identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BD87E0FFB940226D4AC7EDB1351112.text	03BD87E0FFB940226D4AC7EDB1351112.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bufonidae Gray 1825	<div><p>Bufonidae Gray, 1825</p> <p>Bufotes viridis sensu lato green toads are rare in the assemblage and were identified by five presacral vertebrae (Figure 5a). The transverse processes are broken in all the vertebrae in the assemblage, but some diagnostic traits are still apparent. The vertebrae are procoelous. The cotyle is oval, elongated and is flattened dorsoventrally (semi-lunar shaped). The condyle is also oval and flattened dorsoventrally. In the dorsal view, the neural arch is flattened and wide anteroposteriorly. In the anterior view, the neural canal is wide (the width greater than the height) and oval. The prezygapophyses are dorsolaterally tilted. In posterior view the postzygapophyses are wide, dorsally flattened and laterally protruding. While there are no established osteological differences between the extant group of Bufotes viridis sensu lato (e.g. B. oblongus, B. viridis, B. boulengeri, B. balearicus and B. variabilis) (Blain et al. 2010), for the analysis bellow we identified the remains as Bufotes variabilis on biogeographic grounds (Stöck et al. 2006).</p> <p>The species inhabits predominantly a wide variety of Mediterranean habitats including the Mediterranean maquis (montane Mediterranean vegetation); however, it can also inhabit arid/ semi-arid habitats (supplementary Figure 2a). This species was identified at various Epipaleolithic sites in Israel: The Kebaran site of Urkan e-Rub IIa (Hovers et al. 1988), the Epipaleolithic layers of Sefunim Cave (Tchernov 1984), the Natufian layers of Abu Usba Cave (mixed layer with Holocene intrusions, Stekelis and Haas 1952), Eynan (Ain Mallaha) (Biton et al. 2021) and EWT (Lev et al. unpublished data).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB940226D4AC7EDB1351112	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
03BD87E0FFB7402D6E07C5C0B1BE104E.text	03BD87E0FFB7402D6E07C5C0B1BE104E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stellagama stellio (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Stellagama cf. stellio (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>The rock-tailed agama is the second most common lizard at the site (NISP = 44, 4% of the total assemblage) and is represented by maxillary and mandibular specimens, and vertebrae (Figure 5 (b)). The specimens were assigned to Stellagama following Smith et al. (2016). The maxilla is characterised by a steep angulation of the triangular shaped facial process. The dorsal end of the facial process has two posterior processes that are asymmetric, the medial facial process is longer than the lateral one. There is a strong notable depression on the slightly medially curved premaxillary process. The anteromedial process is pointed in the dorsal direction. There are two anterior subpleurodont, monocuspid caniniform teeth, the second is much longer and has greater girth than the first. Posteriorly the teeth are acrodont and triangular; they are crowded and increase in size posteriorly. The Lateral surface is smooth and bears five labial (ventrolateral) foramina.</p> <p>The dentary is characterised by a large rounded strong mandibular symphysis. The Meckelian groove is narrow anteriorly with no restrictions, it has a constant depth and height until its posterior expansion at the angular articulation. The subdental shelf has a consistent height until it posteriorly expands ventrodorsally. A subdental gutter is present and is apparent for two-thirds of the dentary from the anterior subpleurodont teeth to the posterior acrodont teeth until the last four posterior teeth. The dorsal inflection in the coronoid articulation is absent. There are two anterior subpleurodont large caniniform monocuspid teeth and posteriorly triangular, laterally flattened acrodont teeth. The size of the acrodont teeth increases posteriorly, however the posterior most teeth are slightly smaller. On the lateral surface, the largest acrodont teeth are located in the middle of the dentary and the teeth are separated by a ventrally oriented groove. The lateral surface of the dentary has five mental foramina that vary in size and depth.</p> <p>The trunk vertebra is procoelous and is characterised by an oval dorsoventrally flattened condyle and cotyle. In the dorsal view, the neural arch is wide and the interzygapophyseal constriction is moderate. Prezygapophyseal particular facets are elongated ovalshaped and anterolaterally directed. The neural spine is strong and wider in its posterior half. In the ventral view, the centrum is triangular, its ventral surface is slightly convex, and the synapophyses are laterally protruding. In anterior view, the neural canal is wide, the neural arch is triangular in shape, and its anterior edge is V-shaped. The synapophyses are well-defined and laterally protruding. The prezygapophyseal facets are dorsolaterally tilted. In posterior view, the neural canal is wide, the neural arch is round, and its posterior edge is U-shaped. Postzygapophysis is thin and laterally protruding. In lateral view, the synapophyses are well-defined and oval shaped. The neural spine starts to rise dorsally from the anterior edge of the neural arch.</p> <p>The species inhabits various habitats in the Mediterranean region, semi-arid and arid regions, always in rocky areas. It is most common in the Mediterranean maquis habitat (supplementary Figure S2 (b)). This species was identified at various Epipaleolithic sites in Israel, including the Kebaran sites of Iraq e Zigan (Heller 1978), Nahal Hadera V (Bar-Oz 2004) and Meged Rockshelter (Stiner 2005), and the Natufian layers of Abu Usba Cave (mixed layer with Holocene intrusions, Stekelis and Haas 1952), Hayonim Cave (Stiner 2005), Nahal Oren (Nadel et al. 1997), Nahal Ein Gev II (Munro et al. 2021), Abu Salem (Marks and Scott 1976), Ramat Harif (Munro et al. 2020), Eynan (Biton et al. 2021) and EWT (Valla et al. 1986; Lev et al. 2020).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB7402D6E07C5C0B1BE104E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
03BD87E0FFB6402C6E07C2ECB1B115B2.text	03BD87E0FFB6402C6E07C2ECB1B115B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumeces schneideri subsp. pavimentatus (Geoffroy SaintHilaire 1827)	<div><p>Eumeces schneideri ssp. pavimentatus (Geoffroy SaintHilaire, 1827)</p> <p>Schneider’s Skink was identified by a right dentary (Figure 5 (e)) and trunk vertebrae (Figure 5 (f)). Regarding the dentary, in medial view the mandibular symphysis is wide, strong and rounded. The subdental shelf is thick anteriorly and narrows posteriorly. The anterior subdental shelf restricts the Meckelian groove; thus, the Meckelian groove is very narrow at the anterior end and expands posteriorly. The lateral surface of the dentary has five mental foramina. The teeth are pleurodont and cylindrical and the tooth crown is slightly rounded with their tips slightly curved posteriorly. The teeth are crowded with very slight gaps between them. The anterior teeth are slender and become more robust posteriorly. The dentary differs from Trachylepis in robustness, size and the location of the Meckelian groove posterior expansion and from Chalcides and Ophiomorus in the fewer number of teeth.</p> <p>The trunk vertebra is procoelous and is characterised by an oval cotyle compressed dorsoventrally in anterior view; the condyle is slightly oval and is also compressed ventrally. In the dorsal view, the neural arch is long and has a very moderate interzygapophyseal constriction. The neural spine covers most of the centrum, while more prominent in the posterior half. In lateral view, the neural spine starts to rise dorsally at the anterior edge, becoming more pronounced towards the posterior end. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are large, ovalshaped, elongated and anterolaterally directed. In the ventral view, the centrum is elongated, the synapophyses are rounded and laterally protruding. The haemal keel is wide and welldefined anteriorly and its borders are not well-defined posteriorly. In anterior view, the anterior margins of the pedicels are concave. The prezygapophyseal facets are dorsolaterally tilted. The neural canal is wide, and the anterior edge of the neural arch is V-shaped. The synapophyses are rounded. In posterior view, the neural canal is wide, the neural arch is round, its wall is thin and its posterior edge is U-shaped. The postzygapophysis is thin and dorsolaterally protruding.</p> <p>The species inhabits various habitats in the Mediterranean region, mostly the Mediterranean maquis and the coastal plain, and is also infrequently found in dry semi-arid/arid habitats (Figure 2 (c)). It was identified in the Natufian of EWT (Lev et al. 2020) and Eynan (Biton et al. 2021).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB6402C6E07C2ECB1B115B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
03BD87E0FFB6402F6D4AC537B47613BB.text	03BD87E0FFB6402F6D4AC537B47613BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudopus apodus (Pallas 1775)	<div><p>Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775)</p> <p>The European Glass Lizard is the most common lizard at the site (NISP = 143, 13% of the total assemblage) and is represented by maxillary and mandibular pieces, vertebrae (Figure 5 (g-i)) and osteoderms (the latter were not calculated as part of the species NISP). The specimens were assigned to Pseudopus apodus following Villa and Delfino (2019) and Klembara et al. (2014, 2017) for the maxilla and dentary and Čerňanský et al. (2019) for trunk and caudal vertebrae. In the maxilla, the anteromedial process (septomaxillary ramus) and the anterolateral process (external ramus or the premaxillary process) are pointed and well-developed with a U-shaped concavity between them. The anterolateral process is slightly more robust and extends further anteriorly. The facial process has a steep inclination on both the anterior and posterior sides with a slightly concave anterior. The palatal shelf (supradental shelf) extends anteriorly and is mostly consistent in width. The superior alveolar foramen is not very pronounced in smaller specimens, however, in larger specimens it is wide and extends posteriorly to a wide groove on the dorsal surface of the posterior process. The maxillary teeth are large, subpleurodont and monocuspid. Anterior teeth are smaller and less robust with a pointed tip that is slightly curved posteriorly, the posterior teeth are larger and gradually increase in size posteriorly (the last posterior ones are smaller). The posterior teeth are cylindrical and robust with a blunt and rounded crown. The teeth are closely spaced. The lateral surface of the maxilla is smooth and bears five mental foramina.</p> <p>Regarding the dentary, in medial view the mandibular symphysis is oval shaped with a slight angle. The Meckelian groove extends anteriorly into the mandibular symphysis and creates a kidneyshaped symphysial facet. The Meckelian groove is narrow and dorsoventrally broadened towards the posterior end and is medially covered by a ventrally flexed subdental shelf. Posterior to the alveolar foramen, the subdental shelf becomes narrow and rises dorsoventrally. The lateral surface of the dentary has four mental foramina. The dentary features large subpleurodont teeth. The teeth are monocuspid, cylindrical and slightly robust. In the anterior part of the dentary the teeth are less robust and their tip has a slight curve posteriorly, the remaining teeth are cylindrical and stout and have a blunt and rounded crown. The teeth reach their maximum size in the middle of the tooth row (the seventh to ninth teeth from the anterior). The teeth are more crowded posteriorly and become more widely spaced anteriorly.</p> <p>The trunk vertebrae are procoelous. The cotyle is depressed and oval shaped that extends anteroventrally. The condyle is oval shaped and is compressed ventrally. In the dorsal view, the interzygapophyseal constriction is prominent. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are large elliptical and anterolaterally directed. The neural spine covers most of the centrum, the posterior half is considerably wider and more robust. In lateral view, the neural spine starts to rise dorsally, approximately in the middle of the neural arch; it is square in shape and has a slight posterior inclination (more pronounced in the more anterior presacral vertebrae).</p> <p>In the ventral view, the centrum is wide, its ventral surface is smooth and slightly convex and the haemal keel is absent. The synapophyses protrude laterally with a dorsoventral orientation. In anterior view, the prezygapophyseal facets are dorsolaterally tilted. The neural canal is oval and small; the anterior edge of the neural arch is V-shaped. The synapophyses are rounded and they slightly protrude laterally. In the posterior view, the neural canal is slightly larger than in the anterior view, however, it is still small. The posterior edge of the neural canal is U-shaped. The postzygapophyseal facets are robust and laterally protruding.</p> <p>The species inhabits the Mediterranean region, predominantly in the Mediterranean maquis (supplementary Figure S2 (d)). The European Glass Lizard was identified in various Epipaleolithic assemblages in Israel; the Epipaleolithic sites of Nahal Hadera V, Neve-David, Hefzibah (Bar-Oz 2004) and Jorden River Dureijat (Sharon et al. 2020), the Epipaleolithic layers of Sefunim Cave (Tchernov 1984), Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter (Stiner 2005), and the Natufian layers of Hayonim Cave (Stiner 2005), EWT (Valla et al. 1986; Lev et al. 2020) and Eynan (Biton et al. 2021).</p> <p>Snakes are the most abundant group in the assemblage with 803 bones. Cervical and caudal vertebrae are common (n = 104, n = 89, respectively); however, identification to species level was done solely by trunk vertebrae.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB6402F6D4AC537B47613BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
03BD87E0FFB5402F6E07C744B185140C.text	03BD87E0FFB5402F6E07C744B185140C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eryx jaculus (Daudin 1803)	<div><p>Eryx jaculus (Daudin, 1803)</p> <p>The Javeline Sand Boa was identified by two trunk vertebrae (Figure 6 (a)). Both vertebrae are short and small (maximum centrum length &lt;3 mm). The cotyle and condyle are oval and slightly flattened dorsoventrally. In the dorsal view, the vertebra is wider than long, and the interzygapophyseal constriction is strong. The neural spine extends just posterior to the zygosphene. The zygosphene is wide and only slightly concave anteriorly. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are oval. In ventral view, the centrum is short, wide and convex. The haemal keel is wide, with weakly defined lateral margins, and it extends from the ventral end of the cotyle to the condyle. Due to the state of vertebrae preservation, the diapophysis and parapophysis are broken. In anterior view, the prezygapophyses are short, pointed and dorsolaterally tilted. The neural canal is wide; the anterior margins of the pedicels are concave. The zygosphene is wide and is concave anteriorly. In posterior view, the neural canal is wide, the neural arch is round and its posterior edge is U-shaped. The postzygapophyses are dorsally tilted. In lateral view, the neural spin starts to rise dorsally at the anterior edge, however it is too broken for further description.</p> <p>The species inhabits the Mediterranean region, semi-arid/arid habitats of the northern Negev and was also documented in the mountain open forest of Mount Hermon; however, it is most common in the Mediterranean and semi-arid/arid alluvial valleys and the coastal plain (supplementary Figure S2 (e)). This species is not well documented in the Epipaleolithic sites of Israel but was found in EWT (Lev et al. 2020).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB5402F6E07C744B185140C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
03BD87E0FFB5402F6D4AC221B1E910DD.text	03BD87E0FFB5402F6D4AC221B1E910DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemorrhois nummifer (Reuss 1834)	<div><p>Hemorrhois nummifer (Reuss, 1834)</p> <p>The Coin-marked Snake was identified by four trunk vertebrae (Figure 6 (b)); it is a small-sized ‘colubrine’. The cotyle has a circular shape that flattens dorsoventrally. The condyle is slightly oval and flattened ventrally. In the dorsal view, the vertebra is longer than wide, and the interzygapophyseal constriction is well-marked. The neural spine is relatively strong and long, extending posterior to the zygosphene. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are elongated and oval shaped. In the ventral view, the centrum is triangular and slightly convex. The haemal keel differentiates the Coinmarked Snake from other small size ‘colubrines’; it is well-defined and narrow anteriorly and expands posteriorly where its borders are less defined. In younger specimens, the posterior edge of the haemal keel has a protruding triangular shape. In anterior view, even though the prezygapophyseal accessory processes are broken, the prezygapophyses appear to be directed laterally. The zygosphene is wide and is concave anteriorly; the neural canal is wide; the anterior edge of the neural arch is U-shaped. In posterior view, the neural canal is wide and the posterior edge of the neural arch is U-shaped. In lateral view, the neural spine starts to rise dorsally at the anterior edge. The surface of the diapopyses and parapophyses is eroded, but some general characteristics are still notable. The diapophyses are rounded and expand posterodorsally. The parapophyses protrude anteriorly.</p> <p>The species inhabits the Mediterranean region, mostly common in the Mediterranean maquis, Mediterranean alluvial valleys and in the coastal plain. However, it can also be found in the semi-arid /arid habitat of the Northern Negev (supplementary Figure S2 (f)). This species was identified at two Natufian sites in Israel: EWT (Lev et al. 2020) and Eynan (Biton et al. 2021).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB5402F6D4AC221B1E910DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
03BD87E0FFB5402E6D4AC677B42F11D5.text	03BD87E0FFB5402E6D4AC677B42F11D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichophis jugularis (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Dolichophis jugularis (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>The Large Whip Snake was the most commonly identified species at the site (NISP = 168, 16% of the total assemblage) and was identified solely by trunk vertebrae (Figure 6 (c)). Their centrum length measurements range between 4.1 and 8.1 mm and thus we assign them to large-sized ‘colubrines’; specimens with centrum lengths smaller than 5 mm most probably representing young individuals. The cotyle is rounded and flattened ventrally. The condyle is slightly oval and is flattened dorsoventrally. The neural arch is vaulted. In dorsal view the vertebra is longer than wide with a well-marked interzygapophyseal constriction. The neural spine is relatively strong, high and long. The zygosphene is wide, its anterior border has a straight line and slightly protrude laterally. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are elongated and oval shaped that narrow posteromedially (almond shaped). The prezygapophyses are long and pointed laterally. In ventral view, the centrum is triangular and convex. The haemal keel is well-defined. It is thin and sharp and protrudes from the vertebral centrum, slightly expanding to a triangular shape posteriorly. The thin, sharp and well-defined haemal keel differentiates the Large Whip Snake from other large-sized ‘colubrines’. In anterior view, the prezygapophyseal accessory processes project laterally, and they are long and pointed. The zygophene is wide and slightly convex dorsally. In lateral view, the neural spine starts to rise dorsally close to the anterior edge. The diapophyses are round and the parapophyses protrude anteriorly. The hypapophysis is long and straight, and it protrudes past the condyle in a posteroventral direction.</p> <p>The species inhabits all Mediterranean habitats and is mostly common in the Mediterranean maquis and Mediterranean alluvial valleys. The species can also be found in the semi-arid/arid habitat around Be’er Sheva (and northward) and the open forest of Mount Hermon (supplementary Figure S2 (g)). This species was identified at two Natufian sites in Israel: EWT (Lev et al. 2020) and Eynan (Biton et al. 2021).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB5402E6D4AC677B42F11D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
03BD87E0FFB440296D4AC469B60D17C6.text	03BD87E0FFB440296D4AC469B60D17C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malpolon insignitus (Geoffroy De St-hilaire 1827) Saint-Hilaire 1827	<div><p>Malpolon insignitus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827)</p> <p>The Eastern Montpellier Snake is common at the site (NISP = 77, 7%) and was identified solely by trunk vertebrae (Figure 6 (d)). The centrum length measurements range between 5.0 and 8.7 mm, assigning them to large-sized ‘colubrines’. The cotyle is rounded and slightly flattened dorsoventrally. The condyle is round and laterally flattened. The neural arch is vaulted, the neural canal is restricted, small and U-shaped. In dorsal view the vertebra is longer than wide with a well-marked interzygapophyseal constriction. The neural spine is strong, high and long. The zygosphene is wide, and its anterior border is slightly concave. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are large and elongated and pointed medioposteriorly (almond shaped). The prezygapophyses are long and pointed anterolateraly. In ventral view, the centrum is triangular, the paradiapophyses are well-developed and protrude anterolaterally from the centrum. The haemal keel is well-defined and sharp, it rises posteriorly and in most presacral vertebrae expands to a triangular shape posteriorly. In anterior view, the zygophene is wide and slightly convex dorsally. The prezygapophyses are long, the prezygapophyseal accessory processes project laterally. There are two small paracotylar foramina. In posterior view, the neural canal is oval. In lateral view, the diapophyses and parapophyses are well-developed and distinct from one another, the diapophyses are rounded and extend dorsoventrally, and the parapophyses are flattened and protrude anteroventrally. The neural spine rises dorsally at an acute angle and is rectangular in shape, its anterior and posterior edges are slightly concave. The shape of the condyle, cotyle and the haemal keel, and the restricted neural canal differentiate the Montpellier Snake from other largesized ‘colubrines’ in the southern Levant.</p> <p>The species can inhabit various habitats, mostly common in the Mediterranean maquis, Mediterranean park forest and in arid/ semi-arid habitats (supplementary Figure S2 (h)). It was identified at three Epipaleolithic sites in Israel: Jordan River Dureijat (Sharon et al. 2020), EWT (Lev et al. 2020) and Eynan (Biton et al. 2021).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB440296D4AC469B60D17C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
03BD87E0FFB340296E07C329B68B1336.text	03BD87E0FFB340296E07C329B68B1336.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daboia palaestinae (Werner 1938)	<div><p>Daboia cf. Palaestinae (Werner, 1938)</p> <p>Vipers are common in the assemblage (NISP = 116, 11%) and were identified solely by vertebrae (Figure 6 (e)). The trunk vertebrae of the Viperidae family are characterised by the presence of straight hypapophyses throughout the precloacal region and posteriorly depressed neural arches (Szyndlar 1991b).</p> <p>The vertebra is characterised by a large oval cotyle that is slightly ventrodorsally flattened. The condyle is large and oval. In dorsal view the vertebra is longer than wide with a well-marked interzygapophyseal constriction. The neural spine is relatively strong, high and long. The zygosphene is wide, and its anterior border is slightly concave. The prezygapophyseal particular facets are elongated and subtriangular. The prezygapophyses are long and pointed posterolaterally. In ventral view, the centrum has a slightly rounded triangular shape. The paradiapophyses are well-developed and protrude anteriorly from the centrum. The haemal keel is well-defined and expands posteriorly past the condyle and has two small subcentral foramen on each side. In anterior view, the zygophene is wide, slightly convex dorsally and concave ventrally. The neural canal is narrow, and its anterior edge is U-shaped. There are two small paracotylar foramina. The prezygapophyses extend dorsally and the prezygapophyseal accessory process is blunt and project dorsolaterally. In posterior view, the neural canal is wide with a U-shaped posterior edge. The postzygapophyses are laterally tilted. In lateral view, the neural arch starts to rise dorsally on the anterior edge, post the zygophene it is rectangular in shape. The parapophyses protrude anteroventrally past the cotyle.</p> <p>The specimens most resemble the Daboia palaestinae species, the most common viperid species inhabiting the Mediterranean climate zone of the southern Levant. However, other similar viperids cannot be ruled out. Assuming that we deal with D. palaestinae, the species is mostly common in Mediterranean habitats: Mediterranean maquis, Mediterranean alluvial valleys, the Mediterranean coastal plain and the Mediterranean park forest (supplementary Figure 2i). This species was suggested to be present at two Epipaleolithic sites in Israel: EWT (Lev et al. 2020) and Eynan (Biton et al. 2021).</p> <p>Intra-site analysis and comparison with EWT</p> <p>The intra-site comparison was conducted using NISP. The most commonly identified species in the assemblage is the Large Whip Snake (Dolichophis jugularis, 16% of the total assemblage), followed by the European Glass Lizard (Pseudopus apodus, 13%), the Common Viper (Daboia cf. palaestinae, 11%) and the Eastern Montpellier Snake (Malpolon insignitus, 7%). The taxonomic composition displays some intra-site differences (Table 1). Taxonomic diversity varies between the different contexts of the site (Figure 7 (a)), with the highest evenness at the B5 niche (Simpson’s index of 0.8) and the lowest at bedrock basin C-XXIII (Simpson’s index of 0.69). The B5 niche taxonomic richness (NTaxa = 8) is similar to Locus 1, both are higher than Locus 3 (NTaxa = 5) and bedrock basin C-XXIII (NTaxa = 6). The most commonly identified species in the Natufian grave deposits (Loci 1 and 3; both are very similar) are the Large Whip Snake and the European Glass Lizard (Table 1), followed by the viper, the Eastern Montpellier Snake, and the Rough-tail Rock Agama. The two other contexts present a different picture. The European Glass Lizard is by far the most common species in bedrock basin C-XXIII, possibly representing a whole specimen (evident by the representation of almost all body parts). The Glass Lizard is followed by the Eastern Montpellier Snake, the Rough-tail Rock Agama, the Large Whip Snake, and the viper. In contrast, in the B5 Niche, the most common species is the Rough-tail Rock Agama (still only 13% of 65 NISP), followed by a few specimens of the European Glass Lizard, the Large Whip Snake, the Eastern Montpellier Snake and the common viper.</p> <p>We compare our results to the LN of the contemporaneous record from EWT, 10 km to the west. Similar squamate and amphibian taxa were identified in the EWT assemblage, but their relative abundances differed. The most commonly identified species in the assemblage as a whole was the European Glass Lizard, followed by the Large Whip Snake and the Eastern Montpellier Snake. Unlike the Raqefet assemblage, the viper, the third most common species in Raqefet Cave, is rare in the EWT assemblage (2% of the total assemblage; Lev et al. 2020). Here, too, a sample coming from the least anthropogenic context (Loc. 25) displayed the highest taxonomic evenness (Figure 7 (a)).</p> <p>There is also a clear body-size difference among contexts, measured by the centrum length of the trunk vertebrae (Figure 7 (b); one-way ANOVA, F = 4.78, p &lt;0.05). The mean centrum length of the vertebrae of B5 Niche is considerably smaller than all other samples (Tukey’s Q p &lt;0.05) and especially compared to Mortar C-XXIII. This pattern is again repeated at EWT where the Loc. 25 sample presents the smallest animals (Figure 7 (b)). Generally, the Raqefet Cave samples contain smaller-bodied squamates compared to the EWT samples, with the exception of Mortar C-XXIII that displays similarly large-bodied reptiles to the domestic contexts of EWT (Inside and Outside the human dwelling and Locus 67) and to the LN.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E0FFB340296E07C329B68B1336	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron;Reuven Yeshurun	Ma‛ayan Lev, Dani Nadel, Mina Weinstein-Evron, Reuven Yeshurun (2022): Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate. An International Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2394-2414, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2017918
