al. GUO 818; PE. – Qinghai • Huzhu; Sep. 1980; fr; G. B. Shi 161; IBSC. – Shandong • Kunyushan; 8 May 1959; fl; T. Y. Zhou et al. 0718; NAS • Qingdao; 6 Aug. 1958; fr; Z. L. Yan 115; PE. – Shanxi • Zhongyang; 12 Jun. 1955; fr; Zhongyangyidui 0011; PE • Mozhanggou; 8 Jun. 1956; fl; W. Z. Wang et al. 486; PE. – Shaanxi • Taipaishan; 21 Apr. 1939; fl; K. T. Fu 2972; PE. – Shanghai • Taochuan; 26 Apr. 1956; fl; Anonymous 00014; PE • Yanan; 13 Sep. 1954; fr; K. J. Fu 8159; PE. – Sichuan • Lixian; 7 Aug. 1958; fr; Z. L. Wu 33576; CAF • Mt. Gibboh; May 1928; fl; J. Rock 016003; IBSC. – Tianjin • Jixian; 1 Aug. 1972; fr; Jipudui 409; PE. – Tibet • Gongbujiangdaxian; 6 Aug. 2014; fr; X. C. Chen 6090; HNWP • Lhasa; 15 May 1980; fl; Z. C. Ni 79248; PE, XZ. – Xinjiang • Aertai; 25 Aug. 1956; fr; R. C. Qin xin 2337; PE. – Yunnan • Chao-tung Hsien; 18 May 1932; fl; H. T. Tsai 50905; IBK, PE, NAS • Hills around La-chu pa; Sep. 1924; fr; G. Forrest 25074; PE. – Zhejiang • Anji; 8 Oct. 1989; fr; Zhihangbiao 003355; HHBG. RUSSIA – Tschita • Schilka; 25 Jun. 1977; fr; N. Alianskaia & T. Sofejkova 145; PE. SOUTH KOREA – Incheon • Hyeolgusan; 24 Jul. 2011; fr; G. - N. Jeon 201111 - 0052; PE. – Jeora- Nam-Do • Gu-Rae-Gun; 23 Jun. 2004; fr; C. S. Chang et al. sky 0334; PE. – Kyeong-Sang-Nam-Do • San-Cheong-Gun; 21 May 2004; fl; C. S. Chang & K. S. Lee sky 0099; PE. UNITED STATES – New York • Ontario, cultivated; 28 Sep. 1990; fr; Zhen-long Yan 1034; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803F3D42C55002731234FA74.taxon	description	Description Tree, 10 ‒ 15 m high. Leaves petiolate, petiole 1.1 ‒ 4.2 cm long, puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina 3.9 ‒ 9.8 × 1.6 ‒ 5.2 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3 ‒ 5 flowers. Pedicel 1.6 ‒ 4.4 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petals ca 0.9 ‒ 1.8 × 0.5 ‒ 1.0 cm, white, obovate. Pome ca 0.7 × 0.6 cm, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 3.3 cm long, glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803F3D42C55002731234FA74.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to September. Mature fruits from September to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in miscellaneous wood forests on slopes and in valleys; up to 1500 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803F3D42C55002731234FA74.taxon	distribution	Distribution Bhutan, China (Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Kamoon), Japan (Aomori, Nagano), Kashmir, South Korea (Inchon, Jeollanam-do, South Gyeongsang), Mongolia, Nepal, and Russia (Siberia).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803F3D42C55002731234FA74.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803E3D41C6CB069B1234FDBF.taxon	description	Figs 7 – 8	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803E3D41C6CB069B1234FDBF.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Shaanxi, Yenan Fu; 14 May 1919; fl; Purdom 327; type: A [A 00026586]! Examined specimens CHINA – Gansu • Heshui; 21 Jul. 1954; fr; Yellow River Investigation Team 163; PE [PE 00927499] • Pingliang; 8 Aug. 1956; fr; Yellow River Investigation Team 2051; PE [PE 00927502] • Yen Kwan; s. d.; fr; Fenzel & Pai 2826; PE. – Qinghai • Xining; 8 May 1990; fl; Z. H. Zhang et al. 5559; HNWP [HNWP 160546]. – Shaanxi • Ganquan Laoshan; 10 May 1953; fl; Y. W. Cui 10001; PE [PE 00927495] • ibid.; 23 May 1953; fl; Y. W. Cui 10077; PE • Meixian; 15 Oct. 1953; fr; Y. W. Cui 10937; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803E3D41C6CB069B1234FDBF.taxon	description	Description Small tree, 4 ‒ 6 m high; branches terete, pendulous. Pedicel ca 3 cm long. Petals ca 1.0 × 0.6 cm, white, obovate. Styles 3 or 4. Pome ca 0.7 × 0.8 cm.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803E3D41C6CB069B1234FDBF.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi) (Fig. 7).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803E3D41C6CB069B1234FDBF.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803D3D45C68201E810F6FB5F.taxon	description	Figs 9 – 10	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803D3D45C68201E810F6FB5F.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Mandshurica austro-orientalis, Bay Guérin sinus Victoriae; 1860; fl, fr; Maximowicz s. n.; lectotype: NY [NY 00415893]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P 03339959]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803D3D45C68201E810F6FB5F.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: RUSSIA • Sakhalinskaya Oblast, Insula Sachalin; Jun. 1860; fr; Fridericus Schmidt s. n.; lectotype: LE [LE 01082068]!, here designated; isolectotype: LE [LE 01082066]! Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Jinzhai; 18 May 1985; fl; G. Yao 9007; NAS • Huangshan; 16 May 1979; fl; M. B. Deng & G. Yao 79179; NAS • Shexian; 16 May 1959; fr; Anonymous 1749; NAS. – Beijing • Wofosi; 24 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 34; PE. – Chongqing • Beibei; 8 Apr. 1996; fl; S. Y. Jiang 96004; CDBI • Wulong; 17 Jun. 2012; fr; Wulong Team 500232 - 307; IMC. – Gansu • Changxian; 23 Aug. 1939; fl, fr; W. Y. Hsia 6294; PE. – Guangdong • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X. P. Gao 54078; NAS. – Guizhou • Suiyang; 26 Apr. 1989; fl; K. M. Lan 8900890; GZAC • Wudang; 22 Jul. 2004; fr; Wudang Team 14722 - 520112140722045 LY; GZTM. – Hebei • Shexian; 3 May 2014; fl; Team 16 130426140503012 LY; HBNU. – Henan • Lingbao; 12 Jun. 2016; fl; C. S. Zhu et al. 150512013; AU • ibid.; 10 Aug. 2014; fr; C. S. Zhu et al. 14081067; AU. – Heilongjiang • Haerbin; 1 Jun. 2004; fr; C. M. Tan et al. HEI 014; JJF • locality unknown; 28 May 1950; fl, fr; C. Y. Wu 180; PE • Northeast agronomical forest farm; 18 May 1951; fl, fr; W. Wang & Z. Wang 225; PE. – Hubei • Huanggang; 28 Apr. 2015; fl; Z. W. Wang WZW 01358; CSH • 28 Apr. 2015; fr; B. J. Ge et al. GBJ 04557; CSH • Wuhan; 1983; fr; C. Q. Wang 72; CCAU. – Jilin • Antu; 8 Jun. 1960; fr; C. S. Wang et al. 4684; IBK • Changbaishan; 1955; fr; Genxin team 24; CAF. – Liaoning • Jinxian; 1 May 1984; fl, fr; J. Q. Deng 7; PE. – Qinghai • Xining; 19 May 1990; fl; Z. H. Zhang 5938; HNWP • ibid.; 4 Aug. 1990; fr; Z. H. Zhang 5464; HNWP. – Shandong • Xiashan; 17 Jul. 2012; fr; S. H. Hui & H. Ming 223; SDFGR • Weihai; 13 Apr. 2012; fl; Y. M. Fang 070; SDFGR • Qingdao; 16 Aug. 2012; fr; D. K. Zang 121413; SDFGR. – Shanxi • Taiyuan; 26 Apr. 1990; fl; Z. Y. Li & H. Q. Li 904001 - 2; SXU [SXU- SD 00014345] • Luyashan; 28 Aug. 1959; fr; X. Y. Liu 15919; HSIB. – Shaanxi • T’aipeishan; 18 Jul. 1933; fl, fr; T. P. Wang 1495; PE, NAS, NKU • Taipaishan; 21 Apr. 1939; fl; K. T. Fu 2972; IBK • ibid.; 15 May 1937; fl; T. P. Wang 6759; IBK. – Shanghai • Xuhui; 16 Jun. 2011; st; H. Q. Li et al. SDP 02865; CSH • Changning; 13 Apr. 1950; fl; F. X. Liu & J. X. Tan 56; NAS. – Sichuan • Bazhong; 23 Apr. 2015; fl; Y. He & H. Tian GWS 201504121, GWS 201504139; BNU • Emeishan; Oct. 1931; fr; F. T. Wang 23671; NAS. – Zhejiang • Tianmushan; 21 Jun. 1957; fr; X. Y. He 22345; NAS, HHBG • ibid.; 20 May 1957; fl; Deng et al. 4007; NAS. JAPAN – Shinano • Kakuma Osa-son; 16 Sep. 1952; fr; Miyoshi Furuse 25712; PE. RUSSIA – Primorakaja • Wladiwostok; 20 May 1906; fl; H. A. ПаЛЬчевЄКій [H. A. Pal’chyevyekіy] 2357; PE. SOUTH KOREA – locality unknown; 18 May 1911; fl; G. Palph & M. D. Mills s. n.; PE • ibid.; 20 May 1909; fl; G. Palph & M. D. Mills s. n.; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803D3D45C68201E810F6FB5F.taxon	description	Description Tree, 10 ‒ 15 m high; branches terete, densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole 1.8 ‒ 4.1 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 5.8 × 3.3 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3 ‒ 6 flowers. Pedicel 1.4 ‒ 4.8 cm long, usually puberulous. Hypanthium glabrous or puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.2 × 6.7 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 15 ‒ 20, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.7 × 0.6 cm, subglobose, red. Carpopodium ca 3.3 cm long, majority puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803D3D45C68201E810F6FB5F.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forest on slopes, mountain summits and in valleys; 100 ‒ 2000 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803D3D45C68201E810F6FB5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan (Nagano, Shinano), North Korea, South Korea, and Russia (Fig. 9).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803D3D45C68201E810F6FB5F.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4803D3D45C68201E810F6FB5F.taxon	discussion	Note The Latin word ‘ manshurica’ is used by some herbaria, but we unified it to ‘ mandshurica’ according to the priority principle (i. e., Malus baccata var. mandshurica = Malus mandshurica = Malus manshurica). In addition, the lectotype designated by Langenfeld (1991: 158) (RUSSIA • Novik Bay on the Russian island, near Vladivostok; 25 May and 28 Aug. 1860; fl, fr; Maximowicz s. n.; lectotype: LE) is invalid, so we designated a new one here on the basis of Maximowicz’s record.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480393D4AC50C0788125CFB85.taxon	description	Figs 11 – 12	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480393D4AC50C0788125CFB85.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Hubei, Ichang; alt. 1000 – 1600 m; 27 May and Nov. 1907; fl, fr; E. H. Wilson 451; lectotype: A [A 00026656]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A 00026658]!, GH [GH 00026657, GH 00026659]!, K [K 000758418, K 000758419]!. Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Jinzhai; 18 May 2005; fr; M. Liu et al. A 100139; PE • Huoshan; 20 Jun. 2005; fr; M. Liu et al. A 50170; PE • Yuexi; 14 Aug. 1997; fr; Z. W. Xie & L. Zheng 97031; PE. – Beijing • Beijing botanical garden; Aug. 2003; st; L. C. Zhao s. n.; BJFC • 28 Aug. 1962; fl, fr; Renguo 22; PE. – Chongqing • Shizhu; 20 Sep. 1983; fl, fr; N. G. Jiang & L. C. Wang 139; PE • Wushan; 11 May 2008; fl; Zhiwusuo Sanxia Expedition 1460; PE. – Fujian • Chongan; 15 Sep. 1980; fr; Wuyi Expedition 2102; NAS • Taining; 5 Oct. 2017; fr; X. L. Hou 90987; AU • locality unknown; 25 Mar. 2016; fl; X. X. Su CSH 15120; AU. – Gansu • Gannan; 5 Sep. 1958; st; Z. Y. Zhang 467; IBK • ibid.; 13 Aug. 1963; fr; Z. Y. Zhang 16584; PE • ibid.; 8 May 1957; fl; P. Zhang & L. F. Qi 914; PE. – Guangdong • Liannan; 9 Aug. 1958; fr; P. X. Tan 58919; KUN, PE, NAS, IBK, IBSC, SZ. – Guangxi • Xingan; 11 Sep. 1957; fr; Y. B. Xu 10689; IBK • Linchuan; 4 May 2015; fr; Zhang et al. 2015 - 148; PE • Min Shan; 13 Jun. 1928; fr; R. C. Ching 5935; IBSC, PE. – Guizhou • Songtao; 7 Jul. 1959; fr; Qianbei Team 1357; IBK, NAS, PE • Guiyang; 24 Mar. 1959: fl; Qiannan Team 0086; PE. – Henan • Lingbao; 11 May 2015; fl; Zhu et al. 150511032; AU • Xixia; 16 Jul. 1960; fr; K. J. Guan & T. L. Dai 1132; PE. – Hong Kong • locality unkonwn; 20 Aug. 1929; fr; C. Wang 3209; NAS. – Hubei • Badong; 22 Nov. 1997; fr; C. M. Tan 971816; IBSC, JJF • Xinshan; 8 Aug. 2008; fr; Zhao et al. EX 1632; PE • Shennongjia; 29 Apr. 1987; fl; L. Q. Chen IV 050001; CCAU. – Hunan • Hengshan; 1 Jun. 1943; fr; S. Q. Chen 3456; KUN, IBSC • Xinshao; 26 Apr. 2005; fl; B. Y. Li 6072; PE, HITBC, HUST. – Jilin • Fusong; 18 Sep. 1956; fr; C. S. Wang 629; IBK. – Jiangsu • Longche; 17 Aug. 1929; fr; Y. K. Keng 2421; IBSC • Nanjing; 9 Apr. 2012; fl; Y. N. Xiong & Z. X. Ma 4416; NAS. – Jiangxi • Wuning; 10 Aug. 1996; fr; C. M. Tan 9608050; IBSC • Lushan; 11 May 1953; fl; M. J. Wang 01518; LBG. – Shandong • Qingdao; 7 Jun. 1959; fr; T. Y. Zhou 1150; NAS • Kunyushan; 29 May 1957; fl; C. J. Liu & Q. S. Yan 151; PE. – Shaanxi • Langaoxian; 2 Aug. 2006; fr; Chen et al. 4727; WUK • T’aipeishan; 17 Apr. 1937; fl; T. P. Wang 6516; PE, IBK. – Shanghai • Chenshan; 16 Jun. 2011; fr; Li et al. SDP 02735; CSH. – Sichuan • Liangshan; 16 Apr. 1983; fl; Fu et al. s. n.; PE • Emeishan; 21 Jul. 1952; fr; Xiong et al. 32123; IBK. – Yunnan • Kunming; 17 Aug. 1955; fr; J. S. Xin 50929; IBSC • Jianchuan; Jun. 1923; fl; G. Forrest 23523; PE. – Zhejiang • Andong; 27 Jun. 1987; fr; S. H. Xu L 8532 - 138; IBSC • locality unknown; 5 May 1924; fl; R. C. Qin 1395; IBSC • Tianmushan; 14 May 1935; fl; H. Migo s. n.; PE. UNITED STATES – Massachusetts • Arnold Arboretum, cultivated; 27 Oct. 1973; fr; Shiu Ying Hu 13328; PE • ibid.; 12 May 1981; fl; S. Davis, C. Warren & M. Wolcott 81 - 286; PE. – New York • Ontario, cultivated; 25 Sep. 1990; st; Prof. Zhen-long Yan 1114; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480393D4AC50C0788125CFB85.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, up to 8 m high. Branches terete, densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2 cm long, glabrescent. Lamina ca 6.6 × 3.6 cm, oval to ovate, usually aubergine in young leaves, base cuneate, rarely rounded, usually oblique, apex acuminate, rarely retuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous or glabrescent, discolorous. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3 ‒ 6 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.1 cm long, glabrous or puberulent. Hypanthium usually glabrous. Sepals lanceolate to ovate triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 1.2 × 0.7 cm, white to red, obovate. Stamens 15 ‒ 20, unequal. Styles 3, rarely 4, longer than stamens, basally puberulent. Pome ca 0.8 ‒ 0.9 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.9 cm long, glabrous or puberulent at base.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480393D4AC50C0788125CFB85.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forest on slopes or in valleys; 50 ‒ 2600 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480393D4AC50C0788125CFB85.taxon	discussion	Note The syntypes of Pyrus hupehensis Pamp. were collected in Sian-men-kou (Silvestri 939) and Ma-pauscian (Silvestri 940, 940 a), Hubei (Hupeh), China. However, there are photographs from as early as 1932 in the Biondi herbarium at the Botanical Museum in Florence according to the record of Rehder, and now a scan of Silvestri 939 is available online in herbarium of Arnold Arboretum. Langenfeld designated a lectotype in 1991: 160 (CHINA • Fujian, Chongan, Sanghan-Tinmu-Guan; 11 Aug. 1952; Zhou Zhenying 239; lectotype: LE), but it is invalid because the type specimens have not been lost.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480393D4AC50C0788125CFB85.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, HongKong, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (Fig. 11).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480393D4AC50C0788125CFB85.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 51, 68.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	description	Figs 13 – 14	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Xinjiang, Tarbagatai, near Ust-Kamenogorsk (Kazakhstan); s. d.; fr; Dr. Sieverss s. n.; lectotype: LE [LE 01053104]!; isolectotype: LE [LE 01053105, LE 01053106]!, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 171.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: UZBEKISTAN • North slopes of the Hissar Range, bass. R. Kashka-Daria. Northern coures of the river. Tankhas, above K. Chopuh; 1 Aug 1937; Kudryashev 1330; holotype: TASH, designated by Langenfelds 1991: 172.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: PAKISTAN • Chitral, Rumbour; alt. 7500 ft; 8 May 1958; fl; S. A. Bowes Lyon 679; isotype: BM [BM 000602198]!, E [E 00010842]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: INDIA • Jammu-Kashmir, Sunagai; 9 Aug. 1891; fr.; G. А. Gammi s. n.; holotype: DD, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 181.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Qinghai • Xining; 10 May 1990; fl; Z. H. Zhang 5950; HNWP • ibid.; 8 May 1990; fl; Z. H. Zhang et al. 5743; HNWP. – Xinjiang • Aletai; 18 Jul. 1964; fr; G. S. Qin 89; PE • Xinyuan; 3 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 1978; PE • ibid.; 21 Aug. 1959; st; Beijiang Team 133; PE • ibid.; 23 Aug. 1959; st; Beijiang Team 161; PE • Gongliu; 1 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 182; PE • ibid.; 4 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 200; PE • ibid.; 11 May 1959; fl; Beijiang Team 18; PE • ibid.; 30 Apr. 1959; fl; Beijiang Team 8; PE • ibid.; 11 Jul. 1965; fl, fr; Wang et al. 2631; PE • ibid.; 5 May 1959; fl; A. R. Li & J. N. Zhu 10302; PE • Yili; 16 Apr. 1963; fl; Xinjiang Institute for Agricultural Sciences s. n.; PE • ibid.; 12 May 1958; fl; S. H. Yang 0142; PE • Huocheng; 23 Jul. 1991; st; Shimizu et al. 135; PE • Suiding; 1 Sep. 1957; fl, fr; K. J. Guan 4146; PE, XJBI • Tulufan; 17 Sep. 1976; fr; Lu, Gu & Li 71; PE • Kuerle; 22 May 1959; fr; Xindong 00083; PE • locality unknown; 1974; fl, fr; Y. R. Lin 74847; PE. INDIA – Kashmir • Nurla; 13 Oct. 1932; fl, fr; T. N. Liou 5495; PE • ibid.; 13 Oct. 1932; fl, fr; T. N. Liou 5499; PE. KYRGYZSTAN – Dzhalal-abad • Aktasch; 25 Sep. 1944; fr; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 49; PE • ibid.; 17 Aug. 1945; fl; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 416; PE • Karavan; 25 Aug. 1945; fl; Lyssova 12; PE • Balyktysai; 17 Oct. 1944; fr; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 210; PE • Sarai; 24 Aug. 1945; fl; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 445; PE. UZBEKISTAN – Tieu-Shan • Chatkal Mt. Chimgan; 16 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17642; KUN • Chofkae Rande Raffasai; 13 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17558; KUN • ibid.; 15 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17581; KUN.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 2 ‒ 8 m high. Branches terete, densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 3.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 6.3 × 5.2 cm, elliptical to obovate, base cuneate, usually equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3 ‒ 5 flowers. Pedicel ca 3 cm long, puberulent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals lanceolate to triangular-ovate, densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.5 × 1.0 cm, obovate. Stamens 20, unequal. Styles 5, rarely 4, as long as or longer than stamens, basally densely puberulent. Pome solitary, ca 2.5 ‒ 4.5 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblate, yellow-green, red or fuchsia. Carpopodium ca 2.5 ‒ 4.0 cm long, puberulent.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the forest on slopes, mountaintop or in valleys near rivers; 1000 ‒ 2500 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central Asia, including China (Qinghai, Xinjiang), Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan (Fig. 13).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480363D4EC50F07D41234FA9E.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480323D4CC50A06C91028FDD9.taxon	description	Figs 15 – 16	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480323D4CC50A06C91028FDD9.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: KYRGYZSTAN • Dzhalalabad, Тоi-taipan, on the right bank of the river Aktasch in a juglandin forest; 25 Sep. 1944; Al. Theodorov s. n.; lectotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 174. Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Illinois • Lisle; 30 Apr. 2001; fl; S. Packard & P. Steinhouse 9243 V 01; KUN [KUN 0937410]. (Seeds wild collected from Tien Shan Kirgiz, SSR, USSR, cultivated in the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480323D4CC50A06C91028FDD9.taxon	description	Description Tree, 10 ‒ 14 m high. Branches terete; annotinal bud with sparse spines, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.9 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 8.0 ‒ 10.0 × 4.0 ‒ 6.0 cm, oblong to oval, base cuneate, equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3 ‒ 5 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.0 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals triangular-lanceolate to triangular, longer than calyx tube, puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.3 × 0.8 cm, white or light pink, obovate. Stamens 15 ‒ 20, unequal. Styles 3 or 4, longer than stamens, with dense tomentum at base. Pome ca 3.0 ‒ 8.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or green.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480323D4CC50A06C91028FDD9.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from July to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of the forest on slopes or in valleys.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480323D4CC50A06C91028FDD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (Fig. 15).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480303D72C57801151234F9B4.taxon	description	Figs 17 – 18	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480303D72C57801151234F9B4.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: TURKEY • Tekirdag, 3 miles S of Inecik; 30 Jun. 1965; M. J. E Coode & B. M. G Jones 2868; lecotype: E [E 00439202]!, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480303D72C57801151234F9B4.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: AZERBAIJAN • Ismailly, inter pagos Baskae et Njudzhi, in silva declivitalis orientalis, alt. сa 1200 m; 22 Aug. 1940; L. Prilipko & G. Gurvitsh. s. n.; type: BAK.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480303D72C57801151234F9B4.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens AFGHANISTAN – Herat • Kuh e Darunta; 11 May 1969; fl; I. Hedge, P. Wendelbo & L. Ekberg W 7844; E [E 00439227]. ARMENIA – Caucasus • locality unknown; 8 Sep. 1931; st; Карягин [Karyagin] s. n.; MW • ibid.; 6 Aug. 1978; st; Тахтаджян [Tahtadjian] s. n.; MW. – Tsekhadzor • Mt. Tehenis; 17 Sep. 1976; fr; Thomas S. Elias 3081; PE. AZERBAIJAN – locality unknown; 4 Aug. 1934; st; ПетрОв [Petrov] s. n.; MW • ibid.; 27 May 1932; st; Карягин [Karyagin] s. n.; MW • ibid.; 26 Jun. 1931; st; ШипчинсКий [Shipchinsky] 355; MW. RUSSIA – Krasnodar Krai & Adygea • locality unknown; 15 Jun. 1959; st; ГрОссет [Grosset] 296; MW. – Moscow • locality unknown; 2 Sep. 1982; st; Куваев & ШеЛгунОва [Kuvaev & Shelgunova] 108 - 3; MW • ibid.; 28 Jun. 1981; st; Куваев & ШеЛгунОва [Kuvaev & Shelgunova] 108 - 14; MW. – Stavropol Krai, Karachay-Cherkessia & Kabardino-Balkaria • locality unknown; 28 Apr. 1966; st; Михеев [Mikheyev] 284; MW. TURKEY – Hakkari • Baskale; 3 Aug. 1954; st; Davis, Polunin 23836; E [E 00439224]. – Kastamonu • Seydiler to Kure; 30 Jul. 1962; fr; Davis D 38468; E [E 00439219]. – Zonguldak • Balikisik; 22 Jul. 1962; st; Davis, Coode & Yaltirik D 37530; E [E 00439220] • Eregli; 15 Jul. 1962; st; Davis, Coode & Yaltirik D 37530; E [E 00439225].	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480303D72C57801151234F9B4.taxon	description	Description Tree, 8 ‒ 15 m high. Branches terete, dark brown or gray; annotinal bud lanuginous, dark brown. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.5 ‒ 3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 4.6 × 2.5 cm, oblong to orbicular, base cuneate, oblique, apex acuminate or cuspidate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4 ‒ 6 flowers. Pedicel ca 0.8 ‒ 1.2 cm long, glabrescent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals triangular, short, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.5 × 1.0 cm, white or light pink, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous or with dense tomentum at base, stigma clavate. Pome ca 2.0 ‒ 3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or red. Carpopodium ca 1.0 ‒ 2.5 cm long, puberulent.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480303D72C57801151234F9B4.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of the forest on slopes or in valleys; 1000 ‒ 2200 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480303D72C57801151234F9B4.taxon	distribution	Distribution Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Ciscaucasia, Georgia (Caucasus), Turkey and Iran (Fig. 17).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480303D72C57801151234F9B4.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800E3D77C57805E71234FD6B.taxon	description	Figs 19 – 20	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800E3D77C57805E71234FD6B.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Alaska, outside the town of Junean, on the side of a woody alpine; 58 ° 30 ′ N, 135 ° 5 ′ W; 5 Sep. 1913; S. J. Enander s. n.; neotype: RIJKS, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 148.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800E3D77C57805E71234FD6B.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: RUSSIA • Sitcha, s. d.; Mertens s. n.; lectotype: LECB [LECB 0001455]!, here designated; isolectotype: M [M 0213668]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800E3D77C57805E71234FD6B.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CANADA • Columbia, illegible common near the Confluence of the Columbia and its southern brameky drown t. 68; s. d.; Douglas s. n.; lecotype: K [K 000758454, K 000758455]!, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800E3D77C57805E71234FD6B.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • The North West coast; s. d.; Menzies s. n.; herbarium unknown. Examined specimens CANADA – British Columbia • Oak Park; 23 Jun. 1920; fr; A. Eastwood 9729; A • District of Renfrew; Jun. – Jul. 1901; st; C. O. Rosendahl & C. J. Brand 72; GH • Vancouver Island; 1858; fl, fr; D. Lyall s. n.; GH. UNITED STATES – Alaska • Fort Wrangel; 25 Aug. 1897; st; C. S. Sargent s. n.; A • Wrangell; 27 Jul. 1914; fr; A. Eastwood 992; A • Traitors Gove, North of Ketchikan; 6 Jun. 1967; fl; G. W. Frame 16; NY. – California • Lat; 1858; fl, fr; D. Lyall s. n.; GH • Big Lagoon; 21 Jul. 1932; fr; H. L. Mason 7101; GH. – New York • Ontario; 10 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-long Yan 1046; PE • ibid.; 28 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-long Yan 1032; PE. – Washington • Grays Harbor; 1 Jun. 1987; fr; D. E. Boufford & E. W. Wood 23784; PE • Cascade Mountains; 16 Jun. – 15 Sep. 1896; fl, fr; O. D. Allen 213; P.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800E3D77C57805E71234FD6B.taxon	description	Description Tree, 10 ‒ 12 m high, sometimes shrub under artificial culture. Branches terete, villous when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.5 ‒ 2.5 cm long, occasionally puberulous in mature leaf. Lamina 6.0 × 3.1 cm, elliptical to oval, base cuneate or cordate, oblique, apex acuminate or acute, rarely obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, sporadically 3 - lobed, blade abaxially pubescent when young, glabrescent. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 6 ‒ 10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2 ‒ 3 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate to triangular, glabrous, caducous. Petals ca 0.9 × 0.6 cm, white, rarely pink, obovate. Stamens 16 ‒ 20, unequal. Styles 2 ‒ 5 (3 ‒ 4), as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5 ‒ 2.0 cm in diameter, coniform, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.1 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800E3D77C57805E71234FD6B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Canada and United States (Fig. 19).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800E3D77C57805E71234FD6B.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800B3D74C54001BB1260FEBE.taxon	description	Figs 21 – 22	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800B3D74C54001BB1260FEBE.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: FRANCE • Ile-de-France, Fontainebleau Forest; fl, fr; s. d.; Mérat s. n.; lectotype: P [P 04345284]!, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800B3D74C54001BB1260FEBE.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: TURKEY • Sulucre, about 30 km, NW of Ama Forest remnants, grey soil, alt. 630 m; 10 Jul. 1963; M. Zohary 10413; holotype: E [E 00326781], photo!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800B3D74C54001BB1260FEBE.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens AUSTRIA – locality unknown; s. d.; fl; A. Keraer 2438; PE. BELGIUM – Namur • Between Yvoir and Godinne; 10 Oct. 1979; fr; D. K. Ferguson 1168; PE • ibid.; 18 May 1979; fl; D. K. Ferguson 1145; PE. DENMARK – Silkeborg • Gjessø; 4 Jun. 1980; fl; I. Nielsen, P. Bro Christensen, T. Hvid & L. B. Petersen 851; PE, IBSC. – Århus • Søby Fredskov; 28 May 1978; fl; P. Frost-Olsen 24, 1504; PE, IBSC, NAS. FRANCE – 60 Oise • Senlis; 22 May 1926; st; P. Jovet 21503; P • ibid.; 30 Sep. 1925; st; P. Jovet 20306; P • ibid.; 8 Oct. 1925; st; P. Jovet 20303; P • ibid.; 6 Apr. 1926; st; P. Jovet 22359; P. – 75 Paris • 18 e arr.; 30 Sep. 1944; st; P. Jovet 75018; P. GERMANY – Thüringen • Kyffhäuser; 7 Sep. 1960; fr; Danert 506; KUN. HUNGARY – Austria inferior • Vindobonensi; s. d.; fl; A. Kerner 2438; PE [01702120]. POLAND – Lesser Poland • Dołęga near Szczurowa; 21 Apr. 2009; fl; J. Żelazny s. n.; PE. UNITED STATES – Illinois • Lisle, cultivated; 6 Aug. 1999; st; H. Oleari 8986 V 99; KUN [KUN 0937826]. – New York • Westchester, cultivated; 8 May 1996; fl; J. B. Walker 1874; NY.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800B3D74C54001BB1260FEBE.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 4 ‒ 10 m high, rarely 13 m. Branches terete, puberulous or glabrous when young. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.5 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina 6.5 × 4.3 cm, oval to orbicular, base rounded, rarely cuneate, equilateral, apex usually acute, rarely obtuse or retuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous. Inflorescence umbellate, with 2 ‒ 5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.9 cm long, puberulous at base. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.3 × 0.8 cm, white or pink, rarely red or mauve, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal, yellow. Styles 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome solitary, about 20 g, ca 2.0 ‒ 3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.8 cm long, glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800B3D74C54001BB1260FEBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from October to November. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of mixed forests or broad-leaf forests on south slopes or floodplains.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800B3D74C54001BB1260FEBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution Austria, Belgium, British Isles, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova (Kishinev), Poland, Russia (Karel’skij peresheyek, Vologda, Perm’, Ufa, Ural’sk, Volgograd), Ukraine (Mariupol), Scandinavian Peninsula, Spain, and Switzerland (Fig. 21).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4800B3D74C54001BB1260FEBE.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 51.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	description	Figs 23 – 24	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: JAPAN • Honshu, Nagano, on the way from Senjongahara to Mt. Mikuni yama, Azusa yama, Kawakamimura, Minamisaku-gun; alt. 1700 m; 25 May 1963; M. Hotta 12195; neotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 143.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: JAPAN • Hokkaido, brackish marsh near Mororan; 25 Sep. 1892; C. S. Sargent s. n.; type: A [A 00026654]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Kouy Tcheou, Pin-fa; 23 Jul. 1902; J. Cavalerie 93; lectotype: E [E 00010841]!, here designated; isolectotype: E [E 00284743]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Kouy Tcheou; 13 Nov. 1907; J. Cavalerie 3303; type: K [K 000758420]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Kouy-Tcheou, Pin-Fa; 2 Apr. 1902; fl; J. Cavalerie 1304; lectotype: E [E 00010840]!, here designated; isolectotype: GH [GH 00032495]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: JAPAN • Hondo, Lake Chuzenji; alt. 5000 ft; 3 Jun. 1914; fl; E. H. Wilson 6800; lectotype: A [A 00368650]!, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: JAPAN • cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum; 1890; Dr W. S. Bigelow s. n.; type: A [A 00106229, A 00106231]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Yuexi; 24 Aug. 1986; fr; Plant survey Team Da 0586; PE • Jinzhai; 6 Aug. 1986; fr; Plant survey Team Da 0225; PE. – Beijing • Haidian; 21 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 49; PE • ibid.; 23 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 41; PE • ibid.; 26 Apr. 1957; st; H. X. An et al. 229257; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 6 Jul. 2008; fr; Bashan coll. Team 0008; PE • Wushan; 26 May 1989; fl; L. Q. Chen Chuanhua- 258; PE, CCAU. – Hubei • Lichuan; 5 Jun. 1958; fr; W. B. Lin 235; PE, HIB • Shennongjia; 14 Aug. 2008; fr; Yu et al. 080176; PE • Guangshui; 27 Jun. 2009; st; Y. Z. Luo 3038; HENU. – Hunan • Nanyu; 8 Aug. 1948; fr; Y. Liu 570; NAS • Hengshan; 24 May 1944; fr; H. D. Zhang 3185; IBK, IBSC • Qianyang; 22 Jun. 1954; fr; Z. T. Li 2450; IBSC • Xinning; 18 Jul. 1979; fr; Q. Z. Lin 10078; IBSC, CSFI • Sangzhi; 26 Apr. 2009; fl; B. Zhang & X. Xiang 090426033; PE. – Gansu • Pingliang; 16 May 2014; st; Y. He & J. C. Hao GSL 2014050597; BNU • Gannan; 25 Jun. 1956; fr; B. Z. Guo 3108; HNWP • ibid.; 13 May 1956; fr; Yellow River Investigation Team 3629; HNWP, KUN, PE. – Guangdong • Lianshan; 5 Dec. 1996; fr; B. H. Chen 234; IBSC • Lechang; 26 Oct. 1986; fr; Nanling Team 3157; IBSC • ibid.; 25 Oct. 1987; fr; Nanling Team 4086; IBSC • Renhua; 21 May 1936; fr; W. T. Tsang 26450; IBSC • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X. P. Gao 54078; IBK, IBSC, KUN, NAS, PE, SZ. – Guangxi • Damiaoshan; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Q. H. Lv 3499; HITBC, IBSC, PE • Xingan; 23 Jul. 2014; fr; Xinganxian survey Team 450325140723009 LY; GXMG • Ziyuan; 23 May 1982; fr; G. Z. Li 11600; IBK • Quanzhou; 12 Oct. 2014; fr; Quanzhouxian survey Team 450324141012045 LY; GXMG, IBK. – Guizhou • Yunyan; 15 Sep. 2002; fr; Q. R. Liu et al. LCG 2002072; BNU • Jinping; Jun. 1964; fr; Y. M. Wang 64 - 1068; GFS • Kaili; 23 May 1959; fl, fr; Qiannan Team 2122; PE, HGAS, NAS • Liziba; 20 Nov. 1927; fr; B. Q. Zhong 309; PE, GFS, KUN. – Liaoning • Anshan; 28 Sep. 1950; fr; Q. T. Li 2569; IFP • Jinxian; 1 May 1984; fl; J. Q. Deng 4; PE • Shenyang; 7 Jul. 1966; fr; Y. M. Huang s. n.; IFP. – Jiangxi • Chongyi; 19 Jun. 1965; fr; M. X. Nie et al. 08863; LBG • Suichuan; 22 Apr. 2015; fr; D. G. Zhang & G. X. Chen LXP- 064550; JIU • Lushan; 18 Sep. 1984; fr; J. Y. Liu 8400213; TIE • Dayuxian; 17 Jun. 1962; st; J. S. Yue et al. 1315; NAS • Jian; 21 May 2016; fr; Zhang et al. LXP- 13 - 17760; SYS • locality unknown; 4 Sep. 2016; fr; T. J. Liang LS 20160070; CSH. – Jiangsu • Nanjing; 21 Sep. 1982; fr; G. Yao 8388; NAS • ibid.; 18 Aug. 1981; fr; G. Yao et al. 8216; FJSI • Suzhou; 23 Aug. 1958; fr; F. X. Liu 10803; HHBG. – Qinghai • Xining; 25 May 1990; fl; Z. H. Zhang et al. 5709; HNWP • ibid.; 20 May 1991; fr; R. H. Zhang s. n.; HNWP • ibid.; 20 May 1991; fl; W. Li s. n.; HNWP. – Shandong • Qingdao; 1982; fr; D. J. Yu 40; PE • ibid.; 7 Jul. 2013; X. B. Ma 10175; SDFRG • Zhangjiashan; 30 May 2012; fl; Y. M. Fang 170; SDFRG • Laiyang; 3 May 1955; fl; F. S. Zhang 511; PE. – Shaanxi • Baoji; 1 Aug. 1989; fr; Y. S. Lian et al. 96133; PE • Ningshan; 24 Jul. 1982; fr; Anonymous 4 - 170; PE • ibid.; 18 ul. 2007; fr; Q. R. Liu QL 028; BNU • Wugong; 21 Jun. 1955; st; D. J. Yu 46; PE • Langao; 29 Jun. 2004; fr; Chen et al. 562; WUK. – Sichuan • Maoxian; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Maowen Group 5105; CDBI, SM • Songgang; 25 May 1957; fl; X. Li 70851; PE, IBSC, IFP, KUN, NAS, SZ • Qingchuan; 25 Aug. 1930; fr; F. T. Wang 22361; PE. – Yunnan • Weixi; 11 Sep. 1974; st; P. Zhang 74058; PE • Lijiang; 21 Aug. 1974; st; P. Zhang 74002; PE. – Zhejiang • Hangzhou; 27 Jun. 2002; fr; Zhu & Liu 443; PE, HITBC, IBSC • ibid.; 27 Jun. 2002; fr; Q. G. Zhu & Q. W. Liu 56; HITBC, IBSC • ibid.; 5 May 1973; fl, fr; Anonymous s. n.; PE [00953581] • Chunan; 1 Jun. 1959; fr; M. L. She et al. 27770; NAS. JAPAN – Shinano • Nagano; 14 Jun. 1965; fl; Miyoshi Fufuse 43178; PE • ibid.; 16 Sep. 1952; fr; Miyoshi Fufuse 25713; PE • ibid.; 8 May 1948; fl; Miyoshi Fufuse 19023; PE. SOUTH KOREA – Chollabuk-do • Wanju-gun, cultivated; 8 Aug. 1992; fr; D. E. Boufford et al. 25818; PE. – Gyeongsangbuk-do • Uiseong-gun; 13 Apr. 2011; fl; Nagtong- 90; PE. UNITED STATES – Maryland • Prince George, cultivated; 16 Oct. 1982; fr; Steven R. Hill 12497; PE, NAS. – Massachusetts • Arnold Arboretum; 2 Oct. 1916; fr; H. H. Chung 4013; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 4 ‒ 6 (6 ‒ 8) m high. Branches terete, aculeolate and pendulous, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 5.9 × 3.0 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous, sometimes 3 - lobed, rarely 5 - lobed. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4 ‒ 8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.0 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.2 × 0.7 cm, pink, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal, yellow. Styles 3 ‒ 5, longer than stamens, basally densely puberulent. Pome ca 0.6 ‒ 0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblate, yellow or red. Carpopodium ca 2.5 cm long, glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the mixed forests or shrubs in plains or valleys, rarely in forests in mountain areas; 600 ‒ 1700 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution North Korea, South Korea, Japan and China (Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Qinghai, Zhejiang, Yunnan) (Fig. 23).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480083D79C6CE02EC1288F9F8.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 51, 68, 85.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480053D7EC5A0052A173AFDBE.taxon	description	Figs 25 – 26	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480053D7EC5A0052A173AFDBE.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Yunnan, west of Talifu, Mekong watershed, on the road to Young-chang and Tengyueh beyond Lampba, along watercourses; alt. 7000 ft; Sep. - Oct. 1922; fr; J. F. Rock 6842; type: A [A 00026653]!; isotype: US [US 00097446]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480053D7EC5A0052A173AFDBE.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Shizhu; 1 May 1978; fr; W. H. Wang 309; CDBI • Nanchuan; 20 Apr. 1996; fl; Z. Y. Chen 17984; PE • Chengkou; 1 Jul. 1958; fr; T. L. Dai 105708; CDBI. – Guangxi • Quanzhou; 1 Jun. 2005; fr; Q. Li 0654; PE. – Shaanxi • Foping; 7 Jul. 1952; fr; B. Z. Guo 1592; CDBI • ibid.; 1 Jun. 1952; fr; K. J. Fu 4541; CDBI. – Sichuan • Kangding; 19 May 1961; fl; S. Jiang et al. 2860; PE • Ganzi; 18 Jul. 1961; fr; S. Jiang et al. 9448; PE • Zhaojue; 2 Apr. 1982; fl; Jiang et al. 19 A; PE • Longquanshan; 1 Mar. 1979; fl; B. C. Gao 8775; CDBI • Yanyuan; 25 Apr. 2007; fl; Y. Y. Gen, D. H. Zhu & X. J. Li 20070223; WCSBG. – Tibet • Jilong; 7 Sep. 1990; fr; B. S. Li et al. 13565; PE • Chayu; 28 Jul. 1980; fr; Ni et al. 0877; PE • Bomi; 27 Jun. 1965; fr; J. S. Ying & D. Y. Hong 650338; PE • ibid.; 11 May 1976; fl; Qingzang Zhibei Group 11655; PE • Jilong; 2 Jun. 1972; fl; Xizhang zhongcaoyao Expedition 84; PE. – Yunnan • Deqin; s. d.; fr; G. Forrest 12846; IBSC • Weixi; 20 Jul. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing botany Hengduanshan Team 01720; PE • ibid.; 20 Sep. 1974; fr; P. Zhang 74084; PE • Zhongdian; 14 Jun. 1981; fl; Qingzang- Hengduanshan Team 1028; PE • Jingdong; 24 Jul. 2003; fr; G. P. Yang 117; PE • Dali; 17 Sep. 2009; fr; Z. J. Yin et al. 2419; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480053D7EC5A0052A173AFDBE.taxon	description	Description Tree, 8 ‒ 10 m high. Branches terete, crinite when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.3 cm long, crinite. Lamina 5.3 ‒ 7.2 (12) × 2.9 ‒ 3.7 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded, cordate or cuneate, oblique, apex acuminate, margin serrulate, blade puberulous abaxially or on midvein. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4 ‒ 8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.3 cm long, lanuginous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.4 × 0.9 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 20 ‒ 25, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, longer than stamens, basally crinite. Pome ca 1.0 ‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, tapering, red. Carpopodium ca 3.8 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480053D7EC5A0052A173AFDBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests on slopes or in valleys; 1500 ‒ 3800 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480053D7EC5A0052A173AFDBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Chinging, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 25).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480053D7EC5A0052A173AFDBE.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 51, 54, 68.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480053D7EC5A0052A173AFDBE.taxon	discussion	Note Flora of China (Ku & Spongberg 2003) considered Pyrus baccata var. himalaica Maxim. and Malus rockii Rehder as nomenclatural synonyms. We agree with this treatment.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480023D7CC6D701E812E4FA4D.taxon	description	Figs 27 – 28	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480023D7CC6D701E812E4FA4D.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Szechuan, Kangding, west of Tachien-lu; alt. 3300 m; Oct. 1904; E. H. Wilson 1285; holotype: A [A 00020423]!; isotype: US [US 00097450]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480023D7CC6D701E812E4FA4D.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: BHUTAN (actually from Tibet, CHINA) • Lalung Gumpa; 27 Jun. 1906; J. C. White s. n.; type: K [K 000758452, K 000758453]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480023D7CC6D701E812E4FA4D.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Gansu • Lanzhou; 15 Nov. 1920; fr; Anonymous 6021; P, TIE • T’ao River basin; Jun. 1925; st; J. F. Rock 12478; IBSC • ibid.; Jul. 1925; fr; J. F. Rock 13133; IBSC • Gannan; 9 May 1957; fl; P. Zhang & L. F. Qi 915; PE • Zhengning; 10 Aug. 1991; fr; L. P. Liu 910065; QYTC. – Hunan • Mangshan; 10 Aug. 1957; fr; L. H. 926; PE. – Qinghai • Huzhu; 28 Jul. 1992; fr; G. X. Liu s. n.; PE [00953998]. – Sichuan • Luhuo; 25 Jun. 1974; fl, fr; Q. S. Zhao, Y. H. Guo & Z. M. Tan 111266; PE • Xikang; 12 Jul. 1951; fr; Y. W. Cui 4349; PE • Aba; 2 Oct. 1957; fr; X. Li 74941; PE, IBSC, KUN, NAS, SZ • Xiaojin; 2 Aug. 1958; fr; X. S. Zhang & Y. X. Ren 6397; PE • Lixian; 13 Jun. 1959; fl; S. Jiang et al. 00773; PE • Xinlong; 25 Aug. 2006; fr; D. E. Boufford et al. 37290; PE • ibid.; 25 Aug. 2006; fr; D. E. Boufford et al. 37284; PE • Maoxian & Lixian; 1952; fl; T. He & Z. L. Zhou 14048; PE • Hongyuan; 24 Aug. 1983; fr; Z. X. Tang 1785; PE • Suining; 2 Aug. 1974; fr; Sichuan Zhibei Team 5838; CDBI. – Tibet • Jiangda; 1 Jun. 1974; fr; Sichuan Zhibei Team 6996; CDBI, PE • Lhasa; 26 May 1975; fl; Qinggan Expedition 75 - 84; PE • ibid.; 10 Sep. 1965; fr; Y. T. Zhang & K. Y. Lang 2685; PE • Changdu; 7 May 1976; fl; Qingzang Team 7679; PE • ibid.; 19 Sep. 2008; D. C. Zhang et al. ZhangDC- 07 ZX- 1293; KUN • Linzhi; 23 Sep. 2009; fr; H. Sun et al. SunH- 07 ZX- 2546; KUN • Mangkang; 12 Sep. 2008; fr; T. Zhang et al. 08 CS 650; KUN. UNITED STATES – Massachusetts • Arnold Arboretum; 17 Oct. 1973; fr; S. Y. Hu 13327; IBSC.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480023D7CC6D701E812E4FA4D.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 3 ‒ 10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.8 ‒ 2.9 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 3.9 ‒ 6.8 × 1.5 ‒ 3.6 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded, cordate or cuneate, equilateral, apex obtuse or retuse, margin crenate, blade piliferous, pubescent on midvein, usually 3 - lobed or divided, sometimes unlobed. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 3 ‒ 6 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular or narrow-triangular, abaxially puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 0.7 ‒ 0.9 × 0.5 ‒ 0.7 cm, white, obovate, puberulous or glabrous. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, shorter than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0 ‒ 1.3 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal to subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.3 ‒ 2.8 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480023D7CC6D701E812E4FA4D.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes; 1500 ‒ 3700 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480023D7CC6D701E812E4FA4D.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet) (Fig. 27).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480023D7CC6D701E812E4FA4D.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 31, 34, 51, 54, 68.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480003D63C6CB069E12D8FBF2.taxon	description	Figs 29 – 30	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480003D63C6CB069E12D8FBF2.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Sichuan, Xiaojin; Dashuigou, wet hillside; alt. 3000 m; 7 Oct. 1981; fr; N. G. Jiang, M. H. Cheng & Q. Shi 128; lectotype: HWA [HWA 00061036]!, here designated; isolectotype: CDBI [CDBI 0043871, CDBI 0003872]!, PE [PE 00964203]!, HWA [HWA 00061037]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480003D63C6CB069E12D8FBF2.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Sichuan • Xiaojin; 7 May 1984; fr, st; Q. Shi et al. 840025; PE [PE 00964204] • ibid.; 7 Oct. 1981; fr; M. H. Chen & N. G. Jiang 128; CDBI, PE • ibid.; 2 Jul. 1958; fr; Sichuan agricultural college 6320; CDBI • ibid.; 2 Aug. 1958; fr; Sichuan agricultural college 6320; CDBI • Kangding; 1 Sep. 1982; fr; Sichuan vegetation group 29803; CDBI • ibid.; 3 May 1974; fl; F. Y. Qiu 4406; CDBI • Jinchuan; 2 Jul. 1975; fr; Sichuan vegetation group 9447; CDBI • Heishui; 7 May 1959; fl; Chuanjingzhi Heishui group 1054; PE, SM • ibid.; 30 Jul. 1957; fr; X. Li 73880; PE, IBSC • Lixian; 23 Jun. 1958; fr; S. Y. Chen 5296; NAS, SM • ibid.; 23 Jun.; 1958; fr; M. F. Zhong, T. He & S. Y. Chen 5296; SM • Maerkang; 2 May 1957; fl; X. Li 70352; NAS, IBSC, KUN, PE [PE 00964011], SZ • ibid.; 19 May 1957; fl, fr; X. Li 70724; IBSC, NAS, PE, SZ • ibid.; 7 Jul. 1957; fr; Z. Y. Zhang & H. F. Zhou 22649; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480003D63C6CB069E12D8FBF2.taxon	description	Description Tree, 8 ‒ 12 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.6 ‒ 2.7 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 3.7 ‒ 7.5 × 2.1 ‒ 3.2 cm, oval, oblong or orbicular, base rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acuminate or caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous when young, glabrescent, 3 ‒ 5 - lobed in sapling and base of mature tree. Inflorescence umbellulate, with 3 ‒ 7 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0 ‒ 3.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.0 ‒ 1.2 × 0.8 ‒ 1.0 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3 ‒ 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0 ‒ 1.3 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal to subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.0 ‒ 1.5 cm long.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480003D63C6CB069E12D8FBF2.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of forests, river banks or gullies; 2600 ‒ 3000 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480003D63C6CB069E12D8FBF2.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Sichuan) (Fig. 29).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	description	Figs 31 – 32	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Gansu, Xining, La Che Tze Shan Mountains; alt. 3900 m (actually alt. 2200 ‒ 2850 m); 3 Aug. 1923; fr; R. C. Ching 724; holotype: LE; isotype: A [A 00368974]!, PE [PE 00953983]!, SYS [SYS 00074312]!.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Tibet, Qamdo (Changdu); alt. 3550 m; 26 Apr. 1976; Qing-Zang Exped. Veg. Group 10023; holotype: PE [PE 00964002]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Sichuan, Ruoergai; alt. 2500 m; M. H. Cheng et al. 91 ‒ 87; lectotype: HWA, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 13 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 12; PE. – Gansu • Diebuxian; 30 Sep. 2005; fr; A. Aiello et al. 080; PE • Lanzhou; 21 Sep. 2003; fr; C. M. Tan et al. Lanzhou 005; JJF, SZG • Ningxian; 15 May 2014; fl; X. Y. Xu 20140515047; QYTC • ibid.; 15 May 2014; fl; W. Hui 20140515052; QYTC • Heshui; 28 Jun. 1954; fr; Yellow River Investigation Team 113; PE • Jinchi; 27 Jul. 1990; fr; L. P. Liu 00019; QYTC • Gannan; 1 Sep. 2012; st; S. Q. Guo & P. Du LiuJQ- 2012 - GN- 185; KUN • ibid.; 21 Sep. 1957; fr; Z. L. Yan & P. Zhang 1063; PE • ibid.; 29 May 1956; st; Yellow River Investigation Team 4152; PE • ibid.; 1 Sep. 1960; fr; Qinggan Team 3400; PE • T’ao River basin; Jun. 1925; fl; J. F. Rock 12188; PE. – Inner Mongolia • Alashan; 23 Jun. 1962; fl; He group 85; NAS • ibid.; 2 Aug. 2011; fr; Beijing Normal University Ningxia Team HL 114; BNU • Helanshan; Sep. 1956; fl; W. Z. Fang s. n.; NAS • ibid.; 30 Aug. 2008; fr; Y. Z. Zhao & S. Q. Zhou 2423; HIMC • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1962; fl; Biology department senior year 85; PE, HIMC. – Ningxia • Helanshan; 18 Jun. 1973; fr; Ningxia Yaojiansuo 73 - 0167; PE. – Qinghai • Xunhua; 27 Jun. 1981; st; B. Z. Guo 25400; HNWP • Yushu; 12 Aug. 1981; fr; Z. K. Wei 22383; HNWP • Hualong; 6 Jun. 2004; fl; Y. H. Wu 28576; HNWP • Huzhu; 10 Sep. 1980; fr; R. F. Huang & Y. C. Yang 1747; HNWP • Tongren; 28 Jul. 1970; fr; L. H. Zhou & H. H. Zhang 1295; HNWP. – Shaanxi • Jingbian; 23 Jun. 1952; fr; J. M. Liu 11636; PE • Yanan; 19 Jun. 1993; fl; L. R. Xu 1670; PE • Shanbei; 4 Sep. 1953; fr; Shanbei Team 10652; CDBI • Huashan; 14 Sep. 1978; fr; Z. Y. Zhang 18227; IBSC. – Sichuan • Kangding; 14 Jun. 1980; fl; Z. Y. Chen et al. 112699; PE • Hongyuan; 14 Sep. 1957; fr; X. Li 74662; PE • Daofu; 23 Jul. 1959; fr; S. Jiang et al. 002352; PE • Xikang; 8 Aug. 1951; fr; Y. W. Cui 5198 a; PE • Aba; 2 Aug. 1975; fr; Sichuan zhibei Team 10487; CDBI • Dege; 1 Jun. 1977; fr; Sichuan zhibei Team 15073; CDBI. – Tibet • Changdu; 26 Aug. 1973; fr; Tibet Expedition Team 2248; HNWP • ibid.; 26 Sep. 2008; fr; Y. H. Zhang, G. D. Li & X. X. Wang SunH- 07 ZX- 1761; KUN • ibid.; 24 Sep. 2008; fr; C. R. Zaxi, L. Xi & Y. P. Geng ZhongY 752; KUN.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 3 ‒ 5 m high, rarely 8 m. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.8 ‒ 1.9 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina 3.4 ‒ 6.8 × 2.3 ‒ 3.6 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, cuneate or cordate, equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous when young, then abaxially glabrescent, usually 3 ‒ 5 divided. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 3 ‒ 6 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7 ‒ 2.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium lanuginous. Sepals triangular, densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 0.7 ‒ 0.9 × 0.4 ‒ 0.6 cm, white, obovate or oblong. Stamens 20 ‒ 25, unequal. Styles 3 ‒ 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.6 ‒ 0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.3 ‒ 2.8 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes or loess hills; 1500 ‒ 3900 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet) (Fig. 31).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 51.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801F3D67C520072D100DFA0C.taxon	discussion	Note There are plentiful morphological variations within this species. Varieties that have been defined on the basis of a few characters and locations are unjustified because such unique phenotypic characters have probably been affected by the environment. Therefore, three new synonyms are proposed in this study (Malus transitoria var. glabrescens, M. transitoria var. calycomeles, and M. transitoria var. centralasiatica). The vertical vicariance of Malus kansuensis (distribution below 3000 m), M. toringoides (2600 ‒ 3050 m) and M. transitoria (above 3000 m) is very remarkable, and there are no obvious reproductive barriers between them. As a consequence, hybrids that show characters of both parents could be found in the contact zones; for example, the specimens from Maerkang (Sichuan, China) exhibit continuous morphological variation between M. transitoria and M. toringoides.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801B3D64C6FC055F115EFCCC.taxon	description	Figs 33 – 34	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801B3D64C6FC055F115EFCCC.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens BHUTAN – Guni Sa; 14 May 1949; fl; F. Ludlow, G. Sherriff & J. H. Hicks 16231; PE. CHINA – Sichuan • Butuo; 6 Aug. 1979; st; Pucha Team 0682; SM. – Tibet • Milin; 19 Oct. 1984; fr; G. Yao et al. 132; NAS • ibid.; 29 Jul. 1989; fr; G. Yao et al. 1834; NAS • ibid.; 13 Sep. 2003; fr; X. F. Gao et al. 7425; CDBI • ibid.; 28 Jul. 1975; fr; Qingzhang Budian Group 750912; PE • Chayu; 7 Oct. 2007; fr; Z. D. Fang, G. He & Q. R. Yang XZ- 689; SABG • Bomi; 3 Sep. 1982; fr; B. S. Li et al. 0518; PE • Yadong; 9 Sep. 1974; fr; Qingzang Team 2108; PE • Linzhi; 2 Jul. 1989; fr; G. Yao et al. 1443; NAS • Shannan; 11 Sep. 2017; fr; PE-Xizang Team PE 6349; PE. – Yunnan • Deqin; 25 May 1975; fl; Yunnan Deqinxian Nongyeju s. n.; PE • 18 May 1975; fl; Yunnan Deqinxian Nongyeju s. n.; PE • ibid.; 2 Sep. 1974; fr; P. Zhang 74050; PE • Wenshan; 26 Mar. 2009; st; Y. L. Wang et al. 09 - 129; SZG • Weixi; 12 Sep. 1974; fr; P. Zhang 74061; PE. INDIA – Sikkim • Himalaya; 4 Aug. 1849; fl, fr; J. D. Hooker s. n.; K [000758444] • ibid.; 26 May 1849; fl, fr; J. D. Hooker s. n.; K [000758443] • ibid.; 28 May 1849; fl; J. D. Hooker s. n.; K [000758446] • ibid.; 4 Jun. 1849; fl; J. D. Hooker s. n.; K [000758445] • ibid.; 16 Aug. 1844; fr; J. D. Hooker s. n.; K [000758442] • locality unknown; 6 Jul. 1849; fr; Anonymous s. n.; K. MYANMAR – East Himalaya; Aug. 1837; fl, fr; Griffith 2081; K.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801B3D64C6FC055F115EFCCC.taxon	description	Description Small tree, up to 8 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.3 ‒ 2.2 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina 5.6 ‒ 8.3 × 2.6 ‒ 4.1 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, equilateral, apex acuminate or acute, margin serrulate, blade pubescent abaxially and on midvein. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5 ‒ 8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.7 cm long, densely lanuginous. Hypanthium densely lanuginous or glabrous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 1.1 × 0.9 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 25 ‒ 50, unequal. Styles 4, as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5 ‒ 2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or pyriform, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.6 cm long, lanuginous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801B3D64C6FC055F115EFCCC.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in alpine forests; 2000 ‒ 3000 (3900) m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801B3D64C6FC055F115EFCCC.taxon	distribution	Distribution Bhutan, China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India (Sikkim), Nepal and Sri Lanka (Fig. 33).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801B3D64C6FC055F115EFCCC.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 51, 54, 68.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4801B3D64C6FC055F115EFCCC.taxon	discussion	Note Sorbus sikkimensis Wenz. (including Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) N. P. Balakr.) was mistakenly treated as a synonym of Malus sikkimensis by Hassler (2020), but it actually is a synonym of Sorbus corymbifera (Miq.) T. H. Nguyên & Yakovlev according to the original literature and type specimen Sorbus sikkimensis Wenz. Linnaea 38 (1): 58 (Wenzig 1874). – Type: INDIA • India orientalis; 1843; Griffith 2077 / 1; syntype: M [M 0213809, M 0213776]!; isosyntype: E [E 00145673]!, GH [GH 00112876, GH 00135439]! (Note on the sheet: lectotype, designated by Aldasoro et al. 2004: 57). In addition, because the type Hooker f. & Thomson s. n. of M. sikkimensis cited by Wenzig (1874: 49) still exist, the neotype G. King s. n. designated by Langenfeld (1991: 129) is invalid.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480183D6AC537001F1234FAF2.taxon	description	Figs 35 – 36	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480183D6AC537001F1234FAF2.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: JAPAN • Honshu, Kyoto, near Ebidani, Hiyoshicho, Funaigun; alt. 400 m; 3 May 1963; fl; G. Murata 18042; lectotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 126; isolectotype: P [P 03240535]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480183D6AC537001F1234FAF2.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens JAPAN – Honshu • Kanagawa; 12 Aug. 1967; fr; Miyoshi Furuse 45632; KUN, PE • ibid.; 4 May 1927; fl; T. Sawada s. n.; PE • ibid.; s. d.; st; Savatier 3425; P • Kyoto; 12 Sep. 1949; fr; Miyoshi Furuse 21572; PE • ibid.; 3 May 1963; fr; G. Murata 18042; P, PE • Settsu; 18 Jun. 1961; fr; G. Murata 14068; PE • Saitama; 3 Jun. 1949; st; Miyoshi Furuse 20634; PE • Shinano; 3 May 1960; fl; Miyoshi Furuse 36737; PE • Shiga; 2 Oct. 1983; st; Miyoshi Furuse 52215; PE • Miyagi; 5 May 1987; fl; H. Hoshi et al. 2240; HIMC • North of Japan; 1866 – 1874; fl; Savatier 3709; P. UNITED STATES – Massachusetts • Boston; 5 May 1981; fl; S. Davis et al. 81 - 299; PE • ibid.; 5 Sep. 1979; fr; K. Clausen et al. 79 - 77; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480183D6AC537001F1234FAF2.taxon	description	Description Tree, 10 ‒ 15 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.6 ‒ 3.0 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina 5.7 ‒ 8.7 × 3.6 ‒ 6.7 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded or cordate, equilateral, apex acuminate or acute, margin crenate to serrulate, blade densely pubescent on midvein and young leaf, occasionally lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 2 ‒ 5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.9 cm long, densely lanuginous. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.2 × 0.7 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 20 ‒ 30, unequal. Styles 5, as long as or shorter than stamens, basally puberulous. Pome ca 1.8 ‒ 2.1 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.7 cm long, lanuginous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480183D6AC537001F1234FAF2.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from October to November. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in foothill forests; sea level to 1000 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480183D6AC537001F1234FAF2.taxon	distribution	Distribution Japan (Fig. 35).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480183D6AC537001F1234FAF2.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480163D6FC556062D1234FE2A.taxon	description	Figs 37 – 38	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480163D6FC556062D1234FE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Henan, Song Xian, Shi-zi-miao (Shih Tze Miao); 26 May 1919; fl; J. Hers 489; type: A [A 00026648]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480163D6FC556062D1234FE2A.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 21 Aug. 1962; fr; Guoren 16; PE • ibid.; 5 May 1962; fl; Renguo 66; PE. – Gansu • Heshui; 7 Sep. 1990; st; L. P. Liu 77; QYTC • Zhengning; 18 May 1991; fl; L. P. Liu 910029; QYTC • Zhongwan; 15 May 1985; fl; L. P. Liu 151; QYTC • Wenxian; 9 May 2007; fl; Baishuicaiji Team 4570; PE • Wushan; 19 May 1956; fl; Anonymous 00039; PE • Dangchang; 7 Aug. 1951; fr; Z. B. Wang 14743; PE • Kangxian; 16 Jul. 1963; fr; Z. Y. Zhang 16893; PE. – Guizhou • YinKiang; 8 Aug. 1931; fr; Anonymous 51519; IBK. – Hebei • Shexian; 23 May 1979; fl; Anonymous 20842; BNU • ibid.; 15 Jun. 1958; st; K. J. Guan 5455; PE • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1958; fr; K. J. Guan 5585; PE • Wuan; 13 Sep. 1979; fr; Anonymous 21282; BNU • ibid.; 17 May 1973; fl; K. J. Guan et al. 47; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1972; fr; WU 225; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1972; fr; WU 227; PE • Cixian; 22 Jul. 1935; fr; H. F. Zhou 43276; PE. – Henan • Lushi; 11 May 1975; fl; Y. H. Guo 426; IBSC • ibid.; 4 Jul. 2005; fr; M. Liu H 20195; PE • ibid.; 14 Jul. 1935; fr; K. M. Liou 4761; PE • Xinyang; Jun. 1959; fl; X. H. Wang 347; HENU • ibid.; 3 May 1959; fr; X. H. Wang 342; HENU • Neixiang; 25 Aug. 1982; fr; Institute of Henan Biology Botanical Expedition 056; PE • Luanchuan; 1959; fr; Puchabiaoben 21104; PE • Tiantanshan; Jul. 1997; fr; Z. H. Xin 049; HENU • Shaoyuan; Jul. 1995; fr; X. M. Fan 0010; HENU • Nanyang; Aug. 1959; fr; S. Y. Wang 13; HENU • Songshan; 24 Apr. 1921; fl, fr; J. Hers 195; AU. – Hunan • Hupingshan; May 1981; fl; Y. C. Fang & X. P. Wang 051; NYA • ibid.; 8 Jun. 1987; st; C. L. Long 87413; CSFI. – Qinghai • Xining; 24 May 1990; st; Z. H. Zhang et al. 5691; HNWP. – Shanxi • Lingchuan; 26 Jul. 1980; fr; S. Y. Bao & S. J. Yan 373; HSIB • ibid.; 7 Jul. 1980; fr; S. Y. Bao & S. J. Yan 54; HSIB • Qinyuan; 20 Sep. 2002; fr; K. Bachtell et al. 043; PE • Yuanqu; 19 May 1960; fl; X. Y. Liu & F. Zhao 20078; PE • Yangcheng; 3 Jun. 1982; fr; T. W. Liu & S. B. Zeng 270; HSIB • Yucheng; 14 May 1957; st; Fenhe Team 226; IBK. – Shaanxi • Zhouzhi; 2 Aug. 2016; fr; Qinling Botanical Expedition-Team 354; NAS • Taibai; 23 Jun. 1958; st; 58 - Qinling Team 10064; PE • Taibai; 6 May 1939; fl; K. T. Fu 2612; IBK • ibid.; 26 Jun. 1958; st; Z. P. Wei 935; HHBG. – Sichuan • Nanchong; 12 Jun. 1972; fr; Pucha Team 72 N- 936; SM • Daxian; 23 Aug. 1978; fr; Tongjiangpucha Team 1031; SM • Nanping; 26 May 1979; fr; Pucha Team 0254; SM • Zhaojue; 10 May 1979; fr; Zhaopu Team 0258; SM • Jinyang; 9 May 1959; st; Southwest Normal University Department of Biology 02569; SM.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480163D6FC556062D1234FE2A.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 5 ‒ 7 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina ca 6.4 × 4.6 cm, usually oval, sometimes elliptical, base rounded, truncate or cordate, equilateral, apex acute or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade lanuginous, densely pubescent on midvein, usually 3 ‒ 6 - lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5 ‒ 10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.8 × 0.7 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3 or 4, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red, with white fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.4 cm long, glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480163D6FC556062D1234FE2A.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes or in valleys; 800 ‒ 1000 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480163D6FC556062D1234FE2A.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan) (Fig. 37).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480163D6FC556062D1234FE2A.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480133D6DC53D02851234F924.taxon	description	Figs 39 – 40	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480133D6DC53D02851234F924.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Huangshan; 8 Aug. 1936; fr; P. C. Tsoong s. n.; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 4 Apr. 1960; fl; Dabashan workgroup 00759; CDBI • ibid.; 20 Jul. 1958; fr; T. L. Dai 101347; CDBI, IBK • ibid.; 1 Jul. 2004; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 640; WUK • Wuxi; 1 Jun. 1962; fl; B. C. Ni Ni 000268; CDBI • ibid.; 25 Aug. 1989; fr; Y. D. Chen et al. 2441; PE • ibid.; 16 Sep. 1958; fr; G. H. Yang 58523; PE • Wushan; 26 May 1989; fl; L. Q. Chen Chuanhua- 245; CCAU. – Gansu • Zhouqu; 19 Sep. 1958; fr; Y. Q. He 645; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1998; fr; Bailongjiang Expedition Team 243; PE • Tianshui; 19 Sep. 1951; fr; J. M. Liu 10586; PE • ibid.; 21 May 1963; fl; Q. X. Li 207; PE • Between Yaruku, Yarugomba and Lupassu; Aug. 1925; J. F. Rock 131172; IBSC • Huicheng; 13 Sep. 1958; fr; Z. Y. Zhang 782; IBSC, HIB, NAS • Lintan; 11 Jul. 1957; fl; Taohe Team 3347; IBK, IBSC, KUN • Wenxian; 21 May 2007; fl; D. E. Boufford et al. 37822; PE • ibid.; 16 May 2007; fl; D. E. Boufford et al. 37822; PE • Ling Tan Shen; 19 Sep. 2005; fr; A. Aiello et al. 019; PE. – Henan • Lingbao; 7 Aug. 2014; fr; J. M. Li et al. 140807133; HEAC • ibid.; 1959; fr; Puchabiaoben 14082; PE • Lushi; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Anonymous 34485; PE • Songxian; 14 Sep. 1960; fr; K. J. Guan & T. L. Dai 2605; PE • Xixia; 18 Jul. 1960; st; K. J. Guan & T. L. Dai 1204; PE • ibid.; 2 Jun. 1959; st; Anonymous 705; PE. – Hubei • Shennongjia; 19 Jun. 1976; fr; E-Shennongjia Botanical Expedition 10427; PE, HIB • ibid.; 9 Sep. 1980; fr; 1980 - Sino-American Botanical Expedition 893; NAS • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1980; fr; 1980 - Sino-American Botanical Expedition 397; NAS • Badong; 24 Jul. 1957; fl; G. X. Fu & Z. S. Zhang 1049; PE • ibid.; 24 Jul. 1957; fr; M. X. Nie & Q. H. Li 1049; LBG. – Hunan • Qianyang; 7 May 1959; fr; P. X. Tan 60537; IBSC. – Jiangxi • Shangyouxian; 20 Aug. 1971; fr; Jiangxi Team 552; PE • Suichang; 14 May 1970; fr; 236 renwuzu 758; PE. – Ningxia: Liupanshan; 28 Jul. 2012; fr; BNU LPS 116; BNU • Longde; 10 Jul. 1942; fr; Z. B. Wang 13102; PE. – Qinghai • Xunhua; 6 Jun. 1981; fl; B. Z. Guo & W. Y. Wang 2506; HNWP • ibid.; 1 Jun. 2004; fl; Y. H. Wu 28184; HNWP. – Shanxi • Xingxian; 31 Aug. 1955; st; Yellow-River Expedition second Team 2194; PE. – Shaanxi • Langao; 12 Jun. 2005; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 2466; WUK • ibid.; 28 Jun. 2004; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 425; WUK • Pingli; 22 Jun. 2005; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 2941; WUK • Nangao; 20 Jul. 1958; fr; T. L. Dai 101347; PE, SZ. – Sichuan • Kangding; 30 May 1930; st; Z. P. Huang 1142; IBSC • ibid.; 21 May 1953; fl; X. L. Jiang 35649; IBK • Pingwu; 31 Jul. 1958; fr; H. L. Tsiang 10940; IBSC • Maerkang; 27 Aug. 1957; fl; X. Li 72299; PE • ibid.; 13 Sep. 2004; fr; C. S. Chang et al. SI 0388; PE. – Tibet • Lhasa; 4 Aug. 1970; fr; B. Z. Guo et al. 22270; NAS.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480133D6DC53D02851234F924.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 3 ‒ 8 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9 ‒ 2.6 cm long, pubescent when young, puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina ca 4.9 ‒ 5.4 × 3.6 ‒ 3.9 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, truncate or cordate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous or glabrous, usually 3 - lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4 ‒ 10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2 ‒ 2.9 cm long, glabrous or pubescent when young then glabrescent. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 0.7 × 0.5 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3, rarely 2 or 4, longer than stamens, glabrous or puberulous. Pome ca 1.0 ‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.6 ‒ 3.6 cm long, glabrous or puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480133D6DC53D02851234F924.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from July to August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests or shrubs; 1500 ‒ 3300 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480133D6DC53D02851234F924.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet) (Fig. 39).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480133D6DC53D02851234F924.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	description	Figs 41 – 42	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Sichuan, west Szechuen and Tibetan frontier, chiefly near Tachienlu; alt. 9000 ‒ 13 000 ft; Dec. 1890; A. E. Pratt 93; lectotype: K [K 000758434]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P 01819343]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Yunnan, Baoshan, Shabaxiang, Lijiasi; 29 May 1990; fl; G. T. Deng 9002; type: SAU.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Sichuan, Baoxing, Daqiangpeng; alt. 2750 m; 14 Apr. 1983; fl; X. S. Zhang & Y. X. Ren 5385; holotype: CDBI [CDBI 10043762]!; isotype: CDBI [CDBI 10043763, CDBI 10043764, CDBI 10043765]!, PE [00953187]!, SZ [00203448]!, SAU.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Nanchuan; 1 Oct. 1957; fr; J. H. Xiong & Z. L. Zhou 93784; PE • ibid.; 29 Sep. 1957; fr; J. H. Xiong & Z. L. Zhou 93722; PE • ibid.; 9 Jul. 1957; fr; G. F. Li 62561; NAS, PE, IBSC, SZ. – Guizhou • Fan-tsing Shan; 9 Aug. 1931; fr; S. S. Sin 51519; IBSC • Songtao; 7 Jul. 1959; fr; Qianbei Team 1357; SHM. – Sichuan • Luding; 12 Aug. 2010; fr; J. I. Jeon et al. SI 1473; PE • ibid.; 21 Jun. 1980; fr; Z. A. Liu 22579; IBSC • Tianquan; 29 Aug. 1963; fr; Chuangxi Team (K. J. Guan & W. C. Wang et al.) 2105; PE • ibid.; 15 jun. 1959; fr; Chuanjingzhi-Sichuan College of Agriculture Botany (58) 00990; PE • ibid.; 4 Aug. 1982; fr; D. Y. Peng 45926; IBSC • ibid.; 19 Sep. 1953; fr; X. L. Jiang 37826; IBK • Mianning; 20 Jul. 1959; fr; S. G. Wu 2043; PE • Shimian; 1955; fr; C. J. Xie 41965; IBSC • ibid.; 1955; fr; C. J. Xie 42054; PE • Emeishan; 1 Jul. 1952; fr; J. H. Xiong, X. S. Zhang & X. L. Jiang 31408; IBK • ibid.; 6 Aug. 1957; fr; G. H. Yang 56463; PE, SZ • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1935; fr; T. H. Tu 683; PE • Baoxing; 1 Jun. 1958; fl; Sichuan College of Agriculture 5385; CDBI • Ebian, 13 Oct. 1939; fr; T. N. Liou & C. Wang 1420; PE • Yaan; 19 Aug. 1978; fr; Lushan Team 78 - 0768; SM • Congzhou; 30 Jul. 2015; fr; W. B. Ju et al. AZH 00382; CDBI. – Yunnan • Weixi; 11 May 1982; fl, fr; Qingzang Team 6444; PE • ibid.; 20 May 1940; fl, fr; K. M. Feng 4041; PE • ibid.; Aug. 1935; fr; Q. W. Wang 68174; PE • ibid.; Jun. 1935; fl, fr; W. Q. Wu 64070; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	description	Description Tree, 8 ‒ 10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9 ‒ 2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 8.0 ‒ 9.1 × 4.3 ‒ 5.1 cm, oval to oblong, base rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous or glabrous. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5 ‒ 8 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2 cm long, glabrous or puberulous Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent or caducous. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, orbicular. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, rarely 4, as long as stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0 ‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.6 cm long, glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers in June. Mature fruits in August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests; 1400 ‒ 3500 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (Fig. 41).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480113D12C51B04711234FCE3.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	description	Figs 43 – 44	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Yunnan, LanKong, woods at the Hee-chan-men; alt. 2800 m; 22 May 1886; fl; J. M. Delavay 2331; holotype: P [P 01819335]!; isotype: K [K 000758438, K 000758439, K 000758440]!, P [P 01819336, P 01819337, P 01819338]!, W [W 1962 - 0013366]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Sichuan, locality unknown; seeds from China by E. H. Wilson (no. 539), cultivated in Coombe Wood Nursery; 30 Sept. 1912; fr; Wilson 539; lectotype: K [K 000758472]!, here designated; isotype: A [A 00106227]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Chongqing, Wushan; 26 May 1914; fl; A. Henry 5638; lectotype: A [A 00026642]! here designated; isotype: GH [GH 00026663]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Nanchuan; 19 Jul. 1978; fr; Botanical Geographic Expedition 548; PE • ibid.; 30 May 1928; fr; W. P. Fang 1138; IBSC • ibid.; 26 May 1957; fl; J. H. Xiong & Z. L. Zhou 90988; IBSC • ibid.; 4 Jul. 1964; fr; K. J. Guan, J. W. Wang & C. L. Li 1070; PE • Wuxi; 7 Oct. 1988; fr; Y. D. Chen, L. Z. Fu & X. T. Ma 2211; PE • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1958; G. H. Yang 59373; NAS • Chengkou; 25 May 1958; fl; T. L. Dai 100618; IBK • ibid.; 31 Jul. 2006; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 4680; WUK • Fuling; 9 Aug. 1962; fr; Pucha Team 96403; SM. – Gansu • Kangxian; 15 Sep. 1963; fr; J. Q. Xing 20219; XBGH • Zhouqu; 17 Sep. 1958; fr; Z. P. Wei 2489; HHBG • Wudu; 1 May 1959; fl; Z. Y. Zhang 1103; LBG • ibid.; 18 Jun. 1959; fr; Z. Y. Zhang 5127; LBG. – Guizhou • Songtao; 9 Oct. 1976; fr; Schneid 135; HGAS • Yinjiang; 6 Aug. 1963; fr; C. P. Jian et al. 30532; PE • ibid.; 5 Oct. 1963; fr; C. P. Jian et al. 32124; PE • Jiangkou; 23 Jun. 1988; fr; Wulingshan Expedition 743; PE. – Hubei • Shennongjia; 19 Sep. 1980; fr; 1980 - Sino- American Botanical Expedition 1556; PE • ibid.; 3 Aug. 1985; fr; S. X. Yang 475; IBK • ibid.; 19 Jul. 2011; fr; D. G. Zhang Zdg 2044; KUN • Hefeng; 8 Aug. 1988; fr; Y. M. Wang 5803; PE • Badong; 19 Jul. 1957; G. X. Fu & Z. S. Zhang 847; PE. – Hunan • Dayong; 18 Jul. 1985; fr; K. W. Liu 33404; CSFI • Tianmenshan; 22 Sep. 2007; fr; F. C. Wu & B. R. Liao SCSB- 07102; KUN • Shimen; 20 Aug. 1987; Hupingshan Expedition A 110; PE • ibid.; 13 Jul. 1987; fr; Hupingshan Expedition 1457; PE. – Shanxi • Puxian; 21 Sep. 1934; fr; T. P. Wang 3780; IBSC. – Shaanxi • Zhenan; 30 May 1973; fl; X. X. Hou 611; IBSC • Ziyang; 19 Aug. 1966; fr; Shaanxi-Qin Expedition 257; XBGH • Langao; 12 Jun. 2005; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 2464; WUK • Pingli; 27 Jul. 2006; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 4403; WUK. – Sichuan • Baoxing; 6 Sep. 1963; fr; Chuanxi Team 3006; PE • Muli; 2 Jul. 1978; fr; Q. S. Zhao 6261; CDBI • ibid.; 27 May 1937; fr; T. T. Yu 5780; PE • Yanyuan; 30 Jul. 1983; fr; Qingzang Team 12609; PE • Wenchuan; 28 Aug. 1982; fr; K. Y. Lang, L. Q. Li & Y. Fei 1339; PE • Tianquan; 1 May 1956; fl; H. P. He 43633; CDBI. – Tibet • Chayu; Aug. 1935; st; Q. W. Wang 65519; PE, LBG • ibid.; 11 Aug. 1973; st; J. W. Zhang 1023; PE • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1982; fl; Z. J. Ren Ren 721; PE • Milin; 24 Sep. 1974; st; Anonymous 3402; PE. – Yunnan • Lijiang; 4 Aug. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing Hengduanshan Team 02609; PE • Deqin; 23 Nov. 1940; fr; K. M. Feng 8854; PE • Yun-ning; 1 May 1937; fl; T. T. Yu 5223; PE • Shangrila; 22 May 1939; fl; K. M. Feng 972; PE • Jianchuan; Jul. 1923; fl; G. Forrest 23482; PE • Heqing; May 1913; fl; G. Forrest 10019; PE • Yulong; 21 Sep. 2015; fr; J. D. Ya & C. Liu 15 CS 11203; KUN.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	description	Description Tree, 8 ‒ 13 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.0 ‒ 2.5 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 6.0 ‒ 9.5 × 3.6 ‒ 5.8 cm, oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially pubescent, usually 3 ‒ 5 - lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 8 ‒ 12 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.8 cm long, glabrous or puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, orbicular. Stamens 20 ‒ 25, unequal. Styles 5, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0 ‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, oblate or oval, red, with white fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.3 ‒ 2.8 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests; 1600 ‒ 3800 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 43).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806E3D17C531003C10BDFDBF.taxon	discussion	Note Because the syntype specimens J. M. Delavay 2331 of M. yunnanensis still exist, the neotype Handel – Mazzetti 842 designated by Langenfeld (1991: 133) is invalid.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806B3D15C57301E81234FB85.taxon	description	Figs 45 – 46	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806B3D15C57301E81234FB85.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Yunnan, toward the end of the Tibeto-Birman river Nu Jiang (Salween) and Dulong Jiang (Djioudjiang), in the warm temperate valley Tjiontson-lumba below Tschamutong; alt. 2250 ‒ 2650 m; 28 Jun. 1916; fr; Handel-Mazzetti 9119; holotype: WU [WU 0059445]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806B3D15C57301E81234FB85.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 20 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 67; PE • ibid.; 28 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 54; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 23 Sep. 1958; fr; T. L. Dai 106040; PE. – Sichuan • Yanyuan; 9 May 1960; fl; S. Jiang et al. 5644; PE • Meigu; 21 Aug. 1959; fr; Chuanjingzhi 1913; PE • ibid.; 22 Oct. 1993; fr; Z. J. Ren 3921; PE • Luding; 22 Sep. 1953; fr; X. L. Jiang 37915; IBK • Leibo; 12 Aug. 1972; fr; 236 Renwuzu 0688; PE • Emeishan; 25 Jul. 1997; fr; G. Z. Li 15518; PE • Tah-liang-shan; 1 Sep. 1934; fr; T. T. Yu 3955; PE. – Tibet • Bomi; 3 Sept 1980; fr; Ecology Department Plateau Group 14870; PE • ibid.; 26 Sep. 2009; st; C. R. Zaxi & L. Xi ZhongY 730; KUN • Motuo; 1 Sep. 1980; fr; W. L. Chen 14591; PE • Chayu; 7 Oct. 2007; fr; Z. D. Fang, G. He & Q. E. Yang XZ- 684; SABG • Milin; 9 Aug. 2012; fr; Yarlung Zangbo Expedition Team 783; BJM. – Yunnan • Gongshan; 31 Aug. 1940; fr; K. M. Feng 7209; PE • ibid.; 25 Jun. 1982; fl, fr; Qingzang Team 7531; PE • ibid.; 8 May 2018; fl; H. B. bai & X. He 533324180508128 LY; SABG • Weixi; 19 Jul. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing Hengduanshan Team 01693; PE • ibid.; Aug. 1935; fr; C. W. Wang 68690; PE, NAS • ibid.; 13 Jun. 1940; fl; K. M. Feng 4515; PE • Lijiang; 7 Nov. 1955; fr; K. M. Feng 21656; PE • Kiukiang; 3 Aug. 1937; fr; T. T. Yu 19595; PE • Deqin; 16 Jul. 1940; fr; K. M. Feng 5433; PE • ibid.; 7 Jun. 1937; fl; T. T. Yu 8521; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806B3D15C57301E81234FB85.taxon	description	Description Tree, 10 ‒ 15 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.1 ‒ 3.0 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 8.1 ‒ 8.8 × 4.0 ‒ 4.8 cm, oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, margin serrulate, blade abaxially villous, rarely 3 ‒ 5 - lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4 ‒ 12 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, ovate. Stamens 15 ‒ 20, unequal. Styles 3 ‒ 5, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5 ‒ 2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, red or yellow, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.7 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806B3D15C57301E81234FB85.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers in June. Mature fruits in August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests in valleys; 2000 ‒ 3500 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806B3D15C57301E81234FB85.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 45).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4806B3D15C57301E81234FB85.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	description	Figs 47 – 48	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • North Carolina, locality unknown; s. d; Greene s. n.; neotype: K [K 000758465]!, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Southeastern US; 25 Jun. 1914; fl; T. G. Harbison 129; holotype: A [A 00026578]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Delaware • Sussex; 24 Jun. 1943; st; R. McVaugh 6527; NY. – Florida • Leon; 1843; fl; M. Rugel s. n.; K • ibid.; 7 Aug. 1895; fl; G. V. Nash 2366; K. – Georgia • Lumpkia; 18 May 1982; st; X. Q. Chen et al. 817; NAS, PE • Columbia; 1884; st; Anonymous s. n.; P [00380801] • ibid.; Apr. 1945; fl; J. M. Franklin s. n.; P. – Maryland • Carroll; 13 May 1881; fl; J. D. Smith s. n.; P • Worcester; 14 May 1926; fl; C. E. Moldenke 2818; NY • Prince George’s; 7 May 1943; fl; R. McVaugh 6619; NY. – New Jersey • Cape May; 9 Aug. 1914; fl; K. K. Mackenzie 6132; NY. – New York • Ontario; 1 Oct. 1990; st; Professor Zhen-Long Yan 1041; PE • Bronx; 24 May 1915; fl; J. Hartling 29851; NY. – North Carolina • Orange; 8 Jun. 1986; fr; Y. Gu et al. 0066; NAS • Buncombe; 27 Apr. 1994; fl; A. B. Russell 1490; PE • locality unknown; s. d.; fl; Greene s. n.; K [000758465]. – Pennsylvania • Allegheny; May 1871; fl; S. W. Knipe s. n.; NY. – South Carolina • Richland; 18 Jul. 2003; fr; J. B. Nelson 23934; W • Oconee; 16 Apr. 1991; fl; Som with Botany 831 Class 121; PE. – Virginia • Bedford; 26 May 1893; st; A. H. Curtiss s. n.; NY. – locality unknown • 1832; fl; Schweinitz s. n.; K • ibid.; 1833; fl; Drummond s. n.; K [000758467].	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 2 ‒ 3 m or 5 ‒ 7 (10) m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.0 ‒ 1.2 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 3.6 ‒ 4.0 × 1.2 ‒ 1.7 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate or rounded, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous or villus on midvein, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5 ‒ 8 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2 cm long, glabrous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.1 × 0.6 ‒ 0.7 cm, pink or white, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal, with pink anther. Styles 5, longer than stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 1.0 ‒ 3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.4 cm long, glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from February to May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys; 10 ‒ 700 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	distribution	Distribution United States (Fig. 47).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 68.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480693D14C50507D61247FA38.taxon	discussion	Note The specimen K 000758465, collected from North Carolina, conforms to the protologues of Aiton (1789: 176) and Michaux (1803: 292). We therefore consider the neotype designated by Langenfeld (1991: 152) to be incorrect.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	description	Figs 49 – 50	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Missouri, Daviess, near Pattonsburg, thickets, limestone uplands; 14 Jun. 1924; E. J. Palmer 25466; neotype: S, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 153.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Missouri, Wayne County, Williamsville; 24 Apr. 1912; fl; B. F. Bush 6634; lectotype: A [A 00026607]!, here designated; isoletotype: A [A 00026608]!, GH [GH 00026609]!, NY [NY 01163652]!, US [US 00097444, US 00097445]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Louisiana, Rapides, County, Parish, Pineville; 3 Apr. 1885; fl; C. S. Sargent s. n.; lectotype: A [A 00026605]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A 00026606]!, NY [NY 01163668]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Missouri, Jasper, Webb City, woods; 28 Apr. 1909; fl; E. J. Palmer 1795; lectotype: A [A 00026610]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A 00026611, A 00026612]!, MO [MO- 2217901, MO- 2217902]!, NY [NY 01163653]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Missouri, Dunklin, Campbell, low woods; 22 Apr. 1912; fl; B. F. Bush 6630; lectotype: A [A 00026613]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A 00026614], GH [GH 00026615]!, NY [NY 1163649]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Texas, Kendall County, Boerne; thicks; 25 Mar. 1911; fl; C. S. Sargent s. n.; lectotype: A [A 000283735]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A 000283736]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Illinois • locality unknown; s. d.; st; Anonymous s. n.; A [01861806] • ibid.; st; Anonymous s. n.; A [01861750]. – Indiana: Daviess; s. d.; fl; Anonymous s. n.; GH [01861773] • ibid.; 6 May 1919; fl; Chas. C. Deam No. 26, 267; GH. – Iowa • Iowa State College; 24 Jul. 1926; st; A. Haydeu 14143; PE. – Massachusetts • Norfolk; 24 May 1922; fl; N. T. Kidder s. n.; ECON. – Missouri • Wedd; 28 Apr. 1909; fl; E. J. Palmer 1795; A • Williamsville; 24 Apr. 1912; fl; B. F. Bush 6634; GH. – Oklahoma • Vinita; 5 Aug. 1894; st; B. F. Bush 325; A. – Texas • near Boerne; 24 Mar. 1911; fl; C. S. Sargent s. n.; A • ibid.; 7 Oct. 1910; st; S. H. Hastings s. n.; A • Kendall; 27 May 1916; fr; E. J. Palmer 9911; A. – Wisconsin • Richland; 21 Sep. 1988; st; M. Nee 36806; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	description	Description Small tree, 6 ‒ 8 (10) m high, or shrub, 4 ‒ 7 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.0 ‒ 3.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 3.3 ‒ 8.3 × 1.9 ‒ 4.6 cm, oblong to ovate, base truncate, cuneate or rounded, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous or puberulous, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3 ‒ 5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7 ‒ 2.2 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.1 ‒ 1.5 × 0.7 ‒ 1.1 cm, white, pink or premium pink, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, as long as stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.0 ‒ 3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.1 ‒ 2.5 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from September to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys; 100 ‒ 300 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	distribution	Distribution United States (Fig. 49).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480663D18C50202731260F955.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 68.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	description	Figs 51 – 52	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: COUNTRY UNKNOWN • s. d.; Linnaeus s. n.; holotype: LINN [LINN-HL 647 - 5]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Campbell, Dunklin County; 22 Apr. 1912; fl; B. F. Bush 6631 A; lectotype: A [A 00026590]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [00026588]!, GH [GH 00026589]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Ohio Toledo, Maumee River bank, Walbridge Park; 28 Sep. 1914; fr; R. E. Horsey 253; lectotype: A [A 00026594]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A 00026593, A 00026595]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Illinois, Waukegan; 1 Jun. 1919; fl; E. P. Dewolf s. n.; lectotype: A [A 00026591]!, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Massachussetts, Boston, Jamaica Plain, cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum; 9 Oct. 1903; fr; Anonymous s. n.; lectotype: A [00026634]!, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Louisiana, Winnfield, Winn Parish; 6 Apr. 1913; fl; C. S. Sargent s. n.; lectotype: A [A 00026579]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A 00026580]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • New York, Ontario County, Canandaigua; 19 May 1911; fl.; B. H. Slavin 2; lectotype: A [A 01861241]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A 01861269]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • North Carolina, Highlands, Macon County, Highlands; 20 May 1911; fl; T. G. Harbison 625; holotype: NCU [NCU 00043395]!; isotype: A [A 00026601, A 00026602]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • North Carolina, Buncombe; 29 Apr. 1911; fl; T. G. Harbison 522; holotype: NCU [NCU 00043536]!; isotype: A [A 00026603, A 00026604]!, NCU [NCU 00043537]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • New York, Rochester, Maple Grove Park; 25 May 1904 and 1905; fl; J. Dunbar s. n.; type: A, designated by Rehder 1913: 139.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Missouri, Jackson, Courtney; 29 Apr. 1906; B. F. Bush 3869; lectotype: A [A 00026630]!, here designated; isolectotype: GH [GH 00026631]!, NY [NY 01163660]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • North Carolina, Macon County, Franklin, Tennessee Valley; 22 Apr. 1911; fl; T. G. Harbison 503; type: A [A 00026632, A 00026633]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • Georgia, Habersham County; Oct. 1913; W. W. A s. n.; herbarium unknown.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: USA • North Carolina, Transilvana County, Mills River; 26 Sep. 1917; st; W. W. Ashe 60; lectotype: NY [NY 01163662]!, here designated; isolectotype: NCU [NCU 00000344, NCU 00000345]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Alabama • Valleyhead; 11 Oct. 1911; st; T. G. Harbison s. n.; A • Piedmont; 1 Nov. 1941; st; C. Dorman s. n.; A. – Delaware • New Castle; 15 May 1937; fl; R. R. Tatnall 3296; GH • near Stanton; 13 May 1897; fl; Anonymous s. n.; A [01861073]. – Georgia • Rabun; 2 Jun. 1916; st; T. G. Harbison H 1228; A. – Illinois • Waukegan; 22 Jun. 1920; fl; E. P. Dewolf s. n.; A. – Kentucky • Olympia Spring; 11 Sep. 1913; st; C. S. Sargent s. n.; A. – Louisiana • near Winnfield; 6 Apr.; fl; C. S. Sargent s. n.; A. – Michigan • Oakland; 2 Jun. 1931; fl; O. A. Farwell 8877; GH. – New York • Ontario; 20 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-Long Yan 1067; PE. – North Carolina • Clay; 18 May 1980; fl; D. E. Boufford et al. 22098; HHBG, PE, SZ. – Ohio • Lorain; 13 May and 14 Aug. 1913; fl, fr; F. O. Grover s. n.; NAS • Fairfield; 24 Sep. 1914; st; R. E. Horsey 223; A • Mahoning; 27 May 1917; fl; R. E. Horsey 631; A. – Pennsylvania • Stromberg; 22 May; fl; C. S. Sargent s. n.; A [01861497]. – Virginia • Tip Top; 25 May 1914; fl; T. C. Harbison 1615; A.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 5 ‒ 10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.6 ‒ 2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 4.6 ‒ 5.6 × 2.8 ‒ 3.5 cm, oblong to ovate, base cordate, rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin biserrate or entire, blade glabrous or puberulous, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4 ‒ 6 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0 ‒ 3.3 cm long, crinite or glabrous. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous or puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.2 ‒ 1.9 × 0.7 ‒ 1.3 cm, white, pink or premium pink, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal, with pink or purple anther. Styles 5, as long as or longer than stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.5 ‒ 3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.2 ‒ 4.0 cm long, puberulous or glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers from April to June. Mature fruits from September to November. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys, beside streams or roadsides; 50 ‒ 1000 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	distribution	Distribution United States (Fig. 51).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480643D1CC5540587125CFE2A.taxon	description	Chromosome numbers 2 n = 34, 51, 68.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480603D03C53802851033FB8B.taxon	description	Figs 53 – 54	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480603D03C53802851033FB8B.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: ITALY • South Firenze, Mt. Cuccioli; 27 May 1874 and 23 Aug. 1874; fl, fr; Levier s. n.; neotype: FI [FI 001747]!, designated by K. Browicz 1970: 72; isoneotype: FI [FI 001748, FI 001749]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480603D03C53802851033FB8B.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens ITALY – Abruzzo • L’Àquila; 1 Jul. 2002; fr; C. Navarro et al. CN 3928; PE.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480603D03C53802851033FB8B.taxon	description	Description Tree, rarely ramifications. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.5 ‒ 2.0 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 3.0 ‒ 6.0 cm long, ovate, base rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially pubescent, lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 6 ‒ 8 flowers. Sepals persistent. Petals ca 1.5 ‒ 2.5 cm in diameter, white, obovate or oval. Stamens 20 ‒ 30, unequal. Styles 5, pubescent at base. Pome ca 1.0 cm in diameter, oval or obovate.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480603D03C53802851033FB8B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Albania, Greece, Italy, Serbia and Turkey (Fig. 53).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	description	Figs 55 – 56	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: LEBANON • locality unknown; s. d.; La Billardière s. n.; isotype, P [P 02143277, P 02143278]!, FI [FI 011067]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: SYRIA • Beilan; Monte Amano, on the slopes between the vineyards from Beilan to the Kara Tschausch mountain Houd Dagh; alt. 3000 ft; 22 Jun. 1862; fr.; T. Kotschy s. n.; lectotype: P [P 03776682]!, here designated.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: GREECE • Maronia; 5 May 1876; Anonymous 476; holotype: B [10 _ 0295745]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens LEBANON – Bsharre • Hadet ej Jobbe; 12 Jun. 1933; fl; G. Samuelsson 5940; K • Ehden; 16 Jun. 1933; fl; G. Samuelsson 6119; K. – El • Hermel; 16 Aug. 1945; fr; P. H. Davis 9858; K • locality unknown (Bishare?); 30 Jul. 1855; fr.; Kotschy s. n.; P, SYRIA • locality unknown; s. d.; Kotschy 369; P.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.8 ‒ 4.2 cm long, glabrous. Lamina ca 3.4 ‒ 5.1 × 4.1 ‒ 7.4 cm, ovate, base cordate, equilateral, apex acute, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially pubescent, lobed. Inflorescence umbellate, with 6 ‒ 8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.2 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.4 × 1.0 cm, white, obovate or oval. Stamens 20 ‒ 30, unequal. Styles 5, pubescent at base. Pome ca 1.0 ‒ 2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or ellipsoidal, red. Carpopodium ca 1.2 ‒ 4.5 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from September to October.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution Bulgaria, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey (Fig. 55).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807F3D01C6DF07E411D3F8C3.taxon	discussion	Note The type of Crataegus trilobata (La Billardière s. n.) still exists, therefore the lectotype (Juvernalk s. n.) designated by Langenfeld (1991: 123) is invalid.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	description	Figs 57 – 58	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: VIETNAM • Annam, Lang-bian, on border of forest; alt. 2000 m; st; M. Auguste d’André s. n.; type: P [P 01819344]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Taiwan, Hakku-taisan; 1 Sep. 1910; st; U. Mori s. n.; lectotype: IT, here designated; isotype: IBSC [IBSC 0004357]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: LAOS • Xieng Kouang et Napé; s. d.; fr; C. J. Spire 540; lectotype: P [P 00781058]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P 00781059, P 00781060]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Guangdong, Tsatmukngao, Lianping; alt. 500 ‒ 1000 m; 15 Jul. 1920; fr; R. Mell 657; holotype: WU [WU 0059420]!; isotype: A [A 00032498]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Jiangxi, Xiushui Xian; 7 Jul. 1950; fr; Y. G. Xiong 6669; holotype: PE [PE 00004596]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: CHINA • Fujian, Chongan Xian, on the way from Yongguan to Huangganshan; alt. 1300 m; 2 May 1981; fl; Wuyi Expedition 2414; holotype: IBSC; isotype: FJSI [FJSI 01268, FJSI 012682]!, IBG, PE [PE 00952781]!	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Fujian • Wuping; 10 Sep. 1983; fr; Meihuashan Team 151; FJSI, IBSC • Congan; 12 Aug. 1979; fr; Wuyi Exp 00061; PE • ibid.; 23 Jul. 1974; fr; 236 - 6 Team 829; PE • Guangze; 24 Aug. 1981; fr; P. Lin 8276; AU • Wuyishan; 19 Aug. 1984; fr; H. Y. Zou et al. 20058; CSFI • Yongan; 7 Dec. 1932; st; T. S. Wang 1304; AU • Shaowu; 2 Oct. 1936; fr; H. C. Zhou 5135; IBSC • Nanping; 21 May 1932; st; J. He 2035; PE. – Guangdong • Meizhou; 5 Oct. 2004; fr; X. F. Zeng ZXF 00682; CZH • ibid.; 21 May 2011; st; X. F. Zeng ZXF 11007; CZH • Gaozhou; 23 Jul. 1959; fr; P. C. Zhou 10307; PE • Meixian; 26 Jun. 1957; fr; X. G. Li 201068; PE • Dabu; 9 Jun. 1957; fr; L. Deng 11960; PE • Ruyuan; 29 Jun. 1957; fr; Y. G. Liu 000563; PE • Ta ching; 6 Dec. 1927; st; W. Y. Chun 4840; PE • Guangzhou; 9 Feb. 1953; fl; S. Q. Chen 8199; PE • Heyuan; 28 Jun. 1958; fr; Z. F. Wei 120682; NAS, IBK, KUN, PE. – Guizhou • Leigongshan; 5 Sep. 1959; fr; Qiannan Team 4002; PE, NAS • Zhenfeng; 24 Oct. 1930; fr; Y. Tsiang 4399; PE • Libo; 22 Apr. 2018; fr; R. Qiu 201810055; QNUN. – Hunan • Pingjiang; 21 Apr. 2012; fl; J. X. Li et al. 1674; CSFI • Yizhang; 21 Oct. 1956; fr; L. H. Liu 198; NAS • Xinning; 16 Jul. 1980; fr; Z. C. Luo 391; PE, HUSF • Zhijiang; 24 May 1959; fr; P. X. Tan 62505; FJSI, IBK, IBSC. – Jiangsu • Nanjing; 9 May 1983; fr; D. X. Zuo s. n.; NAS • Lianyungang; 21 Jul. 1984; fr; D. X. Zuo et al. 501; NAS • Fuxi; 17 Aug. 1981; fr; F. Y. Yuan 11109; IBK. – Jiangxi • Linchi; 19 Jul. 1979; fr; D. C. Wu 79 - 023; PE • Xiushui; 1 Aug. 1947; fr; Y. G. Xiong 05439; PE • Suichuan; 24 Sep. 1963; fr; J. S. Yue et al. 4290; PE • ibid.; 9 Nov. 1965; fr; S. S. Lai et al. 5604; IBSC • Jinggangshan; 23 Sep. 1958; st; J. Xiong 2716; PE, LBG • ibid.; 15 Sep. 1979; fr; S. S. Lai, J. L. Wang & S. C. Zhang 113; LBG • Wugongshan; 22 Sep. 1954; fr; Jiangxi Expedition 1457; PE • Xunwu; 20 Jun. 1956; fr; Xiertongxue 1096; IBSC • Xinfeng; 22 Jul. 2018; fr; Z. B. Tang, W. W. Hu & L. Yang T 180722039; GNNU. – Sichuan • Muli; 14 Oct. 1982; fr; F. D. Pu & G. Yao 143; NAS. – Shaanxi • Luojiacun; 14 May 1931; fr; Anonymous 22137; NAS. – Taiwan • Xinzhu; 16 Mar. 1999; fl; G. Z. Yang et al. 5428; PE • Taizhong; 28 Feb. 2001; fl; C. W. Wang & C. Y. Li 04716; PE • ibid.; 5 Jun. 2001; fr; C. M. Wang 05014; PE • Sintikusyu Tikutogun; 13 Oct. 1940; st; Suzuki Tokio ST 20727; PE. – Yunnan • Funing; 25 May 1940; fr; C. W. Wang & Y. Liu 89611; PE • locality unknown; s. d.; fl, fr; Anonymous s. n.; PE [00927626]. – Zhejiang • Lonagquan; s. d.; fr; R. H. Shan et al. 5777; NAS • ibid.; 4 Dec. 1927; fr; W. Y. Chun 5840; NAS • ibid.; 28 Aug. 1957; st; C. F. Zhang & Z. Z. Huang 37; PE • Jingning; Nov. 1958; fr; S. Y. Zhang et al. 24395; NAS • Kaihua; 2 Jun. 1990; fr; Xu, Mei & Chen 0846; ZM • Lishui; 18 Apr. 2016; fl; Q. F. Zahng et al. ZX 00141; CSH • Xianju; 18 May 1960; fr; Anonymous 7998; NAS • Wuyi; 4 Jul. 1985; fr; X. W. Zheng J 8313 - 135; PE • Suichang; 2 May 1959; fr; M. L. She et al. 25791; NAS. LAOS • Xieng Kouang; s. d.; Dr. Spire 1568; P • Tran-ninh; s. d.; Pidance 2; P.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 4 ‒ 10 (15) m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Lamina ca 9.4 × 3.8 cm, oblong to ovate, base rounded or cuneate, oblique, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade pubescent when young then glabrescent, or glabrous. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4 ‒ 5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.5 ‒ 3.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially puberulous, adaxially densely crinite, persistent. Petals yellowish-white, ovate. Stamens ca 30, unequal. Styles 5, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.5 ‒ 5.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests in valleys or mountainous regions; 700 ‒ 2400 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (Fig. 57).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B4807D3D05C57C041D1234FD9C.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480793D0BC57301CF1234FC92.taxon	description	Figs 59 – 60	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480793D0BC57301CF1234FC92.taxon	materials_examined	Examined specimens CHINA – Jilin • Antu; 29 Aug. 1959; fr; P. Y. Fu 1256; IFP • ibid.; 9 Aug. 1979; fr; S. D. Zhao 2447; IFP • Changbai; 26 May 1976; fl; X. Z. Wang s. n.; PE • ibid.; 3 Jul. 1958; fl; F. M. Luo et al. 662; PE. NORTH KOREA – North Hamgyong • Kilju-gun; 25 Aug. 1942; fr; Nakashima s. n.; NAS • locality unknown; 12 Sep. 1962; st; S. E. Liu & S. X. Li 9191; IFP.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480793D0BC57301CF1234FC92.taxon	description	Description Small tree or shrub, 3 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.8 ‒ 2.0 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 3.9 ‒ 4.2 × 2.9 ‒ 3.9 cm, ovate, rarely oblong, base cordate or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin serrulate, blade puberulous, 3 - lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 6 ‒ 8 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.8 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially lanuginous, caducous or persistent. Petals white, ovate. Stamens 20 ‒ 30, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, glabrous. Pome ca 0.8 ‒ 1.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 1.5 cm long, puberulous.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480793D0BC57301CF1234FC92.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in shrubs; 1100 ‒ 1300 m a. s. l.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480793D0BC57301CF1234FC92.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Henan, Jilin), North Korea, and South Korea (Fig. 59).	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
273C87B480793D0BC57301CF1234FC92.taxon	description	Chromosome number 2 n = 34.	en	Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019
