identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
543E8C277C6DFA77FDF2FDD6FA941BEB.text	543E8C277C6DFA77FDF2FDD6FA941BEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Wheeler 1910	<div><p>Genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler, 1910</p> <p>Review of Afrotropical Nesomyrmex species groups</p> <p>Synoptic list of Afrotropical Nesomyrmex species</p> <p>Nesomyrmex angulatus species group</p> <p>Nesomyrmex angulatus (Mayr, 1862) [Algeria, Botswana, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Tunisia, Yemen, Zimbabwe]</p> <p>= Nesomyrmex angulatus ilgii (Forel, 1894)</p> <p>= Nesomyrmex latinodis (Mayr, 1895)</p> <p>= Nesomyrmex angulatus concolor (Santschi, 1914)</p> <p>Nesomyrmex denticulatus (Mayr, 1901) [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex evelynae (Forel, 1916) [Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Ghana, D. R. Congo, Kenya, Uganda]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex grisoni (Forel, 1916) [Central African Republic, D. R. Congo, Ghana]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex inhaca sp. nov. [Mozambique]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex innocens (Forel, 1913) [D. R. Congo, Kenya]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex stramineus (Arnold, 1948) [South Africa, Swaziland]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex cataulacoides species group</p> <p>Nesomyrmex cataulacoides (Snelling, 1992) [Cameroon, Kenya]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex humerosus species group</p> <p>Nesomyrmex humerosus (Emery, 1896) [Kenya, Tanzania, Yemen]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex simoni species group</p> <p>Nesomyrmex antoinetteae Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex braunsi (Forel, 1912) [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex cederbergensis Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex entabeni Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex ezantsi Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex inye Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex karooensis Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex koebergensis Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex larsenae Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex mcgregori Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex nanniae Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex njengelanga Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex ruani Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex saasveldensis Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex simoni (Emery, 1895) [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex tshiguvhoae Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>Nesomyrmex vannoorti Mbanyana &amp; Robertson, 2008 [South Africa]</p> <p>The following newly developed identification key to species groups is loosely based on Bolton (1982) and Mbanyana &amp; Robertson (2008), and also incorporates ideas from Snelling (1992).</p> <p>Identification key to Afrotropical Nesomyrmex species groups (workers)</p> <p>1. Antennae with 11 segments (Fig. 2A); petiolar node and postpetiole with conspicuous and very well developed lateral spines (Fig. 2B) …………………………………… N. cataulacoides group</p> <p>– Antennae with 12 segments (Fig. 2D); petiolar node and postpetiole never with conspicuous and very well developed lateral spines as above, at most petiolar node with small, lateral denticles (Fig. 2C, E–F) ………………………………………………………………………………………2</p> <p>2. Anterior clypeal lobe short, flat-margined, and never convex, lobe with a small median triangular projection (Fig. 3A); pronotum anterodorsally sharply marginate, with sharp, dentate corners (Fig. 2C); petiole barrel-shaped with very weakly developed, short and triangular petiolar node (Fig. 3B) ……………………………………………………………………… N. humerosus group</p> <p>– Anterior clypeal lobe always conspicuously developed, usually convex and variably rounded, sometimes flat, but never with a small median triangular projection (Fig. 3C); pronotum anterodorsally either rounded or weakly marginate but without sharp, dentate corners (Fig. 2 E–F); petiole variably shaped, but never as above, usually with very well developed petiolar node (Fig. 3D) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………3</p> <p>3. Propodeal spines present and conspicuous, usually long and narrow, in profile distinctly longer than their basal width (Fig. 4 A–B); hairs on dorsum of mesosoma always present, short, and blunt (Fig. 4 A–B) …………………………………………………………………… N. angulatus group</p> <p>– Propodeal spines usually absent (Fig. 4D), if present, then very short and broad, in profile no longer than their basal width (Fig. 4C); hairs on dorsum of mesosoma variably developed: usually long, fine and acute, sometimes absent, and only very rarely short and blunt …………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… N. simoni group</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C6DFA77FDF2FDD6FA941BEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C6EFA76FF50FEACFC111954.text	543E8C277C6EFA76FF50FEACFC111954.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Angulatus (Mayr 1862)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex angulatus species group</p> <p>Definition</p> <p>Antennae with 12 segments; anterior clypeal lobe conspicuously convex, rounded and without a small median triangular projection; frontal carinae absent; propodeum always with moderately long to long spines, in profile distinctly longer than their basal width; petiole and postpetiole without large lateral spines, petiole sometimes with small denticles; all dorsal surfaces of body with short, blunt pilosity (with the exception of N. evelynae, which lacks standing hairs on most of first gastral tergite).</p> <p>Comments</p> <p>This group contains seven species that are widely distributed in the Afrotropical region, with one species extending into the Palaearctic and Malagasy regions. All species appear to be arboreal or subarboreal. Species accounts for all group members are provided below in the review of the group. The alpha taxonomy of the group appears straightforward based on the literature (Bolton 1982; Mbanyana &amp; Robertson 2008). However, we find some species delimitations quite problematic (see species accounts below) and it might be necessary to revise the N. angulatus species group in the future after the accumulation of more material from additional Afrotropical localities.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C6EFA76FF50FEACFC111954	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C6EFA76FF50FCC9FB151C01.text	543E8C277C6EFA76FF50FCC9FB151C01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Cataulacoides (Snelling 1992)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex cataulacoides species group</p> <p>Definition</p> <p>Antennae with 11 segments; anterior clypeal lobe conspicuously convex and rounded, without a small median triangular projection; frontal carinae absent; propodeal spines very well developed, long and spiniform; petiole and postpetiole each with a pair of large and conspicuous lateral spines; all dorsal surfaces of body without standing pilosity.</p> <p>Comments</p> <p>The N. cataulacoides species group holds only one morphologically bizarre and extraordinary species, which is impossible to confuse with any other Nesomyrmex species from the Afrotropical or any other region. The 11-segmented antennae, lack of standing pilosity on all dorsal surfaces, and the extreme spinosity render N. cataulacoides immediately recognizable. The possession of spines/teeth on the anterior pronotal corners, the anterior and posterior propodeum, and on both waist segments is unique within the genus. The affinities of N. cataulacoides to other Nesomyrmex are difficult to ascertain, mostly due to the extreme morphological specializations. So far it is not possible to associate it closely with any other Nesomyrmex species or species group. Currently, the species is known only from Cameroon and Kenya. Based on the few collections available, this species is strictly arboreal. The observed disjunctive distribution is most likely a sampling artefact due to the scarcity of collecting in Central African canopies, and we expect that N. cataulacoides will be collected in intermediate countries in the future.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C6EFA76FF50FCC9FB151C01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C6EFA7AFF50F99CFC0718BA.text	543E8C277C6EFA7AFF50F99CFC0718BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Humerosus (Emery 1896)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex humerosus species group</p> <p>Definition</p> <p>Antennae with 12 segments; anterior clypeal lobe short, flat-margined, and never convex, with small median triangular projection; frontal carinae present, but weakly developed; propodeal spines very well developed, long and spiniform; petiole and postpetiole without lateral spines; all dorsal surfaces of body with short, blunt pilosity.</p> <p>Comments</p> <p>This group contains only one species, which is morphologically quite unique in the Afrotropical region. Of special importance are the short, flat-margined anterior clypeal lobe with a small median triangular projection and the barrel-shaped petiolar node with its small, triangular node. These characters are in slightly modified ways also seen in several Neotropical and Malagasy species, while they are absent in the other Afrotropical species groups. However, the fact that N. humerosus shares these characters with species from other regions does not necessarily mean that N. humerosus is more closely related to them. It could also be an independent African lineage and similarities with species from other regions might be based on convergence. Despite the fact that N. humerosus does not resemble most species from the N. simoni group, it still shares characters with some species, such as the large eyes and the shape of the dorsal mesosomal outline, and it could be that N. humerosus is just an aberrant N. simoni group member. At present, it is not possible to deduce the biogeographical and phylogenetic affinities of this peculiar species. Currently, N. humerosus is known to occur in Kenya, Tanzania and Yemen. It is a rather rarely collected species and our scarce knowledge is based on just four collection events. Based on a sample collected in Kenya by the first author, it seems to live on vegetation, but it was also sampled from the ground in Tanzania and Yemen. It is possible that the species also occurs in other East African countries, such as Somalia and Mozambique, which are greatly under-sampled.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C6EFA7AFF50F99CFC0718BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C62FA7AFF50FD77FB6D1ED7.text	543E8C277C62FA7AFF50FD77FB6D1ED7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Simoni (Emery 1895)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex simoni species group</p> <p>Definition</p> <p>Antennae with 12 segments; anterior clypeal lobe conspicuously convex and rounded, without a small median triangular projection; frontal carinae absent; propodeum usually unarmed, rarely with short teeth, in profile no longer than their basal width; petiole and postpetiole without lateral spines; usually all dorsal surfaces of body with (mostly) long, fine or (rarely) short, blunt standing pilosity, sometimes pilosity reduced on a few body parts, but never completely absent from all dorsal surfaces.</p> <p>Comments</p> <p>The 17 species of this group are all endemic to South Africa. In contrast to the members of most other Afrotropical groups, all N. simoni group species nest and live on the ground. Mbanyana &amp; Robertson (2008) revised this group extensively, provided a sound and functional species identification key, and presented detailed descriptions of all species. Consequently, in this study we do not go into further details concerning the N. simoni group and refer to Mbanyana &amp; Robertson (2008).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C62FA7AFF50FD77FB6D1ED7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C62FA7FFF07FA82FA9418D5.text	543E8C277C62FA7FFF07FA82FA9418D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Angulatus (Mayr 1862)	<div><p>Identification key to Afrotropical species of the N. angulatus species group (workers)</p> <p>Review of the Nesomyrmex angulatus species group</p> <p>The following key is partly based on Bolton (1982) and Mbanyana &amp; Robertson (2008).</p> <p>1. In profile mesosomal dorsum forming a single, uninterrupted flat surface without any trace of metanotal groove; petiolar peduncle short (Fig. 8A) …………………………………………………2</p> <p>– In profile mesosomal dorsum always with conspicuously impressed metanotal groove; petiolar peduncle long (Fig. 8B) ……………………………………………………………………………3</p> <p>2. Body colour yellow to very light brown (Fig. 9A) …………………… N. angulatus (Mayr, 1862)</p> <p>– Body colour very dark brown to black (Fig. 9B) ……………………… N. grisoni (Forel, 1916)</p> <p>3. First gastral tergite lacking standing hairs except for single transverse row on posterior end of tergite (Fig. 10A) ………………………………………………………… N. evelynae (Forel, 1916)</p> <p>– First gastral tergite with standing hairs evenly distributed throughout (Fig. 10B) ………………4</p> <p>4. Antennal scapes conspicuously longer (SI 95–98); in dorsal view sides of petiolar node straight to weakly rounded, not laterally denticulate (Fig. 11A); dorsum of propodeum without standing hairs (Fig. 11B) ………………………………………………………………………… N. inhaca sp. nov.</p> <p>– Antennal scapes conspicuously shorter (SI 67–77); in dorsal view petiolar node laterally denticulate (Fig. 11C); dorsum of propodeum with short standing hairs (Fig. 11D) ………………5</p> <p>5. Eyes larger, with 10–12 ommatidia in longest row (Fig. 12A); subpetiolar process with a conspicuous tooth anteriorly, followed by a long cuticular flange running back to the postpetiolar junction (Fig. 12A) …………………………………………………… N. denticulatus (Mayr, 1901)</p> <p>– Eyes smaller, with 7–9 ommatidia in longest row (Fig. 12B); subpetiolar process with or without a conspicuously developed tooth anteriorly, but without a long cuticular flange running back to the postpetiolar junction (Fig. 12B) ……………………………………………………………………6</p> <p>6. Propodeal spines shorter and thicker, elongate-triangular and only weakly longer than their basal width; in profile petiolar node nodiform, appearing approximately as long as high (Fig. 13A) …………………………………………………………………………… N. innocens (Forel, 1913)</p> <p>– Propodeal spines longer and thinner, several times longer than their basal width; in profile petiolar node high, rectangular nodiform, appearing around twice as high as long (Fig. 13B) ……………………………………………………………………… N. stramineus (Arnold, 1948)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C62FA7FFF07FA82FA9418D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C67FA61FD86FD48FB6719E0.text	543E8C277C67FA61FD86FD48FB6719E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Angulatus (Mayr 1862)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex angulatus (Mayr 1862)</p> <p>Figs 3 C–D, 4B, 8A, 9A, 14</p> <p>Leptothorax angulatus Mayr, 1862: 739 (w.), Egypt.</p> <p>Leptothorax angulatus var. concolor Santschi, 1914: 107, fig. 15 (w.), Kenya.</p> <p>Leptothorax angulatus r. ilgii Forel, 1894: 82 (w.), Ethiopia.</p> <p>Leptothorax latinodis Mayr, 1895: 130 (w.), Mozambique.</p> <p>Leptothorax angulatus – Santschi 1914: 107 (q.).</p> <p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) angulatus – Emery 1896: 58 (footnote).</p> <p>Nesomyrmex angulatus – Bolton 2003: 272. See also: Mbanyana &amp; Robertson 2008: 38. (Current subspecies: nominal plus lybica.)</p> <p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) angulatus r. ilgii – Santschi 1912: 148 (q.). — W.M. Wheeler 1922: 891. (Junior synonym of angulatus: Bolton 1982: 324.)</p> <p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) latinodis – Emery 1896: 58 (footnote). (Junior synonym of angulatus: Bolton 1982: 324.)</p> <p>Leptothorax angulatus var. concolor – Emery 1915: 16 (q.m.). (Junior synonym of angulatus: Bolton 1982: 324.)</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The following character combination distinguishes N. angulatus from the other members of the group: in profile mesosomal dorsum forming a single, uninterrupted flat surface without any trace of metanotal groove; petiolar peduncle short; body colour yellow to very light brown.</p> <p>Diagnostic comments</p> <p>Nesomyrmex angulatus together with N. grisoni are easily separable from the other members of the group on the basis of the dorsal mesosomal outline, which is an uninterrupted, flat surface without any trace of a metanotal groove. The separation of N. angulatus from N. grisoni is less clear though. As Bolton (1982) stated in his revision, the only differentiating character is body colour, which is yellowish in N. angulatus and dark brown to black in N. grisoni. In general, body coloration is a rather weak diagnostic character and extremely variable in many ant species, and it is likely that both species are actually conspecific and the differently coloured forms represent geographic or ecological variants. The latter seems probable if one considers that N. angulatus is predominantly an arid-adapted species, while N. grisoni appears to prefer humid rain forests. Nevertheless, at the moment we hesitate to synonymise the two species and prefer to keep them separate for the following reasons. First, while there is a lot of material of N. angulatus in many museums, there is not much of N. grisoni, making comparative analyses challenging. Secondly, and more importantly, we are not fully convinced that all the material currently listed and identified as N. angulatus represents the same species. On the basis of some recent collections from Kenya and Mozambique we were able to observe a lot of morphological variation within and between localities. As already noted by Bolton (1982), the shape of the petiolar node seems to be especially variable. Consequently, we cannot rule out the possibility of dealing with a complex of more or less cryptic species. At the same time it is possible that N. angulatus is not only a very successful and widespread, but also an extremely variable species. The solution to this problem is not the aim of this study, since it requires the accumulation of an extensive amount of material from all over Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Malagasy region.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Nesomyrmex angulatus was collected from a variety of habitat types, such as tropical dry forest, coastal scrub, mangrove forest, savannah, and Acacia woodland. In general it seems as if the species prefers comparatively arid environments. In addition, it is predominantly found on the trunk of trees or the lower vegetation, rarely on the ground, and it nests in pre-existing cavities of dead wood (Bolton 1982; Mbanyana &amp; Robertson 2008).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>This species has by far the widest distribution range within the N. angulatus group, and likely represents the most widespread Nesomyrmex species on a global scale. It is found in the majority of African countries, as well as on the Arabian Peninsula and in most of the Malagasy region.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C67FA61FD86FD48FB6719E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C79FA63FD96FBBDFD631BCE.text	543E8C277C79FA63FD96FBBDFD631BCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Denticulatus (Mayr 1901)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex denticulatus (Mayr, 1901)</p> <p>Figs 10B, 11 C–D, 12A, 15</p> <p>Leptothorax denticulatus Mayr, 1901: 5 (w.q.), South Africa.</p> <p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) denticulatus – W.M. Wheeler 1922: 891.</p> <p>Nesomyrmex denticulatus – Bolton 2003: 272 (see also Bolton 1982: 328; Mbanyana &amp; Robertson 2008: 38).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The following character combination separates N. denticulatus from the remainder of the group: eyes with 10–12 ommatidia in longest row; in profile mesosomal dorsum with conspicuously impressed metanotal groove; in dorsal view petiolar node laterally denticulate; subpetiolar process with a conspicuous tooth anteriorly followed by a long cuticular flange which runs back to the postpetiolar junction; dorsum of propodeum with standing hairs; first gastral tergite with standing hairs evenly distributed throughout.</p> <p>Diagnostic comments</p> <p>The three species, N. denticulatus, N. innocens and N. stramineus, are morphologically very similar and can be well separated from the other species by the laterally denticulate petiolar node. The separation of these three can be challenging though. Nesomyrmex denticulatus is larger in general body size, has larger eyes with more ommatidia, and a subpetiolar process with a conspicuous tooth anteriorly, followed by a long cuticular flange which runs back to the postpetiolar junction, and slightly denser pilosity.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>This species usually nests in cavities of branches on trees and bushes previously excavated by woodboring beetles, lepidopteran larvae or termites (Mbanyana &amp; Robertson 2008). It is found in a variety</p> <p>of more arid habitats, such as late succession Fynbos, Succulent Karoo with large bushes, along edges of Southern Afrotemperate Forest, and possibly also Albany Thicket (Mbanyana &amp; Robertson 2008).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Nesomyrmex denticulatus is only known from South Africa, where it seems to be relatively common in the Western and Eastern Cape regions.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C79FA63FD96FBBDFD631BCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C7BFA63FDF8FDA3FB111C5F.text	543E8C277C7BFA63FDF8FDA3FB111C5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Evelynae (Forel 1916)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex evelynae (Forel, 1916)</p> <p>Figs 2D, 4A, 10A, 16</p> <p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) evelynae Forel, 1916: 423 (w.q.), D.R. Congo.</p> <p>Nesomyrmex evelynae – Bolton 2003: 272 (see also Bolton 1982: 328).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The following character combination distinguishes N. evelynae from the other species of the group: in profile mesosomal dorsum with conspicuously impressed metanotal groove; petiolar peduncle long; dorsum of propodeum without standing hairs; first gastral tergite lacking standing hairs except for single transverse row on posterior end of tergite.</p> <p>Diagnostic comments</p> <p>The recognition of this species within the N. angulatus group is fairly straightforward, since it is the only one that lacks standing hairs on most of the first gastral tergite while all other group species have standing hairs evenly distributed throughout this tergite. It also lacks standing hairs on the propodeum, a character shared only with N. inhaca sp. nov., whereas the other five species have short, standing pilosity on the propodeum.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>It prefers rain forests where it lives in the canopy stratum. Based on canopy fogging samples from Kenya available to the first author, it appears that this species is found commonly on trees, even though in small individual numbers, suggesting smaller colony sizes.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Nesomyrmex evelynae is found in Equatorial Africa ranging from Burkina Faso and Ghana in the west through the Central African Republic and the D.R. Congo to Uganda and Kenya in the east. The known distribution is disjunctive since N. evelynae is not known from the countries between Ghana and the Central African Republic and the D.R. Congo. We consider this more of a sampling artefact though, and expect the species to be collected from the countries in between in future sampling projects.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C7BFA63FDF8FDA3FB111C5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C7BFA64FDF6F9D2FAA818D2.text	543E8C277C7BFA64FDF6F9D2FAA818D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Grisoni (Forel 1916)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex grisoni (Forel, 1916)</p> <p>Figs 9B, 17</p> <p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) grisoni Forel, 1916: 425 (w.q.). D.R. Congo.</p> <p>Nesomyrmex grisoni – Bolton 2003: 272 (see also Bolton 1982: 329).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The following character combination distinguishes N. grisoni from the other species of the group: in profile mesosomal dorsum forming a single, uninterrupted flat surface without any trace of metanotal groove; petiolar peduncle short; body colour dark brown to black.</p> <p>Diagnostic comments</p> <p>As mentioned above, N. grisoni and N. angulatus are straightforwardly distinguishable from the remainder of the group. At the same time they are morphologically very close to each other and only separable on the basis of body colour. For a more in-depth discussion we refer to the species account of N. angulatus.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Very little information about the natural history of this species is available. It seems to live on vegetation in rain forest habitats.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Nesomyrmex grisoni is only known from the Central African Republic, the D.R. Congo and Ghana.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C7BFA64FDF6F9D2FAA818D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C7CFA69FDD7FD4FFCF71E70.text	543E8C277C7CFA69FDD7FD4FFCF71E70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Inhaca Garcia & Mbanyana & Audisio & Alpert 2017	<div><p>Nesomyrmex inhaca sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C33B5A40-C3C0-4860-BD38-C99AC2D774A3</p> <p>Figs 11 A–B, 18</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The following character combination distinguishes N. inhaca sp. nov. from the other members of the N. angulatus group: in profile mesosomal dorsum with conspicuously impressed metanotal groove; in dorsal view petiolar node not laterally denticulate; dorsum of propodeum without standing hairs; first gastral tergite with standing hairs evenly distributed throughout.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The new species is named after the type locality, Inhaca Island, to the southeast of Mozambique. The species epithet is a noun in apposition and thus invariant.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>MOZAMBIQUE: pinned worker, Maputo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.904724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.035833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.904724/lat -26.035833)">Inhaca Island</a>, 26°2′9″ S, 32°54′17″ E, 1 m, secondary forest, low vegetation, 21 Jun. 1992, G.D. Alpert leg. (MCZC: MCZ-ENT00593557).</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>MOZAMBIQUE: 6 pinned workers, same collection data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0790018;</p> <p>HLMD: HLMD-Hym-2395; KSMA: CASENT0790019; MCZC: CASENT0790017; SAMC: CASENT0790022; ZFMK: CASENT0790020).</p> <p>Worker measurements (n=7)</p> <p>HL 0.69–0.73 (0.71); HW 0.50–0.53 (0.51); SL 0.47–0.51 (0.50); EL 0.16–0.17 (0.17); PH 0.26–0.28 (0.27); PW 0.41–0.42 (0.41); WL 0.85–0.88 (0.87); PSL 0.12–0.13 (0.12); PTL 0.14–0.16 (0.15); PTH 0.21–0.22 (0.22); PTW 0.19–0.20 (0.19); PPL 0.18–0.20 (0.19); PPH 0.21–0.22 (0.21); PPW 0.27–0.28 (0.28); CI 71–73 (72); SI 95–98 (96); OI 30–33 (32); DMI 47–49 (48); LMI 31–32 (32); PSLI 16–18 (17); LPeI 64–70 (69); DPeI 127–141 (131); LPpI 86–93 (89); DPpI 140–147 (145); PPI 138–147 (143).</p> <p>Worker description</p> <p>HEAD. Masticatory margin of mandible with five teeth, decreasing in size from largest, acute apical tooth to smallest basal denticle; clypeus arched-convex to almost triangular, anterior margin with slightly darker, lamellate, flattened ridge all-around; head in full-face view appearing relatively narrow, much longer than broad (CI 71–73), sides of head approximately straight, gently broadening behind eye level, narrowest directly behind posterior eye margin, and widest halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin; posterior head margin concave medially; frontal carinae and antennal scrobes absent; antennal scapes moderately long, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 95–98). Eyes relatively large (OI 29–33), with eight to nine ommatidia in the longest row.</p> <p>MESOSOMA. In lateral view mesosomal outline relatively low (LMI 31–32) and flat with conspicuously impressed metanotal groove; promesonotal suture present laterally and completely absent dorsally; pronotum moderately marginate between lateral and dorsal mesosoma, anterodorsal corners not denticulate; propodeum armed with short to moderately long propodeal spines (PSLI 16–18), in profile spines distinctly longer than their basal width; propodeal lobes low and rounded.</p> <p>WAIST SEGMENTS AND GASTER. Petiolar peduncle long, anteriorly with a small tooth-like subpetiolar process; in profile petiolar node relatively low and globular, between 1.4 and 1.5 times as high as long (LPeI 64–70); anterior face smoothly merging with peduncle and petiolar dorsum without any angles, posterior face slightly better developed; node in dorsal view about 1.3 to 1.4 times as wide as long (DPeI 127–141); in dorsal view petiolar node not laterally denticulate; in profile postpetiole globular, about 1.1 to 1.2 times as high as long (LPpI 86–93); in dorsal view about 1.4 and 1.5 times as wide as long (DPpI 140–147); postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.5 times as wide as petiolar node (PPI 138–147).</p> <p>SCULPTURE. Mandibles shagreened to partly smooth and shiny, sometimes with very weak, superficial, irregular, longitudinal rugulae; median clypeal carina present and conspicuous, usually accompanied by one or two lateral, longitudinal, and slightly weaker rugae on each side; cephalic dorsum posteriorly and laterally strongly reticulate-rugose, medially more irregularly longitudinally rugose, ground sculpture conspicuously reticulate-punctulate; mesosoma laterally and dorsally with distinct reticulate-punctulate ground sculpture, lateral mesosoma conspicuously reticulate-rugose, dorsum reticulate-rugose with some irregular, longitudinal elements medially; legs unsculptured, smooth and shining; petiole and postpetiole with irregular reticulate-rugose sculpture superimposed on reticulate-punctulate ground sculpture; sculpture of first gastral tergite variable, some specimens only with reticulate-punctulate ground sculpture, other specimens irregularly rugose/rugulose on top of reticulate-punctulate ground sculpture.</p> <p>PILOSITY AND PUBESCENCE. Head, mesosoma, waist segments and gaster dorsally with sparse, erect, blunt, and moderately long pilosity, hairs shorter on head and mesosoma than on waist segments and gaster; head laterally and ventrally with short appressed to decumbent pubescence; pubescence on mesosoma and waist segments sparse to absent; first gastral tergite with short to moderately long, appressed to decumbent pubescence.</p> <p>COLORATION. Body uniformly yellowish to light brown, in a few specimens legs slightly lighter yellow, almost white.</p> <p>Diagnostic comments</p> <p>Within the members of the N. angulatus species group, N. inhaca sp. nov. cannot be mistaken for N. evelynae since the latter is devoid of standing hairs on the first gastral tergite except for a single transverse row on the posterior end of the tergite, and also has very long propodeal spines and a relatively high petiolar node. Nesomyrmex inhaca sp. nov. has short, standing hairs evenly distributed throughout the first gastral tergite, shorter propodeal spines and a much lower petiolar node. The species pair N. angulatus and N. grisoni both do not possess a trace of a metanotal groove, which is obviously present in N. inhaca sp. nov. and thus it is not likely these species will be confused. Nevertheless, N. inhaca sp. nov. is morphologically closer to the trio of species N. denticulatus, N. innocens and N. stramineus. These three are, however, easily separable since they possess a petiolar node with distinct lateral denticles and have standing hairs on the propodeal dorsum, while N. inhaca sp. nov. lacks both the lateral petiolar denticles and the standing hairs on the propodeum. Moreover, N. inhaca sp. nov. has apparently longer antennal scapes based on the much higher SI (94–95) compared to the other three species (SI 67–77). This is partly due to the fact that N. inhaca sp. nov. has indeed relatively longer antennal scapes, but the comparatively narrow head with low values of HW contributes to these high SI values. Therefore, we suggest being cautious with scape length as the single diagnostic character.</p> <p>Intraspecific variation</p> <p>Since the description is based on just one collection event, the observed intraspecific variation seen in the worker caste is very low. However, the sculpture on the first gastral tergite shows some variability, as described above.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Nesomyrmex inhaca sp. nov. was sampled from low vegetation in secondary forest at an elevation of 1 m. Apart from this, nothing is known of its natural history.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The new species is so far only known from one collection event on Inhaca Island in the southeast of Mozambique. Despite this apparently restricted distribution to just one island, we are reluctant to declare N. inhaca sp. nov. as endemic to Inhaca Island. With the noticeable exception of the area around Gorongosa, most of Mozambique remains severely under-sampled and our knowledge of local ant communities and species distributions is very poor to non-existent. Consequently, it is possible that N. inhaca sp. nov. will also be found on the mainland.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C7CFA69FDD7FD4FFCF71E70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C71FA6BFD85FB2DFAD3187D.text	543E8C277C71FA6BFD85FB2DFAD3187D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Innocens (Forel 1913)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex innocens (Forel, 1913)</p> <p>Figs 12B, 13A, 19</p> <p>Tetramorium (Leptothorax) innocens Forel, 1913: 317 (w.), D.R. Congo.</p> <p>Leptothorax innocens – Forel 1916: 425.</p> <p>Nesomyrmex innocens – Bolton 2003: 272 (see also Bolton 1982: 330).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The following character combination distinguishes N. innocens from the other members of the group: eyes with 7–9 ommatidia in longest row; in profile mesosomal dorsum with conspicuously impressed metanotal groove; propodeal spines short and thick, elongate-triangular and only weakly longer than their basal width; in profile petiolar node nodiform, appearing approximately as long as high; in dorsal view petiolar node laterally denticulate; subpetiolar process without a long cuticular flange running back to the postpetiolar junction; dorsum of propodeum with standing hairs; first gastral tergite with standing hairs evenly distributed throughout.</p> <p>Diagnostic comments</p> <p>As noted in the description of N.denticulatus, the latter, N.innocens and N. stramineus are morphologically relatively close. Nesomyrmex innocens and N. stramineus differ from N. denticulatus by generally smaller body size, smaller eyes with less ommatidia, and a subpetiolar process without a long cuticular flange running back to the postpetiolar junction. The separation of N. innocens and N. stramineus is a bit more difficult, as already mentioned by Bolton (1982). Nesomyrmex innocens has shorter and thicker propodeal spines and a lower and thicker petiolar node compared to N. stramineus. It is not clear at the moment whether or not these character states are sufficient to maintain their heterospecificity in the long term. Bolton (1982) had some doubts about this, too, and it is possible that they represent geographical varieties of the same species. However, at present, based on the scarcity of the material, especially of N. innocens, we treat them as two different species.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Based on the limited data available, N. innocens nests in the stem of trees.</p> <p>Distribution and biology</p> <p>This species is only known from very few specimens, collected from the D.R. Congo and Kenya.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C71FA6BFD85FB2DFAD3187D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
543E8C277C73FA6BFD93FD30FDF11C65.text	543E8C277C73FA6BFD93FD30FDF11C65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex Stramineus (Arnold 1948)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex stramineus (Arnold, 1948)</p> <p>Figs 2D, 8B, 13B, 20</p> <p>Limnomyrmex stramineus Arnold, 1948: 223 (w.), South Africa.</p> <p>Leptothorax stramineus – Brown 1971: 4.</p> <p>Nesomyrmex stramineus – Bolton 2003: 272 (see also Bolton 1982: 332; Mbanyana &amp; Robertson 2008: 38).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The following character combination distinguishes N. stramineus from the other species of the group: eyes with 7–9 ommatidia in longest row; in profile mesosomal dorsum with conspicuously impressed metanotal groove; propodeal spines relatively long and thin, several times longer than their basal width; in profile petiolar node high, rectangular nodiform, appearing around twice as high as long; in dorsal view petiolar node laterally denticulate; subpetiolar process without a long cuticular flange running back to the postpetiolar junction; dorsum of propodeum with standing hairs; first gastral tergite with standing hairs evenly distributed throughout.</p> <p>Diagnostic comments</p> <p>As pointed out above, N. stramineus is very close to N. denticulatus and N. innocens. For more details on its differentiation from them we refer to the species account of N. innocens.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Nesomyrmex stramineus was sampled in savannah woodlands and Afromontane forests, where it lives in dead wood on trees (Mbanyana &amp; Robertson 2008).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>This species occurs only in South Africa and Swaziland. It seems to be rather rare since it is only known from a few collection events.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/543E8C277C73FA6BFD93FD30FDF11C65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Garcia, Francisco Hita;Mbanyana, Nokuthula;Audisio, Tracy Lynn;Alpert, Gary D.	Garcia, Francisco Hita, Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Audisio, Tracy Lynn, Alpert, Gary D. (2017): Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
