identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DE87E20237FFE6FF4AFF5B1481FDD0.text	03DE87E20237FFE6FF4AFF5B1481FDD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes sinensis (Persoon 1807) Ames 1908	<div><p>Spiranthes sinensis (Persoon 1807: 511) Ames (1908: 53) — Fig. 1.</p> <p>Type:— CHINA: prope Cantonem Sinarum, 1790, J. de Loureiro 5221 (holotype: P00150857, image!).</p> <p>= Spiranthes suishaensis (Hayata 1916: 86) Schlechter (1919: 161) ≡ Spiranthes australis (R. Brown 1810: 319) Lindley (1824: 823) var. suishaensis Hayata (1916: 86). Type:— TAIWAN. Nantou: Lake Suisha, 28 April 1916, B. Hayata s.n. (holotype: TI00010424!).— Fig. 2.</p> <p>= Spiranthes pitouchaoensis S.S. Ying (2022: 19), syn. nov. Type:— TAIWAN. New Taipei: Ruifang District, Pitouchao, 28 June 2020, S.S.Ying s.n. (holotype: NTUF, not located; image available in Ying (2022: 23)).</p> <p>Morphological descriptions and illustrations: —See Lin (1975: 244–245; 2019: 267; f. 118; pl. 13), Liu &amp; Su (1978: 1103; pl. 1642), Surveswaran et al. (2017: 125; f. 4) and Hsu &amp; Chung (2016: 188).</p> <p>Distribution and Ecology: — Spiranthes sinensis occurs from the southern part of the Hengduan Mountains, eastward across northern Laos, northern Vietnam, southern and eastern China, northward across Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands, southward across the northern Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. In Taiwan, this species is widespread throughout the main island and recorded from neighboring islets, including Pengchiayu, Lyudao (Green Island) and Lanyu (Orchid Island). It usually occurs at sunny grassy places in lowland regions from sea level to ca. 1000 m elev. and occasionally grows on roadside slopes in mountainous regions between 1000–2000 m elev. Flowers were mainly observed from March to May in lowland populations and from May to September in mountainous populations.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: — TAIWAN. “ Formosa ”: 1862, R. Swinhoe s.n. (K!); April 1874, W. Campbell s.n. (BM!); 11 March 1912, W.R. Price 190A (K!). Keelung City: Pengchiayu, 7 June 2005, S.- W. Chung 7742 (TAIF!). New Taipei City: Tamsuy, 1864, R. Oldham 183 (BM!, K!); Urai, April 1914, U. Faurie 926 (BM!); Shihding Service Area, 18 March 2013, T.- C. Hsu 6393 (TAIF!). Taichung City: Gaomei, 27 April 2017, T.- C. Hsu 9045 (TAIF!); Nantou Co.: Suisha, s.a., B. Hayata s.n. (TAIF!); Sun Moon Lake, 28 April 2008, T.- C. Hsu 1347 (TAIF!). Hualien Co.: Hoping Logging Trail, 25 September 2007, T.- T. Ho 215 (TAIF!); Changhong Bridge, 5 April 2018, T.- C. Hsu 10400 (TAIF!). Taitung Co.: Lichia Logging Trail, 4 April 2018, T.- C. Hsu 10399 (TAIF!); Lyudao Island, Chaojih Hot Spring, 17 April 2018, T.- C. Hsu 10475 (TAIF!); Lanyu Island, Yehyin, 27 March 2018, T.- C. Hsu 10318 (TAIF!). JAPAN. Kyushu Dist., Kagoshima Pref.: Amami Island, 8 May 2016, M. Takashi HH111 (SPMN!). Okinawa Pref.: Okinawa Island, 17 April 2017, A. Naiki 9922 (RYU!); Iriomote Island, 18 April 2017, A. Naiki 9925 (RYU!); Ishigaki Island, 27 March 2017, A. Soejima HH672 (SPMN!).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks: — Spiranthes sinensis displays allogamous features, including a well-developed rostellum that separates the stigma and pollinarium of each flower, pollinia with a viscidium, and suborbicular stigma, whereas S. hongkongensis and S. nivea has a degenerated rostellum, pollinia without a viscidium, and a distinctly 3-lobed stigma. Because species in the S. sinensis species complex often have pink flowers, the members with entirely white flowers were traditionally recognized as a distinct species only due to their white flowers (Pace et al. 2019). However, as demonstrated by Pace et al. (2019), it is not appropriate to delimitate Spiranthes species based solely on flower color. Because we could not recognize any distinct morphological differences between S. sinensis and S. suishaensis other than floral coloration (Figs. 1–2), we concluded S. suishaensis is a synonym of S. sinensis. For a list of synonyms of S. sinensis other than S. suishaensis and S. pitouchaoensis, see Pace et al. (2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE87E20237FFE6FF4AFF5B1481FDD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suetsugu, Kenji;Hsu, Tian-Chuan	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AFD3F1218FA54.text	03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AFD3F1218FA54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes hongkongensis S. Y. Hu & Baretto 1976	<div><p>Spiranthes hongkongensis S.Y. Hu &amp; Baretto (1976: 2) — Fig. 3.</p> <p>Type:— HONG KONG: Tai Po, the garden of Gloria Barretto, 4 April 1975, S. Y. Hu 13658 (holotype: K000942682!; isotypes:A00104456, image!, CUHK).</p> <p>Synonym:— Spiranthes suishaensis auct. non (Hayata 1916: 86) Schlechter (1919: 161): Lin (2019: 284).</p> <p>Morphological descriptions and illustrations: —See Hu &amp; Baretto (1976: 2; f. 2), Hsu &amp; Chung (2014: 406; f.1; 2016: 186), Surveswaran et al. (2017: 125; f. 4), and Lin (2019: 265; f. 116; pl. 13), as Spiranthes suishaensis.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology: — Spiranthes hongkongensis is currently known in Hong Kong, Taiwan, China (Guangdong and Hainan Provinces), Japan, and Borneo. In Taiwan, this species is occasionally found on lowland hills around the Taipei Basin where it grows on very humid sunny grassland accompanied with some wetland plants such as Eriocaulon spp. and Utricularia spp. It was also found growing as a weed in some greenhouses in southern Taiwan, and these populations are presumed as unintentionally introduced along with horticultural plants. Flowers were observed from April to May.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: — TAIWAN. New Taipei City: Chepingliao, 27 May 2009, T.-C. Hsu 2214 (TAIF!); same loc., 20 April 2014, T.-C. Hsu 7079 (TAIF!); same loc., 8 May 2015, T.-C. Hsu 7674 (TAIF!); same loc., 22 April 2017, J.-Z. Lin 1 (TAIF!). Pingtung Co.: Kaoshu, 26 April 2018, T.-C. Hsu 10536 (TAIF!). CHINA. Hainan Prov.: Mt. Diaoluo National Forest Park, 26 February 2012, T.-C. Hsu 5440 (TAIF!). HONG KONG: 20 April 1975, S. Y. Hu 13673 (KYO!). JAPAN. Okinawa Pref.: Ishigaki Island, Ishigaki City, in campis humidis litoris ad Nagura, 4 April 1937, Takamine s.n. (KPM-NA0304131!).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks: — Spiranthes hongkongensis can be distinguished from the allogamous taxa such as S. australis and S. sinensis by its modified rostellum and stigma morphology associated with its autogamous breeding system. Spiranthes hongkongensis is most similar to S. nivea, another autogamous species with white flowers. However, it differs from S. nivea, in having papillate (vs. nearly glabrous) labellum disc, larger papillate (vs. smaller glabrous) basal labellum callosities, and densely glandular pubescent (vs. sparsely pubescent) rachis, ovaries, and sepals.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AFD3F1218FA54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suetsugu, Kenji;Hsu, Tian-Chuan	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AF9B31679F7B0.text	03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AF9B31679F7B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes nivea var. nivea T. P. Lin & W. M. Lin 2011	<div><p>Spiranthes nivea T.P. Lin &amp; W.M. Lin (2011: 320) var. nivea — Fig. 4.</p> <p>Type:— TAIWAN. Pingtung: Tahanshan, 20 May 2009, Y.F. Wang s.n. (holotype: TAI 270634!).</p> <p>Synonym:— Spiranthes suishaensis auct. non (Hayata 1916: 86) Schlechter (1919: 161): Lin (2016: 117).</p> <p>Morphological descriptions and illustrations: —See Lin &amp; Lin (2011: 320; f. 5), Surveswaran et al. (2017: 125; f. 4), Hsu &amp; Chung (2016: 188), as Spiranthes suishaensis, and Lin (2019: 266; f. 117; pl. 13).</p> <p>Distribution and ecology: —The typical variety species is only recorded from the type locality, Tahanshan (Mt. Tahan) in southern Taiwan. It grows on semi-open roadside slopes around 1400–1600 m elev. and flowers from March to April.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: — TAIWAN. Pingtung Co.: Mt. Tahan, 13 March 2013, T.-C. Hsu 6342 (TAIF!); Tahanshan, 9 April 2013, S.-S. Lin s.n. (TAI!).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks: — Spiranthes nivea is most similar to S. hongkongensis, but it differs in having nearly glabrous labellum disc, smaller glabrous basal labellum callosities, and sparsely pubescent glabrous rachis, ovaries, and sepals.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE87E20231FFE6FF4AF9B31679F7B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suetsugu, Kenji;Hsu, Tian-Chuan	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.text	03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes nivea var. papillata T. C. Hsu & Suetsugu. Consequently 2023	<div><p>Spiranthes nivea var. papillata T.C. Hsu &amp; Suetsugu, var. nov. — Fig. 5.</p> <p>≡ Spiranthes minutiflora Hsu (2016: 187) in Hsu &amp; Chung (2016), nom. illeg., non Richard &amp; Galeotti (1845: 32).</p> <p>Type:— TAIWAN. Ilan: Tsuifong Lake, 1800–1900 m elev., 3 June 2015, T.C. Hsu 7743 (holotype: TAIF496968!).</p> <p>Diagnosis:— Spiranthes nivea var. papillata is morphologically distinguishable from S. nivea var. nivea by its more densely pubescent rachis and ovaries (vs. sparsely pubescent rachis and ovaries), narrower sepals that are white tinged with pink or purple at the apex (vs. wider and entirely white sepals), and papillose labellum disc (vs. almost glabrous labellum disc).</p> <p>Morphological descriptions and illustrations: —See Hsu &amp; Chung (2016: 187), as Spiranthes minutiflora.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology: —This variety is currently recorded around Tsuifong Lake and Taipingshan in northeastern Taiwan. It grows on sunny grasslands, semi-open roadside slopes, and cliffs around 1800–2100 m elev. Flowers were observed from May to July.</p> <p>Etymology:— The specific epithet is named after its papillate lip and papillate-pubescent rachis and ovaries that are diagnostic from the typical variety.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— TAIWAN. Ilan Co.: Taipingshan, 21 May 2012, T.-C. Hsu 5742 (TAIF!); same loc., 23 June 2017, T.-C. Hsu 9299 (TAIF!); Tsuifeng Lake, 22 June 2017, T.-C. Hsu 9287 (TAIF!).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks: — Spiranthes nivea var. papillata shows morphological resemblance to S. nivea and S. hongkongensis, due to their shared autogamous reproductive biology. Althouth Lin (2019) considered it conspecific with S. hongkongensis, this taxon actually differs in having bracts that significantly exceed ovaries, smaller and glabrous basal labellum callosities, ovate labellum, and smaller column. These features imply a closer relationship to S. nivea, but it still differs from S. nivea var. nivea by several morphological characters mentioned in the diagnosis. Given that there are no significant differences in the labellum and column morphology, which are essential characteristics in species delimitation in S. sinensis species complex (Pace et al. 2019), we concluded that the relatively minor differences are attributed to intraspecific variation, describing it as a new variety of S. nivea.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE87E20230FFE4FF4AF9E213E9F7AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suetsugu, Kenji;Hsu, Tian-Chuan	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
03DE87E20232FFE5FF4AF9C614EDF7AE.text	03DE87E20232FFE5FF4AF9C614EDF7AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes australis (R. Brown 1810) Lindley 1824	<div><p>Spiranthes australis (R. Brown 1810: 219) Lindley (1824: 823)</p> <p>× Spiranthes sinensis (Persoon 1807: 511) Ames (1908: 53)</p> <p>Specimens examined:— TAIWAN. Pingtung: Chunri Township, Tahanshan, 25 April 2017, J.Z. Lin 3 (TAIF!)</p> <p>Morphological descriptions and illustrations: —See Suetsugu et al. (2020: t2, f2B, f3C &amp; f3G).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks:— Two closely related species, Spiranthes sinensis and S. australis, have been distinguished based on the presence or absence of hairs in their inflorescence and on the stems and ovaries: the stems and ovaries o f S. australis are generally pubescent, whereas those of S. sinensis are glabrous. Intriguingly, although S. australis has not been documented to occur in Taiwan, Suetsugu et al. (2020) found a population of Spiranthes with slightly pubescent stems and ovaries at Tahanshan, southern Taiwan. Because the sequences from the slightly pubescent plants of Spiranthes show a combination of sequences between those of S. australis and S. sinensis, Suetsugu et al. (2020) concluded that they were hybrids between S. sinensis and S. australis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE87E20232FFE5FF4AF9C614EDF7AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suetsugu, Kenji;Hsu, Tian-Chuan	Suetsugu, Kenji, Hsu, Tian-Chuan (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in Taiwan. Phytotaxa 578 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.1
