taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DE87E20237FFE6FF4AFF5B1481FDD0.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CHINA: prope Cantonem Sinarum, 1790, J. de Loureiro 5221 (holotype: P 00150857, image!).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20237FFE6FF4AFF5B1481FDD0.taxon	description	Morphological descriptions and illustrations: — See Lin (1975: 244 – 245; 2019: 267; f. 118; pl. 13), Liu & Su (1978: 1103; pl. 1642), Surveswaran et al. (2017: 125; f. 4) and Hsu & Chung (2016: 188).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20237FFE6FF4AFF5B1481FDD0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Ecology: — Spiranthes sinensis occurs from the southern part of the Hengduan Mountains, eastward across northern Laos, northern Vietnam, southern and eastern China, northward across Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands, southward across the northern Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. In Taiwan, this species is widespread throughout the main island and recorded from neighboring islets, including Pengchiayu, Lyudao (Green Island) and Lanyu (Orchid Island). It usually occurs at sunny grassy places in lowland regions from sea level to ca. 1000 m elev. and occasionally grows on roadside slopes in mountainous regions between 1000 – 2000 m elev. Flowers were mainly observed from March to May in lowland populations and from May to September in mountainous populations.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20237FFE6FF4AFF5B1481FDD0.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — TAIWAN. “ Formosa ”: 1862, R. Swinhoe s. n. (K!); April 1874, W. Campbell s. n. (BM!); 11 March 1912, W. R. Price 190 A (K!). Keelung City: Pengchiayu, 7 June 2005, S. - W. Chung 7742 (TAIF!). New Taipei City: Tamsuy, 1864, R. Oldham 183 (BM!, K!); Urai, April 1914, U. Faurie 926 (BM!); Shihding Service Area, 18 March 2013, T. - C. Hsu 6393 (TAIF!). Taichung City: Gaomei, 27 April 2017, T. - C. Hsu 9045 (TAIF!); Nantou Co.: Suisha, s. a., B. Hayata s. n. (TAIF!); Sun Moon Lake, 28 April 2008, T. - C. Hsu 1347 (TAIF!). Hualien Co.: Hoping Logging Trail, 25 September 2007, T. - T. Ho 215 (TAIF!); Changhong Bridge, 5 April 2018, T. - C. Hsu 10400 (TAIF!). Taitung Co.: Lichia Logging Trail, 4 April 2018, T. - C. Hsu 10399 (TAIF!); Lyudao Island, Chaojih Hot Spring, 17 April 2018, T. - C. Hsu 10475 (TAIF!); Lanyu Island, Yehyin, 27 March 2018, T. - C. Hsu 10318 (TAIF!). JAPAN. Kyushu Dist., Kagoshima Pref.: Amami Island, 8 May 2016, M. Takashi HH 111 (SPMN!). Okinawa Pref.: Okinawa Island, 17 April 2017, A. Naiki 9922 (RYU!); Iriomote Island, 18 April 2017, A. Naiki 9925 (RYU!); Ishigaki Island, 27 March 2017, A. Soejima HH 672 (SPMN!).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20237FFE6FF4AFF5B1481FDD0.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic remarks: — Spiranthes sinensis displays allogamous features, including a well-developed rostellum that separates the stigma and pollinarium of each flower, pollinia with a viscidium, and suborbicular stigma, whereas S. hongkongensis and S. nivea has a degenerated rostellum, pollinia without a viscidium, and a distinctly 3 - lobed stigma. Because species in the S. sinensis species complex often have pink flowers, the members with entirely white flowers were traditionally recognized as a distinct species only due to their white flowers (Pace et al. 2019). However, as demonstrated by Pace et al. (2019), it is not appropriate to delimitate Spiranthes species based solely on flower color. Because we could not recognize any distinct morphological differences between S. sinensis and S. suishaensis other than floral coloration (Figs. 1 – 2), we concluded S. suishaensis is a synonym of S. sinensis. For a list of synonyms of S. sinensis other than S. suishaensis and S. pitouchaoensis, see Pace et al. (2019).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AFD3F1218FA54.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — HONG KONG: Tai Po, the garden of Gloria Barretto, 4 April 1975, S. Y. Hu 13658 (holotype: K 000942682!; isotypes: A 00104456, image!, CUHK).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AFD3F1218FA54.taxon	description	Morphological descriptions and illustrations: — See Hu & Baretto (1976: 2; f. 2), Hsu & Chung (2014: 406; f. 1; 2016: 186), Surveswaran et al. (2017: 125; f. 4), and Lin (2019: 265; f. 116; pl. 13), as Spiranthes suishaensis.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AFD3F1218FA54.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Spiranthes hongkongensis is currently known in Hong Kong, Taiwan, China (Guangdong and Hainan Provinces), Japan, and Borneo. In Taiwan, this species is occasionally found on lowland hills around the Taipei Basin where it grows on very humid sunny grassland accompanied with some wetland plants such as Eriocaulon spp. and Utricularia spp. It was also found growing as a weed in some greenhouses in southern Taiwan, and these populations are presumed as unintentionally introduced along with horticultural plants. Flowers were observed from April to May.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AFD3F1218FA54.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — TAIWAN. New Taipei City: Chepingliao, 27 May 2009, T. - C. Hsu 2214 (TAIF!); same loc., 20 April 2014, T. - C. Hsu 7079 (TAIF!); same loc., 8 May 2015, T. - C. Hsu 7674 (TAIF!); same loc., 22 April 2017, J. - Z. Lin 1 (TAIF!). Pingtung Co.: Kaoshu, 26 April 2018, T. - C. Hsu 10536 (TAIF!). CHINA. Hainan Prov.: Mt. Diaoluo National Forest Park, 26 February 2012, T. - C. Hsu 5440 (TAIF!). HONG KONG: 20 April 1975, S. Y. Hu 13673 (KYO!). JAPAN. Okinawa Pref.: Ishigaki Island, Ishigaki City, in campis humidis litoris ad Nagura, 4 April 1937, Takamine s. n. (KPM-NA 0304131!).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AFD3F1218FA54.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic remarks: — Spiranthes hongkongensis can be distinguished from the allogamous taxa such as S. australis and S. sinensis by its modified rostellum and stigma morphology associated with its autogamous breeding system. Spiranthes hongkongensis is most similar to S. nivea, another autogamous species with white flowers. However, it differs from S. nivea, in having papillate (vs. nearly glabrous) labellum disc, larger papillate (vs. smaller glabrous) basal labellum callosities, and densely glandular pubescent (vs. sparsely pubescent) rachis, ovaries, and sepals.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AF9B31679F7B0.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TAIWAN. Pingtung: Tahanshan, 20 May 2009, Y. F. Wang s. n. (holotype: TAI 270634!).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AF9B31679F7B0.taxon	description	Morphological descriptions and illustrations: — See Lin & Lin (2011: 320; f. 5), Surveswaran et al. (2017: 125; f. 4), Hsu & Chung (2016: 188), as Spiranthes suishaensis, and Lin (2019: 266; f. 117; pl. 13).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AF9B31679F7B0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — The typical variety species is only recorded from the type locality, Tahanshan (Mt. Tahan) in southern Taiwan. It grows on semi-open roadside slopes around 1400 – 1600 m elev. and flowers from March to April.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AF9B31679F7B0.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — TAIWAN. Pingtung Co.: Mt. Tahan, 13 March 2013, T. - C. Hsu 6342 (TAIF!); Tahanshan, 9 April 2013, S. - S. Lin s. n. (TAI!).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AF9B31679F7B0.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic remarks: — Spiranthes nivea is most similar to S. hongkongensis, but it differs in having nearly glabrous labellum disc, smaller glabrous basal labellum callosities, and sparsely pubescent glabrous rachis, ovaries, and sepals.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TAIWAN. Ilan: Tsuifong Lake, 1800 – 1900 m elev., 3 June 2015, T. C. Hsu 7743 (holotype: TAIF 496968!).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Spiranthes nivea var. papillata is morphologically distinguishable from S. nivea var. nivea by its more densely pubescent rachis and ovaries (vs. sparsely pubescent rachis and ovaries), narrower sepals that are white tinged with pink or purple at the apex (vs. wider and entirely white sepals), and papillose labellum disc (vs. almost glabrous labellum disc).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.taxon	description	Morphological descriptions and illustrations: — See Hsu & Chung (2016: 187), as Spiranthes minutiflora.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — This variety is currently recorded around Tsuifong Lake and Taipingshan in northeastern Taiwan. It grows on sunny grasslands, semi-open roadside slopes, and cliffs around 1800 – 2100 m elev. Flowers were observed from May to July.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet is named after its papillate lip and papillate-pubescent rachis and ovaries that are diagnostic from the typical variety.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — TAIWAN. Ilan Co.: Taipingshan, 21 May 2012, T. - C. Hsu 5742 (TAIF!); same loc., 23 June 2017, T. - C. Hsu 9299 (TAIF!); Tsuifeng Lake, 22 June 2017, T. - C. Hsu 9287 (TAIF!).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic remarks: — Spiranthes nivea var. papillata shows morphological resemblance to S. nivea and S. hongkongensis, due to their shared autogamous reproductive biology. Althouth Lin (2019) considered it conspecific with S. hongkongensis, this taxon actually differs in having bracts that significantly exceed ovaries, smaller and glabrous basal labellum callosities, ovate labellum, and smaller column. These features imply a closer relationship to S. nivea, but it still differs from S. nivea var. nivea by several morphological characters mentioned in the diagnosis. Given that there are no significant differences in the labellum and column morphology, which are essential characteristics in species delimitation in S. sinensis species complex (Pace et al. 2019), we concluded that the relatively minor differences are attributed to intraspecific variation, describing it as a new variety of S. nivea.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20232FFE5FF4AF9C614EDF7AE.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: — TAIWAN. Pingtung: Chunri Township, Tahanshan, 25 April 2017, J. Z. Lin 3 (TAIF!)	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20232FFE5FF4AF9C614EDF7AE.taxon	description	Morphological descriptions and illustrations: — See Suetsugu et al. (2020: t 2, f 2 B, f 3 C & f 3 G).	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20232FFE5FF4AF9C614EDF7AE.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic remarks: — Two closely related species, Spiranthes sinensis and S. australis, have been distinguished based on the presence or absence of hairs in their inflorescence and on the stems and ovaries: the stems and ovaries o f S. australis are generally pubescent, whereas those of S. sinensis are glabrous. Intriguingly, although S. australis has not been documented to occur in Taiwan, Suetsugu et al. (2020) found a population of Spiranthes with slightly pubescent stems and ovaries at Tahanshan, southern Taiwan. Because the sequences from the slightly pubescent plants of Spiranthes show a combination of sequences between those of S. australis and S. sinensis, Suetsugu et al. (2020) concluded that they were hybrids between S. sinensis and S. australis.	en	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
