taxonID	type	description	language	source
1772122E7804FFC2FF343977AEB0EAB5.taxon	discussion	unique characters are the posterior gonopods connected by a sclerotized sternite and the absence of long and slender apodemes on the telopodite and coxite of the anterior gonopod. The sternal apodemes are tiny or absent. The tracheal apodemes of the posterior gonopods are large, sometimes as large as the go- nopod. Pachybolidae generally show a pantropical distribution in the Southern Hemisphere (Hoffman 1980, 1982).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7804FFC5FF013A02AE75EFAB.taxon	discussion	single family Pachybolidae (Hoffman 1980). The elevation of the subfamily Trigoniulinae to family rank (Shelley 2003) is not followed here, since no character is known to discriminate between species of the Pachybolidae and Trigoniulinae.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7801FFC1FF013A78AD95E815.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BA 629070 - 2487 - 4 C 2 E- 8330 - C 809079086 DE	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7801FFC1FF013A78AD95E815.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Corallobolus cruentus sp. n., monotypic	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7801FFC1FF013A78AD95E815.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: distinguished from all other Malagasy spirobolidan genera by the following combination of characters: male tarsal pads present on legs of anterior body half only. Known specimens of Corallobolus possess fewer body rings than in any other known large-bodied Malagasy spirobolidan genus, 44 – 46 body rings only. Gonopods unique for large-bodied Spirobolida from Madagascar (Figs 1 E, F): telopodite of posterior gonopod of unique shape, relatively large, simple and with a well-rounded, blunt tip (Fig. 1 F). Sperm canal running along mesal margin and discharging just below tip, area surrounded by short membranous folds (Fig. 2 B). Shares a large body size (circa 100 mm) and aposematic red / black colour pattern (Fig. 1 A) with Aphistogoniulus Silvestri, 1897, Madabolus Wesener & Enghoff, 2008, Colossobolus gen. n. and Sanguinobolus gen. n .. Preanal process sharp-edged as in some Colossobolus species, not extending beyond anal valves (Fig. 1 B). Male coxae 3 and 4 without processes, similar to Aphistogoniulus species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7801FFC1FF013A78AD95E815.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: only known from the montane rainforest in Andohahela (Fig. 5). Sympatric with Aphistogoniulus at Andohahela.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7801FFC1FF013A78AD95E815.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Corallobolus, masculine, is composed of corallinus, coral-red, which refers to the blood-red colour pattern of the single constituent species, and - bolus a common suffix for genera in the order Spirobolida.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7800FFCDFF013DE7ACA6E999.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 4059969 - 8 D 03 - 4116 - 8 D 94 - BF 7937 CFDCA 3	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7800FFCDFF013DE7ACA6E999.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Holotype: 1 ♂ (86 mm long), FMMC 5397, Province Toliara, RNI Andohahela Parcel 1, camp 3, montane rainforest, 1200 m, 24 ° 35.0 ’ S, 46 ° 44.1 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, pitfall trap, 7 – 17. XI. 1995. Paratype: 1 ♀, FMMC 5397, same data as holotype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7800FFCDFF013DE7ACA6E999.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 46 body rings, circa 86 mm long, 7.5 mm wide. Female paratype with 44 body rings, 103 mm long, 10.0 mm wide. Coloration contrasting blood-red / black (Fig. 1 A). Head, antennae, legs and entire telson red. Mesozonites on body rings completely black, metazonites laterally black, dorsally blood red (Fig. 1 B). Head: each eye (ocellarium) with circa 38 ocelli arranged in 6 or 7 vertical rows (Fig. 1 A). Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and a single row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennal cavity present, not extending below eye. Antennae of medium length, protruding back to ring 4. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 <2> 3 = 4 = 5 = 6, antennomere 2 only slightly longer than others. Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area (Fig. 3 A). Antennomere 5 latero-apically with five rows (Fig. 3 B), antennomere 6 with one or two rows (Fig. 3 A) of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium: of usual Spirobolida shape (Fig. 3 C). Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae. Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures. Central pads of endochilarium separated into two levels, group of 8 – 10 sensilla located apically in recessed area (Fig. 3 D). Medial palps with one large group of sensilla each, located towards hypopharyngeal crest. Mandible: external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three cusps (Fig. 3 E). Five pectinate lamellae. Mesal margin of pectinate area with four or five rows of small slender spines. Molar plate with numerous (10 – 12) transverse furrows. Collum: smooth, laterally not protruding as far as ring 2 (Fig. 1 A). Body rings: dorsally mostly smooth, on mesozona with some irregular punctation. Metazona and mesozona ventrally with longitudinal impressions. Ozopores starting at body ring 6, located in front of, but not touching suture between mesozona and metazona. Ozopore on ring 6 located much more ventrally than subsequent ozopores. Telson: anal valves with well-developed lips and micropunctation but with neither grooves, nor setae. Preanal ring sharp-edged and slightly protruding, but not extending beyond anal valves. Subanal scale inconspicuous (Fig. 1 C). Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae (Fig. 1 D). Length of midbody legs circa 1.3 times body diameter in males, circa 1.1 times body diameter in females. Each podomere with pair of apical, ventral setae. Coxae 3 and beyond of rectangular shape. Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and a pair of stout ventro-apical ones in males, in females with three pairs of setae, of which apical pair stout, others successively much smaller. Male sexual characters: tarsi 3 up to midbody legs with a tarsal pad not protruding past base of claw. Coxae 3 – 7 unmodified (Fig. 1 B). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a triangular process with a narrow tip (Fig. 2 A). Mesal process of coxite slender and well-developed (Fig. 2 A). Mesal process longer than sternite, but clearly shorter than telopodite. Telopodite with a large, wide, wellrounded process; retrorse projection large and well-rounded (Figs 1 E, 2 A). Posterior gonopods unique (Figs 1 F; 2 B). Gonopod pair connected by a well-sclerotized sternite. Telopodites positioned parallel to one another (Fig. 1 F). Coxite and telopodite in anterior view separated by a thin suture (Fig. 2 C). Coxite simple, without processes (Fig. 1 F). Telopodite large, coaxial with coxite (Fig. 1 F). Telopodite completely sclerotized, wide, well-rounded, without a sharp edge or a process (Figs 1 F, 2 B, C). Telopodite on anterior side at mesal margin with thin, membranous folds (Fig. 1 B). Lateral margin protruding higher than mesal margin. Sperm canal running along mesal margin of gonopod and discharging into short membranous folds below tip of telopodite (Fig. 1 F). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, bivalve-like (Figs 1 D, 4). Both plates basally with 2 – 3 rows of setae (Fig. 4).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7800FFCDFF013DE7ACA6E999.taxon	etymology	Etymology: cruentus, adjective, refers to the blood-spotted colour pattern.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780CFFCBFF013B62AD95E9F5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 699 F 031 - ACE 7 - 4624 - 8 B 68 - 4 C 153 FAE 59 E 1	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780CFFCBFF013B62AD95E9F5.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Sanguinobolus maculosus sp. n., monotypic	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780CFFCBFF013B62AD95E9F5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: distinguished by male tarsal pads less prominently developed than in other large-bodied Malagasy genera of Spirobolida (Figs 7 C, D), and by anterior telopodite process with a wide and apically swollen tip, unlike in any other Malagasy spirobolid genus (Figs 6 A, B). Sperm canal on posterior gonopod discharging into membranous area of telopodite main branch (Fig. 6 D). Shares a large body size (> 100 mm) and an aposematic red-black colour pattern with Aphistogoniulus Silvestri, 1897, Madabolus Wesener & Enghoff, 2008, Corallobolus and Colossobolus gen. n .. Differs from Aphistogoniulus Silvestri, 1897 and Colossobolus gen. n. by the absence of a mesal branch on the posterior gonopod telopodite (Fig. 6 C). The sperm canal in Sanguinobolus runs through the lateral branch, in Aphistogoniulus and Colossobolus gen. n. through the mesal branch. Differs from Colossobolus gen. n. in the absence of a central membranous area basally to the main branch of the posterior gonopod telopodite. Sanguinobolus resembles Colossobolus gen. n. in the presence of a short and wide mesal process on the coxite of the anterior gonopod which is shorter or only slightly longer than the telopodite and sternite.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780CFFCBFF013B62AD95E9F5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: only known from the isolated rainforest in Montagne d’Ambre, north Madagascar (Fig. 5). Species of the genus are probably active on the soil surface because of their relatively long legs and aposematic colour pattern.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780CFFCBFF013B62AD95E9F5.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Sanguinobolus, masculine, is composed of sanguinus, blood, which refers to the blood-red colour pattern of the single constituent species, and - bolus a common suffix for genera of the order Spirobolida.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780AFFC9FF013C87AB6EEC35.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: CD 92 BDAF-F 533 - 40 B 5 - A 50 B-DA 179 DE 3 B 2 CC	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780AFFC9FF013C87AB6EEC35.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 ♂, 1 F. Holotype: 1 ♂ (118 mm long), FMMC 3918. Madagascar, Province Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 3.6 km 235 ° SW Joffreville, 925 m, montane rainforest, 12 ° 32 ’ 4 ” S, 049 ° 10 ’ 46 ” E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al., 20 – 26. I. 2001. Paratype: 1 ♀, FMMC 3918, same data as holotype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780AFFC9FF013C87AB6EEC35.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 51 body rings, circa 118 mm long, 9.8 mm wide. Female paratype with 52 body rings, 120 mm long, 10.5 mm wide. Coloration faded in alcohol. Head, antennae, legs and telson red. Body rings dirty red-brownish. Head: each eye with circa 35 – 40 ocelli arranged in 7 or 8 vertical rows. Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and a single row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennal cavity present, not extending below eye. Antennae of medium length, protruding back to ring 4. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 <2> 3 = 4 = 5 = 6, antennomere 2 longest. Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area (Fig. 7 A). Antennomere 5 latero-apically with four rows, antennomere 6 with three rows (Fig. 7 B) of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium: of usual spirobolidan shape. Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae. Palpi of gnathochilarium with numerous sensilla. Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spinelike structures. Central pads of endochilarium separated into two levels, group of 10 – 12 sensilla located apically in recessed area. Medial palps with a large group of sensilla each, located towards hypopharyngeal crest. Mandible: external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three cusps (Fig. 7 E). Five or six pectinate lamellae. Mesal margin of pectinate area with circa two rows of small slender spines. Molar plate with numerous (8 – 10) transverse furrows. Collum: smooth, laterally not protruding as far as ventral surface of body ring 2. Body rings: mostly smooth, with some irregular punctation and some transverse impressions on mesozona. Metazona and mesozona ventrally with deep longitudinal impressions. Ozopores starting at body ring 6, located closely in front of, but not touching suture between mesozona and metazona. Ozopore on ring 6 located much more ventrally than subsequent ozopores. Telson: anal valves with well-developed lips and micropunctation but with neither grooves nor setae. Preanal ring and subanal process well-rounded, not extending beyond anal valves. Preanal process inconspicuous. Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs circa 1.2 times body diameter in males, circa 1.0 times body diameter in females. Each podomere with an apical ventral seta. Coxae 3 and beyond of rectangular shape. Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and a pair of stout ventro-apical ones in males, in females with three pairs of setae, of which apical pair stout, others successively smaller. Male sexual characters: tarsi 3 and beyond with a small tarsal pad not protruding past base of claw. Mesal margin of tarsus towards tarsal pad carrying five grooves with short sensory setae (Figs 7 C, D). An additional row of numerous short setae present on outer tarsal margin (Fig. 7 D). Coxae 3 and 4 each with a short process protruding posteriorly, but never overlapping adjacent coxa. Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly-rounded lobe with a slightly narrowed tip (Fig. 6 A). Mesal process of coxite weakly developed, protruding into a wide, very short process, shorter than sternite (Fig. 6 A). Telopodite on posterior side basally with a circular groove (Fig. 6 B). Telopodite process long, basally slender, proximally greatly enlarged into a characteristic swollen knob (Fig. 6 B). Mesal margin not projecting (Fig. 6 B). Posterior gonopods unique (Figs 6 C, D). Gonopod pair connected by a well-sclerotized and visible sternite. Telopodites positioned face-to-face with one another. Coxite and telopodite separated by a membranous area. Branch of coxite long and stout, almost as long as, but more slender than lateral main branch of telopodite (Figs 6 C, D), latter curved towards opposite gonopod, not tapering (Fig. 6 C). Main branch 2 times longer than wide, completely sclerotized. Mesal margin towards coxite branch with some membranous folds, which slightly protrude above mesal margin (Fig. 6 D). Sperm canal discharging apically at mesal margin of lateral main branch. Female sexual characters: vulva simple, consisting of two simple, subequally-sized, sclerotized plates, bivalve-like (Fig. 8). Both plates only basally with 3 or 4 rows of setae located towards opening. Anterior plate slightly larger than posterior one (Fig. 8). Intraspecific variation: only known from holotype and a single female paratype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E780AFFC9FF013C87AB6EEC35.taxon	etymology	Etymology: maculosus, adjective, refers to the spotted black-red colour pattern.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7817FFD0FF013CFDAC46EEB0.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3 F 5 F 1 E 9 A-F 3 BE- 44 F 4 - AB 34 - 62 DB 25472 FBD	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7817FFD0FF013CFDAC46EEB0.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Colossobolus semicyclus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7817FFD0FF013CFDAC46EEB0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: distinguished by the slender telopodite process of anterior gonopods and the disc-like shape of posterior gonopod telopodite which is always divided into two branches. The sperm canal runs through the mesal branch and the area between both branches is basally membranous (Fig. 9 F). Shares a large body size (90 – 170 mm) and an aposematic red / black colour pattern (Figs 9 A, 13 A) with Aphistogoniulus Silvestri, 1897, Madabolus Wesener & Enghoff, 2008, Corallobolus and Sanguinobolus. Male tarsal pads are prominently developed. Shares a wide and short coxite process of the anterior gonopods (Fig. 9 D) with Sanguinobolus, while this process is slender in Corallobolus (Fig. 2 A), and slender as well as longer than the telopodite in Aphistogoniulus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7817FFD0FF013CFDAC46EEB0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: species of Colossobolus have been recorded from littoral, dry and subhumid forests in northern Madagascar (Fig. 10). Two different Colossobolus species occur sympatrically at numerous sites, but no Colossobolus species have been found in rainforests. Species of Colossobolus and Aphistogoniulus occurred sympatrically on at least one site. Species of Colossobolus are probably active on the soil surface and might even climb trees because of their long legs, aposematic colour pattern and the fact that some species were caught in pitfall traps.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7817FFD0FF013CFDAC46EEB0.taxon	description	Description. Males: length up to 165 mm, diameter up to 12.0 mm, 47 – 52 rings. Females: length up to 128 mm, diameter up to 15.5 mm, 49 – 52 rings. Apodous rings absent in all adult specimens. Coloration (after short time in alcohol): prozona and mesozona red or reddishbrown (faded to grey because of light or alcohol exposure in some specimens), metazona dark brown or black (Fig. 17). Ozopores surrounded in some specimens by a large black spot. Telson (also faded to grey in some specimens), head, antennae, gonopods and legs always red (Figs 9 A, C). Head: each eye with circa 35 – 40 ocelli arranged in 6 – 9 vertical rows (Fig. 9 A). Labrum with circa three irregular teeth and one row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae (Fig. 9 B). Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side (Fig. 9 B). Antennal cavity present, not extending below eye (Fig. 13 A). Antennae short, reaching back to ring 3 or 4 (Fig. 9 A). Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 << 2 >> 3 = 4 = 5 = 6, antennomere 2 longest (Fig. 11 A). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area (Fig. 11 C). Antennomere 5 latero-apically with four rows, antennomere 6 with three rows (Fig. 11 B) of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium: of usual spirobolidan shape. Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae (Fig. 13 B). Mentum with several transverse ridges in basal half. Palpi of gnathochilarium with numerous sensilla. Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures. Central pads of endochilarium separated by a step into two levels, group of 10 – 12 sensilla located apically in recessed area. Medial palps with a large group of sensilla each, located towards hypopharyngeal crest (Fig. 11 D). Mandible: external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three cusps. Five pectinate lamellae. Mesal margin of pectinate area with circa four rows of small slender spines. Molar plate with numerous (7 – 10), very shallow transverse furrows (Fig. 12 A). Collum: smooth, laterally not protruding as far as ventral surface of body ring 2 (Figs 9 A, B). Body rings: mostly smooth, with some irregular punctation and some transverse impressions on mesozona. Metazona and mesozona ventrally with deep longitudinal impressions. Ozopores starting at ring 6, located closely in front of, but not touching suture between mesozona and metazona. Ozopore on ring 6 located much more ventrally than subsequent ozopores. Telson: anal valves with well-developed lips and micropunctation, but with neither grooves nor setae. Preanal process well-rounded or sharp, but never extending beyond anal valves (Fig. 9 C). Subanal scale inconspicuous. Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs circa 1.2 times body diameter in males, circa 0.8 times body diameter in females. Each podomere with an apical, ventral seta. Coxae 3 and beyond of rectangular shape (Fig. 18 D). Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical setae and in males a pair of stout ventroapical setae, in females with three pairs of setae, of which apical pair stout, others successively much smaller. Male sexual characters: tarsi 3 and beyond with a large tarsal pad not protruding past base of claw. Coxae 3 – 7 with a short process each, this process protruding posteriorly, but never overlapping adjacent one. Processes on coxae 3 and 4 slightly longer than those on coxae 5 – 7 (Fig. 9 B). Gonopods not projecting past body rings (Fig. 16 A) Anterior gonopods: sternite triangular, well-rounded or only slightly tapering (Fig. 9 D), protruding almost as high as coxite. Coxite broad, smoothly rounded, laterally curving around telopodite, extending only slightly towards posterior side, where it is laterally visible as a small triangular sclerite (Fig. 9 E). Mesal coxite process short, wide and well-rounded (Fig. 9 D). Telopodite mesally elongated into a long, wide, wellrounded process (Fig. 9 D). Mesal margin basally of telopodite process always elevated, sharp-edged, in some species widely protruding (Figs 9 E, 18 F). A large, deep groove usually present in basal part of telopodite (Fig. 13 D). Apodeme very small, located basally of sternite and entirely covered with muscle tissue (Fig. 15 C). Posterior gonopods in situ almost completely covered by anterior gonopod. Posterior gonopods clearly divided into coxite and telopodite. Sternite sclerotized and well-visible (Fig. 15 F). Coxite basally wide, mesally with a single groove (Fig. 14 B) protruding into a stem towards telopodite. Telopodite always developed as a special disc, separated from coxite stem by a membranous area (Figs 9 F – I). Telopodites either standing face-to-face (Figs 9 F, G), or parallel (Figs 19 A, B) to one another. Telopodite comprising of three components: (1) median membranous area, (2) lateral branch, (3) mesal main branch with membranous folds. Sperm canal discharging into membranous folds proximally on main branch. Telopodite in some species basally with a finger-shaped process, termed here as a “ coxite branch ” (Figs 9 F, G). It is unclear whether the coxite branch belongs to the telopodite or coxite. Female sexual characters: vulva simple, with a small, poorly sclerotized operculum at base, bivalve-like (Fig. 12 B). Anterior valve shorter than posterior one. Both valves smooth, lacking sensory cones. Each valve basally towards opening with two or three rows of setae (Fig. 12 B).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7817FFD0FF013CFDAC46EEB0.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Colossobolus, masculine, is composed of colossus, which refers to the extraordinary large size of species in this genus, and - bolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781FFFDFFF013FD2AE5FE815.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8205 B 095 - B 802 - 46 B 7 - 8 BA 7 - BEF 078 E 551 A 8	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781FFFDFFF013FD2AE5FE815.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (120 mm long), CAS BLF 10114 a. Madagascar, Province Antsiranana, Forêt d’Antsahabe, 11.4 km 275 ° W Daraina, tropical dry forest, 550 m, 13 ° 12 ’ 42 ” S, 049 ° 33 ’ 24 ” E, leg. B. L. Fisher et al., 12. XII. 2003. Paratypes: 1 ♀, 1 imm., CAS BLF 10114 a, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, FMMC 5488, Province Antsiranana, near Analamozava River, 7.5 km SW Daraina, undisturbed humid lowland forest, 325 – 600 m, 13 ° 15.3 ’ S, 49 ° 37.0 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 3 – 10. XI. 2001, pitfall trap. Other material examined: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS BLF 10877 a, Forêt de Binara, 9.1 km SW Daraina, rainforest, 650 – 800 m, 13 ° 15 ’ 48 ” S, 049 ° 36 ’ 12 ” E, leg. B. L. Fisher, 19. XI. 2004.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781FFFDFFF013FD2AE5FE815.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: Colossobolus semicyclus sp. n. cannot be separated from other sympatric Colossobolus species by external features alone (Fig. 10). Differs from all other species in the unique shape of the posterior gonopod telopodite (Figs 9 F – I) and in the presence of a well-rounded coxite process on the anterior gonopod. Shares with C. oblongopedus sp. n. and C. giganteus sp. n. a finger-shaped coxite process on the posterior gonopods.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781FFFDFFF013FD2AE5FE815.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 49 – 52 body rings, circa 120 mm long, 9.7 – 11.4 mm wide. Females with 49 – 52 body rings, 100 – 125 mm long, 10.5 – 11.0 mm wide. Coloration affected by alcohol. Head, legs, antennae and telson red. Meso- and metazonites of body rings reddish-brown, posterior margin with a thin, dark brown line (Figs 9 A – C). Antennae protruding back to ring 3 (Fig. 9 A). Male coxal processes present on coxae 3 and 4, well-developed. Coxae 5 – 7 with visible, but short processes (Fig. 9 B). Preanal process well-rounded, not projecting (Fig. 9 C). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly rounded lobe (Fig. 9 D). Mesal process of coxite weakly developed, protruding into a short wide lobe which slightly extends beyond sternite (Fig. 9 D). Telopodite on posterior side basally with a circular groove (Fig. 9 E). Telopodite process long and relatively slender. Mesal margin laterally sharp-edged, but not projecting (Fig. 9 E). Posterior gonopods unique (Figs 9 F – I). Telopodites positioned face-to face with one another. Coxite branch relatively short, wide and stout (Figs 9 F – I). Lateral branch of telopodite curved, forming a ‘ C’ together with coxite branch. Central membranous area protruding (Figs 9 F, H). Mesal main branch well-developed, apical part overlapping lateral branch (Figs 9 G, I). Mesal margin of main branch with two overlapping membranous folds. Membranous folds large, well-rounded, forming a half-circle (Figs 9 G, I). Intraspecific variation: animals from the type series (Forêt Antsahabe) differ greatly in size from those collected only some kilometers away in an area close to the Analamozava River. Specimens from the type series have 52 body rings while those from the Analamozava River have only 49. Specimens from Antsahabe are approximately 10 mm longer but 1 mm slimmer than those from the Analamozava River. Males from both localities show identical gonopods. Those differences can probably be accounted for by the fact that the habitat on the Antsahabe site is much drier than the Analamozava River site. However, more specimens from both sites are necessary to further refine this intraspecific variation.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781FFFDFFF013FD2AE5FE815.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species has hitherto been recorded only in dry and subhumid forests at mid-altitudes (325 – 800 m) around Daraina (Fig. 10). C. semicyclus sp. n. occurs at Antsahabe sympatrically with C. oblongopedus sp. n., at the Analamozava river site sympatrically with C. aculeatus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781FFFDFFF013FD2AE5FE815.taxon	etymology	Etymology: semicyclus, adjective, refers to the uniquely shaped posterior gonopod telopodite.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781EFFDDFF013DE7ACB7E836.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 50 DBF 062 - 18 CB- 4 A 0 A-AD 61 - 10066 B 0 A 8604	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781EFFDDFF013DE7ACB7E836.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 9 ♂, 3 ♀ Holotype: 1 ♂ (126 mm long), CAS BLF 9429 B, Madagascar, Province Antsiranana, Forêt d’Analabe, 30.0 km 72 ° ENE Daraina, 30 m, littoral rainforest, 13 ° 05 ’ 00 ” S, 049 ° 54 ’ 30 ” E, leg. B. L. Fisher, 27. XI. 2003. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS BLF 9429 B, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS BLF 10114, Province Antsiranana, Forêt d’Antsahabe, 11.4 km 275 ° W Daraina, 550 m, tropical dry forest, 13 ° 12 ’ 42 ” S, 049 ° 33 ’ 24 ” E, leg. B. L. Fisher, 12. XII. 2003, general collecting. Other material examined: 4 ♂, 1 imm., FMMC, Madagascar, Prov. Antsiranana, Réserve Spéciale de Manongarivo, camp 1, 785 m, 13 ° 58 ‘ 38 “ S, 48 ° 25 ‘ 22 “ E, leg. S. M. Goodman, 28. II – 6. III. 1999; 1 ♀, FMMC, same data as previous; 2 ♂, FMMC, same data as previous.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781EFFDDFF013DE7ACB7E836.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the general shape of the posterior gonopods of Colossobolus oblongopedus is similar to those of C. giganteus sp. n. The coxite branch is far shorter in C. oblongopedus than in C. giganteus sp. n. (compare Fig. 14 A with Fig. 15 E), while the telopodite main branch is more regularly shaped in the latter than in C. oblongopedus (compare Fig. 14 B with Fig. 15 F). The telopodite process of the anterior gonopod features a short, pointed, retrorse process in C. giganteus sp. n., which is entirely absent in C. oblongopedus (compare Fig. 13 D with Fig. 15 D). The collum is completely red in C. oblongopedus (Fig. 13 A), while it is centrally dark in C. giganteus sp. n. (Fig. 15 A).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781EFFDDFF013DE7ACB7E836.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 50 – 52 body rings, 120 – 148 mm long, 10.5 – 11.4 mm wide. Females with 50 – 52 body rings, 122 – 125 mm long, 10.5 – 12.6 mm wide. Coloration affected by alcohol. Head, collum, antennae and telson red (Fig. 13 A). Legs also red, but tarsi whitish (Fig. 13 B). Meso- and metazonites of body rings reddish, posterior margin with a thin, dark brown line. Antennae protruding back to ring 4. Male coxal processes on coxae 3 and 4 weakly developed, on coxae 5 – 7 barely visible (Fig. 13 B). Preanal process well-rounded, not projecting. Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly rounded lobe (Fig. 13 C). Mesal process of coxite weakly developed, protruding into a short, wide lobe with a pointed tip (Fig. 13 C). Telopodite on posterior side basally with a circular groove (Fig. 13 D). Telopodite process long and well-rounded (Fig. 13 D), mesal margin laterally sharp, slightly protruding in basal half (Fig. 13 D). Posterior gonopods telopodites positioned parallel to one another. Coxite branch relatively short, wide, stout, less than half as long as lateral branch of telopodite (Figs 14 A, B). Latter slightly curved, basally wide, at midpoint tapering, tip again wide and swollen (Fig. 14 A). Central membranous area developed as a short, wide, well-rounded lobe (Fig. 14 A). Mesal main branch short, basal part running parallel to lateral branch. Apical part of main branch extending towards and touching lateral branch (Fig. 14 B). Mesal margin of main branch with two tiny, well-rounded, overlapping membranous folds (Fig. 14 A). Main branch laterally with a very large, irregular-shaped membrane (Figs 14 A, B). Intraspecific variation: the specimens from the dry forest Antsahabe (52 body rings) and Manangarivo (53 body rings) are slightly larger and more voluminous than the type series specimens from the littoral forest of Analabe, which possess 50 or 51 body rings. The gonopods from both populations are almost identical.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781EFFDDFF013DE7ACB7E836.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: C. oblongopedus occurs in the dry forest of Manangarivo, around Daraina and the tiny littoral forest fragment of Analabe (Fig. 10). Both areas are now isolated from one another by vast areas of pseudosteppe (Moat and Smith 2007). C. oblongopedus occurs in Analabe sympatric with C. minor sp. n., in Antsahabe together with C. semicyclus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781EFFDDFF013DE7ACB7E836.taxon	etymology	Etymology: oblongopedus, adjective, refers to the extraordinary long legs.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781CFFDBFF013DC2AD7FE8DB.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: AD 9 F 0066 - DFF 2 - 4 CDC-B 39 E- 70 CF 2 EC 97 F 08	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781CFFDBFF013DC2AD7FE8DB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 5 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (165 mm long), FMMC 6167, Madagascar, Province d’Antsiranana, RS d’Ankarana, Grotte des Chauves Souris, 3 km NW Mahamasina, 80 m, dry forest, 12 ° 58 ’ 05.7 ’’ S, 049 ° 07 ’ 09.6 ’’ E, leg. S. M. Goodman, 12. V. 2003. Paratypes: 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 imm., FMMC 3920, RS Ankarana, 80 m, tropical dry forest, 12 ° 54 ’ 32 ’’ S, 49 ° 6 ’ 35 ’’ E, leg. B. L. Fisher et C. Griswold, 10 – 16. II. 2001; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, MNHN noNumber, Province Diego-Suarez (Antsiranana), Rivière des Bois Pourris, Réc. A. Treha, 13. VII. 1960.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781CFFDBFF013DC2AD7FE8DB.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the gonopods of C. giganteus are so unique that they can only be confused with C. oblongopedus. See C. oblongopedus for a comparison of the two species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781CFFDBFF013DC2AD7FE8DB.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 52 or 53 body rings, up to 165 mm long, 10.0 – 12.0 mm wide. Females with 52 body rings, of unknown length (broken), 10.3 – 15.5 mm wide. Coloration affected by alcohol. Head, antennae, legs and telson red. Collum centrally dark (Fig. 15 A). Meso- and metazonites of body rings reddish-brown. Antennae protruding back to ring 4. Male coxal processes on coxae 3 and 4 weakly developed, on coxae 5 – 7 short, barely visible (Fig. 15 B). Preanal process well-rounded, not projecting. Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly rounded lobe. Apical part of lobe slightly more slender than remaining part (Fig. 15 C). Mesal process of coxite weakly developed, protruding into a short, wide lobe with a pointed tip (Fig. 15 C). Telopodite process long and well-rounded, basally at mesal margin with a minute, but sharp, lateral retrorse projection (Fig. 15 D). Mesal margin laterally sharp-edged, not protruding (Fig. 15 D). Posterior gonopod telopodites positioned parallel to one another. Coxite branch long, wide and stout, almost as long as lateral branch of telopodite (Figs 15 E, F). Lat- ter not tapering, apically slightly curved mesally (Fig. 15 F). Central membranous area present as a short, wide, well-rounded lobe (Fig. 15 E). Main branch shorter than lateral branch, both running parallel. Apical part of main branch extending towards and touching lateral branch (Fig. 15 E). Inner margin of main branch with two very small, well-rounded, overlapping membranous folds. Main branch laterally with a very large irregularly shaped membrane (Fig. 15 E). Intraspecific variation: the specimens from the MNHN of unknown locality are 3 – 5 mm more slender than those from Ankarana.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781CFFDBFF013DC2AD7FE8DB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: C. giganteus is only known from the dry forest of Ankarana (Fig. 10). The sample from the unknown locality from the MNHN suggests that C. giganteus has or had a wider distribution.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781CFFDBFF013DC2AD7FE8DB.taxon	etymology	Etymology: giganteus, adjective, refers to the large size of the species. Colossobolus giganteus at 165 mm is the largest known species of the genus and one of the largest millipedes known from Madagascar.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781AFFD8FF013DADADEDECD9.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BC 5 D 77 D 7 - 9152 - 4 DE 3 - 94 AA-CF 2 F 1 E 83229 C	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781AFFD8FF013DADADEDECD9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 5 ♂ Holotype: 1 ♂ (86 mm long), CAS BLF 9429 - A, Madagascar, Province Antsiranana, Forêt d’Analabe, 30.0 km 72 ° ENE Daraina, 30 m, littoral rainforest, 13 ° 05 ’ 00 ” S, 049 ° 54 ’ 30 ” E, leg. B. L. Fisher, 27. XI. 2003. Paratypes: 4 ♂, same data as holotype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781AFFD8FF013DADADEDECD9.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the small size, dark body ring colour and uniquely-shaped, overlapping posterior gonopods of C. minor identify this species unambiguously.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781AFFD8FF013DADADEDECD9.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 47 body rings, 84 – 100 mm long, 8.6 – 9.4 mm wide. Females unknown. Coloration affected by alcohol. Head, antennae, legs and telson red (Figs 16 A, B). Pro- and mesozona dark brown, posterior half of metazona red. Antennae protruding back to ring 3. Male coxal processes on coxae 3 – 5 weakly developed, on coxae 6 and 7 barely visible (Fig. 16 A). Preanal process well-rounded (Fig. 16 B). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly rounded lobe (Fig. 16 C). Mesal process of coxite weakly developed, protruding into a short, wide lobe with a well-rounded tip (Fig. 16 C). Telopodite basally with a groove (Fig. 16 D). Telopodite process long and well-rounded. Mesal margin laterally sharp-edged, at midpoint slightly protruding (Fig. 16 D). Posterior gonopod telopodites positioned face-to-face to one another. Coxite branch absent (Fig. 16 E), lateral branch of telopodite straight, tapering (Fig. 16 E). Central membranous area present as a short, wide, well-rounded lobe (Fig. 16 E). Main branches of both posterior gonopods overlapping each other (Figs 16 E, F). Main branch shorter than lateral branch, former at half of its length dividing into two parts, a mesal sclerotized finger-shaped process and a lateral wider membranous part (Figs 16 E, F). Finger-shaped processes of both posterior gonopods overlap each others membranous parts (Fig. 16 E).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781AFFD8FF013DADADEDECD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: C. minor is only known from the littoral forest of Analabe (Fig. 10), occurring sympatric with the larger C. oblongopedus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E781AFFD8FF013DADADEDECD9.taxon	etymology	Etymology: minor, adjective, refers to the small size of the species. Colossobolus minor is the smallest known species of the genus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7818FFE4FF013FD2AD32E96B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 031 F 0 AE-D 22 A- 42 D 8 - BFDF-A 34 F 137425 AA	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7818FFE4FF013FD2AD32E96B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 4 ♂, 1 ♀ Holotype: 1 ♂ (132 mm long), ZSM FGZC 1705, Madagascar, Province Antsiranana, Forêt d’Orangea, 10 m, littoral rainforest, 12 ° 15 ’ S, 49 ° 22 ’ E, leg. S. Megson, 20. II. 2008, pitfall trap. Paratypes: 3 ♂, 1 ♀, FMMC 3919, Forêt d’Orangea, 90 m, littoral rainforest, 12 ° 15 ’ 32 ’’ S, 49 ° 22 ’ 29 ’’ E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al., 22 – 28. II. 2001.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7818FFE4FF013FD2AD32E96B.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the special-shaped anterior and posterior gonopods of C. litoralis are a unique character.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7818FFE4FF013FD2AD32E96B.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 51 body rings, 132 – 138 mm long, 11.0 – 11.6 mm wide. Female with 51 body rings, 128 mm long, 12.9 mm wide. Coloration affected by alcohol. Head, antennae, legs and telson red (Fig. 17). Pro- and anterior part of mesozona dark brown, posterior part of meso- and metazonites red. Antennae protruding back to ring 3 (Fig. 18 A). Male coxal processes on coxae 3 and 4 weakly developed, on coxae 5 – 7 barely visible (Fig. 18 C). Preanal process wellrounded, not projecting (Fig. 18 B). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly rounded lobe (Fig. 18 E). Mesal process of coxite prominent, protruding into a long wide lobe with a wellrounded tip, lobe only slightly shorter than telopodite process (Fig. 18 E). Telopodite process long and well-rounded. Mesal margin laterally sharp, at mid-length conspicuously protruding into a long and well-rounded process (Fig. 18 F). Posterior gonopod telopodites positioned parallel to one another. Coxite branch absent (Fig. 19 A). Telopodite lateral branch very slender, straight, tapering towards pointed tip (Fig. 18 A). Central membranous area present as a short, wide, well-round- ed knob (Fig. 19 B). Main branch much longer than lateral branch, basally divided into two parts. Inner part developed as a short, slender, sclerotized process, apically tapering, with a pointed tip. Lateral part prominently elongated into large, flag-like membranous areas, extending beyond telopodite (Figs 19 A, B).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7818FFE4FF013FD2AD32E96B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: C. litoralis is only known from the littoral forest of Forêt d’Orangea (Fig. 10).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7818FFE4FF013FD2AD32E96B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: litoralis, adjective, refers to the only known site were this species occurs, the littoral forest of Forêt d’Orangea.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7825FFE2FF013CFDAE66E839.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FA 93 B 3 D 8 - 7 AD 7 - 4 E 8 F- 93 E 9 - CA 4 B 329 D 4 BB 9	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7825FFE2FF013CFDAE66E839.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂ Holotype: 1 ♂ (122 mm long), CAS BLF 9555, Madagascar, Province Antsiranana, Forêt de Binara, 7.5 km 230 ° SW Daraina, 375 m, tropical dry forest, 13 ° 15 ’ 18 ” S, 049 ° 37 ’ 00 ” E, leg. B. L. Fisher, 1. XII. 2003. Paratype: 1 ♂, same data as holotype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7825FFE2FF013CFDAE66E839.taxon	diagnosis	Similar species: the special U-shaped posterior gonopods are unique for Colossobolus except for C. pseudoaculeatus sp. n. C. aculeatus differs from the latter in the presence of a sharp-ending preanal process, which is well-rounded in C. pseudoaculeatus sp. n. (compare Fig. 20 C with Fig. 21 B). The lateral branch of the posterior gonopod telopodite is of equal width all along in C. aculeatus while it is basally slen- der with a swollen tip in C. pseudoaculeatus sp. n. (compare Fig. 20 E with Fig. 21 E).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7825FFE2FF013CFDAE66E839.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 51 body rings, circa 122 mm long, 9.5 mm wide. Female unknown. Coloration affected by alcohol. Head, antennae, legs and telson red (Figs 20 A – C). Median part of collum dark, margins red (Fig. 20 A). Pro- and anterior part of mesozonites dark brown, posterior part of meso- and metazonites red. Antennae protruding back to ring 3. Male coxal processes on coxae 3 and 4 barely visible, on coxae 5 – 7 absent (Fig. 20 B). Preanal process sharp-edged, but not projecting over anal valves (Fig. 20 C). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly rounded lobe (Fig. 20 D). Mesal process of coxite weakly developed, protruding into a very short wide lobe with a well-rounded tip. Lobe only slightly longer than sternite (Fig. 20 D). Telopodite process long, becoming apically thicker than basally. Mesal margin laterally sharp, not projecting (Fig. 20 F). Posterior gonopods telopodites positioned parallel to one another, generally Ushaped (Figs 20 E, G). Coxite branch absent (Fig. 20 E). Lateral branch of regular width, tip wide, well-rounded, not thicker than median or basal parts (Fig. 20 E). Central membranous area present as a wide, well-rounded knob (Fig. 20 G). Main branch slightly longer than lateral branch, latero-apically towards lateral branch with a large membranous area (Fig, 20 G).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7825FFE2FF013CFDAE66E839.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: C. aculeatus is only known from the Forêt Binara (Fig. 10) where it occurs in close proximity to C. semicyclus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7825FFE2FF013CFDAE66E839.taxon	etymology	Etymology: aculeatus, adjective, refers to the sharp-edged preanal process, unique for Colossobolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7823FFE3FF013DC2AEF9EB7A.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 C 06 B 20 E-C 62 D- 4 CAE- 9030 - 0761193 A 9 DE 9	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7823FFE3FF013DC2AEF9EB7A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 ♂ Holotype: 1 ♂ (119 mm long), ZSM FGZC 1847, Madagascar, Province Antsiranana, Forêt d’Ambre, Provate Reserve Le Fontenay, leg. Köhler and Franzen, 26. II. 2008.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7823FFE3FF013DC2AEF9EB7A.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the anterior and posterior gonopods of C. pseudoaculeatus sp. n. can only be confused with those of C. aculeatus. See the latter for a list of the characters distinguishing these two species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7823FFE3FF013DC2AEF9EB7A.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male with 49 body rings, circa 119 mm long, 9.55 mm wide. Female unknown. Coloration affected by alcohol. Head, antennae, legs and telson red (Figs 21 A, B). Median part of collum dark, margins red (Fig. 21 A). Body rings anteriorly dark brown, posteriorly wine-red. Antennae protruding back to ring 4. Male coxal processes present on coxae 3 and 4, on coxae 5 – 7 absent. Preanal process well-rounded, not projecting over anal valves (Fig. 21 B). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly rounded lobe (Fig. 21 D). Mesal process of coxite weakly developed, protruding into a very short wide lobe with a well-rounded tip; lobe only slightly longer than sternite (Fig. 21 D). Telopodite process long and well-rounded, apically thicker than basally. Mesal margin laterally sharp, not projecting (Fig. 21 C). Posterior gonopods telopodites positioned parallel to one another, generally Ushaped (Figs 21 E, F). Coxite branch absent (Fig. 21 E), lateral branch basally slender, width apically increasing (Figs 21 E, F); tip swollen, slightly curved mesally (Fig. 21 E). Central membranous area present as a wide, well-rounded knob (Fig. 21 E). Main branch slightly shorter than lateral branch, latero-apically towards lateral branch with a large membranous area (Figs 21 E, F).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7823FFE3FF013DC2AEF9EB7A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: C. pseudoaculeatus is only known from the Forêt d’Ambre (Fig. 10).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7823FFE3FF013DC2AEF9EB7A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: pseudoaculeatus, adjective, refers to the close similarity of the species to Colossobolus aculeatus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7822FFE3FF013E0DAD95EE29.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 644 F 0 D 35 - 7 FF 2 - 4 F 9 B-B 5 C 9 - 6 ADC 49 F 512 B 8	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7822FFE3FF013E0DAD95EE29.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Spirobolus rubripes de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897, monotypic	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7822FFE3FF013E0DAD95EE29.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: telopodite process of anterior gonopod slender and laterally curved, a unique character of Zehntnerobolus gen. n. Telopodite of posterior gonopod of unique shape, sperm canal protruding above lateral margin at mid-length (Figs 22 E, F). Suspicious row of sclerotized nodules located just below point where sperm canal protrudes above lateral margin (Fig. 22 G). Shares a small body size (30 – 36 mm) and large male coxal processes on coxae 3 – 5 only with Spiromimus de Saussure & Zehntner, 1901 (Wesener and Enghoff, 2009). Telopodite of anterior gonopod at lateral margin elevat- ed (Fig. 22 E), similar to Pseudocentrobolus gen. n. and Granitobolus gen. n. Discharge opening of sperm canal turned laterally (Figs 22 E, F), like in Alluviobolus gen. n. and Riotintobolus gen. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7822FFE3FF013E0DAD95EE29.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: only known from the East Malagasy rainforests of Andrangoloaka and 30 km SE in Moramanga. Since 1900 no additional specimens have been collected. The reddish-black colour pattern plus medium length antennae and legs might indicate a life on the surface of (or inside) the leaf-litter.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7822FFE3FF013E0DAD95EE29.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Zehntnerobolus, masculine, is composed of Zehntner, after Dr. Leo Zehntner (1864 – 1961), who described numerous millipede species from Madagascar, including the type species of this genus, and - bolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7822FFEEFF013BD7ACF2E8DA.taxon	discussion	Comments: drawings of Zehntnerobolus rubripes were first published under the name Spirobolus rubripes (de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897). Spirobolus is an East Asian genus. So, when publishing the text description in 1902, de Saussure and Zehntner put S. rubripes in the newly erected genus Spirostrophus, which included a non-related assemblage of species. However, they already noted: “ Le S. rubripes offre de caractères un peu aberrantes: il est par conséquent difficile à classer. [...]. La position de cette espèce est donc incertaine. ” (de Saussure and Zehntner 1902: 158). They, unfortunately, did not put S. rubripes into a new genus. The description of Spirostrophus rubripes by de Saussure and Zehntner was obviously all but forgotten, because Attems also named a non-related species from Indonesia Spirostrophus rubripes Attems, 1927. The type species of the genus Spirostrophus is now regarded as a synonym of the type species of the East Indian genus Leptogoniulus Silvestri, 1897 (Hoffman 1980, Shelley and Lehtinen 1999). Spirostrophus rubripes (de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897 shares no characters with Leptogoniulus, therefore a new genus had to be established to incorporate this species. Material examined: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ Lectotype: designated herewith to fix the concept of Zehntnerobolus rubripes (de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897) and to ensure the universal and consistent interpretation of the same: ♂ (dissected, 30 mm long), MNHN HB 049. Madagascar, Province Toamasina, Forêt de Moramanga, rainforest, 18 ° 56 ’ 20 ” S, 48 ° 13 ’ 40 ” E, leg. Musée de Genève, det. de Saussure, 1903. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, MNHN HB 049, same data as lectotype. Additional locality data from the literature: de Saussure and Zehntner 1902: Madagascar, Forêt d’Andrangoloaka, rainforest, 19 ° 2 ’ 0.00 ” S, 47 ° 55 ’ 0.12 ” E, leg. Franz Sikora (1886 – 1892). Description. Measurements: males with 38 or 39 rings, circa 32 mm long, 2.9 mm wide. Females with 39 or 40 rings, 36 – 37 mm long, 3.7 mm wide. Coloration decolorized in alcohol. Head, antennae and legs red (according to drawing and original description). Body ventrally and dorsally on meso- and metazonites pitchblack. Mesozonites dorsolaterally blood-red (see de Saussure and Zehntner 1897: plate XI, fig. 48). Head: each eye with circa 26 – 28 ocelli arranged in 6 or 7 vertical rows. Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and a single row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennal cavity absent. Antennae of medium length, protruding back to ring 4 in females, ring 5 in males. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 << 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6. Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area. Antennomere 5 latero-apically with five rows, antennomere 6 with four rows of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium: of usual spirobolidan shape. Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae. Basal parts could not be studied because a dissection was not attempted. Mandible not dissected. Collum: smooth, laterally not protruding as far as ring 2. Body rings: mostly smooth, with some transverse impressions on mesozona. Ozopores starting at ring 6, located closely in front of, but not touching suture between mesozona and metazona. Telson: anal valves with neither lips, nor micropunctation. Preanal process sharp, but not protruding above anal valves (Fig. 22 A). Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs circa 0.8 times body diameter in females (Fig. 22 B), circa 1.0 times body diameter in males (Fig. 22 C). Each podomere ventrally with an apical seta. Coxae 3 and beyond of cylindrical shape. Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and three pairs of regular ventral spines. Male sexual characters: tarsal pads absent (Fig. 22 C). Coxae 3 – 5 each with a large conical coxal process, protruding posteriorly to coxa 6. Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, rounded lobe, apically with three very short, well-rounded tips (Fig. 22 D). Mesal process of coxite absent. Telopodite on posterior side basally with a circular groove (Fig. 22 E). Telopodite process slender and short, curved laterally (Fig. 23 E). Lateral margin elevated (Fig. 22 E). Posterior gonopods unique (Figs 22 F, G). Gonopod pair connected by a sclerotized and visible sternite. Telopodites positioned parallel to one another, sperm canal discharging laterally (Fig. 23 G). Coxite and telopodite separated by a suture; coxite with a single groove. Telopodite with torsion, tip of telopodite curved laterally, with a sharp-edged tip (Fig. 22 F). Sperm canal laterally strongly projecting over telopodite margin (Fig. 22 G). Basally of projection of sperm canal with a row of sclerotized nodules (Fig. 22 G). Sperm canal running through coxite at mesal, through telopodite at lateral margin (Fig. 22 G). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, bivalve-like. Intraspecific variation: the measurements of the type series fit in very well with those recorded in the literature (de Saussure and Zehntner 1902: 159). Remark The mentum is subdivided by a strong transverse ridge separating a basal, transversely striate part and an apical, smooth part, which is recessed when the gnathochilarium is viewed from below in all the following genera. Such a subdivision is unique within the whole order Spirobolida. Genera with subdivided mentum Flagellobolus, gen. n. Riotintobolus gen. n. Pseudocentrobolus gen. n. Granitobolus gen. n. Caprobolus gen. n. Alluviobolus gen. n. Ostinobolus gen. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7822FFEEFF013BD7ACF2E8DA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ Lectotype: designated herewith to fix the concept of Zehntnerobolus rubripes (de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897) and to ensure the universal and consistent interpretation of the same: ♂ (dissected, 30 mm long), MNHN HB 049. Madagascar, Province Toamasina, Forêt de Moramanga, rainforest, 18 ° 56 ’ 20 ” S, 48 ° 13 ’ 40 ” E, leg. Musée de Genève, det. de Saussure, 1903. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, MNHN HB 049, same data as lectotype. Additional locality data from the literature: de Saussure and Zehntner 1902: Madagascar, Forêt d’Andrangoloaka, rainforest, 19 ° 2 ’ 0.00 ” S, 47 ° 55 ’ 0.12 ” E, leg. Franz Sikora (1886 – 1892).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7822FFEEFF013BD7ACF2E8DA.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 38 or 39 rings, circa 32 mm long, 2.9 mm wide. Females with 39 or 40 rings, 36 – 37 mm long, 3.7 mm wide. Coloration decolorized in alcohol. Head, antennae and legs red (according to drawing and original description). Body ventrally and dorsally on meso- and metazonites pitchblack. Mesozonites dorsolaterally blood-red (see de Saussure and Zehntner 1897: plate XI, fig. 48). Head: each eye with circa 26 – 28 ocelli arranged in 6 or 7 vertical rows. Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and a single row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennal cavity absent. Antennae of medium length, protruding back to ring 4 in females, ring 5 in males. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 << 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6. Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area. Antennomere 5 latero-apically with five rows, antennomere 6 with four rows of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium: of usual spirobolidan shape. Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae. Basal parts could not be studied because a dissection was not attempted. Mandible not dissected. Collum: smooth, laterally not protruding as far as ring 2. Body rings: mostly smooth, with some transverse impressions on mesozona. Ozopores starting at ring 6, located closely in front of, but not touching suture between mesozona and metazona. Telson: anal valves with neither lips, nor micropunctation. Preanal process sharp, but not protruding above anal valves (Fig. 22 A). Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs circa 0.8 times body diameter in females (Fig. 22 B), circa 1.0 times body diameter in males (Fig. 22 C). Each podomere ventrally with an apical seta. Coxae 3 and beyond of cylindrical shape. Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and three pairs of regular ventral spines. Male sexual characters: tarsal pads absent (Fig. 22 C). Coxae 3 – 5 each with a large conical coxal process, protruding posteriorly to coxa 6. Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, rounded lobe, apically with three very short, well-rounded tips (Fig. 22 D). Mesal process of coxite absent. Telopodite on posterior side basally with a circular groove (Fig. 22 E). Telopodite process slender and short, curved laterally (Fig. 23 E). Lateral margin elevated (Fig. 22 E). Posterior gonopods unique (Figs 22 F, G). Gonopod pair connected by a sclerotized and visible sternite. Telopodites positioned parallel to one another, sperm canal discharging laterally (Fig. 23 G). Coxite and telopodite separated by a suture; coxite with a single groove. Telopodite with torsion, tip of telopodite curved laterally, with a sharp-edged tip (Fig. 22 F). Sperm canal laterally strongly projecting over telopodite margin (Fig. 22 G). Basally of projection of sperm canal with a row of sclerotized nodules (Fig. 22 G). Sperm canal running through coxite at mesal, through telopodite at lateral margin (Fig. 22 G). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, bivalve-like. Intraspecific variation: the measurements of the type series fit in very well with those recorded in the literature (de Saussure and Zehntner 1902: 159).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782FFFECFF013A44AB17E839.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 30252 D 40 - A 093 - 48 F 8 - 9756 - 96 A 56 C 848 B 70	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782FFFECFF013A44AB17E839.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Flagellobolus pauliani sp. n., monotypic	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782FFFECFF013A44AB17E839.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: anterior and posterior gonopods of unique shape (Figs 23 C, D): anterior gonopod with a telopodite process, retrorse part slender, located at midpoint of process instead of apically, a feature not shared with any other genus from Madagascar (Fig. 23 D). Most unusual feature of Flagellobolus gen. n. is the unique elongation of the posterior gonopod telopodite into a simple, strongly elongated, thin tip (Figs 23 E, F). This genus shares a small body size and elongated antennae with Spiromimus, Zehntnerobolus, Alluviobolus gen. n. and Ostinobolus gen. n. Gnathochilarium with a subdivided mentum and a single sclerotized ledge on each stipites, like in Riotintobolus gen. n., Pseudocentrobolus gen. n., Granitobolus gen. n., Caprobolus gen. n., Alluviobolus gen. n., Ostinobolus gen. n. Although the posterior gonopods of Flagellobolus gen. n. are connected by a large sternite, the telopodites do more closely resemble those of species of the Spirobolidea families Spirobolellidae and Pseudospirobolellidae instead of other Trigoniulidea.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782FFFECFF013A44AB17E839.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: Flagellobolus was collected on Madagascar in the eastern rainforest of Périnet (Andasibe) and the montane rainforest of Andranomay. Its ecology is entirely unknown.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782FFFECFF013A44AB17E839.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Flagellobolus, masculine, is composed of ‘ flagello ’, after flagellum, latin for whip, which refers to the characteristically shaped posterior gonopods, and - bolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782DFFEDFF013DC2ACFAE996.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: ADC 7576 D-F 0 BB- 4 D 2 B-B 29 C- 23 EFBA 8679 A 3	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782DFFEDFF013DC2ACFAE996.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂ Holotype: 1 ♂ (31 mm long), MNHN NoNumber, Madagascar, Périnet, rainforest, 18 ° 57 ’ S, 048 ° 26 ’ E, leg. R. Paulian, 20. XII. 1955, IRSM. Other material examined: 1 ♂, 1 imm., CASENT 9032806, Province d’Antananarivo, 3 km 41 ° NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147 ° SSE Anjozorobe, montane rainforest, 1300 m, 18 ° 28 ’ 24 ” S, 47 ° 57 ’ 36 ” E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al., pitfall traps, 5 – 13. XII. 2000	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782DFFEDFF013DC2ACFAE996.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 42 body rings, circa 31 mm long, 2.4 mm wide. Coloration almost completely decolorized because of alcohol, light stripe visible dorsally. Head: each eye with circa 30 ocelli arranged in 5 or 6 vertical rows. Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and a single row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennal cavity absent. Antennae very long, protruding back to ring 7. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 <2> 3 = 4 = 5 = 6, antennomere 2 longest. Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area. Antennomere 5 latero-apically four or five rows, antennomere 6 with two or three rows of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium: lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae. Mentum basally subdivided by a prominent suture. Mandible not dissected. Collum: smooth, laterally not protruding as far as ring 2. Body rings: mostly smooth, with some irregular punctation on mesozona. Ozopores starting at ring 6, touching suture between mesozona and metazona. Ozopore on ring 6 located more ventrally than subsequent ozopores. Telson: anal valves with weakly developed lips, with neither grooves, nor setae (Fig. 23 A). Preanal ring and subanal process well-rounded, not extending beyond anal valves. Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs as long as body diameter in males. Each podomere with a single or pair of apical, ventral seta (e). Coxae 3 and beyond of cylindrical shape (Fig. 23 B). Tarsus with a stout dorsoapical setae and three pairs of setae; apical pair stout, others successively much smaller. Male sexual characters: tarsal pads absent (Fig. 23 B). Coxae 3 and 4 each with a short, conical process. Process protruding posteriorly, but never overlapping adjacent coxa. Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, triangular lobe with a well-round- ed tip (Fig. 23 C). Mesal process of coxite wide, long and well-rounded, shorter than sternite lobe (Fig. 23 C). Process of telopodite large and slender, retrorse part not located apically, but basally of process (Fig. 23 D). Retrorse projection slender, short with a well-rounded tip (Fig. 23 D). Posterior gonopods unique (Figs 23 E, F). Gonopod pair connected via a large, well-sclerotized sternite (Fig. 23 E). Telopodites positioned parallel to one another. Coxite and telopodite not separated from one another, but dividing suture well-visible (Fig. 23 E). Coxite wide, with a single groove and no appendage (Fig. 23 F). Telopodite completely elongated into a process, apically tapering (Fig. 23 F), very slender. Sperm canal running along mesal margin of telopodite, apically occupying whole width of joint (Fig. 23 F).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782DFFEDFF013DC2ACFAE996.taxon	etymology	Etymology: pauliani, adjective, after the collector Dr. Renaud Paulian (1913 – 2003), who collected numerous interesting millipedes on Madagascar.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782CFFF7FF013B62ACEEEE5F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 D 3 A 99 A 5 - E 680 - 4 E 8 D-BFD 4 - B 10 BD 240636 D	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782CFFF7FF013B62ACEEEE5F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Riotintobolus mandenensis sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782CFFF7FF013B62ACEEEE5F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: only Malagasy Spirobolida genus where males in some species still have apodous rings in front of the telson. Body rings dorsally with a very wide stripe of flashy colour (Figs 24 A, 40 A), a unique feature, although slim stripes occur in several genera of Spirobolida. The posterior gonopods differ from other Spirobolida in the presence of a unique, finger-shaped process located laterally on the telopodite (Fig. 26 M, x, y), and the presence of a large, very thin membrane located apically like a flag (Fig. 26 M, z). Anal valves with extraordinary thick lips (absent in R. anomalus sp. n., Figs 26 B, 27 G), a unique character for this genus. Living specimens of Riotintobolus mandenensis sp. n. and R. minu- tus sp. n. often remain stiff like a stick instead of rolling into a spiral when disturbed, a unique behaviour for Spirobolida. Telson with a well-developed, sharp-edged preanal process (absent in R. anomalus sp. n., Figs 26 B, 27 G, 28 A), a feature only shared with Pseudocentrobolus gen. n. and Granitobolus gen. n. Collum not greatly enlarged, similar to Spiromimus and other small-bodied genera of Spirobolida. Gnathochilarium with a subdivided mentum and a single sclerotized ledge on each stipites (Figs 26 F, G, 27 C), like in Flagellobolus, Pseudocentrobolus gen. n., Granitobolus gen. n., Caprobolus gen. n., Alluviobo- lus gen. n., Ostinobolus gen. n. Vulva simple, bivalve-like, similar to all other small-bodied genera of Spirobolida from Madagascar. Posterior plate apically overlapping anterior one. Anterior gonopods of a very general shape (Fig. 26 K), similar to those of numerous other, probably not closely related genera, like Aphistogoniulus Silvestri, 1897 (Wesener et al. in press). Telopodite of posterior gonopod with a torsion: the sperm canal runs basally along the mesal margin, but is apically rotated, so that the opening is located at the lateral margin (Fig. 26 M). A torsion also exists in Zehntnerobolus and Alluviobolus gen. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782CFFF7FF013B62ACEEEE5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: two species, Riotintobolus mandenensis sp. n. and R. minutus sp. n. were collected in the littoral rainforest. The two other species occur in the spiny forest. R. aridus sp. n. was recorded from the spiny forest of Angavo, circa 20 km East of Antanimora, as well as Antafoky (Fig. 25), while R. anomalus sp. n. is recorded from the driest parts of Madagascar (Battistini 1972, Moat & Smith 2007), the Mahafaly plateau and the Cap Sainte Marie (Fig. 25). The genus Riotintobolus is the first example of a relationship between spiny forest and littoral rainforest species (Fig. 25). R. mandenensis sp. n. and R. minutus sp. n. are microendemic, R. mandenensis is most probably restricted to the littoral rainforest of Mandena, while R. minutus could only be found in Sainte Luce (Fig. 25). Both species from the littoral forest were collected inside the wet leaf litter, mainly on the bottom of the thin layer of leaves slightly above the root horizon. In both species the eyes are partly reduced, featuring only 12 – 20 fused ocelli (Figs 26 A, C, 27 E). Legs are also shorter than in the other two congeneric species (reaching only 0.7 times the diameter of body rings, Fig. 27 D). No explanation can be given for the unique and highly unusual defence behaviour of R. mandenensis and R. minutus. Both species turn stiff and motionless like a stick and rarely curl into a spiral like most other species of the Spirobolida.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782CFFF7FF013B62ACEEEE5F.taxon	description	Description. Males: length up to 45 mm, diameter up to 4.3 mm. 38 – 45 podous and up to two additional apodous rings. Females: length up to 51 mm, diameter up to 4.6 mm. 39 – 45 podous and up to two additional apodous rings. Colour highly species-specific, ventrally always with a distinct wide stripe, see species for accurate descriptions. Head: each eye either with circa 28 – 34 (R. aridus and R. anomalus), or 12 – 20 (R. mandenensis and R. minutus) partly fused ocelli arranged in 3 – 5 vertical rows (Figs 26 C, 27 E). Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and a row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two (rarely three) setiferous foveolae on each side (Fig. 26 D). Antennae short or of medium length, reaching back to ring 2 or 5 (Figs 26 A, 27 B). Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 << 2> 3 = 4 = 5 <6 (Figs 26 A, 28 B, 29 B). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area. Antennomere 5 latero-apically with a field of four rows, antennomere 6 with a field of two rows of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium unusual (Fig. 26 F). Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae (Fig. 26 F). Mentum basally subdivided by a wide suture (Figs 26 G, 27 C). Stipites each towards mentum with a large sclerotized ledge (Fig. 26 G) Palpi of gnathochilarium with numerous sensilla. Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures. Central pads of endochilarium separated by a step into two levels, each carrying sensory cones, number of cones not counted. Mandible: external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three shallow cusps (Fig. 26 H). Four or five pectinate lamellae. Molar plate with few (five) transverse furrows, anterior two furrows enlarged, posterior furrows minute. Collum: smooth, laterally not protruding as far as ring 2 (Fig. 26 A). Body rings: dorsally and laterally smooth, meso- and metazona ventrally with numerous transverse impressions. Ozopores starting at ring 6, touching suture between mesozona and metazona (Fig. 27 B). Telson: preanal process protruding, sharp-edged (except for R. anomalus sp. n.). Anal valves with well-visible lips and micropunctation (Fig. 26 B). Deep groove present anteriorly to sharp-edged lips in R. mandenensis sp. n. and R. minutus sp. n. (Figs 26 B, 27 G). Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs species-specific (Figs 27 D, 28 C, 29 C). Each podomere with an apical ventral seta. Coxae 3 and beyond of cylindrical shape (Figs 28 C, 29 C). Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and three pairs of ventral setae. Tibia short, half as long as tarsus (Figs 28 C, 29 C). Male sexual characters: male legs in some species with tarsal pads. Male coxae 3 – 7 unmodified (Fig. 27 F). Anterior gonopods: median sternal projection triangular, broadly rounded (Fig. 26 I). Sternite longer than coxite, but slightly shorter than mesal process of coxite (Fig. 26 I). Process of coxite long, but shorter than telopodite (Fig. 26 I). Telopodite always with a large, triangular retrorse process. Retrorse process laterally and apically extending beyond telopodite and coxite (Fig. 26 K). Posterior gonopods coxite and telopodite clearly separated (Figs 26 J, M). Sternite sclerotized and well-visible (Fig. 26 M). Coxite mesally with a single groove, coxite protruding into a short stem towards telopodite. Telopodite slightly shorter than coxite (Fig. 26 M). Sperm canal discharging apically and laterally instead of mesally because of a torsion (Figs 26 J, M). Telopodites laterally always with a fingershaped process (Fig. 26 M, x, y), apically with a large, thin membrane (Fig. 26 M, z). Width of membrane apically larger than basally. Sperm canal first running along inner margin of coxite and sternite, than apically running through the telopodite before discharging laterally on finger-shaped process and often also apically into thin membrane (Fig. 26 M). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, with a small, poorly sclerotized operculum at base, bivalve-like. Posterior valve apically overlapping anterior valve. Both valves smooth, lacking sensory cones. Towards opening basally on each valve with two or three rows of setae.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E782CFFF7FF013B62ACEEEE5F.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Riotintobolus, masculine, refers to the mining company Rio Tintoº. Rio Tinto’s subsidiary, Qit Madgascar Minearlsº, now owns the littoral rainforests of Mandena and Sainte Luce (Vincelette et al. 2003). This encompasses all the remaining distribution area of Riotintobolus mandenensis sp. n., which only occurs in Mandena, and of R. minutus sp. n., a species only recorded from Sainte Luce. Conservation zones will be the only remaining natural habitat after a large-scale mining action is undertaken by Riotinto in the coming years (Ganzhorn et al. 2003, Bollen and Donati 2006). These conservation zones will be directly managed by Qit Madagascar Minerals in order to conserve the biodiversity of the forests. The proposed conservation zones are 160 ha (but divided by a swamp) for the littoral forest of Mandena, and Riotintobolus mandenensis sp. n. The conservation zone for R. minutus sp. n., the S 9 fragment of Sainte Luce is circa 200 ha large. The area between both forests is already degraded to pseudosteppe (Fig. 24 B). The conservation zones, at least of the Sainte Luce fragment, are still under human pressure (Fig. 24 C). Since Rio Tintoº owns and is responsible for the only remaining habitat where two Riotintobolus gen. n. species exist, the whole genus is named after the company. The author hopes that this move will increase the probability of the survival of R. mandenensis sp. n. and R. minutus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7835FFF5FF013D72AEB8E8A5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 C 0503 C 7 - C 70 F- 4 FA 4 - A 9 A 8 - 4 E 9 F 049 E 5391	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7835FFF5FF013D72AEB8E8A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 ♂, 16 ♀, 20 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (36 mm long, dissected), FMMC W 040 C, Province Toliara, Mandena, littoral forest on sand, 34 m, 24 ° 57.260 ’ S, 46 ° 59.499 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 02. VI. 2007. Paratypes: 5 ♀, 5 imm., FMMC W 039 C, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, 2 imm., CAS W 039 C, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, 2 imm., ZMUC W 39 C, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, 2 imm., ZMH W 39 C, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, 2 imm., ZSM W 039 C, same data as holotype. Other material examined: 7 ♀, 7 imm., W 039 C, same data as holotype, University Antananarivo.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7835FFF5FF013D72AEB8E8A5.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the size and special colour pattern are unique for Malagasy millipedes. The gonopods of this species are similar in some aspects to those of R. minutus sp. n. and R. anomalus sp. n., but the posterior gonopods are of a unique shape.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7835FFF5FF013D72AEB8E8A5.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: holotype with 41 podous and 2 apodous rings, 36 mm long, 3.1 mm wide. Females with 41 – 43 podous and 0 – 2 apodous body rings, 37 – 43 mm long, 4.2 – 4.4 mm wide. Coloration black, dorsally with an extraordinary wide, light brown stripe (Fig. 24 A). Posterior half of collum dorsally black (Fig. 26 A). Head, legs and antennae light brown. Eyes with 16 – 20 almost fused ocelli arranged in 4 or 5 rows (Figs 26 A, C). Antennae protruding back to body ring 2 (Fig. 26 A). Legs without tarsal pads. Male legs reach 0.7 times, female legs 0.6 times body diameter. Preanal process sharp-edged, straight, protruding above anal valves (Fig. 26 B). Anal valves small, between anterior part and lips with a deep groove, margin towards groove sharpedged (Fig. 26 B). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a lobe with a triangular, well-rounded tip (Fig. 26 I). Sternite tip almost as high as mesal process of coxite; latter relatively slender, elongated, longer than sternite (Fig. 26 I). Telopodite on posterior side apically with a large triangular, retrorse process (Fig. 26 K). Process projecting above coxite and telopodite (Fig. 26 K). Posterior gonopods telopodite laterally with a single, large, finger-shaped process (Fig. 26 J, x). Second small projection, where sperm canal is discharging, is located close to apex (Fig. 26 M, y). A large, bi-lobical membrane present apically. Membrane apically three times wider than basally (Fig. 26 L, z). A small, white, swollen area (Fig. 26 M) is also located basally of membrane. Intraspecific variation: females exist in different size classes. The presence of apodous rings in front of the telson in mature specimens hint to the existence of postmaturity moults.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7835FFF5FF013D72AEB8E8A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species was only collected in the littoral rainforest on sand of Mandena (Fig. 25). Only 160 ha of this forest will remain after a large-scale mining project (Vincelette et al. 2003). All specimens were collected directly on the root layer under a thin layer of leaf litter. Disturbed specimens often did not curl into a spiral but remained motionless and stiff like a stick even when picked up. Because of their black / light-brown colour pattern (Fig. 24 A), specimens of R. mandenensis were quite difficult to detect against the background consisting of sand with some darker top soil inclusion. The giant pill-millipede species Sphaeromimus inexpectatus Wesener & Sierwald, 2005 is also only known from a small area surrounding Mandena (Wesen- er and Sierwald 2005).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7835FFF5FF013D72AEB8E8A5.taxon	etymology	Etymology: mandenensis, adjective, refers to the only area where this species lives, the littoral forest of Mandena.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7834FFF2FF013C37AC9CE9BB.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 69657 A 54 - E 55 E- 4 B 78 - BD 6 A-C 14 D 398 BC 1 F 6	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7834FFF2FF013C37AC9CE9BB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 2 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (22 mm long), FMMC, Province Toliara, Sainte Luce, S 9, littoral forest on sand, in leaf litter (deep), 24 ° 47 ’ S, 47 ° 10 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener, 06. IV. 2003. Paratypes: 1 ♀, 2 imm., FMMC, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, FMMC W 031 B, Sainte Luce, S 9, in leaf litter with roots, 24 ° 46.769 ’ S, 47 ° 10.288 ’ E, 12 m, littoral forest on sand, leg. Wesener et al., 01. VI. 2007.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7834FFF2FF013C37AC9CE9BB.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: R. minutus is the smallest known species of the genus and with a body length in mature males of only 22 mm, one of the smallest Spirobolida species known from Madagascar. The pitch-black colour with a thick dorsal red stripe (Fig. 27 A) helps to clearly identify this species. The gonopods of this species are in some aspects similar to those of R. mandenensis and R. anomalus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7834FFF2FF013C37AC9CE9BB.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 38 podous and 2 apodous rings, 22 mm long, 2.3 mm wide. Females with 39 – 41 podous and 0 – 2 apodous body rings, 23 – 26 mm long, 2.9 mm wide. Coloration pitch-black, dorsally with an extraordinary wide, red stripe (Fig. 27 A). Openings of ozopores highlighted by a red spot (Fig. 27 B). Posterior half of collum dorsally black (Fig. 27 E). Head, lateral part of anal valves and subanal scale red, legs whitish brown (Fig. 40 B). Eyes with 12 – 14 partly fused ocelli arranged in three rows (Fig. 27 E). Antennae protruding back to body ring 2 (Fig. 27 B). Legs lacking tarsal pads. Male legs reach 0.7 times, female legs 0.5 times, body diameter (Fig. 27 D). Preanal process sharp-edged, but not protruding above anal valves (Fig. 27 G). Anal valves small, at midanterior part with a deep groove. Margin of lip towards groove sharp-edged (Fig. 27 G). Anterior gonopod sternite apically elevated into a wide lobe with a triangular, wellrounded tip (Fig. 27 H). Sternite tip almost as high as mesal coxite process, which is relatively slender but longer than sternite (Fig. 27 H). Telopodite on posterior side apically with a large triangular, retrorse process (Fig. 27 J), which is projecting above coxite and telopodite margins (Fig. 27 J). Posterior gonopods telopodite laterally with two large, finger-shaped processes (Fig. 27 I). Sperm canal discharging at more apical process. Apically, a large membrane present, extending into two lobes, apically twice as wide as basally (Fig. 27 K). Intraspecific variation: females with 39 + 2 and 41 + 0 body rings are known, indicating post-mature moults.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7834FFF2FF013C37AC9CE9BB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species was only collected in the isolated littoral rainforest on sand in Sainte Luce (Fig. 25). Only circa 200 ha of this forest will remain after a large scale mining project (Vincelette et al. 2003, Bollen and Donati 2006). Although officially protected, large scale wood removal and even slash-and-burn agriculture (Fig. 24 C) is still ongoing in this forest (own observations in March 2003 and June 2007). The surrounding pseudosteppe is regularly burned, further endangering this forest (Fig. 24 B). However, further searches should be conducted in small remaining coastal forests north of Sainte Luce, where this species could also occur. All specimens were found deep in the soil under the wet leaf litter. Disturbed specimens often did not curl into a spiral, but remained motionless and stiff like a stick even when picked up. The giant pill-millipede species Sphaeromimus splendidus Wesener & Sierwald, 2005 and a still undescribed Zoosphaerium species are currently also only known from the littoral forest of Sainte Luce (Wesener and Sierwald 2005, Wesener and Wägele 2008).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7834FFF2FF013C37AC9CE9BB.taxon	etymology	Etymology: minutus, adjective, refers to the small size of this species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7833FFF0FF013B4DAD08EB1C.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 835 C 43 EF-EB 42 - 4673 - 8 C 10 - 60 DBEE 26 A 533	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7833FFF0FF013B4DAD08EB1C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype: ♂ (30 mm long), MNHN, Province Toliara, Angavo, à l’est d’Antanimora, probably spiny forest, 24 ° 50 ’ 57 ” S, 45 ° 48 ’ 6 ” E, leg. R. Decary, “ sous des pierres ”, 19. VI. 1927, entrée 17 – 1927. Other material examined: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 10 imm., CASENT 9032799, Province Toliara, Antafiky, gallery forest, 50 m, 23 ° 28 ’ 23 ” S, 44 ° 4 ’ 19 ” E, leg. Frontier Project, millipede dig (3 m x 3 m), 10. X. 2001; 2 ♀, 10 imm., CAS MGF 009, Province Toliara, Antafiky, gallery forest, 50 m, 23 ° 29 ’ 16 ” S, 44 ° 4 ’ 39 ” E, leg. Frontier Project, millipede dig (3 m x 3 m), 22. VII. 2001; 2 ♀, CAS MGF 012, Province Toliara, Antafiky, spiny forest thicket, 150 m, 23 ° 28 ’ 24 ” S, 44 ° 4 ’ 23 ” E, leg. Frontier Project, millipede dig (3 m x 3 m), 30. VII. 2001; 10 imm., CAS MGF 010, Province Toliara, Antafiky, gallery forest, 70 m, 23 ° 28 ’ 45 ” S, 44 ° 3 ’ 59 ” E, leg. Frontier Project, millipede dig (3 m x 3 m), 13. X. 2001; 6 imm., CAS MGF 007, Province Toliara, Antafiky, spiny forest thicket, 80 m, 23 ° 29 ’ 16 ” S, 44 ° 4 ’ 39 ” E, leg. Frontier Project, millipede dig (3 m x 3 m), 14. XI. 2001.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7833FFF0FF013B4DAD08EB1C.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: R. aridus has special shaped posterior gonopods, featuring a horn-like process, which is unique and aids in the identification of this species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7833FFF0FF013B4DAD08EB1C.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 44 podous and no apodous rings, circa 30 mm long (broken), 2.6 mm wide. Coloration at legs light brown, ventrally light brown, dorsolaterally dark brown to black, dorsally with a wide light brown stripe, middle of stripe with a row of black spots located anteriorly on each body ring. Colour altogether similar to R. mandenensis. Eyes with 27 or 28 ocelli arranged in five rows. Antennae protruding back to body ring 2 (Fig. 28 B). Legs 3 – 7 in males with tarsal pads. Male legs reach 0.9 times body diameter (Fig. 28 C). Preanal process sharp-edged, protruding above anal valves (Fig. 28 A). Anal valves small, with well-developed lips, groove absent (Fig. 28 A). Anterior gonopod sternite apically elevated into a wide lobe with a triangular, wellrounded tip (Fig. 28 D), almost as high as long mesal coxite process, latter relatively slender, slightly longer than sternite (Fig. 28 D). Telopodite on posterior side apically with a large triangular, retrorse process (Fig. 28 E), which projects above coxite and telopodite (Fig. 28 E). Posterior gonopods telopodite laterally with two large, finger-shaped processes (Fig. 28 F). Sperm canal discharging into apical-most process, opening of sperm duct visible in anterior view (Fig. 28 F). Apically, a large membrane present, not extending into lobes- membrane apically as wide as basally (Fig. 28 G). Telopodite at mesal margin basally of membrane with a slender, long horn (Fig. 28 G). In anterior view between horn and membrane with an additional, small finger-shaped process (Fig. 28 F).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7833FFF0FF013B4DAD08EB1C.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: the type specimen collected by R. Decary more than 80 years ago states on the collection label “ Angavo, á l’est d’Antanimora ”. On Madagascar several places with the name “ Angavo ” exist, as well as some populated places called Antanimora. However, only a single locality called Angavo is located east of Antanimora. This locality is a hilly area inside the spiny forest region of southern Madagascar (Fig. 25), and was traced using a recent map (Moat and Smith 2007). The collection label indicates that the single known specimen of R. aridus was found under a stone. Additional specimens were recently collected circa 250 km east at Antafoky.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7833FFF0FF013B4DAD08EB1C.taxon	etymology	Etymology: aridus, adjective, refers to type locality of this species, which is located in one of the driest parts of Madagascar.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7831FFF1FF013EE8AE52EEEC.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 393 DC 52 - 5565 - 41 B 3 - BA 6 E-D 8 ED 7 FAE 46 BA	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7831FFF1FF013EE8AE52EEEC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype: 1 ♂ (45 mm long), CAS BLF 5499, Madagascar, Province Toliara, Réserve Spéciale de Cap Sainte Marie, 12.3 km 262 ° W Marovato, spiny forest thicket, 200 m, 25 ° 34 ’ 54 ” S, 45 ° 10 ’ 6 ” E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al., pitfall trap, 11 – 15. II. 2002. Paratypes:> 25 ♂ and ♀, CAS BLF 5499, same data as previous; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, CAS BLF 5651, same data as previous, but 160 m, 25 ° 35 ’ 40 ” S, 45 ° 8 ’ 49 ” E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al., malaise trap, 13 – 19. II. 2002. Other material examined: 1 ♀, CAS BLF 5503, Réserve Spéciale de Cap Sainte Marie, spiny forest thicket, 200 m, 25 ° 34 ’ 54 ” S, 45 ° 10 ’ 6 ” E, leg. Fisher, Griswold, et al., 11 – 15. II. 2002; 1 ♂, CAS BLF 5758, Madagascar, Province Toliara, Mahafaly Plateau, 6.2 km 74 ° ENE Itampolo, spiny forest thicket, 80 m, 24 ° 39 ’ 13 ” S, 43 ° 59 ’ 48 ” E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al., sifted litter, 21 – 25. II. 2002; 2 ♂, CAS BLF 5762, same data as previous, but hand collecting; 13 ♂, 6 ♀, CAS BLF 5763, same data as previous, but pitfall trap; 1 ♂, MNHN, Madagascar, leg. Petit, 24 – 1922, envoi vi, entrée 24 – 1922; 1 ♂, CASENT 9032805, Province Toliara, Lake Ranobe, spiny forest, 30 m, 23 ° 2.941 ’ S, 43 ° 36.635 ’ E, leg. Frontier Wilderness Project, 21 – 28. I. 2003.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7831FFF1FF013EE8AE52EEEC.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: R. anomalus is the only known species of Riotintobolus where a sharp-edged preanal process and well-developed lips are absent. Furthermore it is the only species with male tarsal pads on every leg pair. The gonopods of this species are distinct but in some aspects similar to those of R. mandenensis and R. minutus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7831FFF1FF013EE8AE52EEEC.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 45 podous and no apodous rings, circa 45 mm long (broken), 4.3 mm wide. Females with 44 or 45 body rings and no apodous ring, up to 51 mm long, 4.6 mm wide. Coloration light grey with darker posterior margins. Openings of ozopores highlighted with a black spot. Collum and rings dorsally with an extraordinary wide bloodred or rust-red stripe. Antennae and legs dark grey. Eyes with 30 – 34 ocelli arranged in five rows. Antennae short, protruding in both sexes back to body ring 2 (Fig. 29 B). Legs reach 0.7 times body diameter, tarsi 3 and beyond in males with tarsal pads (Fig. 29 C). Preanal process absent, not protruding (Fig. 29 A). Anal valves small, lips weakly developed (Fig. 29 A). Anterior gonopod sternite apically swollen into a wide lobe with a triangular, wellrounded tip (Fig. 29 D). Sternite tip almost as high as mesal coxite process, latter long, relatively slender, longer than sternite (Fig. 29 D). Telopodite on posterior side apically with a large triangular retrorse process (Fig. 29 E), projecting above coxite and telopodite margins (Fig. 29 E). Posterior gonopods telopodite laterally with a single, large, finger-shaped process (Fig. 29 F). Sperm canal discharging into process. Apically, a large membrane present, which extends into two lobes, apically twice as wide as basally (Fig. 29 G). Intraspecific variation: no variation inside or in between the Mahafaly and Cap Sainte Marie populations was observed.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7831FFF1FF013EE8AE52EEEC.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species is currently known from the Mahafaly plateau, the Cap Sainte Marie, and a third, distant location at the Lake Ranobe. All localities are probably the driest places on Madagascar (Battistini 1972, Moat & Smith 2007).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7831FFF1FF013EE8AE52EEEC.taxon	etymology	Etymology: anomalus, adjective, refers to the unusual (for Riotintobolus) telson of the species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7830FFFBFF013A78ACB1EE5F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 DFE 0 C 0 E- 5992 - 4 BCC-A 6 B 4 - 557 EC 7 B 6 FF 65	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7830FFFBFF013A78ACB1EE5F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Pseudocentrobolus aureus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7830FFFBFF013A78ACB1EE5F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: posterior gonopods are unique, distinct (Figs 35 C – F): telopodite basally with a membranous process carrying sperm canal; telopodite apically with a distinct, unique rounded disc, which is covered with numerous spine-like structures (Figs 35 B, E); coxite basally at sperm canal with an obligate finger-shaped process, which is not curved but straight like in Granitobolus gen. n. Natural coloration conspicuously contrasting, with golden, black or red pattern (Figs 31 A, C, D, 36 B). Gnathochilarium with a subdivided mentum and a single sclerotized ledge on each stipites (Figs 32 D – F), like in Flagellobolus, Riotintobolus, Granitobolus gen. n., Caprobolus gen. n., Alluviobolus gen. n., Ostinobolus gen. n. Shares numerous characters only with species of the genus Granitobolus gen. n.: a stout preanal process, which prominently extends beyond anal valves (Figs 31 C, 36 B), well-developed lips on the anal valves, thick moniliform body rings which overlap each widely to the metazonite (Fig. 31 C), rectangular extensions (Figs 33 B, C) on the posterior margins of the rings and a greatly enlarged collum, which is ventrally longer than the body ring 2. The habitus and shape of the anterior gonopod (Figs 34 A, B) are also very similar to species of Granitobolus gen. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7830FFFBFF013A78ACB1EE5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: two species of Pseudocentrobolus are recorded from the dry spiny and subhumid forests in Southwestern Madagascar (Fig. 30). A third species, whose external characters fit very well into Pseudocentrobolus but where no mature male could be collected, was discovered in the spiny forest of Andohahela in Southeastern Madagascar (Fig. 30).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7830FFFBFF013A78ACB1EE5F.taxon	description	Description. Males: length up to 48 mm, diameter up to 4.5 mm. 38 – 40 podous rings. Females: length up to 48 mm, diameter up to 5.1 mm. 39 or 40 podous rings. Apodous rings absent in all adult specimens. Colour (after short time in alcohol): mesozona golden (Fig. 31 A) or greenish (fad- ed to grey in some specimens), metazona blackish (Fig. 31 A) or golden (Fig. 36 B). Head, antennae, gonopods, legs and at least posterior part of telson golden (Fig. 31 C) or reddish (Fig. 36 B). Head: each eye with circa 38 – 42 ocelli arranged in 7 or 8 vertical rows (Figs 31 D, 36 A). Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and one row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae (Fig. 36 A). Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennae short or very short, reaching back to ring 2 or 4 (Figs 31 D, 36 A). Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 <2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 (Fig. 32 B). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area (Fig. 32 A). Antennomere 5 latero-apically with four rows, antennomere 6 with two rows (Figs 32 A, C) of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium unusual (Fig. 32 D). Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae (Fig. 32 D). Mentum basally subdivided by a well-developed suture (Figs 32 D, F). Stipites each towards mentum with a wide sclerotized ledge (Fig. 32 D). Palpi of gnathochilarium with numerous sensilla. Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures (Fig. 32 E). Central pads of endochilarium separated into two areas: a group of 8 – 10 sensilla located apically, and medial palps with numerous sensilla each, located closely towards hypopharyngeal crest (Fig. 32 G). Mandible: external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three cusps (Fig. 33 A). Six pectinate lamellae. Mesal margin of pectinate area (intermediate area) with circa four rows of small, slender spines. Molar plate with numerous (10 or 11) transverse furrows (Fig. 33 A). Collum: smooth, laterally longer than body ring 2 (Figs 31 D, 36 A). Lobe enlarged, laterally covering antenna and part of head (Fig. 31 D). Body rings: moniliform, overlapping one another up to anterior half of mesozona. Metazona of swollen appearance, width greater than those of pro- or mesozona. Transverse impressions covering mesozona (Fig. 33 B), metazona with irregular punctations (Fig. 33 C). Posterior margin of rings slightly excavated into rectangular extensions (Fig. 33 C). Ozopores starting at ring 6, touching suture between mesozona and metazona (Fig. 31 C). Telson: anal valves with well-developed lips and micropunctation but with neither grooves nor setae. Preanal process well-rounded or sharp, extending beyond anal valves (Fig. 31 C). Subanal scale inconspicuous. Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae (Fig. 31 E). Length of midbody legs circa 0.6 times body diameter in both sexes (Fig. 31 F). Each podomere with an apical, ventral seta. Coxae 3 and beyond of rectangular shape (Fig. 31 F). Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical setae and a pair of stout ventro-apical ones in males, in females with three pair of setae, apical pair stout, others successively much smaller. Male sexual characters: tarsi 3 and beyond with a tarsal pad not protruding past base of claw. Coxae 3 – 7 with species-specific modifications. Anterior gonopods: median sternal projection triangular, with a wide rectangular tip (Figs 35 A, 49 C). Sternite protruding almost as high as coxite and telopodite (Fig. 35 A). Coxite wide, smoothly rounded, laterally curving around telopodite, on posterior side visible laterally as a small, triangular sclerite (Fig. 35 B). Coxite anteriorly almost entirely covering telopodite (Fig. 35 A). Telopodite with a short, well-rounded process. Process curved laterally, not or only slightly projecting above telopodite margin (Fig. 35 B). Mesal margin elevated, laterally with a sharp ridge (Fig. 35 B). Posterior gonopods in situ almost completely covered by anterior gonopod. Suture separating coxite and telopodite well-visible. Sternite sclerotized and well-visible (Figs 31 H, 34 D). Finger-shaped process of coxite (Fig. 34 D) not curved apically, but coaxial to coxite. Coxite mesally with a single groove, basally wide, protruding into a short stem towards telopodite. Telopodite as long and as wide as coxite (Fig. 31 G). Telopodites arranged face-to-face with one another (Figs 31 G, H). A rounded disc present on apical part of telopodite (Figs 31 G, H), disc covered with numerous tiny sclerotized teeth (Figs 34 B, E), basally with a membranous process, into which sperm canal is discharging (Figs 34 A, D, E). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, bivalve-like, with a small, poorly sclerotized operculum at base (Fig. 33 D). Anterior valve apically overlapping posterior one, both valves smooth, lacking sensory cones. Towards opening on each valve basally with two or three rows of setae (Fig. 33 D).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7830FFFBFF013A78ACB1EE5F.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Pseudocentrobolus, masculine, refers to the superficial resemblance of species of this genus to some species of the South African genus Centrobolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7839FFF8FF013FD2AEDEECD6.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7054 A 53 D- 190 A- 4 AC 4 - 813 D-FEE 9 FCBF 8269	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7839FFF8FF013FD2AEDEECD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 34 ♂, 12 ♀, 1 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (42 mm long, dissected), CAS BLF 6071, Madagascar, Province Toliara, Forêt Beroboka, 5.9 km 131 ° SE Ankidranoka, tropical dry forest, 80 m, 22 ° 13 ’ 59 ” S, 043 ° 21 ’ 59 ” E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al., 12 – 16. III. 2002. Paratypes: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS BLF 6071, same data as holotype; 11 ♂, 3 ♀, FMMC 5495, Forêt des Mikea, 7.5 km NE Tsifota, spiny bush forest, 60 m, 22 ° 48.0 ’ S, 43 ° 26.0 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, pitfall trap, 25 – 26. II. 2003; 4 ♂, 3 ♀, FMMC 5497, Forêt des Mikea, 9.5 km W. Ankiloaka, partially disturbed dry forest on red sands, 80 m, 22 ° 46.7 ’ S, 43 ° 31.4 ’ E, leg. V. Soarimalala, pitfall trap, 16 – 17. II. 2003; 3 ♂, 9 ♀, FMMC 5501, same data as previous, but leg. S. Goodman, 14 – 15. II. 2003; 8 ♂, FMMC 5506, same data as previous, but leg. S. Goodman, 16 – 17. II. 2003; 2 ♂, FMMC 5681, Forêt des Mikea, 19 km SW Tanandava, 70 m 21 ° 52.0 ’ S, 43 ° 39.6 ’ E, leg. V. Soarimalala, pitfall trap, 22 – 24. III. 2003. Other material examined: 4 ♂, CASENT 9032809, Lake Ranobe, spiny forest, 30 m, 23 ° 2.941 ’ S, 43 ° 36.635 ’ E, leg. Frontier Wilderness Project, 21 – 28. I. 2003.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7839FFF8FF013FD2AEDEECD6.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: see key for a separation between P. aureus and P. vohibasiensis sp. n. The colour pattern of Pseudocentrobolus aureus is unique for Malagasy millipedes and allows for an easy identification.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7839FFF8FF013FD2AEDEECD6.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 40 body rings, 40 – 48 mm long, 4.4 – 4.6 mm wide. Females with 39 or 40 body rings, 40 – 47 mm long, 4.9 – 5.0 mm wide. Coloration affected by alcohol. Head, legs, antennae, telson and mesozonites of body rings golden. Metazonites of body rings black (Figs 31 A – D). Antennae very short, protruding back to body ring 2 (Fig. 31 D). Male coxal processes short and conical, only present on coxae 3 and 4. Coxae 5 – 7 slightly swollen in appearance (Fig. 31 B). Preanal process well-rounded, prominently extending beyond anal valves (Fig. 31 C). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, mesally slightly notched lobe (Fig. 34 A). Coxite shorter than sternite (Fig. 34 A). Telopodite on anterior side visible, on posterior side apically with a well-rounded process (Fig. 34 B). Telopodite process short and well-rounded, laterally curved, only slightly longer than coxite (Fig. 34 B). Posterior gonopods: telopodite disc covered with numerous teeth (Fig. 35 B). Membranous process well-developed, basally wide, apically slightly tapering (Fig. 35 A). Intraspecific variation: although specimens from the type series were collected from three different localities, no intraspecific variation of gonopods, colour or size was observed. Females are always 0.5 mm wider than males.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7839FFF8FF013FD2AEDEECD6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species was recorded from spiny forests close to the West Coast (Fig. 30).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7839FFF8FF013FD2AEDEECD6.taxon	etymology	Etymology: aureus, adjective, refers to the characteristic golden colour pattern of the species (Fig. 31 A).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7847FF87FF013FD2AC9BE946.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 5442 A 6 D 8 - CF 81 - 4 A 08 - 82 D 1 - C 3 EEEFD 037 FE	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7847FF87FF013FD2AC9BE946.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 3 ♂ Holotype: 1 ♂ (40 mm long), FMMC 8212, Madagascar, Province Toliara, Forêt de Vohibasia, subhumid forest, 780 m, 22 ° 27.5 ’ S, 44 ° 50.5 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 10 – 16. I. 1996. Other material examined: 1 ♂, CAS BLF 7390 (CASENT 9005836), Province Toliara, Forêt Analalava, Ranohira, dry forest on sand, 22 ° 35 ’ 30 ’’ S, 45 ° 7 ’ 42 ’’ E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al. 1 – 5. II. 2003; 2 ♂ (imm.), CAS BLF 7381, same data as previous, but pitfall trap; 1 ♂, CASENT 9032812, same data as previous, but beating low vegetation.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7847FF87FF013FD2AC9BE946.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: P. vohibasiensis differs from P. aureus in the colour pattern and the presence of an additional sclerotized process on the posterior gonopods basally to the membranous process (Fig. 36 D).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7847FF87FF013FD2AC9BE946.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 38 body rings, circa 40 mm long, 4.3 mm wide. Coloration faded in alcohol. Antennae and legs reddish (Fig. 36 A). Head, collum, mesozona of body rings and anterior part of telson greyish-green (Fig. 36 B). Metazona of body rings gold-brown (Fig. 36 B). Antennae protruding back to body ring 4 (Fig. 36 A). Male coxal processes absent, but coxae 3 – 7 swollen (Fig. 36 A). Preanal process well-rounded, longer than anal valves (Fig. 36 B). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, broadly-rounded lobe (Fig. 36 C). Coxite well-developed, in anterior view completely covering telopodite (Fig. 36 C). Telopodite process short and well-rounded, laterally curved, not extending beyond telopodite (Fig. 36 C). Posterior gonopod telopodite disc covered with numerous teeth (Fig. 36 E). Membranous process large, basally wide, apically slightly tapering (Figs 36 D, E). Basally of membranous process with an additional long, finger-shaped process (Fig. 36 E).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7847FF87FF013FD2AC9BE946.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: known from the subhumid forest of Vohibasia and Analava (Fig. 30).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7847FF87FF013FD2AC9BE946.taxon	etymology	Etymology: vohibasiensis, adjective, after the type locality, Vohibasia.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7846FF83FF013C12AB1BE880.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 81 CDE 7 E 7 - 992 A- 42 FD- 9 FCB- 16 D 88 FA 8 E 7 B 9	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7846FF83FF013C12AB1BE880.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Granitobolus endemicus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7846FF83FF013C12AB1BE880.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: telopodite tip of posterior gonopods in Granitobolus uniquely shaped, resembling a duck’s head with an acutely projecting beak (Fig. 37 M). Adults with 37 or 38 body rings, lowest number of any Malagasy genus of Spirobolida. Natural colour usually contrasting, with red appendages, dark mesozonites and greyish or light brown metazonites (Figs 37 A – D, 38 A). Shares numerous characters only with species of the genus Pseudocentrobolus: a stout preanal process which extends beyond anal valves (Fig. 37 F), well-developed lips on the anal valves, thick moniliform body rings which widely overlap each other reaching the metazonite (Fig. 37 C), rectangular extensions (Fig. 37 F) on the posterior margins of the rings and a greatly enlarged collum, which is ventrally longer than body ring 2. Gnathochilarium with a subdivided mentum and a single sclerotized ledge on each stipites (Fig. 37 H), like in Flagellobolus, Riotintobolus, Pseudocentrobolus, Caprobolus gen. n., Alluviobolus gen. n., Ostinobolus gen. n. Both genera possess, however, completely different posterior gonopods.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7846FF83FF013C12AB1BE880.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: species of Granitobolus have been recorded from numerous rainforest and littoral rainforest sites in Southeast Madagascar. Unfortunately, mature males could be collected only from three sites (Andohahela-Vasiha, Manantantely and the Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Fig. 30). At least single immature specimens found in the littoral forest of Mandena and the Sainte Luce fragments S 8 and S 9 might represent another undescribed species because of their uniformly dark, almost black coloration. The specimens from Isaka-Ivondro (Andohahela), Ebosika (Andohahela) and Ivorona (Anosyenne) closely resemble G. andohahelensis sp. n. Except for two or three isolated specimens, which were collected on trails, all other specimens of Granitobolus were taken from large, massive, partly overgrown granitic outcrops. Specimens were collected in large numbers from thin layers of roots covering the stones. On a single rock, specimens of all sizes and both sexes were found; however, mature males remained rare. This might be related to the beginning of the dry season (June), when the collections were conducted. Both holotypes were infested with rather long nematodes (P, Fig. 38 B). The legs and body rings of G. endemicus sp. n. holotype are also covered with fungi.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7846FF83FF013C12AB1BE880.taxon	description	Description. Males: length up to 35 mm (broken), diameter up to 3.3 mm. 37 or 38 podous rings. Females: length up to 48 mm, diameter up to 4.85 mm. 37 or 38 podous rings. Length-width ratio in both sexes 1: 10. Apodous rings absent in all adult specimens. Colour: mesozona dark olive green or blackish (Fig. 37 A), metazona much light- er, brown to yellow (Fig. 37 C). Head, antennae and legs red (faded to light brown in some specimens). Head: each eye large, with circa 35 – 40 ocelli arranged in 6 or 7 vertical rows (Figs 37 D, G). Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and one row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae (Fig. 37 E). Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side (Fig. 38 B). Length of antennae sexually dimorph, protruding back to ring 2 (females) or 4 (males, Figs 37 A, D, 38 A). Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 <2 = 3 = 4 = 5 <6 (Fig. 37 G). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area. Antennomere 5 latero-apically with three or four rows, antennomere 6 with two rows of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium unusual (Fig. 37 H). Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae. Mentum basally subdivided by a well-visible suture (Fig. 37 H). Stipites each towards mentum with a wide sclerotized ledge (Fig. 37 H). Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures. Central pads of endochilarium separated by a step into two levels. Medial palps with a large group of sensilla each, located towards hypopharyngeal crest. Mandible: external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three cusps. Four pectinate lamellae. Molar plate with numerous (10 or 11) small and shallow transverse furrows. Collum: smooth, laterally longer than body ring 2. Lobe enlarged, covering antenna and part of head (Figs 37 D, 38 A). Body rings: moniliform, overlapping up to anterior half of mesozona. Metazona of swollen appearance, width larger than pro- or mesozona (Figs 37 A – C). Posterior margin of rings slightly excavated into rectangular extensions (Fig. 37 F). Ozopores starting at ring 6, touching suture between mesozona and metazona (Fig. 37 D). Telson: anal valves with well-developed lips and micropunctation, but with neither grooves, nor setae. Preanal process well-rounded or sharp, extending beyond anal valves (Figs 37 F, 38 C). Subanal scale inconspicuous. Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated, fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs circa 1.0 times body diameter in males (Fig. 37 J), 0.6 times body diameter in females (Fig. 37 K). Each podomere with an apical, ventral seta (Fig. 37 K). Coxae 3 and beyond of rectangular shape (Fig. 37 I). Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and a pair of stout ventro-apical ones in males, three pairs of setae in females. In females apical setae pair stout, others successively much smaller. Male sexual characters: tarsi starting at leg 3 up to midbody legs wide and with a large tarsal pad not protruding past base of claw (Fig. 37 J). Tibia shorter than in females (Figs 37 J, K). Coxae 3 – 7 unmodified (Figs 37 E, 38 B). Anterior gonopods: median sternal projection triangular, with a wide, rectangular tip (Figs 37 L, 38 D). Sternite never protruding as high as coxite. Coxite wide, smoothly rounded, laterally curving around telopodite, but only extending slightly at posterior side (Figs 37 N, 38 F). Coxite anteriorly almost completely covering telopodite. Coxite processes absent, but mesal margin towards sternite sometimes projecting (Fig. 37 L). Telopodite with a short, well-rounded, laterally curved process, which only slightly projects above telopodite margin and never protrudes above coxite margin (Figs 37 N, 38 F). Posterior gonopods in situ almost completely covered by anterior gonopods. Suture between coxite and telopodite well-visible (Fig. 37 O), sternite triangular and sclerotized but often hidden by a large, finger-shaped coxite process (Fig. 37 O). Finger-shaped process not curved, running parallel to basal margin (Figs 37 O, 38 G). Telopodites arranged face-to-face with one another (Fig. 37 M). Shape of apical part resembling ‘ beak’ (Figs 37 M, 38 E). Beak acutely projecting, partly sclerotized and carrying sperm canal (Fig. 38 G). Telopodite between apex and beak with a small membranous area (Fig. 37 M), in basal half mesally of sperm canal with a lower elevated area (Fig. 37 M). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, with a small, poorly sclerotized operculum at base, bivalve-like. Posterior valve apically slightly overlapping anterior one. Both valves smooth, sensory cones absent. Each valve basally towards opening with two rows of setae.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7846FF83FF013C12AB1BE880.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Granitobolus, masculine, after Granit (German for granite) for the special habitat, granitic outcrops, on which species of this genus were found, and - bolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7842FF80FF013BB2AB08EE60.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 EFB 7119 - B 5 B 1 - 4 D 30 - BE 97 - F 9 F 709 EDD 92 B	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7842FF80FF013BB2AB08EE60.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 ♂, 6 ♀, 14 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (35 mm long), FMMC W 010 A, Madagascar, Province Toliara, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Forêt Petit Lavasoa, rainforest, 25 ° 05.021 ’ S, 46 ° 46.110 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 21. V. 2007. Paratypes: 3 ♀, 6 imm., FMMC W 010 A, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, ZMH W 010 A, same data as holotype. Other material examined: 2 ♀, 7 imm., W 010 A, same data as type material, but stored as vouchers at University Antananarivo; 1 imm., FMMC W 099, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Forêt Grand Lavasoa, 25 ° 5 ’ 10.23 ” S, 46 ° 44 ’ 55.93 ” E, rainforest, leg. Wesener et Schütte, 14. VI. 2007.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7842FF80FF013BB2AB08EE60.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: see key for a separation between G. endemicus and G. andohahelensis sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7842FF80FF013BB2AB08EE60.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male with 37 rings, circa 35 mm long (broken), 3.5 mm wide. Females with 37 or 38 rings, 42 – 48 mm long, 3.8 – 4.9 mm wide. Coloration affected by alcohol. Anterior part of head and appendages red (Figs 37 D, G). Mesozona and anterior part of metazona dark grey, posterior part of metazona light brown to dark orange (Figs 37 A – C). Antennae very short, in males protruding back to body ring 3 (Fig. 37 D), in females to ring 2. Preanal process well-rounded, longer than anal valves (Fig. 37 F). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a short, wide and well-rounded lobe (Fig. 37 L). Mesal margin of coxite at midpoint with a projection towards sternite (Fig. 37 N). Telopodite on posterior side apically with a short, rounded process (Fig. 37 N). Telopodite process not reaching mesal margin, laterally curved, slightly longer than coxite (Fig. 37 N). Posterior gonopods: telopodite apex erect, covered by a sclerite (Fig. 37 M). A small membranous area present between apex and beak (Fig. 37 O). Intraspecific variation: too few specimens, especially mature males, are known to evaluate the intraspecific variation. However, obviously mature females collected at the same spot range from 35 to 48 mm of length, most likely representing different stadia, or even generations.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7842FF80FF013BB2AB08EE60.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species is currently known only from, and probably microendemic to, the isolated rainforests of the Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain in Southeast Madagascar (Fig. 30), covering altogether less than 10 km ². The Mountain is now isolated from all other natural forests. The forest cover of the Ambatotsirongorongo Mountains decreased considerably in the last 50 years (Ramanamanjato et al. 2002) and covers now only a few hundred hectares (Moat and Smith 2007). The nearest remaining forest is the worldwide unique, and also endangered, transitional littoral forest of Petriky, 5 kilometers north of Ambatotsirongorongo.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7842FF80FF013BB2AB08EE60.taxon	etymology	Etymology: endemicus, adjective, refers to the small area of distribution (Fig. 30).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7841FF81FF013BF4AC07EF55.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 022 AF 86 - E 072 - 4090 - B 604 - F 7 D 5 A 3 C 8 F 425	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7841FF81FF013BF4AC07EF55.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 4 ♂, 7 ♀, 32 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (33 mm long), FMMC 13603, Madagascar, Province Toliara, Andohahela, Mt. Vasiha, 500 m, 24 ° 55 ’ 19 ” S, 46 ° 44 ’ 45 ” E, station 12, on 15 ° slope, E of summit, no granite outcrops, leg. K. Emberton, 6. II. 1995. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 8 imm., FMMC W 045, Parc National de Andohahela, Malio, rainforest, 24 ° 55.810 ’ S, 46 ° 46.343 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 30. V. 2007; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ZMUC W 045, same data as previous; 1 ♀, 2 imm., ZMH W 045, same data as previous. Other material examined: 1 ♀, 12 imm., W 045, same data as previous material, but stored as vouchers at University Antananarivo; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 4 imm., FMMC W 078, Province Toliara, Manantantely, 24 ° 59 ’ 17.14 ” S, 46 ° 55 ’ 27.95 ” E, rainforest, leg. Wesener et Schütte, 06. VI. 2007; 1 ♀, ZMH W 078, same data as previous; 1 ♀, 6 imm., W 078, same data as previous, University Antananarivo.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7841FF81FF013BF4AC07EF55.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: G. andohahelensis differs from G. endemicus in a slightly different colour pattern and differently shaped telopodites of the anterior (Fig. 38 F) and posterior gonopods (Fig. 38 G).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7841FF81FF013BF4AC07EF55.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 37 or 38 rings, circa 31 – 35 mm long (broken), 3.3 – 3.5 mm wide. Females with 38 rings, 37 – 43 mm long, 3.7 – 4.1 mm wide. Coloration affected by alcohol. Anterior part of head and appendages white to reddish (Fig. 38 A). Mesozona and anterior part of metazona dark grey, posterior part of metazona dark orange (Figs 38 A – C). Antennae very short, in males protruding back to ring 4 (Fig. 38 A), in females to ring 2. Preanal process well-rounded, extending beyond anal valves (Fig. 38 C). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a short, well-rounded lobe (Fig. 38 D). Coxite large, inconspicuous, with neither processes, nor projections (Fig. 38 D). Telopodite visible on anterior side, on posterior side apically with a rounded process (Fig. 38 F). Telopodite process starting at mesal margin, laterally curved, slightly extending beyond coxite (Fig. 38 F). Posterior gonopods: telopodite apex not erect, covered by a membranous area (Fig. 38 G). A membranous area present between apex and beak, with a short process projecting above margin (Fig. 38 E). Intraspecific variation: the specimens from Manantantely display, in comparison with the holotype from Vasiha, small differences on the beak of the posterior gonopod. These differences are now regarded as intraspecific variation. No variation at all was observed between the holotype collected in Vasiha 1995 and those collected few hundred meters East in Malio 2007 (Fig. 30). Like in G. endemicus, females of different size classes are present.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7841FF81FF013BF4AC07EF55.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: known from the rainforest of Malio, as well as 20 km east from the forest of Manantantely (Fig. 30). It is currently unclear if similar specimens collected from Ebosika, the Isaka-Ivondro corridor and Ivorona also belong to G. andohahelensis, Single specimens taken from the littoral forests of Mandena and Sainte Luce show a uniformly black coloration and most likely belong to a yet undescribed species. All specimens of G. andohahelensis were collected in thin root layers covering large granitic outcrops.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7841FF81FF013BF4AC07EF55.taxon	etymology	Etymology: andohahelensis, adjective, after the type locality.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7840FF8EFF013A27AB0AE96A.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 23 C 9 C 435 - 1012 - 44 AE- 8 FF 1 - 82 C 471 F 2 A 0 E 4	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7840FF8EFF013A27AB0AE96A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Caprobolus andringitra sp. n., monotypic	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7840FF8EFF013A27AB0AE96A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: mandible with a very short molar plate (Fig. 40 F), so far a unique character (but the shape of the mandible is only known for a few genera of Spirobolida). Anterior and posterior gonopods of Caprobolus are unique for Spirobolida. Anterior gonopods with a conspicuously enlarged, slender sternite (Fig. 41 A), but sternite still much wider than in Spiromimus (Wesener and Enghof, 2009). Telopodite of anterior gonopods prominently enlarged into unique, long, slender, sabre-like processes (Fig. 41 B). Basis of telopodite process projecting into a slender, well-rounded retrorse process (Fig. 41 B), which is present in numerous genera of Spirobolida. Telopodite of posterior gonopod longer than, but as wide as, coxite (Fig. 41 C). Telopodite basally deeply divided into two branches of almost similar width and length (Figs 41 C – E). Sperm canal is free, starting at basis of telopodite, only slightly attached to shorter, lateral main branch (Fig. 41 E). Sperm canal projecting as a flagellum above telopodite branches (Fig. 41 D). Shares a reddish colour pattern and a yellowish dorsal stripe with Spiromimus de Saussure & Zehntner, 1901, Alluviobolus gen. n. and Ostinobolus gen. n. Gnathochilarium with a subdivided mentum and a single sclerotized ledge on each stipites (Fig. 39 E), like in Flagellobolus, Riotintobolus, Pseudocentrobolus, Granitobolus, Alluviobolus gen. n., Ostinobolus gen. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7840FF8EFF013A27AB0AE96A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: only known from the rainforests of Andringitra, close by Ivohibe and Vevembe, located at the edge of the high plateau towards the east coast in the southern half of Madagascar (Fig. 30). The only known species of Caprobolus was collected in Andringitra together with a Spiromimus species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7840FF8EFF013A27AB0AE96A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Caprobolus, masculine, composed of Capro -, formed after capricornus, which refers to the tropic of Capricorn where this genus was first collected, and - bolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784CFF8AFF013FD2AEDFEE05.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 331040 CB- 492 C- 483 D- 8 D 12 - 41 B 8265 EB 54 D	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784CFF8AFF013FD2AEDFEE05.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 6 ♂, 1 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (41 mm long), FMNH-INS 13601, Madagascar, Province Fianarantsoa, Andringitra reserve, camp 3, 40 km S Ambalavao, along Volotsangana River, rainforest, 1210 m, 22 ° 13 ’ 22 ’’ S, 46 ° 58 ’ 18 ’’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 5 – 6. XII. 1993. Paratypes: 3 ♂, 1 imm., FMNH-INS 13600, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, FMNH-INS 13611, same data as holotype; 2 ♂, FMMC 8219, RS Ivohibe, 900 m, rainforest, 22 ° 25 ’ S, 46 ° 56 ‘ E, leg. S. Goodman, 7 – 12. X. 1997. Other material examined: 1 ♂, CASENT 9032814, Province Fianarantsoa, Forêt de Vevembe, 66.6 km 293 ° WNW Farafangana, rainforest in transition to montane rainforest, 600 m, 22 ° 47 ’ 28 ” S, 47 ° 10 ’ 55 ” E, leg. B. L. Fisher et al., yellow pan trap, 23. IV. 2006	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784CFF8AFF013FD2AEDFEE05.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 44 rings, circa 41 mm long, 3.2 mm wide. Male paratypes with 43 or 44 rings (specimen from Vevembe with 46), up to 44 mm long, up to 3.5 mm wide. Coloration faded in alcohol. Head, legs and antennae orange-red (Figs 39 A – D). Anal valves and subanal scale reddish, preanal process greyish (Fig. 39 C). Metazonites red, remaining parts of body rings up to ozopore openings orange-reddish, more dorsally greyish. Specimens dorsally with a slender, orange line. Head: each eye with circa 24 – 28 ocelli arranged in 6 or 7 vertical rows (Fig. 39 D). Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and a single row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennae long, protruding back to ring 6. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 << 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6, first antennomere very short (Fig. 40 A). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area (Fig. 40 B). Antennomere 5 latero-apically with five rows (Fig. 40 C), antennomere 6 with two rows (Fig. 40 B) of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another (Fig. 39 E). Stipites each with three apical setae. Palpi of gnathochilarium with numerous sensilla. Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures (Fig. 40 D). Central pads of endochilarium separated into two areas, a group of 6 – 8 sensilla located apically (Fig. 40 E). Close to endochilarium with a large group of sensilla, located towards hypopharyngeal crest. Mentum basally subdivided by a membranous suture (Fig. 39 E). Stipites each with a sclerotized ledge (Fig. 39 E) Mandible external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three cusps (Fig. 40 F). Seven to nine dense pectinate lamellae (Fig. 40 G). Intermediate area between pectinate lamellae and molar plate almost completely absent. Molar plate short, only slightly longer than pectinate lamellae, with only six or seven transverse furrows (Fig. 40 F). Collum: smooth, not protruding as far as body ring 2 (Fig. 39 A). Body rings: mostly smooth, with some irregular punctation and some transverse impressions on mesozona. Ozopores starting at ring 6, touching suture between mesozona and metazona. Ozopore on ring 6 located more ventrally than subsequent ozopores. Telson: anal valves with well-developed lips and micropunctation. Preanal ring and subanal process well-rounded, not extending beyond anal valves (Fig. 39 C). Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs circa 1.0 times body diameter in males (Fig. 39 F). Each podomere with a pair of setae ventrally. Coxae 3 and beyond of cylindrical shape. Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and three pairs of setae, apical pair stout, others successively smaller (Fig. 39 G). Male sexual characters: tarsal pads absent (Fig. 39 G). Coxae 3 and 4 each with a short, conical coxal process. Process protruding posteriorly (Fig. 39 B). Anterior gonopod sternite elongated into a wide, almost rectangular lobe. Mesal process of coxite prominent, longer than telopodite, but shorter than telopodite process (Fig. 41 A). Telopodite on anterior side with a circular opening for the posterior gonopods (Fig. 41 A). Telopodite process very long, slender, slightly curved inwards. Shape resembling a sable (Fig. 41 B), basally projecting to lateral side into a long, slen- der, well-rounded, retrorse process. Retrorse process laterally extending beyond telopodite (Fig. 41 B). Posterior gonopods unique (Figs 41 C – E). Gonopod pair connected via a wellsclerotized sternite. Coxites and telopodites positioned parallel to those of opposite gonopod. Coxite wide, well-sclerotized, with a single groove (Fig. 41 C). Coxite and telopodite separated by a suture. Telopodite massive, longer than and as wide as coxite (Fig. 41 C). Telopodite basally divided into two branches (Figs 41 D, E). Both branches of similar width and almost similar length, resembling a U (Figs 41 C – E). Sperm canal protruding at base of U, running free but somehow attached to lateral main branch (Fig. 41 E), tip prolonged into flagellum (Fig. 41 D). Mesal branch of telopodite on anterior side medially with a finger-shaped process (Fig. 41 D). Female unknown.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784CFF8AFF013FD2AEDFEE05.taxon	etymology	Etymology: andringitra, noun in apposition, after the type locality, the Andringitra mountain massive.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784BFF96FF013BD7AE50EC4F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3190519 A- 4 F 6 B- 45 C 8 - BF 88 - 209 D 0 E 41 A 9 C 8	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784BFF96FF013BD7AE50EC4F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Alluviobolus laticlavius, sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784BFF96FF013BD7AE50EC4F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: anterior (Fig. 44 E) and posterior gonopods (Fig. 45 I) uniquely shaped for Malagasy Spirobolida: mesal process of anterior gonopod coxite absent (Fig. 44 E); telopodite mesally protruding into slender process (Figs 44 E, G), process apically with a sharp-edged retrorse projection (Fig. 44 G). Coxite and telopodite of posterior gonopods not coaxial, telopodite slightly bended posteriorly (Fig. 45 I). Telopodites with a torsion, opening of sperm canal discharging apico-laterally (Figs 45 I, 47 G). Natural colour varies between species from brown, red to pitch-black (Figs 42 A, 44 C), dorsally at least on mesozonites with an orange or red stripe of species-specific width. A similar stripe is also present in Spiromimus, Caprobolus and Ostinobolus gen. n. species. Alluviobolus species share the habitus and colour pattern with species of the sympatric living genus Ostinobolus gen. n. Both genera, however, possess completely different anterior and posterior gonopods. Gnathochilarium with a subdivided mentum and a single sclerotized ledge on each stipites (Fig. 44 D), like in Flagellobolus, Riotintobolus, Pseudocentrobolus, Granitobolus, Caprobolus, Ostinobolus gen. n. A torsion of the posterior gonopods (Fig. 45 I) is also present in Zehntnerobolus (Fig. 22 G) and Riotintobolus (Fig. 26 M). A strange similarity can be observed in the posterior gonopods of Alluviobolus with drawings of Trigoniulus castaneus Attems, 1915 from New Guinea (Attems 1915: pl. I, fig. 13).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784BFF96FF013BD7AE50EC4F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: species of Alluviobolus were found in spiny, subhumid and humid forests or rainforests in southeast Madagascar (Fig. 43). The records from the spiny forest are, however, restricted to the wet alluvial of rivers and small streams, and the same species also occurs in the rainforest of Ebosika. A. laticlavius sp. n. occurs in the semi-dry forest of Petriky. All species of Alluviobolus were collected on or inside the first few centimetres of leaf litter in the forests.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784BFF96FF013BD7AE50EC4F.taxon	description	Description. Males: length up to 47 mm, diameter up to 4.3 mm. 43 – 49 podous rings. Females: length up to 62 mm, diameter up to 6.0 mm. 43 – 49 podous rings. Apodous rings absent in all adult specimens. Colour species-specific. Dorsally at least on mesozonites always with a red or orange stripe. Head: each eye with circa 22 – 25 ocelli arranged in 4 or 5 vertical rows (Figs 44 A, 45 A, 47 A). Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and one row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennae of medium length, reaching back to ring 5 (Fig. 44 A). Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 << 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 <6 (Fig. 44 A). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area. Antennomere 5 latero-apically with four rows, antennomere 6 with two rows of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium unusual (Fig. 44 D). Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae. Mentum basally subdivided by a well-developed suture (Figs 46 D, E). Stipites each towards mentum with a wide sclerotized ledge (Fig. 46 E). Palpi of gnathochilarium with numerous sensilla. Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures (Fig. 46 F). Endochilarium apically with 4 – 6, towards hypopharyngeal crest with> 20 sensilla. Mandible basal joints swollen (Fig. 45 A). External tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three cusps (Fig. 45 E). Four or five pectinate lamellae. Molar plate with few (circa 5) transverse furrows, anterior three furrows greatly enlarged, posterior furrows minute (Fig. 45 E). Collum: smooth, inconspicuous. Ventrally not protruding as far as ring 2 (Fig. 45 A). Body rings: dorsally and laterally leather-like, meso- and metazona ventrally with numerous transverse impressions. Ozopores starting at ring 6, touching suture between mesozona and metazona (Figs 42 A, B). Telson: preanal process absent. Anal valves with lips and micropunctation, slightly elongated posteriorly. Subanal scale inconspicuous (Fig. 44 C). Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs circa 1.1 times body diameter in males and 0.7 times body diameter in females. Each podomere with an apical, ventral seta (Figs 46 G, H). Coxae 3 and beyond of cylindrical shape (Figs 46 G, H). Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and three pairs of ventral setae. Male sexual characters: coxae 3 – 7 in some species modified (Figs 44 B, 45 B). Tarsal pads absent. Anterior gonopods: median sternal projection triangular and elongated with a wide tip (Fig. 44 E). Sternite always longer than coxite and telopodite, except for telopodite process. Coxite process absent. Coxite in anterior view well-visible, in posterior view only laterally present (Fig. 44 G). Telopodite mesally always with a long slender process. Tip with a sharp-edged, retrorse process (Fig. 44 G). Posterior gonopods in situ almost completely covered by coxite and telopodite of anterior gonopod. Coxite and telopodite of posterior gonopod clearly divided (Figs 45 I, 47 G). Sternite sclerotized and well-visible (Figs 44 I, 45 I). Coxite mesally with a single groove. Joint protruding into a short stem towards telopodite, latter as long and wide as coxite, curved posteriorly (Fig. 45 I). Telopodites arranged parallel to one another. A torsion present in telopodites, sperm canal discharging apico-laterally (Fig. 44 H). Tip of telopodite mesally with a sclerite of species-specific shape (x in Figs 44 H, 45 I, 47 G). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, bivalve-like, with a small, poorly sclerotized operculum at base (Fig. 45 D). Posterior valve apically overlapping part of anterior one. Basally on each valve towards opening with two or three rows of setae (Fig. 45 D).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E784BFF96FF013BD7AE50EC4F.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Alluviobolus, masculine, Latin, consists of Alluvium referring to the alluvial of a river where large numbers of A. tsimelahy sp. n. could be collected, and - bolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7856FF94FF013C54AE4DEBE6.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 90 EB 964 E-EF 9 A- 48 BA-A 6 C 3 - D 42741 B 7258 E	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7856FF94FF013C54AE4DEBE6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype: 1 ♂ (39 mm long), FMMC 4065, Madagascar, Province Toliara, Petriky, 10 m, littoral subhumid forest, 25 ° 3.73 ’ S, 46 ° 52.16 ’ E, leg. B. L. Fisher, 22. IX. 1998, sifted litter. Paratype: 1 ♀, FMMC, Province Toliara, Petriky, 10 m littoral forest on sand, in leaf litter, 25 ° 03 ’ S, 46 ° 53 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener, 17. IV. 2003.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7856FF94FF013C54AE4DEBE6.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the colour pattern of A. laticlavius is unique for Alluviobolus and also for millipedes living in Petriky, allowing a secure identification of this species. A. laticlavius differs from A. antanosy sp. n. in the shape of posterior gonopods and male coxal processes, although the latter species can be found just five kilometers south of Petriky. The posterior gonopods of Alluviobolus laticlavius are quite similar to those of A. tsimelahy sp. n. A. laticlavius, however, differs from the latter in the shape of the male coxal processes as well as in the colour pattern.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7856FF94FF013C54AE4DEBE6.taxon	description	Description. holotype with 47 body rings, 39 mm long, 3.9 mm wide. Coloration on mesozonites faded to grey, metazonites black (Fig. 44 C). Rings dorsally with a wide red stripe. Legs, antennae, anal valves, subanal scale and posterior part of preanal process faded to light brown (Figs 44 A – C). Eyes with circa 25 ocelli arranged in five rows (Fig. 44 A). Antennae protruding back to ring 5 (Fig. 44 A). Male coxal processes only present on coxae 3 and 4 (Fig. 57 B). Processes slen- der, bended posteriorly and protruding above coxa of adjacent leg. Preanal process absent (Fig. 44 C). Anterior gonopod sternite elevated into a wide lobe, apically slightly tapering. Tip well-rounded (Fig. 44 E). Coxite and telopodite inconspicuous (Figs 44 E, G). Posterior gonopods: telopodite without a membranous fringe (Fig. 44 H). Apical sclerite (x in Fig. 44 H) slender, triangular, regularly protruding into a slender, acute tip (Fig. 44 F).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7856FF94FF013C54AE4DEBE6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species is only known and possibly microendemic to the worldwide unique (Vincelette et al. 2003) subhumid littoral forest of Petriky (Fig. 43). Like other species of the genus, does A. laticlavius lives on and in the leaf litter.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7856FF94FF013C54AE4DEBE6.taxon	etymology	Etymology: laticlavius, adjective, refers to the characteristic wide red stripe of this species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7855FF92FF013D72ACC0EB7B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: EA 739 EC 9 - 0459 - 4440 - 891 A- 6 D 703 BDE 2 FCC	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7855FF92FF013D72ACC0EB7B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 14 ♂, 21 ♀, 47 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (42 mm long), FMMC W 017 D, Madagascar, Province Toliara, RNI Andohahela, parcel II, Tsimelahy, gallery forest, in alluvial debris, 24 ° 57.296 ’ S, 46 ° 37.214 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 24. V. 2007. Paratypes: 4 ♂, 6 ♀, 6 imm., FMMC W 017 D, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 imm., CAS W 017 D, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ZMUC W 017 D; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ZMH W 017 D, same data as holotype. Other material examined: 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 10 imm., W 017 D, same data as type material, but stored as vouchers at University Antananarivo; 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 9 imm., FMMC W 016 A, Andohahela mountain chain, Ebosika, rainforest, 24 ° 56 ’ 45.24 ” S, 46 ° 40 ’ 31.84 ” E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 15. VI. 2007; 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 9 imm., W 016 A, same data as previous, University Antananarivo.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7855FF92FF013D72ACC0EB7B.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: see A. laticlavius for a differentiation of both taxa. It is possible that Ostinobolus rufus sp. n. can also be found in the Ebosika rainforest. Both species live in the same habitat and are of similar size and colour. O. rufus is, however, entirely red (Fig. 48 C) while the mesozonites are dark olive greenish in Alluviobolus tsimelahy (Fig. 42 A).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7855FF92FF013D72ACC0EB7B.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 47 – 49 body rings, circa 41 – 44 mm long, 3.6 – 4.3 mm wide. Females with 47 – 49 body rings, 52 – 60 mm long, 5.5 – 6.0 mm wide. Coloration on mesozonites dark olive green, metazonites red (Fig. 42 A). Rings dorsally with a slender orange stripe. Head, legs, antennae and telson red (Figs 45 A – C). Eyes with 22 – 24 ocelli arranged in 4 or 5 rows (Fig. 45 A). Antennae protruding back to ring 5 (Fig. 45 A). Male coxal processes on coxae 3 – 5 (Fig. 45 B), 3 and 4 large, swollen, process on coxa 5 smaller (Fig. 46 B). Preanal process absent (Figs 45 C, 46 C). Anterior gonopod sternite elevated into a wide lobe, apically tapering. Tip wellrounded (Fig. 45 F). Coxite and telopodite inconspicuous (Fig. 45 H). Posterior gonopods: telopodite with a membranous fringe (Fig. 45 I). Apical sclerite (x in Fig. 45 I) slender, triangular, regularly protruding into a slender, acute tip (Fig. 45 G). Intraspecific variation: specimens from the rainforest of Ebosika show minute differences in the posterior gonopods towards those of the type series (compare Figs 45 G, I with Figs 46 J, L, M). Ebosika specimens possess apically on the telopodite a short protruding process towards the membranous fringe (Fig. 46 L, marked with an arrow). However, size, number of body rings, colour pattern and the shape of male coxal processes (Figs 46 A – C) are identical in specimens from both populations.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7855FF92FF013D72ACC0EB7B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: A. tsimelahy is until now the only known Malagasy species of Spirobolida which occurs in the spiny forest and rainforest ecosystem, more precisely in the spiny forest at Tsimelahy and just 5 km east in the rainforest of Ebosika. The record from the spiny forest of Tsimelahy, however, is tainted, because the only place where Alluviobolus specimens were found was very close to the river, inside wet debris. It is currently unknown if the A. tsimelahy specimens from the spiny forest area represent a stable population or whether specimens just floated out of the rainforest and into the spiny forest during the wet season. It is perhaps not a coincident that the specimens from Ebosika were collected close to the same river as those in Tsimelahy (Fig. 43).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7855FF92FF013D72ACC0EB7B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: tsimelahy, noun in apposition, after the type locality.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7853FF93FF013E0DACBDEE05.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 AAC 85 EB- 6256 - 450 E-B 461 - 707 D 235 E 61 BA	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7853FF93FF013E0DACBDEE05.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 5 ♂, 7 ♀, 4 imm Holotype: 1 ♂ (45 mm long), FMMC W 100 A, Madagascar, Province Toliara, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Grand Lavasoa, 25 ° 5 ’ 10.23 ” S, 46 ° 44 ’ 55.93 ” E, rainforest, leg. T. Wesener et al., 14. IV. 2007. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 F., FMMC W 100 A, same data as previous; 1 ♂, FMMC, Province Toliara, Sainte Luce, S 9, littoral forest on sand, 24 ° 47 ’ S, 47 ° 10 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener, 06. IV. 2003; 1 ♂, FMMC 13608, Province Toliara, Esetra, Mt. Mahermana, 340 m, station 1, summit, 0 ° slope, frequent granite outcrops, 24 ° 26 ’ 12 ” S, 47 ° 13 ’ 13 ” E, leg. K. Emberton, 25. I. 1995; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, FMMC W 049 A, Andohahela I, Isaka-Ivondro Sud, rainforest, 24 ° 49.690 ’ S, 46 ° 51.971 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 08. VI. 2007; 1 ♀, ZMH W 049 A; same data as previous; 1 ♀, ZMUC W 049 A, same data as previous. Other material examined: 2 ♀, 4 imm., W 049 A, same data as previous, but stored as vouchers at University Antananarivo.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7853FF93FF013E0DACBDEE05.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: A. antanosy differs from all congeners in the absence of male coxal processes (Fig. 47 B). While the anterior gonopods are very similar in all species of the Alluviobolus (Figs 47 D, F), are the posterior gonopods in A. antanosy rectangular apically (Fig. 47 G), compared with acute telopodite tips in A. laticlavius (Fig. 44 H) and in A. tsimelahy (Fig. 46 L).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7853FF93FF013E0DACBDEE05.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 42 – 44 body rings, circa 43 – 47 mm long, 3.2 – 3.8 mm wide. Females with 43 or 44 body rings, 54 – 62 mm long, 5.0 – 5.5 mm wide. Coloration on mesozonites dark grey, metazonites red (Fig. 47 C). Rings dorsally with a slender orange stripe. Head, legs, and posterior part of telson red (Figs 47 A – C). Antennae and anterior part of telson dark grey (Figs 47 A, C). Eyes with 22 – 25 ocelli arranged in 4 or 5 rows (Fig. 47 A). Antennae protruding back to ring 5 (Fig. 47 A). Male coxal processes absent, coxa 3 of slightly conical shape (Fig. 47 B). Preanal process absent (Fig. 47 C) Anterior gonopod sternite elevated into a broad triangular lobe. Tip well-rounded (Fig. 47 D). Coxite and telopodite inconspicuous (Fig. 47 F). Posterior gonopods: telopodite membranous fringe absent (Fig. 47 E). Apical sclerite (x in Fig. 47 G) wide, rectangular. Tip broadly rounded, basally elongated to a thin spine (Fig. 47 E).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7853FF93FF013E0DACBDEE05.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: widely distributed in rainforests of Southeastern Madagascar. A. antanosy was collected in the Andohahela and Vohimena mountain chain as well as in the lowland littoral rainforest of Sainte Luce and the isolated Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain (Fig. 43). All specimens were found on the soil surface.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7853FF93FF013E0DACBDEE05.taxon	etymology	Etymology: antanosy, noun in apposition, after the Malagasy Antanosy people, who live around Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin) where this species was collected.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7852FF9EFF013BD7AC85ECD9.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 A 0 ECD 32 - 48 CB- 4631 - AE 39 - 06263 DF 7 EB 87	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7852FF9EFF013BD7AC85ECD9.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Ostinobolus rufus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7852FF9EFF013BD7AC85ECD9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: the posterior gonopods of Ostinobolus with their apically swollen membranous area (v in Figs 48 J, 50 F, 51 G, 52 H) are unique among Spirobolida. Telopodites of anterior gonopod diverse, either inconspicuous (Fig. 51 F), or on posterior side apically with a small, non-protruding process (Fig. 48 H), or with a large retrorse process (Fig. 52 G). Telopodites of posterior gonopod as wide as coxites, arranged face-to-face with one another. First leg pair longer than second (Fig. 52 A). Living specimens roll themselves into a double-spiral when disturbed. Natural colour varies between species, red to brown (Figs 48 A, C, 52 A, C). Some Ostinobolus species share the habitus and the colour pattern with species of the sympatric living Alluviobolus. The latter, however, differs from the former in the presence of completely different anterior and posterior gonopods. Gnathochilarium with a subdivided mentum and a single sclerotized ledge on each stipites (Figs 48 E, 52 D), like in Flagellobolus, Riotintobolus, Pseudocentrobolus, Granitobolus, Caprobolus, Alluviobolus. Species of this genus share fewer characters on the anterior gonopods than other genera of Spirobolida. Especially the placement of the unusual O. subterraneus sp. n. inside Ostinobolus is tentative at best.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7852FF9EFF013BD7AC85ECD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: species of Ostinobolus could be recorded with four species from the rain- and subhumid forests in Southeastern Madagascar (Fig. 49). Most species are restricted to the rainforest and littoral rainforest with the exception of O. subterraneus sp. n. which also occurs in the semi-dry forest of Petriky. Specimens of O. rufus sp. n. were always collected on the soil surface, with juveniles feeding 1 – 2 cm deeper in the leaf litter. The same life style can be suggested for O. stellaris sp. n. and O. montanus sp. n., which share a similar colour pattern and leg length with O. rufus sp. n. O. subterraneus sp. n., however, differs from the other species of the genus in living deeply inside the root horizon of the soil.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7852FF9EFF013BD7AC85ECD9.taxon	description	Description. Males: length up to 53 mm, diameter up to 4.4 mm. 40 – 49 podous rings. Female length up to 65 mm, diameter up to 6.3 mm. 40 – 48 podous rings. Colour highly species-specific, see species descriptions. Head: each eye with circa 20 – 25 ocelli arranged in 4 – 6 vertical rows (Figs 48 A, 50 A, 51 A). O. subterraneus sp. n. with only 6 – 8 decolorized and fused ocelli (Fig. 52 A). Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and a row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side. Antennae of medium length, reaching back to ring 3 – 5 (Fig. 51 B). Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 << 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 <6 (Fig. 48 A). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area. Antennomere 5 apically with four rows, antennomere 6 with two rows of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium unusual (Fig. 48 E). Lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another. Stipites each with three apical setae. Mentum basally subdivided by a conspicuous suture (Figs 48 E, 52 D). Stipites towards mentum with a wide sclerotized ledge (Fig. 48 E). Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures. Number of sensilla on central pads not counted. Mandible: external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three cusps. Six pectinate lamellae. Molar plate with few (6 or 7) transverse furrows, anterior three furrows enlarged, posterior furrows minute. Collum: smooth, laterally not protruding as far as body ring 2 (Fig. 48 A). Body rings: dorsally and laterally smooth, meso- and metazona ventrally with numerous transverse impressions. Ozopores starting at ring 6, touching suture between mesozona and metazona (Fig. 48 C). Telson: preanal process absent. Anal valves with neither lips, nor grooves, nor micropunctation, but posteriorly elongated. Subanal scale inconspicuous (Figs 48 D, 50 C, 51 C). Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. First leg pair longer than second (Fig. 52 A). Tarsus 2 with only small claw, but 3 – 6 ventral spines. Length of midbody legs (with exception of O. subterraneus where leg length is reduced) circa 1.2 times body diameter in males (Fig. 48 F) and 0.8 times body diameter in females. Each podomere with an apical, ventral seta. Coxae 3 and beyond of cylindrical shape (Fig. 48 F). Tarsus with a stout dorso-apical seta and five pairs of ventral setae. Male sexual characters: coxae 3 and 4 in some species elongated into short cylindrical cone (Figs 48 B, 51 B). Anterior gonopods: median sternal projection triangular, with a wide, well-rounded tip (Fig. 48 G). Sternite in most species longer than coxite. Coxite without a process, in anterior view well-visible, in posterior view only laterally present (Figs 48 H, 51 F). Telopodite diverse inside the genus, see species-specific descriptions. Posterior gonopods in situ almost completely covered by anterior gonopod coxite and telopodite. Posterior gonopods coxite and telopodite completely fused, but suture partly visible (Fig. 48 J). Sternite sclerotized and well-visible (Fig. 48 J). Coxite protruding into a short stem towards telopodite, basally with a single spermatic groove. Telopodite as long and as wide as coxite (Fig. 48 J), the former arranged face-to-face with one another. Shape of telopodite species-specific, but apically always with a large, swollen membranous area (v in Figs 48 J, 50 F, 51 G, 52 H). Sperm canal discharging mesally, basal to membranous area (w in Figs 48 J, 50 F, 51 G, 52 H). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, bivalve-like, with a small, poorly sclerotized operculum at base. Posterior valve apically overlapping anterior one, both smooth, sensory cones absent. Towards opening, basally on each valve are two or three rows of setae.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7852FF9EFF013BD7AC85ECD9.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Ostinobolus, masculine, consists of Ostino - referring to the superficial resemblance of the posterior gonopods to a human femur bone, and - bolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785EFF9DFF013A78ACA4E815.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 F 757 E 14 - FDBD- 424 D-AC 84 - F 845 D 06 D 5 C 46	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785EFF9DFF013A78ACA4E815.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 47 ♂, 71 ♀, 112 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (50 mm long, dissected), FMMC W 042 A, Madagascar, Andohahela, Malio, rainforest, 24 ° 55.810 ’ S, 46 ° 46.343 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 30. V. 2007. Paratypes: 6 ♂, 8 ♀, 13 imm., FMMC W 042 A, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 imm., CAS W 042 A, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 imm., ZMH W 042 A, same data as holotype. Other material examined: 6 ♂, 10 ♀, 18 imm., W 042 A, same data as type material, University Antananarivo; 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 2 imm., FMMC W 009 A, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Petit Lavasoa, 668 m, rainforest, 25 ° 05.021 ’ S, 46 ° 46.110 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 21. V. 2007; 3 ♀, 2 imm., W 009 A, same data as previous, University Antananarivo; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 6 imm., FMMC W 028 A, Sainte Luce, S 9, 12 m, littoral forest on sand, 24 ° 46.769 ’ S, 47 ° 10.288 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 01. VI. 2007; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 6 imm., W 028 A, same data as previous, University Antananarivo; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 14 imm., FMMC W 050 A, Andohahela, Isaka-Ivondro Sud, 46 m, rainforest, 24 ° 49.690 ’ S, 46 ° 51.971 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 08. VI. 2007; 2 ♀, 14 imm., W 050 A, same data as previous, University Antananarivo; 4 ♂, 5 ♀, 5 imm., FMMC W 080, Manantantely, rainforest, 24 ° 59 ’ 17.14 ” S, 46 ° 55 ’ 27.95 ” E, leg. Wesener et al., 06. VI. 2007; 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 6 imm., W 080, same data as previous, University Antananarivo; 4 ♂, 3 ♀, 8 imm., FMMC W 086, Ivorona, 114 m, rainforest, 24 ° 50.026 ’ S, 46 ° 56.943 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 23. V. 2007; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ZMUC W 086, same data as previous; 5 ♂, 3 ♀, 7 imm., W 086, same data as previous, University Antananarivo; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 5 imm., FMMC W 100, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Grand Lavasoa, rainforest, 25 ° 5 ’ 10.23 ” S, 46 ° 44 ’ 55.93 ” E, leg. Wesener et al., 14. VI. 2007; 2 ♀, 8 imm., W 100, same data as previous, University Antananarivo; 1 ♂, 4 W, FMMC, Sainte Luce, littoral forest on sandy soil, 24 ° 47 ’ S, 47 ° 10 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener, 06. IV. 2003, ex wet leaf litter; 1 ♂, FMMC 6 B TIM, Vohimena Mountains, Mt. Illapiry, 500 m, station 6, on ridge w / 20 ° slope, E of summit, some granite outcrops, 24 ° 51 ’ 33 ” S, 47 ° 00 ’ 27 ” E, leg. K. Emberton, 31. I. 1995; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, FMMC 13602, Andohahela, Vasiha, slope 15 ° E, 24 ° 55 ’ 19 ’’ S, 46 ° 44 ’ 45 ’’ E, leg. K. Emberton, 6. II. 1995; 1 ♂, FMMC 13607, Vohimena Mountains, Mt. Illapiry, 400 m, station 7, on 45 ° slope, SSE of summit, many granite outcrops, 24 ° 51 ’ 27 ” S, 47 ° 00 ’ 38 ” E, leg. K. Emberton, 31. I. 1995; 1 ♀, FMMC 13606, same data as previous; 1 ♂, FMMC 13608, Esetra, Mt. Mahermana, 340 m, station 1, summit, 0 ° slope, frequent granite outcrops, 24 ° 26 ’ 12 ” S, 47 ° 13 ’ 13 ” E, leg. K. Emberton, 25. I. 1995; 1 ♀, FMMC 13605, same data as previous.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785EFF9DFF013A78ACA4E815.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: Ostinobolus rufus shares the star-like tip of the posterior gonopod (Fig. 48 J) only with O. stellaris sp. n. The former differs from the latter in the higher number of body rings, differences in the anterior and posterior gonopods including a conspicuous longer posterior gonopod in O. rufus than in O. stellaris sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785EFF9DFF013A78ACA4E815.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 46 – 49 rings, 43 – 53 mm long, 3.8 – 4.4 mm wide. Females with 46 – 48 rings, 56 – 65 mm long, 5.5 – 6.3 mm wide. Coloration red (Figs 48 A – D). Rings dorsally with an irregular yellow stripe. Mesozonites and part of metazonites between stripe and opening of ozopores darker blackish (Fig. 48 C). Eyes with circa 25 ocelli arranged in five rows (Fig. 48 A). Antennae protruding back to ring 5 (Fig. 48 A). Male coxal processes only on coxae 3 and 4, short and conical. Prefemur 3 – 5 with hollow invaginations (Fig. 48 B). Preanal process absent (Fig. 48 D). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a lobe with a slender, rectangular tip (Fig. 48 G). Sternite tip almost as high as telopodite. Coxite not extending beyond sternite, inconspicuous (Fig. 48 H). Telopodite on posterior side apically with a small, erect process. Process not projecting above telopodite margins (Fig. 48 H). Posterior gonopods: basal stem of telopodite 3.6 times longer than wide (Fig. 48 J). Apical part of telopodite star-shaped (Fig. 48 I). At mesal margin with three star arms (x, y, z in Fig. 48 J). Telopodite apically with a small membranous process (x in Fig. 48 I) and a well-developed membranous fringe (w). Intraspecific variation: although specimens were collected from no less than nine localities, spread over rainforest in the whole southeastern region of Madagascar (Fig. 49), no intraspecific variation was observed. The numbers of rings varied within the same population as much as between populations. Females are always larger and thicker than males.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785EFF9DFF013A78ACA4E815.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species could be recorded from each single inventoried rainforest south of the Andohahela Isaka-Ivondro corridor (Fig. 49). It was not found (yet?) in the highly endangered (Vincelette et al. 2003) littoral forest of Mandena.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785EFF9DFF013A78ACA4E815.taxon	etymology	Etymology: rufus, adjective, refers to the characteristic red colour pattern.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785CFF9DFF013DE7AE63ECD6.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: CF 18 E 6 B 2 - 0 F 2 E- 42 C 8 - ACF 7 - B 5 D 8654 FA 29 D	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785CFF9DFF013DE7AE63ECD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype: 1 ♂ (37 mm long), FMMC 8198, Madagascar, Province Toliara, RNI Andohahela, parcel I, camp 3, 1200 m, rainforest, 24 ° 35.0 ’ S, 46 ° 44.1 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 7 – 17. XI. 1995, pitfall traps.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785CFF9DFF013DE7AE63ECD6.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: O. montanus sp. n. is slightly larger than O. stellaris, the former differs from the latter in the presence of male coxal processes (Fig. 51 B) and completely different shaped posterior gonopods (Fig. 51 G). See above for a separation of O. stellaris and O. rufus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785CFF9DFF013DE7AE63ECD6.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 40 rings, circa 37 mm long (broken), 3.7 mm wide. Coloration faded in alcohol. Antennae and legs reddish, with white tips (Fig. 50 A). Head, collum, median part of body rings and telson greyish (Fig. 50 C). Metazona of body rings red. Eyes with circa 25 ocelli arranged in five rows (Fig. 50 A). Antennae protruding back to ring 5 (Fig. 50 A). Male coxal processes absent, but width of coxae 3 and 4 enlarged (Fig. 50 B). Preanal process absent (Fig. 50 C). Anterior gonopod sternite lobe wide, broadly rounded (Fig. 50 D). Sternite tip lower than coxite. Coxite and telopodite inconspicuous, processes absent (Fig. 50 D). Posterior gonopods: basal stem of telopodite elongated, 2.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 50 E). Apical part of telopodite star-shaped (Fig. 50 F). At mesal margin with three star arms (x, y, z in Fig. 50 E). Telopodite apically with a small membranous process (x in Fig. 50 F) and a well-developed membranous fringe (w). Between fringe (w) and membranous process (x) with a second process (Figs 50 E, F).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785CFF9DFF013DE7AE63ECD6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: only known from the Anosy rainforest north of the Isaka-Ivondro corridor (Fig. 49).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785CFF9DFF013DE7AE63ECD6.taxon	etymology	Etymology: stellaris, adjective, refers to the star-like shape of the posterior gonopod telopodite.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785BFF9BFF013B4DAE0EE9D0.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 67 BDE 0 C- 0745 - 470 A- 8 A 2 B- 01 D 63253 BCC 5	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785BFF9BFF013B4DAE0EE9D0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 6 ♂, 2 ♀ Holotype: 1 ♂ (50 mm long), FMMC 8201, Province Toliara, RNI Andohahela, parcel I, 1875 m, 24 ° 33.7 ’ S, 46 ° 43.3 ’ E, camp 5, leg. S. Goodman, 27. XI – 5.12.1995. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, FMMC 7971, RNI Andohahela, parcel I, camp 4, 1500 m, 24 ° 32.2 ’ S, 46 ° 43.9 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 17 – 27. XI. 1995; 1 ♂, FMMC 13610, RNI Andohahela, parcel I, camp 3, 1200 m, 24 ° 35.0 ’ S, 46 ° 44.1 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 7 – 17. XI. 1995, pitfall traps. Other material examined: 3 ♂, CAS BLF 5015 (fm 057), RNI Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113 ° ESE Mahamavo, montane rainforest, 900 m, 24 ° 45 ’ 50 ’’ S, 46 ° 45 ’ 6 ’’ E, leg. B. L. Fisher et al., 21 – 25. I. 2002.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785BFF9BFF013B4DAE0EE9D0.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the posterior gonopods of O. montanus sp. n. are unique within the Malagasy Spirobolida (Figs 51 E, G). For a comparison of O. stellaris and O. montanus, see above.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785BFF9BFF013B4DAE0EE9D0.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 39 or 40 rings, circa 46 – 52 mm long (broken), 3.8 mm wide. Females (probably immature) with 40 rings, 4.1 mm wide. Coloration faded in alcohol. Antennae, legs and body rings ventral of ozopore opening reddish (Figs 51 A – C). Head greyish (Fig. 51 A). Specimens dorsally with a wide, orange stripe flanked by a wide black area extending up to opening of ozopores. Eyes with circa 25 ocelli arranged in five rows (Fig. 51 A). Antennae protruding back to ring 5 (Fig. 51 A). Male coxal processes only on coxae 3 and 4, short and conical (Fig. 51 B). Preanal process absent (Fig. 51 C). Anterior gonopod sternite with extraordinarily wide shoulders. Lobe triangular, broadly rounded (Fig. 51 D). Sternite tip longer than coxite. Coxite and telopodite inconspicuous, processes absent (Fig. 51 F). Posterior gonopods: basal stem slender and elongated, 5.8 times longer than wide (Fig. 51 G). Apical part of telopodite oval (Fig. 51 E). Inner margin consisting of a thin membranous area; arm-like projections absent (x, y in Fig. 51 E). Telopodite apically with a large, swollen membranous area. Sperm canal slightly projecting above telopodite margin (Fig. 51 G). Intraspecific variation: too few specimens are known to evaluate the intraspecific variation. The sexual dimorphism in size seems to be less well-developed than in O. rufus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785BFF9BFF013B4DAE0EE9D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: only known from the Andohahela rainforest north of the Isaka-Ivondro corridor (Fig. 49). Specimens were collected from 900 – 1850 m.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E785BFF9BFF013B4DAE0EE9D0.taxon	etymology	Etymology: montanus, adjective, refers to the montane rainforest where this species was collected.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7859FF98FF013FD2AED0ECD6.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 5 D 60255 - 4786 - 4 DB 3 - BA 0 E-DC 3 A 49 AF 18 EA	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7859FF98FF013FD2AED0ECD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂, 10 ♀, 21 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (30 mm long), FMMC 8215, Province Toliara, Petriky, 10 m, littoral subhumid forest on sandy soil; 25 ° 3.73 ’ S, 46 ° 52.16 ’ E, leg. B. L. Fisher, Winkler extraction, 22. IX. 1998. Other material examined: 1 ♂, 5 ♀, 8 imm., FMMC W 010 B, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Forêt Petit Lavasoa, rainforest, 25 ° 05.021 ’ S, 46 ° 46.110 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 21. V. 2007; 1 ♀, ZMH W 010 B, same data as previous; 4 ♀, 8 imm., W 010 B, same data as previous, voucher specimens deposited at the University Antananarivo; 3 imm., FMMC W 099, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Grand Lavasoa, rainforest, 25 ° 5 ’ 10.23 ” S, 46 ° 44 ’ 55.93 ” E, leg. Wesener et al., 14. VI. 2007.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7859FF98FF013FD2AED0ECD6.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: until now, no other species of Spirobolida with a reduced number of ocelli is known from Madagascar. Because of the unusual morphological adaptation to the special life style, the placement of O. subterraneus inside Ostinobolus is only tentative and less certain than in other Spirobolida species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7859FF98FF013FD2AED0ECD6.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 42 – 44 body rings, circa 30 mm long (broken), 2.7 – 3.2 mm wide. Females of similar length and width. Coloration faded in alcohol. Head, legs anal valves, median part of collum and posterior part of metazonites brownish-red. Mesozonites and anterior part of metazonites dark grey (Figs 52 A – C). Eyes reduced, with circa eight decolorized ocelli (Fig. 52 A). Antennae protruding back to ring 3 (Fig. 52 A). First leg pair elongated, larger than second pair (Fig. 52 A). Legs very short, length only 0.4 times body diameter (Fig. 52 B). Male coxal processes absent (Fig. 52 B). Preanal process absent, but anal valves not elongated posteriorly like in congeneric species (Fig. 52 C). Anterior gonopod sternite wide. Lobe short, triangular with a sharp tip (Fig. 52 E). Sternite tip protruding as high as coxite. Telopodite large, with a well-developed and well-rounded retrorse process, starting at midpoint of telopodite, retrorse part extending beyond telopodite but not coxite (Fig. 52 G). Posterior gonopods: short and wide (Fig. 52 F). Apical half of mesal margin filled by a swollen, membranous area. No trace of star-shaped membranous folds. Sperm canal protruding above telopodite margin mesally into a two-tipped lobe (Fig. 52 H).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7859FF98FF013FD2AED0ECD6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: only known from a small area in the extreme southeast of Madagascar. The species is obviously microendemic to the subhumid forest of Petriky and five kilometers south of the isolated rainforest sites on the Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain (Fig. 49). Unlike cave dwelling millipede species, Ostinobolus subterraneus sp. n. does not display elongated legs and antennae. The reduced number of ocelli and the elongation of the first leg pair are probably an adaptation to life inside the thick root horizon, the only place where this species was collected.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7859FF98FF013FD2AED0ECD6.taxon	etymology	Etymology: subterraneus, adjective, refers to the life deep inside the soil to which this species is adapted.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7858FF99FE253B29AEF0EFC0.taxon	discussion	Of special potential phylogenetic interest are the small species of the South American genus Atlanticobolus Hoffman, 1979, the West African genus Amblybolus Keeton, 1964, as well as the here described Malagasy genus. In these three genera, the posterior gonopod coxites touch one another while a sclerotized sternite is absent. The gonopod pair is nevertheless connected by a membrane. At least the genus Hylekobolus gen. n. with its conspicuously elongated posterior gonopods seems to fit well with the Spirobolellidae.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7867FFA5FF013FD2AB1DECD9.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 90561 DE- 4844 - 47 EF- 8654 - 19 C 38 A 402 BA 5	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7867FFA5FF013FD2AB1DECD9.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Hylekobolus brachiosauroides sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7867FFA5FF013FD2AB1DECD9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: legs without coxal processes, but coxa 7 in males always twice as wide as coxa 6 (Fig. 55 B), a unique feature for Spirobolellidae. The anterior (Figs 55 L, N) and posterior gonopods (Figs 55 M, O) of Hylekobolus are unique within the order Spirobolida. Coxite of posterior gonopods basally at mesal margin with a triangular sclerite (Figs 55 O, 56 G, 57 H, 58 G), a potential apomorphy of Hylekobolus. Species medium-sized (30 mm) to quite large (75 mm) for species of the Spirobolellidae. Anterior part of body rings usually black, dark grey or reddish, posterior third light brown to white (Figs 53 A – C). Telson with a well-rounded preanal process (Figs 55 C, 56 C), which is however much shorter than in Granitobolus or Pseudocentrobolus species. Anal valves small, lips absent (Figs 55 C, 56 C, 57 E, 58 C, 59 C, 60 C). Collum ventrally not protruding as far as body ring 2, but anteriorly covering first mandibular basal joint as well as part of antenna (Figs 55 A, D). Part of head projecting slightly above second mandibular basal joint (Fig. 55 D). Such a modified head capsule (Figs 55 D, 57 C) and collum (Fig. 55 A) are similar to the conditions observed in the South American genus Atlanticobolus (Hoffman 1979), as well as the West African genus Amblybolus (Keeton 1964), whose family positions are currently unclear (Hoffman 1980). However, in Hylekobolus only the second mandibular joint and the collum form a shallow cavity for the short antenna (Fig. 56 A), while in Amblybolus the area around the ocelli is strongly modified, too (Keeton 1964; Demange and Mauriès 1975). Similar modifications of the head capsule also appear in numerous species of the family Spirobolellidae, for example in the genus Benoitolus from the Seychelles Islands (Mauriès 1980). Male legs with tarsal pads only on legs 3 – 7 (Fig. 55 B). Short and wide tarsus with a single pair of long median setae in legs 8 and beyond (Figs 55 H, I), unique for Malagasy millipedes. Body ring 7 in males greatly enlarged, ventrally as wide as two regular body rings (Fig. 57 B), a character shared only with the Malagasy genus Spiromimus. Anterior gonopods prominently elongated (Figs 57 E, 58 D), especially telopodites (Fig. 55 N), tips of anterior gonopods well visible, even in non-dissected specimens (Figs 55 B, 57 B). Posterior gonopod coxite and telopodite fused, slender and conspicuously elongated (Figs 55 O, 56 G), which is typical for the species of the family. Telopodites arranged face-to-face with one another. Tip of telopodite bent mesally by 60 ° (Fig. 34 D) or (more often) 90 ° (Fig. 55 O).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7867FFA5FF013FD2AB1DECD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: all species of Hylekobolus were collected in rainforest. Most of the species (6 of 11) were found in Southeastern Madagascar (Fig. 54). This could represent a collection artefact since a larger amount of inventory work was conducted around Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin). That only few species of Hylekobolus occur north of Andasibe is puzzling, as it can hardly be accounted for by the lack of more exhaustive inventories. Of special interest is the occurrence of Hylekobolus analavelona sp. n. in the isolated western rainforest of Analavelona. The Analavelona rainforest is isolated by large areas of dry and spiny forest (in which no Hylekobolus species was recorded yet) from other humid forests (Moat and Smith 2007). Numerous Hylekobolus species are obviously limited in their distribution areas, which have very sharp boundaries (Fig. 54). The mechanisms explaining those boundaries are as little understood as in other Malagasy millipedes. Large numbers of Hylekobolus specimens were found inside dead wood. Single specimens walking on the forest floor were rarely discovered. Two Hylekobolus species were often sympatric (Fig. 54). In such instances, one species was always significantly larger than the other (like H. rufus sp. n. and H. albicollaris sp. n. in Ivorona).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7867FFA5FF013FD2AB1DECD9.taxon	description	Description. Size of males and females: species-specific, species with 42 – 51 rings, no apodous ring. Colour highly species-specific, but posterior margin of body rings always of lighter. Head: each eye with circa 32 – 48 ocelli arranged in seven vertical rows (Figs 55 A, 56 A, 57 D, 58 A). Labrum with standard three irregular teeth and one row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side (Figs 57 B, D). Head around incisura lateralis projecting slightly above basal joints of mandible (Figs 55 D, 57 C). Head projection and basal mandible joint forming antennal cavity. Antennae short, protruding back to body ring 2 (Figs 55 A, 56 A, 57 A). Relative lengths of antennomeres: 1 << 2> 3 = 4 = 5 <6 (Figs 55 A, 61 A). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area (Fig. 61 A). Antennomere 5 latero-apically with four rows (Fig. 61 B), antennomere 6 with two rows (Fig. 61 C) of sensilla basiconica. Gnathochilarium lamellae linguales each with two standard setae located behind one another (Fig. 55 E). Stipites each with three apical setae. Mentum not subdivided, basally with several sclerotized ridges (Figs 55 E, F). Stipites towards mentum with circa three weakly-developed, sclerotized ledges (Fig. 55 G). Hypopharyngeal crest with a field of spine-like structures (Fig. 61 D). Central pads of endochilarium separated into two areas, apically with circa eight, basally with> 20 sensory cones (Fig. 61 D). Mandible: external tooth simple, rounded; mesal tooth with three well-developed cusps and in some species with an additional fourth, shallow cusp (Fig. 61 E). Basal most cusp extraordinarily large and sharp-edged (Fig. 61 E). Four or five pectinate lamellae. Molar plate towards pectinate lamellae with a large furrow and circa eight smaller posterior furrows (Fig. 61 E). Collum: smooth, ventrally not protruding as far as ring 2 (Fig. 57 B). Collum covering basal mandibular joint anteriorly (Fig. 55 A), as well as part of antenna (Fig. 56 A). Body rings: dorsally and laterally with micropunctation, meso- and metazona ventrally with numerous transverse impressions. Ozopores starting at ring 6, touching suture between mesozona and metazona (Fig. 55 A). Telson: preanal process protruding, well-rounded, slightly curved ventrally (Figs 55 C, 56 C, 57 E, 58 C). Anal valves short, smooth, with neither grooves, nor lips, nor micropunctation (Fig. 55 C). Subanal scale inconspicuous (Fig. 55 C). Legs: coxae 1 and 2 elongated and fused with sternum, podomeres from prefemur to tarsus in both sexes each with 4 – 10 ventral / mesal setae. Length of midbody legs in males 0.6 – 0.7 (Fig. 55 H), in females 0.4 – 0.5 times body diameter (Fig. 55 I). Each podomere with a long, apical, ventral seta. Coxae 3 and beyond of rectangular shape (Fig. 55 H). Tarsus with a tiny dorso-apical seta and a pair of extraordinary long ventral setae (Figs 55 H, I). Male sexual characters: tarsal pads present only on legs 3 – 7 (Figs 55 B, 60 A). Coxae 3 – 7 without processes, but coxa 7 twice as wide as coxa 6 (Figs 55 B, 56 B, 57 B). Ring 7 large, in ventral view twice as wide as normal rings (Figs 55 B, 57 B). Anterior gonopods: prominently elongated, tips projecting from gonopod pouch (Figs 55 B, 57 B). Anterior gonopods basally with a small sternal apodeme (Fig. 55 L), coxite and telopodite apodeme absent. Sternite always well-developed, but hyaline (sheer), of species-specific shape, either triangular (Fig. 55 L), rectangular (Fig. 56 D), or well-rounded (Fig. 60 D). Coxites wide, in some species mesally with a wide, well-rounded process (Figs 57 E, 58 D, 59 D). Telopodites large, elongated (Fig. 55 N), mesally protruding into a wide, well-rounded process (Figs 55 N, 56 F). Mesal margins of process often large and widely protruding (Figs 56 F, 58 F). Margins basally of process in some species additionally protruding (Fig. 57 G). Posterior gonopods resembling long neck and small head of dinosaurs belonging to the Sauropoda group (Figs 55 M, O). Coxite and telopodite fused, a suture partially visible (Fig. 55 O). Sternite absent (Figs 55 O, 56 G), posterior gonopods nevertheless connected via membranes. Coxite conspicuously elongated (Figs 55 O, 56 G, 57 F, H), basally at mesal margin with a triangular sclerite, median part of sclerite membranous (Figs 55 O, 56 G). Coxite mesally with a single spermatic groove. Telopodites arranged face-to-face with one another, tips bent mesally by 60 ° (Fig. 64 D) or (more often) 90 ° (Fig. 55 O). Apically at lateral margin often with a well-rounded short projection (w in Figs 55 M, 56 E). Sperm canal apically protruding above telopodite margin (z in Figs 55 M, 56 E). Telopodite often with an apical process protruding as continuance of tip (x in Figs 55 M, 56 E). A single membranous lobe (y) often present between (x) and (z) (Figs 55 M, 56 E), lobe in one species greatly enlarged (Fig. 66 B). Apodeme very long, oriented in 90 ° angle towards gonopod (Figs 55 O, 56 G, 59 G). Female sexual characters: vulva simple, bivalve-like (Fig. 55 J), with a small, poorly sclerotized operculum at base (Fig. 55 K). Posterior valve apically slightly overlapping anterior one (Fig. 61 F). Both valves smooth, sensory cones absent. Two or three rows of setae basally on each valve (Fig. 61 F).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7867FFA5FF013FD2AB1DECD9.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Hylekobolus, Latin, masculine, consisting of “ hyleko ”, short form of hylekoites Greek, m., dweller in wood, which refers to the ecology of this species, and - bolus.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7862FFA1FF013BD7AE77EE60.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 40 FD 10 B 2 - 63 FB- 4627 - AAAC- 6961 BE 9102 E 5	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7862FFA1FF013BD7AE77EE60.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 26 ♂, 21 ♀, 6 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (55 mm long), FMMC W 089, Vohimena Mountains, West slope, Ivorona, 114 m, rainforest, 24 ° 50.026 ’ S, 46 ° 56.943 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 23. V. 2007. Paratypes: 3 ♂, 4 ♀, FMMC W 089, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ZMUC W 089, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, ZMH W 089, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS W 089, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, ZSM W 089, same data as holotype. Other material examined: 4 ♂, 4 ♀, W 089, same data as holotype, voucher specimens deposited at the University Antananarivo; 5 ♂, 4 ♀, 2 imm., FMMC W 049 B, Andohahela, Isaka-Ivondro Sud, 46 m, rainforest, 24 ° 49.690 ’ S, 46 ° 51.971 ’ E, leg. Wesener et al., 08. VI. 2007; 5 ♂, 4 ♀, 2 imm., W 049 B, same data as previous, voucher specimens deposited at the University Antananarivo; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, FMMC W 099, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Grand Lavasoa, rainforest, 25 ° 5 ’ 10.23 ” S, 46 ° 44 ’ 55.93 ” E, rainforest, leg. Wesener et al., 14. VI. 2007; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 imm., W 099, same data as previous, voucher specimens deposited at the University Antananarivo.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7862FFA1FF013BD7AE77EE60.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: H. brachiosauroides differs in size and colour from the sympatric living H. albicollaris sp. n. The posterior gonopods (Figs 55 M, O) of H. brachiosauroides differ from other, same-sized Hylekobolus species: the lateral margin carries a thick, swollen, well-rounded projection (Fig. 55 M), a feature only shared with H. montanus sp. n. H. brachiosauroides differs from H. montanus sp. n. in the presence of a protruding apical process (x) on the posterior gonopods, a weakly protruding lateral retrorse process of the anterior gonopod (Fig. 55 N), and a different colour pattern.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7862FFA1FF013BD7AE77EE60.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 50 or 51 rings, 53 – 62 mm long, 4.8 – 5.2 mm wide. Females with 50 or 51 rings, 58 – 72 mm long, 5.1 – 6.0 mm wide. Coloration: anterior part of head and collum, posterior part of telson and posterior margin of body rings lightly red or white (Figs 53 A, 55 A, C). Legs and antennae white (Fig. 53 A). Anterior part of body rings, telson, posterior part of head and collum black (Figs 53 A, 55 A). Eyes with 40 – 44 ocelli (Fig. 55 D). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a triangular lobe with a triangular, wide, well-rounded tip (Fig. 55 L). Mesal process of coxite wide and only slightly protruding (Fig. 55 L). Apical process of telopodite large and well-rounded. Retrorse margin wide, not projecting above telopodite margin (Fig. 55 N). Margin of apical process basally wide and projecting (Fig. 55 N). Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 55 O). Lateral margin with a thick, swollen, well-rounded projection (w, Fig. 55 M). Apical process (x) apically slender, basally with a widely protruding margin (Fig. 55 M). Membranous lobe (y) rectangular (Fig. 55 M). Projection of sperm canal (z) long and slender, slightly curved towards apical process (Fig. 55 M). Intraspecific variation: coloration of the posterior margin of body ring varies in adults between white and reddish, while it is always white in imm ..	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7862FFA1FF013BD7AE77EE60.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species was found in the isolated Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, the Andohahela Isaka-Ivondro corridor as well as on the western slopes of the Vohimena Mountain (Fig. 54). H. brachiosauroides could not be collected north of the Isaka-Ivondro corridor, where H. goodmani sp. n. and H. montanus sp. n. occur. In the eastern Vohimena slopes, H. rufus sp. n. replaces H. brachiosauroides. All individuals were collected inside dead logs.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7862FFA1FF013BD7AE77EE60.taxon	etymology	Etymology: brachiosauroides, adjective, refers to the dinosaur genus Brachiosaurus, whose neck and head closely resemble the general shape of the posterior gonopods of this millipede.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7860FFAFFF013BF4AB54EBC4.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: DA 4510 C 8 - 7395 - 4 FC 6 - B 2 E 5 - 4 FD 125250 FB 4	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7860FFAFFF013BF4AB54EBC4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 14 ♂, 8 ♀, 1 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (60 mm long), FMMC 8188, Province Fianarantsoa, PN Midongy, Mt. Papango, 3.5 km SW Befotaka, rainforest, 1250 m, 23 ° 50.3 ’ S, 46 ° 57.5 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 2 – 7. XI. 1997. Paratype: 1 ♀, FMMC 8188, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 imm., FMMC 6172, Province Fianarantsoa, PN Midongy, Mt. Papango, 2.5 km SW Befotaka, rainforest, 875 m, 23 ° 50.1 ’ S, 46 ° 57.8 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 26 – 31. X. 2003, pitfall trap. Other material examined: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, FMMC W 092, Province Toliara, Vohimena Eastern Slope, Enato, rainforest, 24 ° 53 ’ 0.25 ” S, 46 ° 59 ’ 2.77 ” E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 27. V. 2007; 2 ♂, MNHN, Province Fianarantsoa, Tolongoina, route d’Ifanadiana, Fort Carnot, 21 ° 33 ’ S, 47 ° 31 ’ E, Rec. Blanc, 18. V. 1964; 1 ♂, MNHN, Province Fianarantsoa, Befotaka (p. de Farafangana), 600 m, Région montagneuse boisée, 23 ° 49 ’ S, 46 ° 59 ’ E, leg. entrée 17 – 1927, R. Decary, 10. VIII. 1926; 7 ♂, 6 ♀, CAS NoNumber, Province Fianarantsoa, PN Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21 ° 14.9 ’ S, 47 ° 25.6 ’ E, leg. C. Griswold et al., 19 – 30. IV. 1998.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7860FFAFFF013BF4AB54EBC4.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: H. rufus differs from all other Hylekobolus species in a unique combination of characters: collum red (Fig. 56 A), posterior gonopod at lateral margin (w) lacking projection, apical process (x) wide (Fig. 56 E).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7860FFAFFF013BF4AB54EBC4.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 50 – 52 rings, 55 – 65 mm long, 4.1 – 4.8 mm wide. Females with 50 or 51 rings, circa 63 mm long, 5.7 mm wide. Coloration in numerous samples affected by alcohol. Head, collum, antennae, legs, metazonites of body rings and posterior part of telson including anal valves and subanal scale red (Figs 56 A, C). Anterior part of body rings and telson dark grey (Figs 56 A, C). Eyes with 32 – 34 ocelli (Fig. 56 A). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, completely rectangular, apically even slightly wider than basally (Fig. 56 D). Mesal process of coxite wide and only slightly protruding (Fig. 56 D). Apical process of telopodite large and well-rounded. Retrorse margin wide, projecting above telopodite margin (Fig. 56 F) but not protruding basally of apical process (Fig. 56 F). Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 56 G). Lateral margin without a projection (w, Fig. 56 E). Apical process (x) wide (Fig. 56 E). Membranous lobe (y) large and rectangular (Fig. 56 E). In posterior view, an additional small, sclerotized lobe present apically of membranous lobe (Fig. 56 G). Projection of sperm canal (z) straight, as long as apical process (Fig. 56 G).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7860FFAFFF013BF4AB54EBC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: H. rufus is the Hylekobolus species with the largest area of distribution. It occurs in Southeastern Madagascar from the eastern slopes of the Vohimena range, Midousy Mountains up to Tolongoina (Fig. 54).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7860FFAFFF013BF4AB54EBC4.taxon	etymology	Etymology: rufus, adjective, refers to the reddish colour pattern (Fig. 56 A).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786EFFADFF013E97ACA6EBC5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 BCC 2 A 1 D-F 354 - 4402 - 8 E 85 - 53 BF 01 FCD 0 A 7	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786EFFADFF013E97ACA6EBC5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 24 ♂, 32 ♀, 37 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (40 mm long), FMMC W 092 A, Vohimena Eastern Slope, Enato, rainforest, 24 ° 53 ’ 0.25 ” S, 46 ° 59 ’ 2.77 ” E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 27. V. 2007 Paratypes: 5 ♂, 5 ♀, 6 imm., FMMC W 092 A, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ZMUC W 092 A, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ZMH W 092 A, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS W 092 A, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ZSM W 092 A, same data as holotype. Other material examined: 5 ♂, 6 ♀, 6 imm., W 092 A, same data as holotype, University Antananarivo; 1 ♂, FMMC, Province Toliara, Sainte Luce, S 9, littoral forest on sand, 24 ° 47 ’ S, 47 ° 10 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener, 06. IV. 2003; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 6 imm., FMMC W 029, Sainte Luce, S 9, littoral forest on sand, 12 m, 24 ° 46.769 ’ S, 47 ° 10.288 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 01. VI. 2007; 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 6 imm., W 029, same data as previous, University Antananarivo; 2 ♂, 5 ♀, 2 imm. FMMC W 038, Mandena, littoral forest on sand, 34 m, 24 ° 57.260 ’ S, 46 ° 59.499 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 02. VI. 2007; 2 ♂, 5 ♀, 3 imm., W 038, same data as previous, University Antananarivo; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 4 imm., FMMC W 044 B, Andohahela, Malio, rainforest, 24 ° 55.810 ’ S, 46 ° 46.343 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 30. V. 2007; 1 ♀, 4 imm., W 044 B, same data as previous, University Antananarivo.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786EFFADFF013E97ACA6EBC5.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: H. griseus can only be confused with H. albicollaris sp. n., which shares the small body size and a wide and partly membranous apical process (x) on the posterior gonopods (Fig. 57 G). Both species differ in colour pattern (compare Fig. 57 A with Fig. 58 A) and also slightly in the gonopod structure.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786EFFADFF013E97ACA6EBC5.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 44 – 47 rings, 38 – 45 mm long, 3.5 – 3.9 mm wide. Females with 44 – 47 rings, 37 – 45 mm long, 3.8 – 4.65 mm wide. Coloration: collum margins, posterior part of telson and posterior margin of body rings white (Figs 53 B, 57 A, E). Legs and antennae white (Fig. 53 B). Anterior part of body rings, telson, head and collum dark grey (Figs 53 B, 57 A, E). Eyes with 36 – 40 ocelli (Fig. 57 C). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a slender, triangular lobe with a well-rounded tip (Fig. 57 E). Mesal process of coxite slender and protruding (Fig. 57 E). Apical telopodite process large and well-rounded. Retrorse margin wide, not projecting above telopodite (Fig. 57 G); margin basally of apical process wide, projecting (Fig. 57 G). Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 57 F). Lateral margin without a projection (w, Fig. 57 F). Apical process (x) wide, swollen and membranous (Fig. 57 H). A membranous lobe (y) absent (Fig. 57 F). Projection of sperm canal (z) extraordinary long and slender, widely extending beyond apical process (Fig. 57 H).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786EFFADFF013E97ACA6EBC5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: H. griseus sp. n. is widely distributed in the southeastern part of the littoral rainforest, as well as on the eastern slopes of the Vohimena Mountains. It also occurs in Malio, located on the eastern slopes of the Anosy Mountains. The absence of H. griseus from the Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, which lies in the middle of its range, is enigmatic (Fig. 54). At Ambatotsirongorongo, as well as on the western slopes of the Vohimena Mountains and in the Andohahela Isaka-Ivondro corridor, H. griseus is replaced by H. albicollaris sp. n. All specimens were collected in dead wood, as well as in mould which assembled in the axis of Pandanus leaves.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786EFFADFF013E97ACA6EBC5.taxon	etymology	Etymology: griseus, adjective, refers to the dark grey colour of this species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786CFFAAFF013E97AD00EB8B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 E 02878 D- 956 E- 4 FFB- 8175 - 15 B 8 ECB 7 D 5 F 6	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786CFFAAFF013E97AD00EB8B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 18 ♂, 23 ♀, 18 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (35 mm long), FMMC W 084, Western slope of Vohimena Mountains, Ivorona, rainforest, 114 m, 24 ° 50.026 ’ S, 46 ° 56.943 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 23. V. 2007 Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, FMMC W 084, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ZMUC W 084, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, ZMH W 084, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS W 084, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, ZSM W 084, same data as holotype. Other material examined: 2 ♂, 9 ♀, 3 imm., W 089, same data as holotype, University Antananarivo; 1 ♀, FMMC W 048 D, Andohahela, Isaka-Ivondro Sud, rainforest, 46 m, 24 ° 49.690 ’ S, 46 ° 51.971 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 08. VI. 2007; 5 ♂, 5 ♀, 7 imm., FMMC W 008, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Petit Lavasoa, rainforest, 668 m, 25 ° 05.021 ’ S, 46 ° 46.110 ’ E, leg. T. Wesener et al., 21. V. 2007; 5 ♂, 5 ♀, 8 imm., W 008, same data as previous, University Antananarivo.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786CFFAAFF013E97AD00EB8B.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the colour pattern of Hylekobolus albicollaris is unique for Malagasy species of Spirobolida and allows an easy identification in the field. For a separation of H. albicollaris and H. griseus see above.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786CFFAAFF013E97AD00EB8B.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 42 – 45 rings, 33 – 36 mm long, 2.7 – 3.1 mm wide. Females with 42 – 46 rings, 30 – 36 mm long, 3.0 – 3.6 mm wide. Coloration: anterior part of head, entire collum and telson as well as posterior margin of body rings, legs and antennae white (Figs 53 C, 58 A, C). Posterior part of head and anterior 2 / 3 of body rings dark grey to black (Figs 53 C, 58 A). Eyes with 32 – 34 ocelli (Fig. 58 A). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a slender, triangular lobe with a well-rounded tip (Fig. 58 D). Mesal coxite process slender and protruding (Fig. 58 D). Apical process of telopodite large and well-rounded. Retrorse margin wide, widely projecting above telopodite margin (Fig. 58 F); margin basally of apical process not projecting (Fig. 58 F). Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 58 G). Lateral margin without a projection (w, Fig. 58 E). Apical process (x) wide, swollen and membranous (Fig. 58 E). A membranous lobe (y) present, in posterior view overlapping part of sperm canal (Fig. 58 E). Projection of sperm canal (z) extraordinary long and slender, twice as long as apical process (Fig. 58 G).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786CFFAAFF013E97AD00EB8B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species was found in the isolated Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, the Andohahela Isaka-Ivondro corridor as well as on the western slopes of the Vohimena Mountains (Fig. 54). H. brachiosauroides occurs sympatrically at all three sites. H. albicollaris sp. n. was not found at the Malio sites in the southern Anosy Mountains, the eastern slopes of the Vohimena Mountains or in the lowland littoral rainforests of Mandena and Sainte Luce, where the species is replaced by H. griseus sp. n.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786CFFAAFF013E97AD00EB8B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: albicollaris refers to the white collum (Fig. 53 C) of this species, a unique feature for Malagasy Spirobolida.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786BFFA8FF013D5DACF4E870.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 097 B 4 BE- 0 F 42 - 4 C 7 D-B 087 - 4 C 7 B 4396 C 826	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786BFFA8FF013D5DACF4E870.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 6 ♂, 3 ♀ Holotype: 1 ♂ (hind end missing), FMMC 7936, Province Toliara, RNI Andohahela parcel I, 440 m, rainforest, 24 ° 37.6 ’ S, 46 ° 45.9 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 19 – 28. X. 1995. Paratypes: 2 ♂, 1 imm., FMMC 8190, Province Toliara, RNI Andohahela parcel I, 1200 m, rainforest, 24 ° 35.0 ’ S, 46 ° 44.1 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 7 – 17. XI. 1995; Other material examined: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, FMMC 8191, same data as previous; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, FMMC 8202, RNI d’ Andohahela parcel 1, 1875 m, montane rainforest, 24 ° 33.7 ’ S, 46 ° 43.3 ’ E, pitfall traps, leg. S. Goodman, 5. XII. 1995.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786BFFA8FF013D5DACF4E870.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the gonopods clearly identify this species (Figs 59 D – G). H. goodmani is quite similar in colour to the sympatric H. montanus sp. n. The latter, however, is much larger and has completely different posterior gonopods.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786BFFA8FF013D5DACF4E870.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 49 rings, 55 mm long, 4.7 – 4.9 mm wide. Coloration: head, median part of collum, anterior 3 / 4 of body rings and anterior half of anal segment dark grey (Fig. 59 A). Posterior margin of body rings, telson and margins of collum light brown (Fig. 59 C). Legs light brown, antennae darker grey (Fig. 59 B). Eyes with 40 – 44 ocelli (Fig. 59 A). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a rectangular lobe with a well-rounded tip (Fig. 59 D). Mesal process of coxite slender and protruding (Fig. 59 D). Apical process of telopodite large and well-rounded. Retrorse margin slender, widely projecting above telopodite margin (Fig. 59 F), basally of apical process not projecting (Fig. 59 F). Posterior gonopod telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 59 G). Projection absent from lateral margin (w, Fig. 59 E). Apical process (x) basally extraordinary slender, only twice as wide as sperm canal (Fig. 59 E). Projection of sperm canal (z) long and slender, running parallel to apical process (Fig. 59 G). Tip sharp-edged. Membranous lobe (y) large and well-rounded (Fig. 59 E).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786BFFA8FF013D5DACF4E870.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species is only known from the Anosy Mountains, north of the Isaka-Ivondro corridor (Fig. 54).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E786BFFA8FF013D5DACF4E870.taxon	etymology	Etymology: goodmani, adjective, named after Dr. Steven M. Goodman who collected this and numerous other remarkable Malagasy millipede species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7869FFA9FF013D04AFAEEE05.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 EE 1 F 629 - 61 E 9 - 4 BE 1 - 94 E 8 - 3 E 10 F 2 AE 6 E 96	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7869FFA9FF013D04AFAEEE05.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ Holotype: 1 ♂ (72 mm long), FMMC 8194, Province de Toliara, RNI Andohahela, parcel 1, 10.0 km NW Eminiminy, 1500 m, montane rainforest, 24 ° 34.2 ’ S, 46 ° 43.9 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 17 – 27. XI. 1995. Paratypes: 1 ♀, FMMC 8194, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, FMMC, Andohahela camp # 5, 20 km SE Andranondambo, 1875 m, montane rainforest, 24 ° 33.7 ’ S, 46 ° 43.3 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 27. XI. – 5. XII. 1995.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7869FFA9FF013D04AFAEEE05.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: see H. goodmani for a differentiation between both species. The posterior gonopods with the swollen, well-rounded projection (w, Fig. 60 E) resemble closely those of H. brachiosauroides; see above for a separation between these two species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7869FFA9FF013D04AFAEEE05.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 50 or 51 rings, circa 72 mm long, 5.0 – 5.2 mm wide. Female with 50 rings, 74 mm long, 5.8 mm wide. Coloration: median part of collum, anterior part of telson and body rings greyish (Figs 60 A, C). Head dark green. Legs and antennae reddish (Fig. 60 B). Posterior margin of collum, body rings and telson light brown (Figs 60 A, C). Eyes with 46 – 48 ocelli (Fig. 60 A). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a wide, well-rounded lobe (Fig. 60 D). Mesal coxite process wide and only slightly protruding (Fig. 60 D). Apical process of telopodite large and well-rounded. Retrorse margin slender, widely projecting above telopodite margin (Fig. 60 F); margin basally of apical process not projecting (Fig. 60 F). Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 60 G). Lateral margin with a thick, swollen, well-rounded projection (w, Fig. 60 E). Apical process (x) basally wide, apically tapering (Fig. 60 E). Membranous lobe (y) large and circular (Fig. 60 E). Projection of sperm canal (z) straight, long and slender (Fig. 60 G).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7869FFA9FF013D04AFAEEE05.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species could until now only be collected in the Andohahela Mountains north of the Isaka-Ivondro corridor (Fig. 54), at 1500 – 1850 m elevation. It is currently unknown if this species is restricted to such high elevations.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7869FFA9FF013D04AFAEEE05.taxon	etymology	Etymology: montanus, adjective, refers to the high elevation where the species was collected.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7868FFB7FF013BD7ADA7ECD9.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 769102 C 4 - C 297 - 4628 - 85 AA-B 87 EEB 70 DF 3 E	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7868FFB7FF013BD7ADA7ECD9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 4 ♂, 6 ♀, 3 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (56 mm long), FMMC 5429, Province Toliara, Forêt de Analavelona, near spring of Manasay River, undisturbed mid-elevation forest with dry and humid elements, 1250 m, 22 ° 38.6 ’ S, 44 ° 10.3 ’ E, leg. S. Goodman, 2 – 8. XI. 2000, pitfall trap. Paratypes: 4 ♀, 2 imm., FMMC 5429, same data as holotype. Other material examined: 3 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 imm., CAS BLF 7819 (kmp-fm- 068), Province Toliara, Forêt de Analavelona, montane rainforest, 1100 m, 22 ° 40 ’ 30 ’’ S, 44 ° 11 ’ 24 ’’ E, leg. Griswold, Fisher et al., 18 – 22. XI. 2003.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7868FFB7FF013BD7ADA7ECD9.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: H. analavelona has a unique green / brown colour pattern (Figs 62 A, B). The colour pattern and gonopods clearly identify this species. The gonopods feature a unique combination of characters: the anterior gonopods carry a short mesal coxite process (Fig. 62 D), the retrorse telopodite process is wide and projecting (Fig. 62 F), the apical process (x) of the posterior gonopods is 4 – 5 times wider than the sperm canal (Fig. 62 E).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7868FFB7FF013BD7ADA7ECD9.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 45 rings, 56 mm long, 3.6 mm wide. Females with 45 rings, 49 – 56 mm long, 4.65 – 5.1 mm wide. Coloration: collum and posterior half of body rings light brown (Fig. 62 A). Body rings in anterior half only laterally with dark green colour, dorsally light brown. Each body ring dorsally with an isolated dark green spot. Legs and antennae light brown (Fig. 62 B). Eyes with 32 – 34 ocelli (Fig. 62 A). Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a wide, well-rounded rectangular process (Fig. 62 D). Mesal process of coxite wide and only slightly protruding (Fig. 62 D). Apical telopodite process large and well-rounded. Retrorse margin wide, projecting above telopodite margin (Fig. 62 F); margin basally of apical process not projecting (Fig. 62 F). Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 62 G). Projection absent from lateral margin (w, Fig. 62 E). Tip of apical process (x) sharp-edged, basally slender, 4 – 5 times as wide as sperm canal (Fig. 62 E). Membranous lobe (y) large and well-rounded (Fig. 62 E). Projection of sperm canal (z) long and slender, running parallel to apical process (Fig. 62 E).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7868FFB7FF013BD7ADA7ECD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: only known from the Analavelona Mountain (Fig. 54), an isolated hilltop with rainforest in the otherwise dry southwestern region of Madagascar (DuPuy and Moat 2007).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7868FFB7FF013BD7ADA7ECD9.taxon	etymology	Etymology: analavelona, noun in apposition, after the only place where this species can be found, the Analavelona Mountain (Fig. 54).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7875FFB5FF013FD2AEAFEAB5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 D 6051 E 1 - AC 6 D- 4 DEC- 8 DB 9 - 466 BB 336 BBB 9	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7875FFB5FF013FD2AEAFEAB5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂, 1 ♀ Holotype: 1 ♂ (47 mm long), MNHN, Madagascar, Localité: Karianga, p. de Farafangana, alt. 700 m, région montagneuse et boisée, 22 ° 26 ’ S, 47 ° 22 ’ E, leg. Mission R. Decary, Octobre 1926, Entrée n ° 17 – 1927 Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, MNHN, same data as holotype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7875FFB5FF013FD2AEAFEAB5.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the posterior gonopods of H. latifrons with their wide tip and additional rectangular extension (Fig. 63 B), are unique.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7875FFB5FF013FD2AEAFEAB5.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 46 or 47 rings, circa 47 mm long, 4.1 – 4.2 mm wide. Female with 46 rings, 58 mm long, 4.7 mm wide. Coloration: faded in alcohol. Anterior part of collum, posterior parts of rings, antennae, legs, anal process, valves and complete scale of lighter colour, remaining parts grey. Eyes with 32 – 34 ocelli. Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a triangular lobe with a triangular, wide, well-rounded tip (Fig. 63 A). Mesal coxite process wide and only slightly protruding (Fig. 63 A). Apical process of telopodite large and well-rounded. Retrorse margin wide, projecting above telopodite (Fig. 63 C); margin basally of process not projecting (Fig. 63 C). Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 63 D). Telopodite 2 times longer than wide (Fig. 63 B). Projection absent from lateral margin (w, Fig. 63 B). Apical process (x) wide (Fig. 63 B). Membranous lobe (y) small and well-rounded (Fig. 63 B). An additional sclerotized, rectangular lobe visible in anterior view (Fig. 63 B). Projection of sperm canal (z) long and slender, slightly curved towards apical process (Fig. 63 D).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7875FFB5FF013FD2AEAFEAB5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: H. latifrons is until now only known from old collections made 80 years ago close to Karianga, a lowland forest in Southeastern Madagascar (Fig. 54).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7875FFB5FF013FD2AEAFEAB5.taxon	etymology	Etymology: latifrons, noun in apposition, refers to the surprisingly wide telopodite ‘ face’ of the posterior gonopods.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7874FFB2FF013E47ACB8EB7B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 84 CC 1 D 3 - 0775 - 441 A- 94 FC- 959 E 3799881 F	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7874FFB2FF013E47ACB8EB7B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 imm. Holotype: 1 ♂ (42 mm long), MNHN, Madagascar, Périnet (Andasibe), rainforest, 18 ° 55 ’ S, 48 ° 25 ’ E, leg. Brygoo, III. 1967, BY 628. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 imm., MNHN, same data as holotype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7874FFB2FF013E47ACB8EB7B.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the posterior gonopods of H. andasibensis sp. n. are only curved 60 °, which is unique within the genus Hylekobolus. The projection of the sperm canal is basally wide, apically tapering (Fig. 64 D)	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7874FFB2FF013E47ACB8EB7B.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 47 rings, circa 42 mm long, 3.7 mm wide. Female with 47 rings, circa 63 mm long, 4.9 mm wide. Coloration: faded to grey in alcohol. Eyes with circa 34 ocelli. Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically elevated into a well-rounded tip (Fig. 64 A). Mesal process of coxite wide and only slightly protruding (Fig. 64 A). Apical process of telopodite slender and well-rounded. Retrorse margin wide, not projecting (Fig. 64 C). Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 60 ° (Fig. 64 D). Projection absent from lateral margin (w, Fig. 64 B). Apical process (x) wide, tapering (Fig. 64 B). Membranous lobe (y) small (Fig. 64 B). Projection of sperm canal (z) basally wide, apically tapering, curved towards coxite (Fig. 64 D).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7874FFB2FF013E47ACB8EB7B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: this species is only known from old collections undertaken in Andasibe, located in the central eastern half of Madagascar. H. andasibensis is the only known Hylekobolus species recorded from central Madagascar (Fig. 54).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7874FFB2FF013E47ACB8EB7B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: andasibensis, adjective, refers to the type locality, Andasibe.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7873FFB3FF013E0DAE4CEB8B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 A 341307 - 5 F 14 - 4 A 42 - 8 B 2 E- 1 FA 759 BB 0020	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7873FFB3FF013E0DAE4CEB8B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 2 ♂, Holotype: 1 ♂ (47.5 mm long), CAS BLF 9244 (CASENT 9032795), Madagascar, Province Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, 25.7 km 32 ° NNE Andapa, 10.3 km 314 ° NW Manantenina, montane rainforest, 1575 m, 14 ° 26 ’ 42 ” S, 049 ° 44 ’ 30 ” E, leg. B. L. Fisher, 21. XI. 2003 Paratypes: 1 ♂ (im m.), CAS BLF 9244, sa me data as holotype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7873FFB3FF013E0DAE4CEB8B.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the posterior gonopods of H. marojejy sp. n. with the large triangular expansion of the tip (x), which even carries the sperm canal (Fig. 35 D), separates this species from any other Hylekobolus species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7873FFB3FF013E0DAE4CEB8B.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: males with 48 rings, circa 47.5 mm long, 4.4 mm wide. Coloration: faded in alcohol. Anterior part of collum, posterior parts of rings, antennae, legs, anal process, valves and entire scale reddish, remaining parts dark grey. Eyes with circa 32 ocelli. Anterior gonopod sternite basally wide, apically weakly tapering, tip well-rounded (Fig. 63 A). Mesal coxite process slender and protruding (Fig. 35 D). Apical process of telopodite elongated and slender. Retrorse margin wide, projecting above telopodite (Fig. 35 C); margin basally of process not projecting. Posterior gonopods telopodite bent 90 ° (Fig. 35 D). Telopodite 2 times longer than wide (Fig. 35 B). Projection absent from lateral margin (w, Fig. 35 B). Apical process (x) wide (Fig. 35 B). Membranous lobe (y) small and well-rounded. An additional sclerotized, rectangular lobe visible in anterior view (Fig. 35 B). Projection of sperm canal (z) long and slender, slightly curved towards apical process (Fig. 35 D).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7873FFB3FF013E0DAE4CEB8B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: H. marojejy sp. n. is currently only known from Marojejy (Fig. 54).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7873FFB3FF013E0DAE4CEB8B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: marojejy, noun in apposition, refers to the type locality, the rainforest of Marojejy.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7872FFB0FF013D5DAE55E836.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 C 8 A 83 C 0 - DF 66 - 4 BAB- 84 A 6 - 4 EAC 4 B 12050 F	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7872FFB0FF013D5DAE55E836.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ Holotype: 1 ♂ (52 mm long), BLF CAS 8152, Madagascar, Province Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27 ° NNE Ambinanitelo, montane rainforest, 1100 m, 15 ° 10 ’ 42 ” S, 049 ° 38 ’ 06 ” E, leg. Fisher, Griswold et al., 12 – 16. III. 2003 Paratype: 1 ♀, BLF CAS 8152, same data as holotype.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7872FFB0FF013D5DAE55E836.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: the posterior gonopods of H. anjanaharibe sp. n. are very wide, unique for Hylekobolus. The apical membranous area (y) is greatly enlarged, forming two large lobes (Fig. 66 B).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7872FFB0FF013D5DAE55E836.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male with 50 rings, circa 52 mm long, 3.8 mm wide. Female (with eggs) with 50 rings, 54 mm long, 4.2 mm wide. Coloration: faded in alcohol. Central part of collum, anterior parts of rings, head and anal valves dark green, appendages, posterior margin of rings and preanal process light brown. Eyes with 32 – 34 ocelli. Anterior gonopod sternite wide, with a well-rounded tip (Fig. 66 A). Mesal coxite process slender and elongated (Fig. 66 A). Apical process of telopodite large and wellrounded. Retrorse margin wide, slightly projecting above telopodite (Fig. 66 C); margin basally of process not projecting (Fig. 66 C). Posterior gonopods telopodite always straight (Fig. 66 D). telopodite of posterior gonopod only 1.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 66 B). Projection absent from lateral margin (w, Fig. 66 B), but area and tip completely covered by a whitish membranous area. Apical process (x) absent (Fig. 66 B). Membranous lobe (y) bilobed, very large, covering whole tip (Fig. 66 B). Projection of sperm canal (z) long and slender (Fig. 66 D).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7872FFB0FF013D5DAE55E836.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: H. anjanaharibe sp. n. is currently only known from Anjanaharibe, a mountain in north Madagascar (Fig. 54).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7872FFB0FF013D5DAE55E836.taxon	etymology	Etymology: anjanaharibe, noun in apposition, refers to the type locality, Anjanaharibe.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7871FFB0FF013CD8AE36EC35.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Types: 2 ♀ (85 mm long), “ types ”, MNHN HB 015, det. H. de Saussure, “ Madagascar: Grandidier ”. vidi Observation: both female paratypes are broken and faded. The specimens are long and thick, probably reaching circa 85 mm in length and 10 mm in width, with 40 body rings. Preanal process widely protruding. Mesozonites with vertical striae, metazonites with deeply impressed longitudinal striae. The sculpturing in combination with the large body size and protruding preanal process are currently unknown from any other Spirobolida species living on Madagascar.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7871FFB0FF013CD8AE36EC35.taxon	discussion	Comments: the strange sculpturing of the body, combined with the large size, will obviously allow to properly identify this species when new, hopefully male-containing material becomes available. The placement of Rhinocricus collaris in the subgenus Rhinocricus by de Saussure and Zehntner is probably incorrect. R. collaris would then be the only known member of the family Rhinocricidae ever recorded from Madagascar (Marek et al. 2003).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7870FFB1FF013FD2AB58E839.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Types: 1 ♀ (60 mm long), “ types ”, MNHN HC 001, leg. Grandidier. vidi Observation: colour completely faded, 50 rings, circa 60 mm long. Antennae and legs broken off. Preanal process absent.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7870FFB1FF013FD2AB58E839.taxon	discussion	Comments: since the type locality is unknown and the few characters available from the female type do not allow even for a family placement to be made, let alone a generic or species determination, S. grandidieri is regarded as a nomen dubium.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7870FFB1FF013BF4AB0AEFE5.taxon	discussion	Comments: the holotype is a female which was not studied. It is not present in the MNHN collections, but may still be present at the MHNG. Since the type locality is unknown and the only known type is female, S. sikorae is regarded as a nomen dubium.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
1772122E7870FFB1FF013DC2AB5FEE60.taxon	discussion	Comments: the holotype is a female which was not studied. According to Karsch (1881), this species is 215 mm long, with 57 rings, and it was collected in Nosy Be, an island off northwest Madagascar. No Spirobolida species longer than 200 mm is currently known from Madagascar. Of large-bodied genera, both Aphistogoniulus (Wesen- er et al. 2009) and Colossobolus species (undescribed) can be found in Nosy Be.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik, Sierwald, Petra (2009): Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 19 (19): 1-128, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
