identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AC6921C3313761FF05464BFEF374CA.text	03AC6921C3313761FF05464BFEF374CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania Risso 1826	<div><p>Genus Alvania Risso, 1826</p> <p>Type species: Alvania europea Risso, 1826: 142, pl. IX, fig. 116 = Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) by subsequent designation (Nevill, 1885).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C3313761FF05464BFEF374CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C3313769FF0546E0FC1C7465.text	03AC6921C3313769FF0546E0FC1C7465.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania scabra (Philippi 1844)	<div><p>Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844)</p> <p>(Figs 1 A–R; 2A–J; 3; 14A–C; 15A–C; 18A–D; Table II)</p> <p>Rissoa scabra Philippi, 1844: 126, pl. 23, fig. 8</p> <p>Rissoa oranica Pallary, 1900: 322, pl. VII, fig. 4</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Rissoa oranica; Pallary, 1920: 50, fig. 20 and 30.</p> <p>Alvania oranica; van Aartsen, 1982: 5, 6, 12 unnumbered figs; Giannuzzi Savelli et al., 2002: 109, figs 446–447; Perna, 2013: 63, 2 unnumbered figs, 64, 2 unnumbered figs.</p> <p>Alvania scabra; Bogi et al., 1983: 6, fig. 11; van Aartsen et al., 1984: 24, fig. 102 (two figures); Oliver &amp; Templado, 2009: 61 and 63, figs 17–19 and 26–27; Gofas et al., 2011: 183, 3 unnumbered figs; Scaperrotta et al., 2012: 53, 5 unnumbered figs; Bitlis &amp; Öztürk, 2017: 404, fig. 5I, J; Villari &amp; Scuderi, 2017: 197, fig. 16–19; Villari, 2018: 940, 941, figs 10–16; 20; Scaperrotta et al., 2019: 143, pl. IV, fig. H.</p> <p>Type material. Rissoa scabra Philippi: Neotype (MCZR-M-22162/N, Monterosato coll.) (Figs 1 A–C; 15A–C) here designated (H 1.9 mm, W 1.15 mm), type locality: Magnisi (Italy). Rissoa oranica Pallary: Lectotype (MCZR- M-22059/L) here designated (H 2.25 mm, W 1.35 mm) (Figs 2 A–C) and 41 paralectotypes (MCZR-M-22059/P, Monterosato coll. ex Pallary coll.) (including one shell of A. sculptilis), type locality: Arzew, Oran (Algeria).</p> <p>Other material examined. Morocco: Al Hoceima, 2 sh (CS-PM). Algeria: Oran, 40 sh (MCZR-M-22161). Spain: Columbretes Islands, 15 m depth, 15 sh (JT, JDO); Portichol, Javea, Alicante, 2 m depth, 15 sh (JT, JDO); Cabo de Palos, 1 sh (BA); Cala de los Canuelos (Maro), 36°44.5’N 03°47.3’W, rocks, photophile algae 8–10 m depth vii.1999, 6 sh (SG); Los Escullos, San José, Almería, 36°47.8’N 02°03.6’W, rocks, photophile algae 1–5 m depth, 12 sh (SG); Playa del Embarcadero, Los Escullos, Almería, infralittoral rocks i.1990 49 sh (MNHN), 5 sh (MNHN.AN29); Playazo de Rodalquilar, Almería, infralittoral rocks i.1990, 1 sh (MNHN); Calahonda, Malága, 36°29.4’N 04°41.8’W, rocks, photophylous algae, low tide, 6 sh (SG); Benalmadena-Costa, beached 36°35.3’N 04°31.7’W 3 lv (SG); Getares, Punta Carnero, beached 40 sh (CS-PM); 1 sh (BA). Balearic Islands: Colonian Sant’Jordi (Majorca Is.), 0.50 m depth, Caulerpa sp., 15 lv (CS-PM), 1 sh (BA); Punta de na Gall (Menorca Is.), 10 m depth, 20 sh (JT, JDO). France: Port de St-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, 1 sh. (Gilles Devauchelle coll.). Corsica: Cap Corse, 600 m depth, 2 sh (AP). Sardinia: Palau, Portu Mannu, 1.5 m depth, 6 sh (BA); Carloforte, 7 m depth 7.viii.1981, 1 sh (BA). Sicily: Ustica Is. 35 m depth, 5 sh (BA); Salina Is., ‘Grotta dei gamberetti’ 35 m depth, 2002,&gt;300 sh (BA), 40–45 m depth, 6 sh (CS-PM); Magnisi, 14 sh (MCZR-M-22162); Messina, 1 sh as R. mutabilis (MCZR-M- 22227, Monterosato coll. ex Granata-Grillo coll.); Messina 4 sh (MCZR-M-22227, Monterosato coll. ex Seguenza coll.); Cannizzaro, 43 m depth, 1 sh (BA); Cannizzaro 35 m depth 2 sh (BA), 30 m depth 10 sh (BA); Acitrezza 40 m depth, 4 sh (BA); Ognina beached, 3 sh (BA); Siracusa 4–7 m depth viii.1982, 1 sh (BA); Marettimo Is., 25–45 m depth, 8 sh (CS-PM); Marettimo Is., Cattedrale Cave, 37°56’45”N 12°4’42”E, 28 m, 150 sh (BA, MO); Pantelleria Is., Scauri, 13 m depth 12.vi.1991, 9 sh (BA); Pantelleria Is., Scauri, 15–20 m depth 2.vii.2006, 7 sh (BA); Pantelleria Is., 50 m depth, 18 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Balata Piatta, 20 m depth, 100 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Secchitella 40 m, 1 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Secchitella 30 m depth, 70 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Secchitella, 20 m depth, 30 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Punta Calcarello, 36 m depth, 10 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Tre Ceppi, 28 m depth, 2 sh (CS-PM); Lampedusa Is., 30 m depth, 1991, 13 sh (BA), 1 sh (MO); Lampedusa Is., Punta Madonna, 5 m depth on Cystoseira sauvageauana (Hamel, 1939), 3 lv, 11.viii.1990 (RC); Lampedusa Is., Scoglio Pignalta, 10 m depth on Cystoseira sauvageauana (Hamel, 1939), 7 lv, 6.viii.1990 (RC); Lampedusa Is., Punta Galera, 10 m depth on Cystoseira sauvageauana (Hamel, 1939), 164 lv, 1.viii.1990 (RC); Lampedusa Is., Punta Sottile, 10 m depth on Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau, 1904, 9 lv, 31.vii.1990 (RC); Lampedusa Is., Capo Ponente, 10 m depth on Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau, 1904, 3 lv, 3.viii.1990 (RC); Lampedusa Is., Punta Galera, 3 m depth on Cystoseira barbatula Kützing, 1860, 19 lv, 1.viii.1990 (RC); Lampedusa Is., Isola dei Conigli, 10 m depth on Cystoseira sauvageauana (Hamel, 1939); Lampedusa Is., 7 lv, 4.viii.1990 (RC), Punta Galera, 5 m depth on Cystoseira barbatula Kützing, 1860, 8 lv, 1.viii.1990 (RC); Lampedusa Is., Punta Galera, 10 m depth on Cystoseira sauvageauana (Hamel, 1939), 10 lv, 1.viii.1990 (RC); fossil of Milazzo (Saharian, Pliocene?) 2 sh (MGUF, vertical showcase 153, Seguenza G. coll.); fossil of Milazzo (Saharian, Pliocene?) 5 sh as Alvania mutabilis Schw. (MGUF vertical showcase 153, Seguenza G. coll.). Italy: Giannutri Is., 45 m depth 2 sh (CS-PM); Zannone Is., 25 m depth, ix.2009, 100 sh (MO); Ventotene Is., Secca di S. Stefano, 70 m depth, 2015, 29 sh (CS-PM); Ponza Is., 60 m depth 23 sh (CS-PM); Napoli, 3 sh (MCZR-M-22227, Monterosato coll. ex Tiberi coll.); Maratea, Santo Janni Is., 24 m depth, 2 sh (BA); Le Castella, Isola di Capo Rizzuto, 0.50 m depth, Zostera sp., 3 lv (CS-PM); Scilla, 42 m depth 9 sh (CS-PM), 43–44 m depth vii.2015, 1 sh (MO); Strait of Messina, 1 lv (BA); Otranto, 5 sh (MO); Gallipoli, beached, 1 sh (BA). Croatia: Lastovo Is., 38 m depth 1 sh (BA); Split, 50 m depth, 1 sh (AP). Greece: Kefallonia Is., 1 sh (BA). Turkey: Aydincik, 34 sh (BA).</p> <p>Distribution. Checked data indicate a range from the westernmost Mediterranean Sea to southern Turkey in the Levant Basin (see Remarks and Fig. 3). It is common in shallow waters on hard bottoms with photophylous algae (Dantart et al. 1990; Giacobbe 2002; Gofas et al. 2011; Scaperrotta et al. 2012; Öztürk et al. 2014; Villari &amp; Scuderi 2017). Live specimens are present in 0–50 m depth. Shells from deeper bottoms (e.g. from Cap Corse, France 600 m depth) probably drifted from shallower habitat (Bonfitto et al. 1994a; 1994b; Smriglio &amp; Mariottini 1996). Found sympatric with A. sculptilis, A. sororcula, A. josefoi, A. scuderii, A. lucinae and A. pizzinii n. sp.</p> <p>Description (data on the neotype in parentheses). Shell (Figs 1 A–R; 2A–J; 14A–C; 15A–C) small for the genus, height 1.41–2.55 (1.9) mm, width 0.92–1.37 (1.15) mm, H/W ratio 1.553 –1.951 (1.652), ovate-conical. Protoconch (Fig. 15B) paucispiral with nucleus moderately intorted, of 1.2–1.5 (1.2) whorls, height 0.250 –0.320 (0.275) mm, nucleus diameter (d) 0.090 –0.112 (0.100) mm, first half whorl diameter (Do) 0.200 –0.220 (0.200) mm, maximum diameter (DM) 0.312 –0.350 (0.325) mm; sculpture of a dozen parallel rows of rounded to broadly triangular microtubercles, sometimes fused, and occasional spiral threads in the interspaces (Fig. 15B). Protoconch-teleoconch boundary well marked. Teleoconch of 2.6–4.1 (3.2) convex whorls, with suture impressed. Axial sculpture on the last whorl of orthocline 11–20 ribs (16), plus the labial varix, narrower than the interspaces, gradually vanishing at the base. Spiral sculpture finer than axial, of equidistant cords, 7–9 (9) on the last whorl, of which 3–5 (4) above the aperture and 4–5 (5) on the base, 2–4 (3) on the penultimate whorl. Cords II and IV starting immediately after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary; cord III starting as a cordlet after 0.5–2 (0.5) whorl, gradually yet rapidly turning into a cord; cord I appearing at 1.2–2.5 (1.8) whorls (Table II); cord V rarely present (absent), appearing later. Small, rounded tubercles at the intersections, sometimes spinulose, especially on the first whorls; interspaces quadrangular. Microsculpture of growth lines and spiral threads overall (Fig. 15C). Umbilical chink absent or barely visible. Aperture pyriform, small, height 0.63–0.95 (0.75) mm, H/Ha ratio 2.312 –2.949 (2.533), peristome continuous, outer varix modest, internally smooth. Colouration translucent yellowish, occasionally whitish, with darker spiral band at the base and quadrangular subsutural brown blotches; periphery and median columellar area whitish. Operculum typical for the genus, thin, corneous, paucispiral with eccentric nucleus. Soft parts (Figs 18 A–D): semi-transparent whitish background with dark-grey/black areas on head and snout (forming a sort of mask encircling eyes and mouth), opercular area, and on both sides of the body, extending and merging into a median band on the sole of foot. Yellow speckles on snout, merged in short stripes on head behind and in front of eyes, forming lines along cephalic tentacles, on foot, on opercular area and on propodium, and a yellow π figure under the operculum; scattered white speckles on cephalic tentacles; 3–4 metapodial tentacles.</p> <p>Remarks (See also Table II and Figs 1 A–R; 2A–J; 3; 14A–C; 15A–C; 18A–D). Alvania scabra is known from most of the Mediterranean Sea (Material examined, and Fig. 3), and although major checklists of some countries do not report this species explicitly, it is frequently reported from neighbouring countries. For instance, neither B.D.D. (1884) nor Giribet &amp; Peñas (1997) reported it from France and Catalunia, respectively; however, it is rare, but present in Mediterranean France and at Baleares (see Material examined). It was not reported by Crocetta et al. (2019) for Lebanon, or by Pallary (1912) for Egypt, but it is known from southern Turkey and from Malta (Cachia et al. 1996). Cecalupo et al. (2008) did not report it from the Gulf of Gabès but Fekih &amp; Gougerot (1974) did report it from the Gulf of Tunis.</p> <p>A. scabra is strikingly variable in size, proportions and thickness of the shell, and in sculpture, with some degree of variation even within populations (Figs 1 I–N), and with almost all intermediates. The size of the protoconch microtubercles is variable. Rare specimens have stronger teleoconch spirals than the axials (Fig. 1N). In some specimens the tubercles are very small or absent (Fig. 1N), or so large that they tend to nearly fuse vertically into a rib (Fig. 1M). Colouration varies in the intensity of the background from whitish to yellowish, or yellow, and in the size and shape of the brown blotches, from dark quadrangular subsutural (Figs 1F, G), to pairs of smaller ones (Figs 1Q, R). Monochrome white (Fig. 2I), orange and brownish specimens are occasionally found (Figs 1L, 2H), as also are shells with short and fine dashed stripes on the base over the spirals or more rarely banded with two darker brown bands (Fig. 1H). The few observations on live animals revealed also some variation; specimens from Sicily (S. Giovanni Li Cuti, Catania, 4 m depth: Figs 18A, B) showed four metapodial tentacles, and darker and more intense black staining on the animal, with the lateral black stripes continuing almost uninterrupted on the foot-sole. The animal sketched by Serge Gofas (Malaga) from Southern Spain (Los Escullos, Cabo de Palos, H. 2.35 mm, AN29. MNHN: Figs 18C, D) showed three metapodial tentacles, lighter black staining on the animal, with the lateral black stripes reaching the foot-sole but not merging into continuous band.</p> <p>This is the type species of Alvaniella Sacco, 1895 ex Monterosato ms, currently regarded as a synonym of Alvania Risso, 1826. The type material of Rissoa scabra Philippi, 1844 is lost, having not been found in the Philippi collections either at MNHNS (Santiago de Chile) (Oscar Alfredo Galvez Herrera, Santiago de Chile, pers. comm. 2017) or at MNH (Berlin) (Christine Zorn, Berlin, pers. comm. 2017). The report of two syntypes (MNHNS 178) of A. scabra (Coan &amp; Kabat 2017) was recently refuted by the curator (Oscar Alfredo Galvez Herrera, Santiago de Chile, pers. comm. 2018). These two non-typical specimens, belonging to the Philippi collection, are very worn and lack the protoconch. They are certainly not referable to A. scabra; the original label is lost and they most probably belong to the extra-Mediterranean fauna. Given the complexity of the present complex, and to stabilize the use of the name, we have selected a neotype, conforming to the original description, from Magnisi, Sicily (Monterosato coll. MCZR-M-22162/N) (Figs 1 A–C; 15A–C).</p> <p>Alvania oranica (Pallary, 1900) has either been considered a valid species (e.g. Pallary 1900; Giannuzzi Savelli et al. 2002; Tabanelli et al. 2011), or as a synonym of A. scabra (Philippi, 1844) (e.g. Amati 1985; CLEMAM 2015; WoRMS 2019), or finally as a synonym of A. sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877) (e.g. Tringali 2001; Gofas et al. 2011). Pallary (1900) stated that his A. oranica differs from A. scabra by the smaller size (H 2 mm), the stouter profile (not so evident in the original drawing), the last whorl larger and the different sculpture. However, the original description and figure of Alvania oranica (Pallary, 1900: 322, pl. VII, fig. 4) are not concordant with the syntypes found in the Monterosato collection (MCZR), which in turn show a remarkable morphological variation (Figs 2 A–J). The label, written by Pallary, reads: “ Alv. oranica types—La figure qui a été donneé dans les Coquilles Marins d’Oran est fort mauvaise et ne permet nullement la reconnaissance de l’espéce. J’ai donnerai une photographie dans ma 2° editions. Pour M. de Monterosato” [Alv. oranica types—The figure provided in the Coquilles Marins d’Oran is bad and does not allow the recognition of the species. I shall provide a photograph in my second edition. For Mr. de Monterosato]. Subsequently, Pallary (1920: 50, figs 20, 30) pictured two specimens of A. oranica from Tétouan and Tangier, Morocco, that are more concordant with the types at MCZR. The shell in his fig. 30 (Fig. 2G) is somehow different, possibly being a mere Atlantic variety (Pallary 1920) or a distinct, still unidentified species. Since there have been difficulties in the past in identifying this species, and the type series available (there is no material at MNHN, Virginie Heros pers. comm. 3.ix.2019) includes at least one specimen of a different species, there is the need for a lectotype designation. To stabilize the name usage, we have selected as lectotype the shell, among the syntypes, best corresponding to the original description (Figs 2 A–C), also in consideration of Pallary’s subsequent remarks on the label.</p> <p>The following nomina nuda probably refer to this species: Alvania mutabilis Brusina, 1866: 27 ex Schwartz ms (nomen nudum), from Molat and Zadar (Dalmatia); Rissoa mutabilis Weinkauff, 1868: 311 ex Schwartz ms (nomen nudum), from Algeria; Rissoa mutabilis Monterosato, 1872: 36 ex Schwartz ms (nomen nudum), from Palermo, Ognina, Pantelleria and Algeria; Rissoa (Alvania) mutabilis Seguenza G., 1874: 4 ex Schwartz ms (nomen nudum); Rissoa mutabilis Aradas &amp; Benoit, 1874: 201 ex Schwartz ms (nomen nudum), from?Sicily; Rissoa etnea Monterosato, 1884: 59 ex Aradas ms (nomen nudum), from Catania, Sicily; Alvania mutabilis Carus, 1893: 329 ex Schwartz ms (as synonym of the A. scabra) (nomen nudum), from several localities for A. scabra; Alvania sericea Parenzan, 1970: 78 ex Monterosato ms (as synonym of the A. scabra) (nomen nudum). Rissoa mutabilis Weinkauff, 1868 ex Schwartz ms has been regarded as either available and a synonym of A. scabra (Bogi, Coppini &amp; Margelli 1983; WoRMS 2019), or a nomen nudum (van Aartsen 1982; Moolenbeek &amp; H.J. Hoenselaar 1998). Actually, Weinkauff (1868) only reported, without any description, the record by Brusina (1866) from Dalmatia, which is also a nomen nudum, and his own findings in Algeria. Subsequently, this binomen was not made available by other authors (e.g. Monterosato 1872; G. Seguenza 1874; Aradas &amp; Benoit; Carus 1893; all ex Schwartz ms), nor is our intention to make them available in this work. Specimens (see ‘Other material examined’) in the Monterosato collection (ex Granata-Grillo coll. MCZR-M-22227: labelled “ Ris. mutabilis Schw. ms. (Alv.)”, subsequently corrected into “ R. scabra Ph. ”) (Fig. 1D, E) and in the G. Seguenza collection (MGUF, vertical showcase 153: labelled “ Rissoa mutabilis Schw. ”), are in fact A. scabra.</p> <p>Rissoa schwartzii Aradas &amp; Benoit, 1874 was introduced for A. scabra sensu Jeffreys (1856); Jeffreys &amp; Capellini (1860); Tapparone Canefri (1869) non Philippi, 1844. It is probably a synonym of R. lanciae Calcara, 1845 (see B.D.D. 1884: 289; Monterosato 1884: 59; Priolo 1953: 72), and not of R. scabra Philippi as suggested by Monterosato (1878: 85; 1884: 59), but is anyway preoccupied by Rissoa schwartzi Hörnes, 1856 (currently Alvania schwartzi) (Hörnes 1856: 573, pl. 48, fig. 18; Kowalke &amp; Harzhauser 2004: 121, 122, fig. 7D). No specimens under this name were found in the Aradas collection at MCSNM, although Priolo (1953) mentioned finding some among the material studied therein.</p> <p>Tabanelli et al. (2011) used the names Alvania cf. scabra (Philippi, 1844) and Alvania cf. oranica (Pallary, 1900) for Pliocene specimens that evidently may be referred to another species, Rissoa (Alvaniella) pagodulina Sacco, 1895 sensu Chirli &amp; Linse (2011). Alvania cf. scabra sensu Tabanelli et al. (2011) differs from A. scabra (Philippi, 1844) by the protruding spiral cord III, that gives a keeled appearance to the whorls (particularly the last one), never so marked in A. scabra (but similar to what is obsereved in A. lucinae and A. leopardiana Brunetti &amp; Vecchi, 2012), and for the presence of denticles on the inner side of the outer lip, never observed in A. scabra (despite their erroneous record in the original description by Philippi).</p> <p>Ponder (1985) used the name Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) for specimens from Madeira, probably corresponding to Alvania canariensis (d’Orbigny, 1840) (see also van Aartsen &amp; van der Linden 1986; Moolenbeek &amp; Hoenselaar 1989).</p> <p>Bitlis Bakir &amp; Öztürk (2016: 446, 448, pl. 2, fig. 20) figured as A. scabra a subadult specimen of A. clarae Nofroni &amp; Pizzini, 1991, recognizable by its cylindrical outline, the lack of the first subsutural cord producing more stepped whorls, the opisthocline axials (vs orthocline or sligthly prosocline in A. scabra), the tubercles at the intersections more spinose and directed toward the apex, the 3 spiral cords above the aperture vs 4 in A. scabra, and the 6 spirals on the base vs 5 in A. scabra.</p> <p>Rissoa alleryana Monterosato, 1872 was introduced as a synonym of A. scabra, and is thus not available (Giannuzzi-Savelli &amp; Piani 1990; ICZN 1999: Art. 11.6).</p> <p>TABLE II. Measurements of teleoconch and protoconch of Alvania scabra in mm, with range, mean and standard deviation. 1 = lectotype of A. oranica; 2 = neotype of A. scabra; 3, 15 = Cannizzaro 30 m depth; 4 = Cabo de Palos, 5 = Kefalonia Is.; 6, 7, 8 = Pantelleria Is.; 9 = Gallipoli; 10, 11 = Acitrezza 40 m depth; 12 = Cannizzaro 35 m depth; 13 = Pantelleria Is.; 14 = Ognina.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>TABLE II. (Continued)</p> <p>Some species of Alvania are characterized, in adult specimens with a well-formed labial varix, by the consistent presence of denticles or lirae on the inner side of the outer lip, for example Alvania discors (Allan, 1818), Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778), Alvania cimicoides (Forbes, 1844) and Alvania subcrenulata (B.D.D., 1884). Others are characterised by their inconsistent presence/absence, for example Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826, Alvania dictyophora (Philippi, 1844), Alvania hallgassi Amati &amp; Oliverio, 1985 and Alvania desabatae Amati &amp; Smriglio, 2016. In over 1500 specimens of A. scabra examined we have never observed any such feature (see also Gofas et al. 2011), similarly to what happens in Alvania datchaensis Amati &amp; Oliverio, 1987, Alvania lactea (Michaud, 1830) and Alvania punctura (Montagu, 1803). It therefore seems unlikely that Philippi (1844) observed grooves in the type material: “Labrum extus incrassatum, intus sulcatum est.”. Most likely Philippi was deceived by the transparency of the shell that often allows seeing the external spirals.</p> <p>A. scabra and A. sculptilis are very similar, share a good deal of morphological variation and often can be very hard to separate in syntopic samples. The great majority (95%) of shells of A. sculptilis lack spiral cord I, which is always present in A. scabra (there is a single, probably anomalous shell lacking it from Kefallonia Is.). Additionally, in A. scabra the axial and spiral sculpture are very often of the same strength, whereas in A. sculptilis the spiral sculpture is usually predominant over the axial (cf. Figs 4A, B, E). Finally, in a sample of 41 shells of A. sculptilis, 13 (32%) showed the spiral cords II, III and IV starting immediately after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary, and 28 (68%) the cords II and IV, whereas A. scabra always has cords II and IV starting immediately after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary. Under these circumstances, we keep the two taxa separate, following Tringali (2001), but urge genetic analysis on sympatric samples from the Western Mediterranean to test this hypothesis.</p> <p>A. scabra differs from A. sororcula by the tubercles at the intersections (rounded nodulose, rarely slightly spinose in A. scabra vs smaller in A. sororcula, particularly those on spiral cord I); the outer lip (thickened to very thickened in A. scabra vs sligthly thickened in A. sororcula); the last whorl (proportionally larger in A. sororcula); the axials on the last whorl (11–20 in A. scabra vs 25–29 in A. sororcula); the subsutural blotches (orthocline in A. scabra vs slightly prosocline in A. sororcula). Villari &amp; Scuderi (2017: 198) also noted that “the external soft body parts are similar, but in A. sororcula the colour pattern is constantly less shiny, with only grayish bands, which are almost black in A. scabra ”.</p> <p>A. scabra differs from A. lucinae by the tubercles at the intersections (rounded nodulose, rarely slightly spinose in A. scabra vs spinose or almost spinose in A. lucinae), and the spiral cords (all the same strength in A. scabra vs cord III more protruding in A. lucinae). A. scabra differs from A. josefoi by the appearance of the teleoconch spiral cords (cord I at 1.2–2.5 whorls (mean 1.72), cord III at 0.5–2 (mean 1.2) whorls in A. scabra vs cord I at 1–1.5 (mean 1.2) whorls, cord III at 0.5–0.8 (mean 0.54) whorls in A. josefoi). The spiral microsculpture of the teleoconch also differs (spaced threadlets, more closely set only those on the spiral cords in A. scabra vs numerous, dense and fine threadlets in A. josefoi), as does the colouration (translucent whitish-yellowish, with a broad brown band on the base, and quadrangular subsutural blotches in A. scabra vs monochrome white, with the typical brown subsutural blotch before the varix in A. josefoi).</p> <p>A. scabra differs from A. scuderii by the shell colouration (translucent yellowish-whitish, with darker spiral band at the base and quadrangular subsutural brown blotches in A. scabra vs brownish background with dark-brown spirals in A. scuderii), and by the colouration of the soft parts (white with black blotches in A. scabra vs whitish in A. scuderii). See under A. pizzinii n. sp. for differences with A. scabra.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C3313769FF0546E0FC1C7465	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C3393773FF0544DFFD947465.text	03AC6921C3393773FF0544DFFD947465.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania sculptilis (Monterosato 1877)	<div><p>Alvania sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877)</p> <p>(Figs 4 A–O; 5A–O; 8; 15D–I; Table III)</p> <p>Rissoa sculptilis Monterosato, 1877: 35, pl. III, fig. 6 (two drawings) not Alvania sculptilis (May, 1920) (Merelina) secondary homonymy (Criscione &amp; Ponder, 2011; Bouchet, 2011)</p> <p>Alvania scabra — van Aartsen et al., 1984: 24 (non Philippi, 1844)</p> <p>Alvania oranica — Gofas et al., 2011: 183; Gofas, 1990: 114 (non Pallary, 1900)</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania sculptilis; van Aartsen, 1982: 5, 6, 6 unnumbered figs; Amati &amp; Oliverio, 1985: 34, fig. 3; Gofas, 1990: 130, fig. 58; Tringali, 2001: 210, figs 6a–6c,7, 8a–8b; Giannuzzi Savelli et al., 2002: 109, fig. 443; Agamennone &amp; Micali, 2009: 6, fig. 2; Oliver &amp; Templado, 2009: 61, 63, figs 20–22, 25; Gofas et al., 2011: 183, 3 unnumbered figs; Perna, 2013: 64, 4 unnumbered figs; Appolloni et al., 2018: 46, figs 16C, D; Scaperrotta et al., 2019: 143, pl. IV, fig. L.</p> <p>Type material. Rissoa sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877) 3 syntypes (numbered 1, 2, 3) (MCZR-M-22162/S, Monterosato coll. ex Joly coll.) (Figs 3 A–C), type locality: Algiers, Algeria.</p> <p>Other material examined. Morocco: Al Hoceima, beached, 95 sh (CS-PM); Cala Iris, 1 sh (MO); Chafarinas Islands (N African Mediterranean), beached, 20 sh (JT, JDO). Algeria: Algiers, 1 sh (MCZR-M-22250, Monterosato coll. ex Joly coll., as Rissoa watsoni ? Schw.); Rada of Algiers, 70-90 m depth 1 sh (IN-M 260A). Spain: Granada, Punta de la Mona, Almuñecar, 7 sh (JT, JDO); Marina del Este, Almuñecar, rocks 36°43.7’N 03°43.5’W, photophylous algae 1–3 m depth, x.1999, 39 sh (SG.B114); Malága, Marbella, 2 sh. (BA); Malága, fishing darsena 36°42.63’N 04°25.36’W dock wall 0–1 m depth, iv.2018, 1 sh. (SG- J.A. Caballero coll.); Malága, Calahonda 36°29.4’N 04°41.8’W, rocks and algae, low tide, 08.x.2006, 7 lv (SG); Benalmádena-Costa, breakwater rocks 1–5 m depth 36°35.3’N 04°31.7’W, vi.2003, 8 sh (SG.AN62), 20.08.2006, 14 lv (SG); Benalmádena-Costa, beached 36°35.3’N 04°31.7’W, 3 sh (SG); Cadiz, Getares, Algeciras beached, viii.1995,&gt;200 sh (IN), 2 sh (DS); Cadiz, Getares, Punta Carnero beached, 1988, 76 sh (IN); Cadiz, Getares Nord, Algeciras, beached, ix.1987,&gt;250 sh (IN); Cadiz, Getares, 3–6 m depth 1985 9 sh (IN-M 207E); Algeciras (Gibraltar Strait), beached, 35 sh (JT, JDO); Gibraltar Strait, Ceuta Nord, Benzù, 35°55.0’N 05°22.5’W infralittoral 0–4 m depth, v.1986, 4 sh (Bouchet, Gofas &amp; Lozouet leg., MNHN); Gibraltar Strait, Ceuta Sud, Anse Sarchal 35°53.4’N 05°17.8’W infralittoral, 0–3 m depth, v.1986, 1 sh (Bouchet, Gofas &amp; Lozouet leg., MNHN); Gibraltar Strait, Ceuta Sud, Pta del Desnarigado 35°53.6’N 05°16.8’W plongée 16–20 m depth, vi.1986, 7 sh (LE 136 Bouchet, Gofas &amp; Lozouet leg. MNHN); Tarifa, 8.ix.1985, 6 sh (BA); Balearic Islands: Colonian Sant’Jordi (Majorca Is.), 0.50 m depth, Caulerpa, 3 sh (CS-PM);</p> <p>Distribution. A. sculptilis is restricted to the westernmost Mediterranean, where it is locally common (southern Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; Jendouba, Tabarka, only photograph of a specimen, Natural History Museum Rotterdam, 2019) (Fig. 8). Found amidst photophylous algae in Andalucia (Gofas et al. 2011; I. Nofroni pers. comm.), Morocco (Tringali 2001) in 1–10 m depth; empty shells in 0–90 m depth. Found sympatric with A. scabra and A. josefoi.</p> <p>Description. Shell (Figs 4 A–O; 5A–O; 15D–I) small for the genus, height 1.55–2.42 mm, width 0.91–1.4 mm, H/W ratio 1.607 –1.967, ovate-conical. Protoconch (Figs 15E, H) paucispiral with nucleus moderately intorted, of 1.2–1.5 whorls, height 0.275 –0.325 mm, nucleus diameter (d) 0.075 –0.133 mm, first half whorl diameter (Do) 0.150 –0.250 mm, maximum diameter (DM) 0.275 –0.362 mm; sculpture of a dozen parallel rows of rounded to broadly triangular microtubercles, sometimes fused, and occasional spiral threads in the interspaces (Figs 15E, H). Protoconch-teleoconch boundary well marked. Teleoconch of 3–3.8 convex, slightly angled whorls, with suture impressed. Axial sculpture on the last whorl present or absent, of 10–20 orthocline or very slightly opisthocline ribs, plus the labial varix, narrower than the interspaces, gradually vanishing at the base. Spiral sculpture finer than the axial, of equidistant cords, 7–10 on the last whorl, with 3–5 above the aperture and 4–5 on the base, 2–3 on the penultimate whorl. Wide subsutural ramp devoid of spirals. Cords II, IV and V starting immediately after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary; cord III starting as a cordlet after 2.2 whorls, gradually yet rapidly turning into a cord; cord I appearing at 1.2–2.5 whorls (Table III), (or cords II and IV starting after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary; cord III appearing after 0.25–2 whorls; cord I starting after 1.2–2.5 whorl; cord V not starting). The casual examination of 41 shells showed, after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary, 3 spiral cords on 13 specimens and 2 spiral cords on 28 specimens. Small, rounded tubercles at the intersections; interspaces quadrangular. Microsculpture of growth lines and spiral threads on the whole surface (Figs 15F, I). Umbilical chink present or absent. Aperture pyriform, small, height 0.66–0.96 mm, H/Ha ratio 2.235–2.63, peristome continuous, outer varix modest, internally smooth. Colouration translucent whitish-yellowish, with quadrangular subsutural brown blotches; periphery and median columellar area whitish. Operculum typical for the genus, thin, corneous, paucispiral with eccentric nucleus. Soft parts unknown.</p> <p>Remarks (See also Table III and Figs 4 A–O; 5A–O; 15D–I). A. sculptilis is morphologically more variable than previously suggested, even within the same population (Figs 5 A–O), in size, proportions, outline and in the strength and disposition of sculpture. In most specimens the axial sculpture is lacking or very weak (often present only on the first teleoconch whorls). The tubercles at the intersections are variably evident, but very rarely spinose.</p> <p>Gofas et al. (2011: 183) considered A. oranica as a synonym of A. sculptilis, differing from the closely related A. scabra in its 3 spiral cords. Actually, A. sculptilis may also have 2 spirals on the first whorl and up to 5 above the aperture.</p> <p>Tringali (2001: 209) considered A. sculptilis and A. scabra easily diagnosable in the western Mediterranean based on the lack of the fourth abapical spiral cord in A. sculptilis and the protoconch with a more confused sculpture in A. sculptilis (vs more dome-shaped and with more regular rows of microtubercles in A. scabra). Tringali (2001: 210, figs 6–8) stressed the variability of A. sculptilis, with shells showing axial and spiral sculpture of the same strength, others with axials only on the first whorls (the last dominated by spirals), and finally shells almost devoid of axial sculpture. Noteworthy, A. scabra shows almost the same range of variation (Fig. 1N).</p> <p>Gofas et al. (2011: 183) considered the status of A. sculptilis vs A. scabra as unsettled, not excluding the possibility of a single very variable species. Conversely, Agamennone &amp; Micali (2009: 4) considered the morphological difference and the geographic ‘separation’ (albeit they are sympatric in the Western Mediterranean) as sufficient to separate the two species.</p> <p>TABLE III. Measurements of teleoconch and protoconch of Alvania sculptilis in mm, with range, mean and standard deviation. 1 = syntype numbered 1; 2 and 3 = syntypes numbered 2–3; 4–7, 9–12 = Getares North; 8 = Algiers; 13 = Getares 3-6 m depth; 14, 15 = Getares viii.95. *6: Axial ribs present only on the approximately last half whorl.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>TABLE III. (Continued)</p> <p>Rissoa (Alvinia) conspicua Pallary, 1900 ex Monterosato, is a nomen nudum (“close to R. fischeri, but distinct”; Pallary, 1900; 1920). A specimen from Arzew, Oran (Algeria), one of the localities listed by Pallary, was found in the Monterosato collection (MCZR-M-30061). Albeit not a fresh shell, it clearly belongs to A. sculptilis (Figs 4 G–I).</p> <p>Alvania sculptilis (May, 1920) [Merelina sculptilis May, 1920: 62, pl. XV, fig. 15; Criscione &amp; Ponder 2011] (Fig. 4P) is a junior secondary homonym of Alvania sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877). However, as already commented by Bouchet (2011), these two species may prove to belong to different genera when a robust phylogeny of Alvania s.l. becomes available. We thus agree that, for the time being, it is advisable to keep using the invalid name Alvania sculptilis (May, 1920) for the Australian species. See under A. scabra for the differences with this species.</p> <p>A. sculptilis differs from A. sororcula by the axial riblets on the last whorl (10–20 when present in A. sculptilis vs 25–29 in A. sororcula), and the teleoconch spiral microsculpture (spaced threadlets, more closely set only those on the spiral cords in A. sculptilis vs weaker and more spaced in A. sororcula).</p> <p>A. sculptilis differs from A. lucinae by the size (H 2.42 in A. sculptilis vs 1.95 mm in A. lucinae); the tubercles at the intersections (rounded nodulose, in A. sculptilis vs spinose or almost spinose in A. lucinae); the spiral cords (all the same strength in A. sculptilis vs cord III more protruding in A. lucinae).</p> <p>A. sculptilis differs from A. josefoi by the different teleoconch microsculpture (Figs 15E, F; H, I vs 16H, I) and the colouration (whitish-yellowish with subsutural blotches, and periphery and median columellar area whitish in A. sculptilis vs monochrome white, with the typical brown subsutural blotch before the varix in A. josefoi).</p> <p>A. sculptilis differs from A. scuderii by the axial riblets on the last whorl (10–20, when present in A. sculptilis vs 15–18 in A. scuderii); the spiral cords above the aperture (variable 3–5 cords in A. sculptilis vs always 4 cords in A. scuderii); the colouration (translucent yellowish-whitish, with darker spiral band at the base and quadrangular subsutural brown blotches in A. sculptilis vs brownish background with dark-brown spirals in A. scuderii).</p> <p>Some specimens of A. sculptilis with a slender, robust shell found along the southern Spanish coasts (Getares, Algeciras) are similar to A. pizzinii n. sp., but differ by their more robust and slender shell, the wider subsutural ramp and the visible umbilical chink.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C3393773FF0544DFFD947465	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C3233770FF05466FFE2371FD.text	03AC6921C3233770FF05466FFE2371FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania sororcula (Granata-Grillo 1877)	<div><p>Alvania sororcula (Granata-Grillo, 1877)</p> <p>(Figs 6 A–M; 10; 16A–C; 18E, F; Table IV)</p> <p>Rissoa (Alvania) sororcula Granata-Grillo, 1877a: 147</p> <p>Rissoa (Alvania) sororcula var. major Granata-Grillo, 1877a: 147</p> <p>Rissoa (Alvania) asperella Granata-Grillo, 1877b: 11 replacement name for Rissoa (Alvania) sororcula var. major Granata- Grillo, 1877a (new synonym)</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania sororcula; Gofas &amp; Warén, 1982: 11, figs 6, 15; Villari &amp; Scuderi, 2017: 197, figs 10–15; Villari, 2018: 941, fig. 21 (drawing of external soft parts).</p> <p>Type material. Alvania sororcula Granata-Grillo, 1877a: two syntypes (numbered 1, 2) (Monterosato coll. ex Granata-Grillo MCZR-M-22227/S), one syntype (Jeffreys coll. ex Granata-Grillo USNM, Washington) (Gofas &amp; Warén, 1982: 11, figs 6, 15), type locality: Messina, Sicily. Alvania asperella (Granata-Grillo, 1877b ex Monterosato ms.): 3 syntypes (numbered 1, 2, 3) (MCZR-M-22069/S Monterosato coll.), type locality: Messina, Sicily.</p> <p>Other material esamined. Sicily: Ustica Is., 1 sh 50 m depth (ex P. Micali coll. (Fano), DS); Palermo, 1 sh (MCZR–M–22067, Monterosato coll., as Rissoa bicingulata); off Messina, Tyrrhenian Sea, 2 sh 500 m depth (DS); Messina, S. Raineri, “Degassifica” station, 32 sh and 27 lv (DS): Catania, Acitrezza, 4 sh (DS).</p> <p>Distribution. Central Mediterranean, Sicily (Fig. 10). Found amidst algae (Messina, Sicily) 1–2 m depth. Empty shells in 1–11 m depth. Found sympatric with A. scabra, A. scuderii and A. pizzinii n. sp. Shells from deeper bottoms (50–500 m) probably drifted from shallower habitat (Bonfitto et al. 1994a; 1994b; Smriglio &amp; Mariottini 1996).</p> <p>Description. Shell (Figs 6 A–N; 16A–C) small for the genus, height 1.65–2.55 mm, width 1.0– 1.38 mm, H/W ratio 1.65–2.00, ovate-conical. Protoconch (Fig. 16B) paucispiral with nucleus moderately intorted, of 1.2–1.3 whorls, height 0.275 –0.287 mm, nucleus diameter (d) 0.110 –0.125 mm, first half whorl diameter (Do) 0.200 – 0.210 mm, maximum diameter (DM) 0.350 –0.400 mm, sculpture of ca. 10 parallel rows of broadly rounded microtubercles (Fig 16B). Protoconch-teleoconch boundary well marked. Teleoconch of 2.75–3.75 slightly angled whorls, with suture impressed. Axial sculpture on the last whorl (when present) of 24–29 orthocline or slightly opisthocline ribs, plus the labial varix, narrower than the interspaces and gradually vanishing at the base. Spiral sculpture of equidistant cords, 7–9 on the last whorl, with 3–5 above the aperture and 4–5 on the base, 3–4 on the penultimate whorl, cords I and IV finer than II and II. Moderate subsutural ramp when cord I absent. Cords II and IV starting immediately after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary; cord I starting after 0.9–1.8 whorls or absent; cord III after 0.7–1.2 whorls (Table IV). Small, rounded tubercles at the intersections; interspaces quadrangular. Microsculpture of growth lines (more evident on the base) and spiral threads only on the spiral cords surface (Fig. 16C). Umbilical chink barely visible. Aperture pyriform, large, height 0.7–1.2 mm, H/Ha ratio 2.17–2.42, peristome continuous, outer varix modest, margin sharp, internally smooth. Colouration whitish-yellowish, with slightly prosocline quadrangular subsutural brown blotches; periphery and median columellar area whitish. Operculum typical for the genus, thin, corneous, paucispiral with eccentric nucleus. Body (Figs 18E, F) semi-transparent whitish with dark brown/grey areas on head and snout, darker on opercular area, fading on both sides of the body, extending only at edge of sole of foot. Yellow areas on both sides of the body merging towards the opercular area. Yellow speckles on snout, merged in short stripes on head behind and in front of eyes, forming lines along cephalic tentacles, on foot, on opercular area and on propodium, and a yellow π figure under the operculum; scattered white speckles on cephalic tentacles; 4 metapodial tentacles.</p> <p>Remarks (See also Table IV and Figs 6 A–M; 10; 16A–C; 18E, F). Species not very variable (except for some large size shells corresponding to A. asperella, with on whorl more than usual, and the thickened labial varix). Granata-Grillo (1877a) described A. sororcula stating that the name was suggested by Monterosato (likely also the epithet asperella, as suggested by samples in the collection Monterosato, MCZR-M-autograph labelled ‘ R. asperella inedita foss.? Messina’: Figs 6 I–J). See under A. scabra, A. sculptilis and A. pizzinii n. sp. for differences with these species.</p> <p>TABLE IV. Measurements of teleoconch and protoconch of Alvania sororcula in mm, with range, mean and standard deviation. 1 = syntype numbered 1 of A. sororcula; 2 = syntype of A. sororcula numbered 2; 3 = syntype of A. sororcula by USNM, Washington; 4 = Palermo; 5 = syntype numbered 1 of A. asperella; 6 = syntype of A. asperella numbered 2.</p> <p>Alvania sororcula differs from A. lucinae by the size (H 2.55 mm in A. sororcula vs 1.95 mm in A. lucinae); the tubercles at the intersections (small, rounded nodulose A. sororcula vs spinose or almost spinose in A. lucinae); the spiral cords (all the same strength in A. sororcula vs cord III more protruding in A. lucinae).</p> <p>A. sororcula differs from A. josefoi by the spiral microsculpture of the teleoconch: barely perceptible only on the spiral cords vs numerous, fine and spaced, seemingly striated threadlets in A. josefoi.</p> <p>A. sororcula differs from A. scuderii by the axial riblets on the last whorl (24–29 in A. sororcula vs 15–18 in A. scuderii); the appearance of the teleoconch spiral cords (cord III at 0.7–1 whorls, cord I when present at 1.8 whorls in A. sororcula vs cord I at 1.2–1.5 whorls, cord III at 1.5–1.8 whorls in A. scuderii); the shell colouration (yellowish-whitish, with quadrangular subsutural brown blotches in A. sororcula vs brownish background with dark brown spirals in A. scuderii).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C3233770FF05466FFE2371FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C3203776FF0543D7FF7173F5.text	03AC6921C3203776FF0543D7FF7173F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania lucinae Oberling 1970	<div><p>Alvania lucinae Oberling, 1970</p> <p>(Figs 7 A–G; 8; 16D–F; Table V)</p> <p>Alvania lucinae Oberling, 1970: 3</p> <p>Alvania gothica van Aartsen &amp; van der Linden, 1986: 14, figs 1, 2</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania lucinae; Oliverio et al., 1986: 44, fig. 2; Amati et al., 1990: 48, fig. 6; Moolenbeek et al., 1991: 114, figs 6, 17; Giannuzzi Savelli et al., 2002: 109, figs 451–452; Scaperrotta et al., 2012: 50, 5 unnumbered figs; Perna, 2013: 62, 2 unnumbered figs; Scaperrotta et al., 2019: 143, pl. IV, fig. G.</p> <p>Type material. Alvania lucinae Oberling, 1970: the lectotype (MHNB figured by Oliverio et al., 1986: 51 fig. 2 as “ holotype ”; designated by Moolenbeek et al., 1991) is lost. Two paralectotypes (ZMA Moll. 3.7003), one of which is figured by Moolenbeek et al. (1991: 114, figs 6, 17, St. Tropez, France, H 1.5 mm, W 0.9 mm, and here referred to in the description, see below), type locality: St. Tropez, France. Alvania gothica van Aartsen &amp; van der Linden, 1986: holotype and eight paratypes (RMNH), four paratypes (BMNH, USNM e MNHN), other paratypes (van Aartsen coll., Dieren, The Netherlands), type locality: Pinarello, Corsica.</p> <p>Other material examined. Corsica: Bastìa, 6 sh as Rissoa canariensis (d’Orbigny, 1840) (MCZR-M-30062); Cerbicale Is., Secca del Toro 25 m depth 52 sh (CS-PM); Pisciucani/Paragan, beached, 22 sh (DS). Sardinia: Stretto di Bonifacio, 120 m depth, 1 sh (MO); La Maddalena Is., 25 m depth, 1 sh (CS-PM), 15 m depth, 1 sh (MO); Palau, beached, 1 sh (MO); Golfo Aranci, 1985, beached, Ivonne Panaccione legit, 11 sh + 7 sh broken (BA); Oristano, S’Archittu, 1995, beached, 2 sh (DS); Carloforte, Cala Sapone, viii.2009, 1 m depth, 46 sh (BA). Sicily; fossil of Milazzo (Sahariano, Pliocene), 1 sh as Alvania philippiana Jeffreys var. (MGUF, vertical cabinet 153, Seguenza G. coll.). Italy: Giglio Is., Secca Subbielli, 38 m depth, 16 sh (BA); Giglio Is., 27 m depth, VII.1989, 3 sh (BA); 57 m depth, 24 sh (MO).</p> <p>Distribution. Central western Mediterranean, locally common, amidst algae (Scaperrotta et al. 2012). Italy: Argentarola Is. (Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. 2002), Capri Is. (Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. 2002), Sardinia (present work) and fossil from Sicily (present work). Greece: Paleokastritsa, Kerkyra, Northeastern Ionian Sea (Romani et al. 2017). France: St. Tropez. Corsica (Oberling 1970; van Aartsen &amp; van der Linden 1986; Scaperrotta et al. 2012; present work) (Fig. 8). Empty shells in 1–30 m depth. Found sympatric with A. scabra and with A. pizzinii sp. n.</p> <p>Description (between parentheses data of one paralectotype). Shell (Figs 7 A–G; 16D–F) small for the genus, height 1.46–1.95 (1.5) mm, width 0.93–1.13 (0.90) mm, H/W ratio 1.570 –1.756 (1.666), ovate-conic. Protoconch (Fig. 16E) paucispiral with nucleus moderately intorted, of 1.3–1.5 (?) whorls, height 0.275 –0.287 (?) mm; nucleus diameter (d) 0.100 –0.112 (?) mm, first half whorl diameter (Do) 0.187 –0.212 (?) mm, maximum diameter (DM) 0.300 –0.312 (?) mm, sculpture of ca. 10 parallel rows of rounded to broadly rounded microtubercles, and occasional spiral threads in the interspaces (Fig. 16E). Protoconch-teleoconch boundary well marked. Teleoconch of 2.7–3.5 (?) convex, angled whorls, with suture impressed. Axial sculpture on the last whorl of 13–16 (?) orthocline ribs, plus labial varix, narrower than interspaces and interrupted at the base. Spiral sculpture same strength as axial, of equidistant cords, 8–9 (8) on the last whorl, with 3–4 (4) above the aperture and 4–5 (4), smooth on the base, 3 (3) on the penultimate whorl. Cords II and IV starting immediately after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary; cord I appearing at 1–2 whorls as a keel, gradually yet rapidly turning into a cord, cord III starting after 0.8–1 whorls (Table V), and protruding more than the others. Small, spinose tubercles at the intersections; interspaces quadrangular. Microsculpture of growth lines and spiral threads overall (Fig. 16F). Umbilical chink absent or barely visible. Aperture pyriform, large, height 0.63–0.85 (0.63) mm, H/Ha ratio 2.294 –2.582 (2.42), peristome continuous, outer varix modest, internally smooth. Colouration translucent whitish-yellowish, with quadrangular subsutural brown blotches; columellar area brownish. Operculum typical for the genus, thin, corneous, paucispiral with eccentric nucleus. Soft parts unknown.</p> <p>Remarks. Species with minimal variability, observed in the range of RH/W: (1.570 –1.756) and in the spinose appearance of the tubercles; occasional monochrome whitish shells (van Aartsen &amp; van der Linden 1986) (See also Table V and Figs 7 A–G; 16D–F).</p> <p>The type material of Rissoa scabriuscula Requien, 1848 is lost (Pierre Moulet, Museum Requien, Avignon, pers. comm. 23.iv.2018) and the original description [“(27) Testa oblonga, acuta, alba, pellucida, anfractibus convexiusculis eleganter cingulatis, cingulis inferioribus ultimi anfractus simplicibus, superioribus granulato-muricatis, labro simplici. Long. 3. lat. 1 ½.”] is insufficient for a proper identification, making it a nomen dubium. Given the size indicated (3 mm), it may represent a form of A. pagodula (B.D.D., 1884) or A. rudis (Philippi, 1844). Monterosato (1878) referred it to A. weinkauffi Schwartz in Weinkauff, 1868 (that does not live along the Mediterranean French coast, though) and later (1884) to A. philippiana (Jeffreys, 1856) (= A. pagodula). See under A. scabra, A. sculptilis, A. sororcula and A. pizzinii sp. n. for the differences with these species.</p> <p>A. lucinae differs from A. josefoi by the teleoconch microsculpture (weak and sparse in A. lucinae vs fine and dense in A. josefoi); the tubercles at the intersections (large, spinose and protruding, especially the row on cord III, in A. lucinae vs small rounded tubercles in A. josefoi); the number of axials (13–16 in A. lucinae vs 19–32 in A josefoi); the colouration (whitish-yellowish with subsutural blotches, and periphery and median columellar area whitish in A. lucinae (rarely completely whitish) vs monochrome white, with the typical brown subsutural blotch before the varix in A. josefoi).</p> <p>A. lucinae differs from A. scuderii by the tubercles at the intersections (large, spinose and protruding, especially the row on cord III in A. lucinae vs small rounded tubercles in A. josefoi); the appearance of the spiral cords (cord III at 0.8–1 whorls, cord I at 1–2 whorls I A. lucinae vs cord III at 0.5–0.8 whorls, cord I at 1–1.5 whorls in A. josefoi).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C3203776FF0543D7FF7173F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C326377AFF0541DFFC15708D.text	03AC6921C326377AFF0541DFFC15708D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania josefoi Oliver & Templado 2009	<div><p>Alvania josefoi Oliver &amp; Templado, 2009</p> <p>(Figs 9 A–I; 14D–F; 10; 16G–I; Table VI)</p> <p>Alvania josefoi Oliver &amp; Templado, 2009: 64, figs 12–16, 23–24</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania josefoi; Scaperrotta et al., 2019: 143, pl. IV, fig. D.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype and nine paratypes (type locality) (MNCN, 1505/47058), type locality: South of Tagomago Is. (Ibiza, Baleares) (39°01’80’’N 01°39’14’’E).</p> <p>Material examined. Balearic Islands: Punta de na Gall (Menorca Is.), 10 m depth, 25 sh (JT, JDO); Espardell Is. (Ibiza Is.), 25 m depth, 20 sh (JT, JDO).</p> <p>Distribution. Balearic Islands (Fig. 10). Empty shells in bioclastic sands from 15–40 m depth (Oliver &amp; Templado 2009), sympatric with A. scabra and A. sculptilis.</p> <p>Description (in parentheses data for the holotype). Shell (Figs 9 A–I; 14D–F; 16G–I) small for the genus, height 1.20–1.83 (1.8) mm, width 0.73–1.05 (1.05) mm, H/W ratio 1.537 –1.743 (1.714), ovate-conic. Protoconch (Fig. 16H) paucispiral with nucleus moderately intorted, of 1.25-1.5 (1.45) whorls, height 0.25–0.312 (0.265) mm; nucleus diameter (d) 0.87–0.112 (0.90) mm, first half whorl diameter (Do) 0.20–0.212 (0.19) mm, maximum diameter (DM) 0.30–0.362 (0.335) mm, sculpture of ca. 10 parallel rows of closely-set rounded to broadly rounded (or triangular) microtubercles, sometimes fused (Fig. 16H). Protoconch/teleoconch boundary well marked. Teleoconch of 2.1–3.1 (3) convex, slightly angled whorls, with suture impressed. Axial sculpture on the last whorl of 18–32 (?) orthocline ribs plus labial varix, narrower than interspaces and interrupted at base. Spiral sculpture same strength as axial, of equidistant cords, 8–10 (9) on last whorl, with 4–5 (4) above aperture and 4–5 (5) on base. Cords II and IV starting immediately after protoconch-teleoconch boundary; cord I appearing at 1–1.5 whorls as a keel, gradually yet rapidly turning into a cord, cord III starting after 0.5–0.8 whorls (Table VI). Small, rounded tubercles at intersections; interspaces quadrangular. Microsculpture of growth lines and spiral threads overall (Figs 16H, I). Umbilical chink absent. Aperture pyriform, large, height 0.53–0.78 (0.78) mm, H/Ha ratio 2.182 –2.439 (2.31), peristome continuous, outer varix modest, internally smooth. Colouration monochrome white, with subsutural brown blotch on the outer varix, rarely extending toward the base. Operculum and soft parts unknown.</p> <p>TABLE V. Measurements of teleoconch and protoconch of Alvania lucinae in mm, with range, mean and standard deviation. 1, 2, 5–7 = Golfo Aranci; 3, 4 = Giglio Is.</p> <p>Remarks. Rather constant in shape and features: “Existe una gran uniformidad en todos los ejemplares estudiados, tanto en el tamaño, como en la forma y color.” (Oliver &amp; Templado 2009: 64). About 20% of the specimens from Espardell Is. (Baleares) have cords II, III and IV starting after the protoconch/teleoconch boundary and cord I appearing at 1–1.5 whorls (Table VI). Few shells (2 out of 44 examined) show the subsutural brownish blotches typical of the A. scabra group, weaker than in the other species (Figs 14 D–F). Others lack even the blotch on the outer varix (19 shells out of 44 shells from Menorca and Ibiza, Baleares). See under A. scabra, A. sculptilis, A. sororcula, A. lucinae and A. pizzinii n. sp. for the differences with these species.</p> <p>TABLE VI. Measurements of teleoconch and protoconch of Alvania josefoi in mm, with range, mean and standard deviation. 1–4, 6–9 = Menorca Is.; 5, 10–12 = Ibiza Is. 4 (shell with weak subsutural brown blotches). Specimens number 10, 11 and 12 have cords II, III and IV</p> <p>A. josefoi differs from A. scuderii by its more numerous axials on the last whorl (19–32 in A. josefoi vs 15–18 in A. scuderii); the colouration (monochrome white, with the typical brown subsutural blotch before the varix in A. josefoi vs brownish background with dark brown spirals in A. scuderii).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C326377AFF0541DFFC15708D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C32A377AFF054347FAE977F4.text	03AC6921C32A377AFF054347FAE977F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania scuderii Villari 2017	<div><p>Alvania scuderii Villari, 2017</p> <p>(Figs 11 A–I; 13; 17A–C; 18G, H; Table VII)</p> <p>Alvania scuderii Villari, 2017: 937, 942, figs 1–9, 17–19</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania scuderii; Scaperrotta et al., 2019: 143, pl. IV, fig. I.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype MZB 47004. Paratype 1, same data as the holotype, MFV-ME number: 935/ 05-12-2017. Paratype 2, same data as the holotype (DS). Other paratypes, same data as the holotype, 9 lv and 14 sh, all in AV, DS and PM. Type locality: Messina, Ganzirri, Sicily, rocky bottom, 2–4 m depth.</p> <p>Other material examined. Sicily: Catania, Acitrezza, 10 m depth, 5 sh (DS); Catania, Armisi, 20 m depth, 2 sh (DS); Catania, S. Giovanni Li Cuti, 4–8 m depth, 3 sh, 2 lv (DS); Linosa Is., Punta Calcarella, 36 m depth, 1 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Secchitella, 20 m depth, viii.2017, 5 sh + 2 frg (CS-PM), 1 sh (BA), 35 m depth, 3 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Balata Piatta, 20 m depth, 4 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Faro, vi.1995, 9 sh, 35 m depth (DS). Italy: Scilla, 43–44 m depth, vii.2015, 1 sh (MO).</p> <p>Distribution. Known so far only from eastern Sicily and the Sicily Strait (Fig. 13). Living on Messina rocky bottom amidst algae, in 2–8 m depth (eastern Sicily); empty shells in 20–52 m depth (see also https://www.naturamediterraneo.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=26442—accessed 13 december 2017, as Alvania scabra). Found sympatric with A. scabra A. sororcula and A. pizzinii n. sp. At Messina A. scabra, A. sororcula and A. scuderii are syntopic in summer (DS, unpublished), with A. scabra more abundant, and A. sororcula and A. scuderii showing slightly deeper depth ranges.</p> <p>Description (data for the holotype in parentheses). Shell (Figs 11 A–I; 17A–C) small for the genus, 1.55–2.1 (2.1 mm) mm, width 0.916–1.18 (1.18) mm, ratio H/W 1.69–1.78 (1.78), ovate-conic. Protoconch (Figs 17B, C) paucispiral with nucleus moderately intorted, of 1.2–1.3 (1.3) whorls, height 0.262 –0.320 (?) mm; nucleus diameter (d) 0.100 –0.120 (?) mm, first half whorl diameter (Do) 0.157 –0.205 (?) mm, maximum diameter (DM) 0.295 –0.312 (?) mm, sculpture of parallel rows of microtubercles of different shapes, sometimes fused (Figs 17B, C). Protoconch-teleoconch boundary well marked. Teleoconch of 2.9–3.4 (3.3) convex whorls, with suture impressed. Axial sculpture on the last whorl of 15–18 (?) slightly prosocline and sinuous ribs, plus the labial varix, narrower than the interspaces and interrupted at the base. Spiral sculpture same strength as axial, of almost equidistant cords, 8 (8) on the last whorl, with 4 (4) above the aperture and 4 (4) slightly thicker on the base. Cords II and IV starting immediately after the protoconch-teleoconch boundary; cord I appearing at 1.2–1.5 whorls (remaining thinner than others), cord III starting after 1.5–1.8 whorls (Table VII). Small, rounded tubercles at the intersections; interspaces quadrangular. Microsculpture of weak growth lines and spiral threads overall (Fig. 17B). Umbilical chink absent. Aperture pyriform, large, rounded ovate anteriorly, height 0.65–0.85 (0.85) mm, H/Ha ratio 2.36–2.61 (2.47), peristome continuous, outer varix modest, internally smooth. Background colouration brownish, with dark brown spiral cords, aperture and columella lighter. Operculum thin, paucispiral, with eccentric nucleus (see alsoVillari 2017). Soft parts (Figs 18G, H): semi-transparent whitish background with grey/dark-grey areas on both sides of body, darker on opercular area, extending at edge of sole of foot. Pale brownish median area on snout. Yellow speckles on snout, merged in short stripes on head behind and in front of eyes, forming lines along cephalic tentacles, on foot and opercular area, on propodium, and a yellow π figure under the operculum; two whitish granular masses near eyes, scattered white speckles on cephalic tentacles; 4 metapodial tentacles. (See also Villari, 2017).</p> <p>Remarks. Species very homogeneous, almost no variation detected so far. Maximum size: height 2.1 mm, width 1.18 mm. Axials may be very slightly broader than the spirals, ranging 15–18 on the last whorl. See under A. scabra, A. sculptilis, A. sororcula, A. lucinae, A. josefoi and A. pizzinii n. sp. for the differences with these species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C32A377AFF054347FAE977F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C328377EFF054663FB1E77D7.text	03AC6921C328377EFF054663FB1E77D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania pizzinii Amati, Smriglio & Oliverio 2020	<div><p>Alvania pizzinii Amati, Smriglio &amp; Oliverio n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 12 A–G; 13; 17D, F; Table VIII)</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania scabra; Bogi et al., 1983: 6, fig. 10.</p> <p>Alvania sororcula; Giannuzzi Savelli et al., 2002: 113, figs 470, 471; Scaperrotta et al., 2012: 54, 5 unnumbered figs; Perna, 2013: 65, 2 unnumbered figs; Scaperrotta et al., 2019: 143, pl. IV, fig. M.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype MNHN IM-2000-33933, H 2.3 mm, W 1.25 mm (Figs 12 A–B; 17D–F); 4 paratypes (BA), type locality: Levanzo Is., Sicily, 31 m depth, Central Tyrrhenian Sea.</p> <p>Other material examined. Corsica: Century Port, 30–40 m depth, ix.1989, 2 sh (CS-PM). Sicily: Ustica Is., 35 m depth, 5 sh (BA); Marettimo Is., 31 sh (BA); Marettimo Is., Cattedrale Cave, 37°56’45”N 12°4’42”E, 28 m depth, 236 sh (BA, MO); Skerki Bank, 30 m depth, 2005, 2 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., Secchitella, 20 m depth, 3 sh (CS-PM); Linosa Is., loc. Faro, 35 m depth, 6 sh (DS); Lampedusa Is., 20 sh juv. (BA); Lampedusa Is., 30 m depth, Posidonia intermatte, 1991, 2 sh (MO); Lampedusa Is., Punta Madonna, 20 m depth, 1 lv, 11.viii.1990 (RC). Italy: Capraia Is., 110 m depth, 8 sh (MO); Capraia Is., 75–80 m depth, 1 sh (BA); Capraia Is., 200–280 m depth, 4 sh (BA); off Fiumicino, 110 m depth, 2 sh (CS-PM); off Fiumicino, 100 m depth (in Roman amphora), 3 sh (MO).</p> <p>Distribution. Known from the Central-Western Mediterranean (Scaperrotta et al. 2012 as Alvania sororcula) (Fig. 13), where empty shells only have been collected at 20–280 m depth. The shells from deeper bottoms (Capraia Is., Italy, 110–280 m depth and off Fiumicino, Italy, 100–110 m depth) have quite probably been drifted from shallower bottoms. Found sympatric with A. scabra, A. lucinae, A. scuderii and A. sororcula.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small shell with stepped outline, slightly turriculate. Whorls with wide subsutural ramp. Spiral microsculpture absent. Spiral cord V absent.</p> <p>Description (data on the holotype in parentheses). Shell (Figs 12 A–G; 17D–F) small for the genus, height 1.87–2.40 mm (2.30) mm, width 1.10–1.37 (1.25) mm, H/W ratio 1.65–1.84 (1.84), ovate-conical. Protoconch (Fig. 17E) paucispiral, with moderately twisted nucleus, of 1.3-1.5 (1.4) convex whorls, height 0.27–0.32 (0.32) mm, nucleus diameter 0.10–0.12 (0.11) mm, first half whorl diameter Do 0.20–0.24 (0.22) mm, maximum diameter DM 0.30–0.37 (0.35) mm. Sculpture of a dozen spiral rows of close-set, rounded microtubercles (Fig. 17E). Teleoconch of 3–4.1 (3.6) convex, angled whorls, suture impressed. Axial sculpture on the last whorl of 12–18 (18) slightly prosocline ribs plus the labial varix, narrower than the interspaces and sharply interrupted at the base. Spiral sculpture same strength as axial, of equidistant cords, 7–8 (8) on the last whorl, with 3 (3), exceptionally 4, above the aperture and 4–5 (5) on the base. Cords II and IV starting after protoconch/ teleoconch boundary; cord I absent; cord III appearing at 1.4–2 (1.45) whorls (Table VIII); wide subsutural ramp. Small rounded tubercles at the intersections; interspaces quadrangular. Microsculpture of only growth lines (Fig. 17F). Narrow umbilical chink. Subsutural ramp devoid of sculpture. Aperture pyriform, large, height 0.80–0.92 (0.90) mm, H/Ha ratio 2.34–2.70 (2.55), peristome continuous, smooth internally, thickened externally by a modest varix with sharp edge. Colouration translucent yellowish with large subsutural brownish quadrangular blotches. Operculum and soft parts unknown.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named after Mauro Pizzini, our dear friend recently passed away who greatly contributed to micromollusc taxonomy.</p> <p>Remarks. The examined materials showed negligible morphological variation. Maximum height in the examined material 2.40 mm; Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. (2002: 113, figs 470, 471) reported (as A. sororcula) two conspecific shells from Bocche di Bonifacio, the largest stated as 3.4 mm high (which we suspect might be an error). In the specimens with the lowest H/W ratio the sculpture is usually more robust. The columellar wall sometimes covers the last spiral cord (VII). All examined specimens of A. pizzinii n. sp. (320 shells, including 212 adults) lacked cord I, with the exception of four specimens (4 adults out of 144 adult shells in the same sample) from Marettimo Is., with cord I appearing at 2.2–2.5 whorls. Some shells are monochrome yellowish-orange or brownish.</p> <p>A. pizzinii n. sp. differs from A. scabra by its stepped outline, the lack of spiral cord I (always present in A. scabra); the lack of spiral microsculpture on the teleoconch (always markedly present in A. scabra), the spiral cord V never present vs rarely present above the aperture in A. scabra.</p> <p>A. pizzinii n. sp. differs from A. sculptilis in having the cords II and IV starting after the protoconch/ teleoconch boundary; cord I not starting; cord III appearing at 1.4–2 whorls vs cords II, IV and V starting after the protoconch/ teleoconch boundary; cord III appearing at 2.2 whorls; cord I appearing after 1.2–2.5 whorl in A. sculptilis (or cords II and IV starting after protoconch/ teleoconch boundary; cord III appearing after 0.25–2 whorls; cord I starting after 1.2–2.5 whorl; cord V not starting).</p> <p>A. pizzinii n. sp. differs from A. lucinae in the protoconch sculpture of a dozen parallel rows of closely set, broadly rounded but not homogeneous microtubercles, vs ca. 10 parallel rows of broadly rounded but not homogeneous microtubercles, with spiral threadlets in the interspaces; teleoconch spiral cord I always absent vs always present in adults of A. lucinae; tubercles at the intersections small and rounded vs large and spinose, particularly on cord III in A. lucinae; spiral microsculpture absent on teleoconch vs present in A. lucinae.</p> <p>A. pizzinii n. sp. differs from A. sororcula by being more robust; the fewer axials on the last whorl (12–18 vs 25–29 in A. sororcula); teleoconch cord III appearing at 1.4–2 whorls vs 0.7–1 whorls in A. sororcula; cord I always absent vs always present in A. sororcula; spiral microsculpture absent on teleoconch vs present, weak on spiral cords in A. sororcula.</p> <p>A. pizzinii n. sp. differs from A. josefoi by its more slender outline; the teleoconch spiral cord I always absent vs always present in A. josefoi; fewer axials on the last whorl (12–18 vs 19–32 in A. josefoi); spiral microsculpture absent on teleoconch vs very fine spiral threadlets between the spiral cords in A. josefoi.</p> <p>A. pizzinii n. sp. differs from A. scuderii by its larger size (1.87–2.4 mm, mean 2.16 mm vs 1.55–2.1 mm, mean 1.81 mm in A. scuderii; colouration (translucent yellowish with large subsutural brownish quadrangular blotches, or monochrome orange-yellowish or brownish vs brownish background with dark brown spiral cords in A. scuderii); cord I always absent vs always present in A. scuderii.</p> <p>Three species of the Alvania scabra -complex are currently accepted from the eastern Atlantic, and are briefly discussed below for comparison: Alvania canariensis (d’Orbigny, 1840), Alvania angioyi van Aartsen, 1982, and Alvania grancanariensis Segers, 1999. Future studies may reveal more undescribed species, as happened with some other genera of rissoids (e.g. Alvania, Manzonia: Amati, 1987, 1992; Moolenbeek &amp; Faber, 1987; Rolán, 1987a, 1987b; Gofas, 1990, 2007, 2010; Rolán, &amp; Fernandes, 1990; Bouchet &amp; Warén, 1993; Hoenselaar &amp; Goud, 1998; Cordeiro &amp; Ávila, 2015). This is suggested by the single shell of Alvania sp. discussed below.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C328377EFF054663FB1E77D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C32C3743FF05441FFABE7329.text	03AC6921C32C3743FF05441FFABE7329.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania canariensis (d'Orbigny 1840)	<div><p>Alvania canariensis (d’Orbigny, 1840)</p> <p>(Figs 19A, B and E, F, K)</p> <p>Rissoa canariensis d’Orbigny, 1840: 78, pl. 6, figs 5–7</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania canariensis; Ponder, 1985: 140, fig. 91H; Moolenbeek &amp; Hoenselaar, 1989: 216, 226, figs 1, 2 and figs 15-17; Albuquerque et al., 2009: 129, 4 unnumbered figs; Perna, 2013: 55, 2 unnumbered figs.</p> <p>Type Material. Lectotype NHMUK 1854.9.28.74 (Moolenbeek &amp; Hoenselaar, 1989: 216), type locality: Santa Cruz, Tenerife Is. (Canary Islands).</p> <p>Material examined. Madeira: 4 sh (MO). Savage Islands: (Selvagem Pequena) Gran Piton, intertidal, ii.1975, 37 sh (BA). Canary Islands: (Tenerife) Candelara la Caleta, tidal pools, iii.1987, 122 sh (BA), Punta de Teno, 1 m depth 10 sh (JT, JDO), 1977, 64 sh (MO); Los Gigantes, 10-35 m depth, xii.1994, 26 sh (CS-PM); (Lanzarote) Playa del Pozo 1 m depth, 13.viii.1984, 4 sh (BA), Famara, beached: 5 sh (JT, JDO); (Gran Canaria) Arguineguin, 29 m depth, vii.1985, 68 sh (BA); (La Gomera) intertidal, 31 sh (BA); (La Palma) Playa Salema, beached, 10 sh (JT, JDO); (El Hierro) Mar de las Calmas, 10 m depth 10 sh (JT, JDO); no further data, 6 sh (Monterosato coll. ex Mac Andrew coll., MCZR-M-22174).</p> <p>Distribution. Known from Madeira, Savage Islands and Canary Islands.</p> <p>Remarks. It is diagnosed in the Alvania scabra -complex by the more robust shell than in other species, the very convex and angled whorls, the robust labial varix, the large tubercles at the intersections, and the dark-colored protoconch nucleus (never this way in all other species).</p> <p>Three shells from Gando Bay (Gran Canaria) (BA, MO) are somehow outliers in having a more slender and less angulate outline, a more delicate sculpture, smaller and less elevated tubercles at the intersections. Pending the availability of more material, we cannot decide if they represent a distinct species (Figs 19 C-D). A shell in the Monterosato collection (ex Mac Andrew coll., MCZR-M-22174) (Fig. 19E, F, K) probably from Canary Islands, clearly differs from the most common A. canariensis morphotype (i.e. marked colouration, dark apex, tubercles less acute) by its very weak colouration with faded subsutural blotches, white apex with the coloured suture, and the acute tubercles. Pending more material, we also include this specimen within the rather wide range of variation of A. canariensis.</p> <p>Historically A. canariensis has erroneously been reported as present in the Mediterranean Sea (e.g. Monterosato, 1872: 36; 1874: 262; 1875: 27; 1877: 35; 1878: 85). Some of these specimens have been checked in the Monterosato collection (MCZR) and have been identified as A. scabra and A. lucinae. More recently, Ponder (1985) erroneously reported A. scabra as present at Madeira, but it was actually a specimen of A. canariensis.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C32C3743FF05441FFABE7329	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C3133743FF0541BBFC2E760D.text	03AC6921C3133743FF0541BBFC2E760D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania angioyi van Aartsen 1982	<div><p>Alvania angioyi van Aartsen, 1982</p> <p>(Fig 19G, H)</p> <p>Alvania angioyi van Aartsen, 1982: 4</p> <p>Alvania watsoni —Dautzenberg, 1889: 51, pl. 3, fig. 8 (non Schwartz in R. B. Watson, 1873)</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania angioyi; Gofas, 1990: 113, figs 7a-c, figs 54–57; Ávila et al., 2002: 362, figs 41–43; Ávila, 2005: 264–267, pl. I, figs 1–13 and pl. II, figs 1–6; Martins et al., 2009: 41, figs 133, 134.</p> <p>Type Material. Lectotype and 20 paralectotypes (coll. H. Fischer ex Dautzenberg, MNHN), type locality: Faial, bay of Horta 15–20 m depth, ‘Hirondelle sta 103’, Azores; paralectotypes from shore sand of Sao Miguel (Dautzenberg ex d’Aguyar, MOM) and from off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-28.104168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -28.104168/lat 38.575)">Pico</a> 38°34’30”N– 28°06’15”W, 1287 m (“Hirondelle” st. 112, MOM) (Gofas, 1990).</p> <p>Material examined. Azores: Ponta Delgada (Saõ Miguel Is.), beached, 7 sh (JT, JDO); Biscoitos (Terceira), 1 m depth, 24 sh (JT, JDO); unprecised locality, 18 m depth, 13 shells (JT, JDO); unprecised data, 3 sh (MO).</p> <p>Distribution. It is endemic to the Azores.</p> <p>Remarks. A. angioyi lives in algal facies, more commonly in shallow waters, can reach 35 m depth (Ávila, 2005: 51). The sculpture of the teleoconch is rather variable. It has three spiral cords above the aperture, rarely four. A common variant has weak or almost absent axial sculpture. It is very similar to A. canariensis, from which it differs in the protoconch sculpture, with marked spirals (Ávila 2005).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C3133743FF0541BBFC2E760D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C3133745FF0544C7FEE2711E.text	03AC6921C3133745FF0544C7FEE2711E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania Risso 1826	<div><p>Alvania sp.</p> <p>(Figs 19 I–K)</p> <p>Material examined. Canary Islands?: Imprecise data, 1 sh (Monterosato coll. ex Mac Andrew, MCZR-M-30074).</p> <p>Remarks. The single shell examined (Fig. 19 I–K) was in the same lot with several shells of A. canariensis, a species ranging from Canary Islands to Selvagens and Madera. We can, therefore, only guess an origin from Canary Islands (considering that Mac Andrew studied particulary that fauna). The shell is similar to A. pizzinii n. sp. in the angled outline and the wide subsutural ramp devoid of spiral sculpture. It differs by the semitransparent whitish colouration, with small brownish spots on the periphery vs translucent yellowish with large quadrangular subsutural brownish blotches (or monochrome yellowish-orangeish or brownish) in A. pizzinii. It also resembles A. suroiti Gofas (2007), a deep-water species from the Azores (470–480 m depth), which differs in the lack of a distinct microsculpture on both the protoconch and the teleoconch (whereas this shell has distinct spiral sculpture visible on the protoconch).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C3133745FF0544C7FEE2711E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
03AC6921C3153745FF0543B3FAEC76FD.text	03AC6921C3153745FF0543B3FAEC76FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alvania grancanariensis Segers 1999	<div><p>Alvania grancanariensis Segers, 1999</p> <p>(Figs 19 L–P; 17G–I)</p> <p>Alvania grancanariensis Segers, 1999: 82, figs 1–3</p> <p>Other references.</p> <p>Alvania grancanariensis; Rolán et al., 2011: 130, figs 39E–G.</p> <p>Type Material. Holotype KBIN.28739, type 484; paratypes: 53 sh (Segers coll.), 7 sh (Swinnen coll.), 15 sh (Zorn coll.), 4 sh (ZMA), type locality: Maspalomas, Gran Canaria Is., Canary Islands.</p> <p>Material examined. Canary Islands: Gando (Gran Canaria Is.), 48 m depth, 5 sh (JT, JDO); Los Gigantes (Tenerife Is.), 10–35 m depth, xii.1994, 8 sh (CS-PM).</p> <p>Distribution. Canary Islands: Gran Canaria and Tenerife.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was originally described as having a robust shell, bright orange-yellow protoconch and first teleoconch whorls, translucent pale whitish-yellowish last teleoconch whorls. However, specimens with monochrome whitish shells or with pale subsutural brownish blotches, and with the protoconch nucleus brown, are not rare. Furthermore, the material examined and the figures in Rolán et al. (2011: figs 39F, G) always show a spiral sculpture of four cords above the aperture (rarely 3), starting with two cords (not three as originally described). It is worth mentioning that the holotype of A. grancanariensis has two initial cords, whereas the specimen figured by Segers (1999: 82, fig. 2) with three cords was not part of the type material, and may belong to a different species. A. grancanariensis differ from A. canariensis in its lighter colour, with the first whorls of more or less intense orange; the dark spot on the protoconch nucleus, not marked; the more delicate sculpture on the teleoconch. It was sympatric with easily separable shells of A. canariensis.</p> <p>Concluding remarks</p> <p>We have revised the species of the Alvania scabra- complex with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea. Based on the scanty fossil record, the origin of this group seems younger than other lineages of Alvania (e.g. Alvania areolifera (Sandberger, 1863) (Garilli &amp; Parrinello 2014) appearing in the Oligocene). We consider the following species to be valid: Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844), Alvania sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877), Alvania sororcula Granata-Grillo, 1877, Alvania lucinae Oberling, 1970, Alvania josefoi Oliver &amp; Templado, 2009, Alvania scuderii Villari, 2017 and Alvania pizzinii n. sp. All species have paucispiral protoconchs indicating non-planktotrophic larval development. Only A. scabra has a wide range, spanning almost the entire Mediterranean (with some local gaps to be checked). All other species have seemingly restricted ranges, and all are sympatric with A. scabra (Figs 3, 8, 10, 13).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC6921C3153745FF0543B3FAEC76FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amati, Bruno;Appolloni, Massimo;Giulio, Andrea Di;Scuderi, Danilo;Smriglio, Carlo;Oliverio, Marco	Amati, Bruno, Appolloni, Massimo, Giulio, Andrea Di, Scuderi, Danilo, Smriglio, Carlo, Oliverio, Marco (2020): Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 4767 (3): 415-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.3
