identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
32248794FFABFFD895FE6A80FD8DF8E5.text	32248794FFABFFD895FE6A80FD8DF8E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Photonectes klepadloae Prokofiev & Frable 2021	<div><p>Photonectes klepadloae Prokofiev &amp; Frable, 2021</p> <p>Figs. 1–4; Table 1</p> <p>Holotype. USNM 258739, male, 119 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-158.33333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -158.33333/lat 21.333334)">central north Pacific Ocean</a>, Hawaiian Islands, off Oahu, 21°20′00′′ N, 158°20′00′′ W, 660–805 m, R / V Teuthis Cruise V, station 30, 10-ft opening-closing trawl, 13:52–16:52, 18 March 1971.</p> <p>New material. SIO 76-6, unsexed, 93 mm SL (Fig. 1A), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-147.21666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -147.21666/lat 30.35)">central north Pacific Ocean</a>, 30°41′00′′– 30°21′00′′ N, 147°18′00′′– 147°13′00′′ W, 1200 m wire out, FCRG 71-2, Tow 42, Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl, 19:00–01:28, 09 November 1971, S. Imsand. USNM 258733, unsexed, 64 mm SL (Fig. 1D), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-158.41695&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.416945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -158.41695/lat 21.416945)">central north Pacific Ocean</a>, Hawaiian Islands, off Oahu, 21°25′01′′ N, 158°25′01′′ W, 610–650 m, El Pescadero III Expedition, R / V Teritu, 10-ft IsaacsKidd midwater trawl, 10:56–13:50, 28 February 1971, T. A. Clarke. USNM 320468, likely male, 68 mm SL (Fig. 1E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-170.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -170.9/lat 27.18)">central north Pacific Ocean</a>, 27°10′48′′ N, 170°54′00′′ W, 250 m, 19:36, 19 July 1955, H. M. Smith.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Photonectes, subgenus Photonectes s. str. (Prokofiev 2019: 393), unique in postorbital organ shifted forward below orbit, blue luminous tissue on body arranged in two widely spaced interrupted lines between IV photophores and streak-like patch on each side above 10 th to 13 th PV photophores (Figs. 1, 2), and mental barbel with pair of stalked photophore-like structures on distal extremity of its stem (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Description. Measurements, vertebral, and fin element counts are shown in Table 1. Snout moderate, 1.3 times smaller than eye. Dorsal and anal fins opposed, shifted backward; pelvic fins inserted closer to caudal fin than to snout. Medial fins not covered by skin; pelvic and caudal fins broken at tips. Photophores: BR 9, IP 11 (interspaces between posteriormost three IP photophores approximately 1.5 times greater than previous ones), PV 21, IV 32, OV 20 or 21, VAV 13 (3 over anal-fin base), VAL 11 (2 over anal-fin base), AC 12, IC 57. Blue luminous tissue on body arranged as described for holotype (Prokofiev &amp; Frable 2021) (Figs. 1, 2), but streak-like patch above PV photophores is slightly longer and situated above 10 th to 13 th photophores in two smallest specimens (64–68 mm SL) with two small faint round patches posteriorly also not present in larger specimens (Fig. 1C). In specimen SIO 76-6, blue luminous tissue in pectoral area is more developed than in other specimens, forming elongate patch originating above IP-11 and ending midway between PV-2 and PV-3 photophores (Fig. 1A, B). Postorbital organ long, its anterior half situated below eye (Fig. 1A).</p> <p>Jaw dentition heterogeneous; premaxillary dentition biserial, with 2 teeth in outer row and 7–8 teeth in inner row; teeth in outer row and first tooth in inner row small and pointed, remaining inner teeth long, of unequal size, with barbed tips. Outer premaxillary teeth opposite bases of second and third teeth of inner row. Maxilla bears 7–8 moderately long, unequal-length teeth with barbed tips, followed by 9–12 smaller, inclined, comb-like teeth with pointed tips. Lower-jaw teeth 26 (SIO 76-6 and USNM 320468) or 23+/26 (USNM 258733), tips of longer teeth barbed. Vomer with 1 or 2 teeth on each side (anterior largest, posterior potentially a replacement), palatine teeth absent. Basibranchial teeth with two tooth patches, anterior patch with two pairs of sharp conical teeth, posterior patch with two or three pairs of teeth. First ceratobranchial with 7 clusters of denticles, from 1–3 each. Gill filaments of first ceratobranchial not reduced, similarly developed along whole length of bone. Posterior process of anguloarticular well-developed.</p> <p>Barbel 1.2–1.6 times in head, with thick pigmented stem and thin unpigmented terminal filament ending in bulbous swelling (Fig. 3) (missing in SIO 76-6). Terminal filament is 1.9–2.3 times longer than stem. Distal extremity of stem unpigmented and possibly luminous, base of luminous tip with internal black pigmentation and pair of stalked photophore-like organs, not as pronounced in SIO 76-6.</p> <p>Remarks. In all respects, the new specimens are similar or identical to the holotype of P. klepadloae, showing only slight but invaluable differences in some counts, morphometrics, degree of development of the blue luminous tissue, and in barbel structure. The most obvious is the presence of a bulbous swelling at tip of terminal filament in two smaller specimens, which is lacking in the holotype and SIO 76-6. Most probably, the absence of this swelling is an artifact resulting from damage incurred during the collecting haul, as the tip of the filament looks incomplete in the two larger specimens. The general pattern of distribution of the blue luminous tissue is identical in all specimens, although the size of individual patches is somewhat variable between the specimens.</p> <p>Distribution. Photonectes klepadloae is still only known from the central north Pacific Ocean between 21 to 30° N and 147 to 171° W (Fig. 4).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/32248794FFABFFD895FE6A80FD8DF8E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prokofiev, Artem M.;Frable, Benjamin W.	Prokofiev, Artem M., Frable, Benjamin W. (2023): New specimens and supplementary descriptions of two rare dragonfishes Photonectes klepadloae and P. litvinovi, with comments on the distribution of P filipendulus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae). Zootaxa 5228 (4): 489-500, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.4.7
32248794FFAEFFD395FE6FD1FE50FE07.text	32248794FFAEFFD395FE6FD1FE50FE07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Photonectes litvinovi Prokofiev 2014	<div><p>Photonectes litvinovi Prokofiev, 2014</p> <p>Figs. 4–7; Table 1</p> <p>Holotype. ZMMU 23227 (formerly IOM, uncatalogued), unsexed, 150 mm SL (Fig. 5A), 02°20′ N, 128°12′ E, R / V Vityaz, cruise 57, station 7276, sample 162, Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl no. 72, 3300 m wire out, 21:25–22:25, 23 March 1975.</p> <p>New material. IOM 03639, mature male, 105 mm SL (107 mm SL at time of capture) (Fig. 5B), western Indian Ocean, off Farquar Island, 10°36′24″–10°36′06′ S, 50°01′48″–50°13′54″ E, R / V Akademik Kurchatov, cruise 36, station 3750, sample 50, Bongo net no. 8, 200–0 m, 400 m wire out, 00:47–01:07, 11 April 1983.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Photonectes, subgenus Photonectes s. str. (Prokofiev 2019: 393), with unique combination of three solid longitudinal bands of blue luminous tissue on ventral surface of body in prepelvic area (Figs. 5C, 6) and mental barbel with dorsal branch but lacking developed bulbs (Fig. 7B).</p> <p>Description. Measurements, vertebral, and fin element counts are shown in Table 1. Snout very short, 1.9 times smaller than eye. Dorsal and anal fins opposed, shifted backward; pelvic fins inserted closer to caudal fin than to snout. Medial fins skinned, tips of pelvic fins broken. Lower lobe of caudal fin 1.4 times longer than upper lobe. Photophores: BR 7, IP 8 + 2, PV 25, IV 35, OV 22, VAV 12 (4 over anal-fin base), VAL 10+ (10 before anal-fin origin, skin missing farther back and some hindmost photophores were apparently lost), AC 11, IC 58. Distance from IP-1 to top of isthmus as long as combined length of IP series; space between IP-8 and IP-9 exceeds space between IP-9 and IP-10 by 1.5 times. Three solid longitudinal bands of blue luminescent tissue on ventral surface of body. Thick, sharply delimited midventral band is conspicuous on isthmus originating behind base of barbel, becoming indistinct in posterior half of IP series and apparently disappearing behind IP-8. Paired ventrolateral bands originate at IP-2 as thin inconspicuous lines running outward from IP series of photophores becoming much thicker and conspicuous from shoulder-girdle region on lowermost flank, twice as close to PV than OV series of photophores, disappearing in front of pelvic-fin origin. Unpaired midventral band originates behind level of shoulder girdle (traceable from PV-5) and extends along midventral line to pelvic-fin origin (Figs. 5C, D, 6). Skin at midline of breast abraded, making it unclear if midventral bands on isthmus and vent are continuous (Fig. 6). No other luminous tissue on head, body or inside mouth. Postorbital organ 1.3 times longer than eye, lacking anteroventral extension of jet-black tissue encircling photogenic gland (Fig. 7A).</p> <p>Jaw dentition heterogeneous (Fig. 7A); premaxillary dentition biserial, with 2+1 teeth in outer row and 6 teeth in inner row; teeth in outer row and first tooth in inner row small and pointed, remaining inner teeth long, of unequal size, with barbed tips. First two teeth in outer row opposite space between second and third teeth of inner row; third tooth opposite space between fourth and fifth inner teeth. Maxilla bears 9/10 needle-like teeth of unequal length with barbed tips followed by 14/13 smaller, inclined, comb-like teeth with pointed tips. Lower-jaw teeth 34/37, longer teeth weakly barbed. Vomer possesses pair of long barbed teeth on each side, outer teeth longer than inner one. Each palatine with two smaller, closely spaced teeth with barbed tips, hind tooth longer. Basibranchial teeth in two groups, 2+2 teeth per group, posterior pair of teeth in each group longer than anterior pair. First ceratobranchial bears six clusters of small denticles, 1–3 denticles per cluster. Gill filaments of first ceratobranchial are similarly developed along whole length of bone, not extending behind gill cover. Posterior process of anguloarticular welldeveloped (Fig. 7A).</p> <p>Barbel 1.8 times in head, reaching interspace between IP-2 and IP-3 when adpressed, lacking bulbs, with short dorsal branch, 9 times in barbel length. Barbel terminates in small oval swelling. Tips of distal swelling and of dorsal branch each bear minute bulblet; bulblets at base of terminal swelling are poorly developed. Entire barbel and its dorsal branch darkly pigmented except small pale (probably luminous) area on stem slightly (1.25 times) closer to base of dorsal branch than to base of barbel (Fig. 7B).</p> <p>Remarks. The new specimen shows a unique arrangement of blue luminous tissue on the body but otherwise is similar to the holotype of P. litvinovi. The latter shows no blue tissue but its skin is largely abraded (Fig. 5A); thus, this difference likely represents an artifact of damage during collection. For other characters, the new specimen is almost identical to the holotype of P. litvinovi. Minor differences include the presence of an additional tooth in the outer row of the premaxilla, a greater number of dentary teeth (34–37 vs. 29), a much longer barbel (1.8 vs. 3.3 times in head) with a short transparent area on its stem (absent in the holotype) and scarcely expressed bulblets at base of distal swelling. The length of barbel is a size-dependent character, as documented for other species within the genus (Prokofiev 2019), whereas the other differences are likely individual variation.</p> <p>Since the blue luminous tissue was not formerly documented for that species, its identification might be problematic using the existing keys (Prokofiev 2019; Prokofiev &amp; Frable 2021). The latest key for the species of the genus in Prokofiev &amp; Frable (2021) can be modified in the following manner to include the correct diagnostic information for P. litvinovi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/32248794FFAEFFD395FE6FD1FE50FE07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prokofiev, Artem M.;Frable, Benjamin W.	Prokofiev, Artem M., Frable, Benjamin W. (2023): New specimens and supplementary descriptions of two rare dragonfishes Photonectes klepadloae and P. litvinovi, with comments on the distribution of P filipendulus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae). Zootaxa 5228 (4): 489-500, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.4.7
32248794FFA2FFD295FE6A97FA04F931.text	32248794FFA2FFD295FE6A97FA04F931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Photonectes Gunther 1887	<div><p>Revised key to species of Photonectes</p> <p>1a. IV 49–50; OV 38; VAL 2–4; VAV clustered in three groups; pectoral fin absent; vertebrae 67...... P. munificus Gibbs, 1968</p> <p>1b. IV 28–45; OV 18–32; VAL 9–15; all VAV equally spaced; pectoral fin present or absent; vertebrae 48–63............... 2</p> <p>2a. Pectoral fin present, with one to three rays (rarely perhaps completely reduced in P. filipendulus, then BR 11–12, IV 45, vertebrae 59–62)...................................................................................... 3</p> <p>2b. Pectoral fin absent; BR 6–10, IV 29–39; vertebrae 48–55.................................................... 12</p> <p>3a. Premaxillary and lower-jaw dentition heterogeneous in juveniles up to 70 mm SL, homogeneous in fishes of larger size; premaxillary dentition uniserial at all ontogenetic stages; first pair of IP photophores separated from the top of isthmus by a distance equal to the space between IP-1 and IP-2; all IP photophores equally spaced; vertebrae 57–63................. 4</p> <p>3b. Premaxillary and lower-jaw dentition heterogeneous in both juveniles and adults; premaxillary dentition biserial; first pair of IP photophores separated from the top of isthmus by a distance much greater the space between IP-1 and IP-2; some IP photophores irregularly spaced; vertebrae 50–53............................................................ 8</p> <p>4a. Bulb of mental barbel with internal black pigmentation and a compressed lamellate distal appendage (Prokofiev 2019: fig. 6d)......................................................................... P. xenopogon Prokofiev, 2019</p> <p>4b. Bulb of mental barbel, when present, lacking internal pigmentation; distal appendages, when present, filiform, finger-like, or lobate (Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930: figs. 119–122)............................................................ 5</p> <p>5a. A single short and flexible pectoral-fin ray (rarely perhaps completely reduced); mental barbel possessing a small terminal bulb with 2 to 4 short filiform distal appendages (Prokofiev 2019: figs. 4k–n)................. P. filipendulus Prokofiev, 2019</p> <p>5b. Pectoral-fin rays 1 or 2 (rarely 3), when ray is single, long and stout; bulb of mental barbel, when present, with numerous or non-filiform appendages............................................................................... 6</p> <p>6a. IV 40; white luminous spots present on interorbital area; pectoral fin with two flexible rays of similar length........................................................................................ P. gorodinskii Prokofiev, 2015</p> <p>6b. IV 42–48; no white luminous spots in interorbital area; pectoral fin of variable structure............................. 7</p> <p>7a. Pectoral fin usually with two flexible rays of similar length, rarely third vestigial ray present; bulb of mental barbel large, ovoid, with a large lobe-like to slender subterminal appendage bearing the secondary filiform filaments (those may be absent in small juveniles) (Prokofiev 2019: figs. 3l–n).................................... P. parvimanus Regan &amp; Trewavas, 1930</p> <p>7b. Pectoral fin usually with a single long and stout ray, sometimes a second ray present, always much shorter than the first one; bulb of mental barbel, when present, not inflated, bearing the numerous filiform or finger-like filaments of different sizes (Prokofiev 2019: figs. 3a–k)............................................. …. P. margarita (Goode &amp; Bean, 1896)</p> <p>8a. Bulb of mental barbel with an elongate distal appendage; top of snout with a pair of white luminous spots [only juveniles are known]............................................................................................. 9</p> <p>8b. Bulb of mental barbel lacking appendages or with a minute spherical or filiform appendage, usually completely reduced in adults; no luminous spots on top of snout................................................................. 10</p> <p>9a. Bulb of mental barbel elongate, with a compressed distal appendage bifurcated at tip (Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930: fig. 115b); gill filaments on first arch long................................................. P. dinema Regan &amp; Trewavas, 1930</p> <p>9b. Bulb of mental barbel spherical, with a slender distal appendage terminated by a minute bulblet (Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930: fig. 115a); gill filaments on first arch shortened................................. P. leucospilus Regan &amp; Trewavas, 1930</p> <p>10a. Postorbital organ very long, 5.8–6.1% SL............................................ P. uncinatus Prokofiev, 2015</p> <p>10b. Postorbital organ shorter, 3.3–3.6% SL................................................................... 11</p> <p>11a. Bulb of mental barbel and its appendages completely reduced in adults.................... P. braueri (Zugmayer, 1913)</p> <p>11b. Bulb of mental barbel present, ending into a small filiform appendage in adults............. P. distichodon Prokofiev, 2019</p> <p>12a. Dorsal branch of mental barbel present................................................................... 13</p> <p>12b. Dorsal branch of mental barbel absent................................................................... 15</p> <p>13a. Blue luminous tissue absent; mental barbel with large bulb; snout as long as eye (may be a size-dependent character); dentary teeth 16; anal-fin rays 16......................................................... P. corynodes Klepadlo, 2011</p> <p>13b. Blue luminous tissue present; mental barbel with or without bulbs; snout shorter than eye (may be a size-dependent character); dentary teeth 23–37; anal-fin rays 18–20................................................................. 14</p> <p>14a. Mental barbel with several bulbs of different size; blue luminous tissue on body consisting of a pair of longitudinal lines between IP photophores and a longitudinal row of spots (sometimes confluent into line) on each side above PV photophores; three pairs of luminous spots inside mouth and a spot above last BR photophore.................. P. mirabilis Parr, 1927</p> <p>14b. Mental barbel lacking bulbs; blue luminous tissue on body consisting of three longitudinal lines in prepelvic area; no luminous spots inside mouth or above last BR photophore....................................... P. litvinovi Prokofiev, 2014</p> <p>15a. Blue luminous tissue present on body and sometimes head................................................... 16</p> <p>15b. Blue luminous tissue absent........................................................................... 23</p> <p>16a. Anterior edge of photogenic gland of postorbital organ on vertical with suborbital organ; blue luminous tissue on body represented by two well-spaced interrupted midventral lines extending from isthmus to pelvic-fin origin and an isolated streaklike patch on each side above 10–12 th PV photophores; a pair of enlarged stalked photophore-like structures at distal extremity of barbel stem......................................................... P. klepadloae Prokofiev &amp; Frable, 2021</p> <p>16b. Anterior edge of photogenic gland of postorbital organ behind vertical of posterior border of eye; blue luminous tissue not as above; no enlarged stalked photophore-like structures on barbel stem........................................... 17</p> <p>17a. IP 6; blue luminous tissue on body represented by vertical streaks between IV photophores, streaks in a line above the anteriormost IV photophores and along the posterior margin of gill opening, not forming the midventral or midlateral longitudinal lines; a longitudinal line of blue tissue along outer margin of lower jaw.......................... P. banshee Koeda &amp; Ho, 2019</p> <p>17b. IP 9–11; blue luminous tissue on body not as above, always forming midventral (at least on isthmus) or midlateral (at least in posterior half of body) longitudinal lines; no longitudinal line of blue tissue on lower jaw.......................... 18</p> <p>18a. Mental barbel expanded toward tip, lacking bulbs or filiform unpigmented terminal appendage, but unpigmented and apparently luminous in distal portion (Prokofiev &amp; Klepadlo 2019: fig. 1G); blue luminous tissue consisting of a longitudinal row of interrupted streaks on each side above IV photophores, and transverse interrupted streaks connecting longitudinal lines of left and right sides of body between photophores of ventral rows, alternating with photophores; lateral longitudinal band of blue tissue diffuse and irregular, not extending anteriad from vertical of pelvic-fin origin............................................................................................... P. cyanogrammicus Prokofiev &amp; Klepadlo, 2019</p> <p>18b. Mental barbel with bulb(s) and/or unpigmented filiform terminal appendage, the latter two or more times narrower than the pigmented stem of barbel; blue luminous tissue not as above.................................................. 19</p> <p>19a. Solid longitudinal band of blue luminous tissue present on flanks between gill opening and caudal-fin base............. 20</p> <p>19b. No such band....................................................................................... 21</p> <p>20a. Mental barbel lacking bulb, with thin unpigmented terminal filament splitting at tip into three short filaments; barbel not longer than eye diameter.............................................................. P. gracilis Goode &amp; Bean, 1896</p> <p>20b. Mental barbel with large spherical bulb bearing thin solidly pigmented terminal filament splitting at tip into four short filaments; barbel much longer than eye diameter................................. P. sphaerolampas Prokofiev &amp; Klepadlo, 2019</p> <p>21a. Blue luminous tissue consisting of a pair of lines along midline of isthmus, running outward of IP photophores at IP-1–IP-2 and disappearing behind PV-4........................................................ P. venetaenia Prokofiev, 2016</p> <p>21b. Blue luminous tissue consisting of a midventral chevron-shaped stripe between PV photophores with short transverse streaks alternating with photophores, and a row of spots on each side above PV photophores............................... 22</p> <p>22a. Mental barbel with large bulb; a pair of luminous spots inside mouth and a patch of luminous tissue in front of BR-1; BR 6–8....................................................................... P. achirus Regan &amp; Trewavas, 1930</p> <p>22b. Mental barbel without bulb; no luminous spots inside mouth, no patch of luminous tissue in front of BR-1; BR 8–10.......................................................................... P. caerulescens Regan &amp; Trewavas, 1930</p> <p>23a. Mental barbel short, not exceeding half-length of lower jaw, with a large ovoid or spherical bulb lacking appendages or with a compressed leaf-like luminous appendage; no spots of white luminous tissue above gill opening..................... 24</p> <p>23b. Mental barbel usually longer than lower jaw, if shorter, bearing two bulbs situated one after the other; terminal bulb with filamentous appendage; 1–2 spots of white luminous tissue above gill opening................................... 25</p> <p>24a. Mental barbel with a large ovoid terminal bulb lacking appendages; VAV 15–16........ P. paxtoni Flynn &amp; Klepadlo, 2012</p> <p>24b. Mental barbel with a large spherical terminal bulb bearing a compressed leaf-like luminous appendage with irregularly indented distal margin (Prokofiev &amp; Klepadlo 2019: fig. 5); VAV 11–12................. P. phyllopogon Regan &amp; Trewavas, 1930</p> <p>25a. Barbel stem completely pigmented, ending by a single bulb bearing a long filiform terminal filament, sometimes with secondary bulblets.................................................................... P. albipennis (Döderlein, 1882)</p> <p>25b. Barbel with two bulbs situated one after another, or with a single terminal bulb and an unpigmented (possibly luminous) area on stem............................................................................................ 26</p> <p>26a. Barbel with a single terminal bulb and a small area on stem unpigmented dorsally and laterally, but pigmented ventrally................................................................................... P. barnetti Klepadlo, 2011</p> <p>26b. Mental barbel with two bulbs situated one after the other (proximal bulb sometimes not thicker than stem, but ventral surface is not pigmented in such cases)......................................................................... 27</p> <p>27a. Mental barbel not shorter than head; interspace between bulbs twice or more (usually much more) the length of the distal bulb; ceratobranchial-1 with long gill filaments................................................ P. coffea Klepadlo, 2011</p> <p>27b. Mental barbel shorter than head; interspace between bulbs usually not exceeding the length of the distal bulb (rarely up to 1.5 times greater); ceratobranchial-1 usually with more or less shortened gill filaments....... P. waitti Flynn &amp; Klepadlo, 2012</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/32248794FFA2FFD295FE6A97FA04F931	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prokofiev, Artem M.;Frable, Benjamin W.	Prokofiev, Artem M., Frable, Benjamin W. (2023): New specimens and supplementary descriptions of two rare dragonfishes Photonectes klepadloae and P. litvinovi, with comments on the distribution of P filipendulus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae). Zootaxa 5228 (4): 489-500, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.4.7
