taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EF87ABFFD2FFE7CDFCFD393F82FE04.taxon	type_taxon	Janthina Röding, 1798: 75. Type species (by tautonymy): Helix janthina Linnaeus, 1758	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFD2FFE7CDFCFD393F82FE04.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The name Iodes was first introduced as a nomen nudum by Gray (ex Leach ms) (1847 a: 269) (Oct) and Gray (1847 b: 148) (Nov) in the synonymy of Janthina. Its original rank was a subgenus of Janthina; the name was attributed by Mörch (1860) and Tryon (1887) to Leach. The name Janthina britannica was first introduced in synonymy (of Janthina communis Lamarck, 1822, i. e., J. janthina), but was made available under ICZN Art. 11.6.1 by its use as a valid name, e. g., by Mörch (1860: 273). Tryon (1887: 34) included the single species “ Ianthina britannica Leach ” in “ Iodes (Leach) Gray, 1847 ”, but it is not clear that this was intended to be a type species designation, as he stated that “ The following sections of Mörch have very slight value ”, and that he was merely assigning a single species to each section. Nevertheless, it is the one published type species designation the writer is aware of. The same type species question applies also to Iodina Mörch, 1860 and Amethistina Mörch, 1860. Cossmann (1925: 158) also designated Janthina exigua as the type species of Iodina, and on the same page also designated J. pallida as the type species of “ Amethistina Schinz 1825 (fide Moerch, 1860) ” and so is taken here to have designated J. pallida as the type species of Amethistina Mörch, 1860. Bronn (1861) compared his species Hartungia typica with Janthina species, and although he did not use a family-group heading, he expressly included it in Janthinidae. The Atlantic fossil species revised here were also referred to Janthina by Mayer (1864 a, b). Finlay (1931) was the first to realize that Turbo postulatus Bartrum, 1919 belongs in Heligmope Tate, 1893 and that Heligmope is a genus of Janthinidae. Recognition that Hartungia Bronn, 1861 is an earlier name for Heligmope Tate, 1893 and that Hartungia belongs in the Janthinidae must be credited to Chavan (1951). The writer was informed by C. A. Fleming that Chavan’s (1951) brief paper inspired Fleming’s (1953 a) research. Chavan (1951) regarded Hartungia as a subgenus of Acrybia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853. Chavan thought Acrybia was the valid synonym of Bulbus Brown, 1839, because the name Bulbus had been used earlier by Humphrey (1797). Cossmann (1925: 159) had come to the same conclusion and ranked Heligmope Tate, 1893 as a subgenus of Acrybia, so Chavan (1951) was following Cossmann’s classification, although Cossmann (1925) did not mention the name Hartungia. However, Humphrey’s (1797) work is non-binominal and all names introduced in it are unavailable (ICZN Opinion 51, 1912), which leaves Bulbus Brown, 1839 as an available name. Bulbus is a genus of Naticidae, mainly distributed in the boreal region. Dell (1990: 153) discussed the genus Bulbus, treated Acrybia as a junior synonym, and recorded three Antarctic species. Fleming’s (1953 a) brief list of species related to Hartungia typica and suggestion that they provided a novel means of Pliocene correlation provided the initial impetus for the present work. A significant difficulty with Laursen’s (1953) otherwise excellent monograph of Janthina is his failure to identify type specimens. Laursen illustrated Linnaeus’s (1758) syntypes of Helix janthina in Uppsala, Sweden, and in the Linnean Society’s collection in London, but although he recognized that two species are represented he did not designate an unequivocal lectotype. Laursen also did not mention any type material of any other species names. Therefore, a major emphasis of the present work has been to stabilize the nomenclature by identifying all possible available names with particular species by finding or designating type specimens, particularly for the early-proposed names that could be referred to any of several species. Twenty two neotypes and six lectotypes are proposed in this report to identify names unambiguously, to avoid future confusion about which names apply to which species. An Appendix (p. 208) lists the new type designations in the present work. As all revised species are at present or are assumed to have been formerly cosmopolitan neustonic species in temperate and tropical seas, the usual requirement that neotypes should come from as near as possible to the original type locality is considered to be unimportant in this case. Also, some type specimens have debated localities (e. g., Recluzia rollandiana Petit de la Saussaye, 1853 — from western Mexico or from New Caledonia?). Designating a suitable neotype of the appropriate species was deemed more critical than matching the original type locality for cosmopolitan Janthina and Recluzia species. The teleoconch of Janthina is characterized by its violet colour, its more-or-less equidimensional heliciform shape, its fine axial teleoconch sculpture (present in only some of the living species, but in all extinct species) resembling that of finely sculptured Epitonium species, and its sinus in the outer lip. Differences between Janthina, Recluzia and benthic Epitoniidae are listed in Table 1. In the fossil species J. typica, J. krejcii and J. chavani the sinus is small and located at the base of the outer lip, semicircular in most specimens, although a little wider in some specimens of J. chavani. It generates a spiral fold parallel to the inner lip, wider than the other spiral folds on the rest of the surface. In contrast, in most living species the sinus is V-shaped and occupies the entire width of the outer lip, with its apex at the centre of the lip, and does not generate any swelling of the shell surface. The sinus is shallow in Janthina janthina and more obvious in the basal limb of the lip than adapically, and is very shallow in J. pallida, but it is deeper, wider and more prominent in the other living species, particularly in J. exigua and J. umbilicata. Photographs of living specimens (Figs 4 B – C, 5 A, E) reveal that the (main?) function of the sinus is to accommodate the head and snout as they protrude permanently from the shell. In a species that cannot retract its head at any time, as it must protrude (with the mesopodium) to retain the bubble float, the sinus accommodates the protruding head. However, the much narrower and more basal lip sinus of the extinct species J. typica, J. krejcii and J. chavani suggests that the sinus originally had a different function, possibly to allow the extrusion of egg capsules. The axial sculpture and the closely similar protoconch are characters in common with benthic Epitoniidae. Janthina essentially contains short, wide, violet, neustonic species of Epitonium that have undergone mutations of the pedal mucus gland and propodium enabling them to form mucus bubbles, attach them to each other to form a float, lay relatively large egg capsules attached to the float rather than chalazae-linked small capsules, and all the other necessities of the neustonic habit. The minor shape and sculptural characters used by, e. g., Mörch (1860) and Iredale (1929) to distinguish genera or subgenera within Janthina are regarded here as merely species characters. The groups segregated by Mörch (1860) were treated as sections of Janthina by Thiele (1929: 225), but have been used by few other authors. Whether the adult lays egg capsules or broods its eggs in the oviduct also is a developmental difference, of no phylogenetic significance (Bouchet, 1990). Included species. Species included here in Janthina are listed and revised in their order of appearance in the stratigraphical record.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFD6FFFCCF08FD953867F8EC.taxon	description	Figs 24 – 25	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFD6FFFCCF08FD953867F8EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Hartungia typica, location of any original type material unknown; extensive enquiries over more than 40 years have brought none to light. Bronn’s introduction to his descriptions of the fossils of Santa Maria Island in Hartung (1861: 116) reads: “ In the spring of 1858 I received from Hartung a collection of hand specimens of Tertiary limestone with fossil shells for investigation and determination, which he had collected on Santa Maria. A year later I received another similar consignment, which Mr Drouet from Toyes had gathered at the same time as Mr Hartung, but which contained no other species than the first. I give here the results of my research ” (translated from German by T. A. Darragh, Museum Victoria, pers. comm. 10 Nov 2015). Bronn had only one specimen of Hartungia typica (Bronn, 1861: 129, table 3) so the “ contained no other species ” statement makes it certain that the holotype belonged to the German geologist Hartung rather than to Drouet. Bronn’s fossil collection was originally in the University of Heidelberg, but was purchased by Louis Agassiz (Cleevely, 1983: 68) and is now in Paleontology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. However, it does not include any Azores material (K. Boss, Museum of Comparative Zoology, pers. comm. 18 May 1983). Possibly the Azores material described by Bronn was returned to the collectors, Hartung and Drouet. In view of the acquisition by Mayer of the material in Heidelberg described by Bronn (see below under Remarks) it is also possible that all Bronn’s Azores material was sent to Mayer and never returned, but again, it is not present in MayerEymar’s collection in NMB. The location of any Azores material formerly belonging to Hartung also is unknown. Janthina hartungi, again no original material known. Mayer-Eymar’s collection (in NMB) includes only NMB Po. 6227, two poor, small (shell fragment c. 11.5 mm wide) impressions in modelling clay from the same cavity in the rock at Santa Maria Island, identified by Mayer-Eymar as Janthina hartungi, and labelled “ Ponta dos Matos, S. Maria ”. This impression of a partial spire bears weak axial ridges and vague, low spiral folds (Fig. 24 M), indicating that it is indeed a very poor partial mould of a Janthina species similar to J. typica, but Mayer’s (1864 a, b: pl. 6, fig. 41) illustrations of a complete shell (Figs 25 D – F) cannot have been based on it. Mayer (1864 a, b: 63) recorded a specimen from “ Ponta dos Mattos ” (sic), but the modelling clay impression is not identifiable to species and is not considered to be type material. Again, the location of the specimen Mayer’s illustration was based on is unknown. Therefore, a neotype is required for both Hartungia typica and Janthina hartungi, unequivocally to establish the application of these names to the present species. To find any genuine well-preserved Santa Maria Island specimens of Janthina typica in modern collections or to re-collect specimens at Santa Maria Island proved very difficult. The writer visited Santa Maria Island with Bernard Landau in February 1998, but localities near sea-level in the Touril Complex were all inaccessible (during winter) through either severe wave action or their location at the foot of inaccessible cliffs. None was found in the overgrown remnants of the limestone quarry at Figueiral, although pectinids were common. The one well-preserved specimen from Santa Maria Island referable to Janthina typica that the writer is aware of is a very small one, MIGM 1312. This specimen (Figs 24 A – C) is here designated the neotype of both Hartungia typica Bronn, 1861 and Janthina hartungi Mayer, 1864. It is from “ Farolim da Ponta do Norte ” (North Point Lighthouse), Santa Maria Island. Ponta do Norte is now clearly understood to be in early Zanclean Touril Complex, following the reinterpretation by Sibrant et al. (2015). Unfortunately, the apertural side of the neotype is poorly preserved, the specimen evidently having been attached to the outcrop by this side, but the specimen definitely has spiral folds and fine axial ridges over the entire teleoconch, and has a low spire as in all other small specimens of J. typica. Heligmope dennanti, five syntypes in SAMA Tate type collection; SAMA T 1494 A – B, two syntypes, “ Miocene ”, Muddy Creek, near Hamilton, western Victoria (Grange Burn Formation, Kalimnan Australian Stage, Zanclean, early Pliocene; Beu & Darragh, 2001: fig. 6); SAMA T 1515 A – C, three syntypes, Hallett Cove Sandstone (Piacenzian), labelled “ Miocene, Hallett’s Cove, St Vincent Gulf ”, coast south of Adelaide, SouthAustralia. The specimens from Grange Burn Formation (T 1494 A – B) are both well-preserved specimens of Janthina typica. In contrast, one of those from Hallett Cove Sandstone (T 1515 B) is a small, incomplete shell probably assignable to J. typica, with a low spire and obvious spiral folds all over, whereas the other two (T 1515 A, C) are more complete specimens with no spiral folds on the sutural ramp. They are identified as J. chavani, despite Ludbrook’s (1978: 122) misgivings about their identity. As noted above under “ Biostratigraphy ”, the specimen of J. typica presumably is from the lower, early Piacenzian part of the formation, whereas the specimens of J. chavani presumably are from the overlying late Piacenzian – Gelasian part of the formation. Tate’s two Muddy Creek syntypes were illustrated by Ludbrook (1973: pl. 28, figs 93 – 94) in an unusual oblique dorso-lateral view necessitated by their still being glued to Tate’s tablet. A lectotype designation is necessary because two species are present among Tate’s syntypes. Tate’s figured syntype, SAMA T 1494 A (Fig. 25 L) from Grange Burn Formation at Muddy Creek, Victoria, is much the larger of the Muddy Creek syntypes and is here designated the lectotype of Heligmope dennanti. The paralectotype T 1494 B is a juvenile specimen. The lectotype has the spire tip missing, but both Muddy Creek specimens have obvious, prominent spiral folds over the entire teleoconch and are conspecific with the neotype of Hartungia typica. Turbo postulatus, holotype basal fragment not found in AUGD (N. Hudson, AUGD pers. comm. 24 Sep 2012). The specimen selected by Bartrum & Powell (1928: 141, pl. 25, figs 6 – 7) as the “ neotype ”, AUGD G 5721 (Figs 24 D – E) is here again designated the neotype of Turbo postulatus, although it had no status as a neotype in 1928, as the original type material was still available (ICZN Article 75.1). Both specimens are from Kaawa Creek, coast south of Waikato Heads, southwest Auckland, North Island, New Zealand (Opoitian New Zealand Stage, Zanclean, early Pliocene; Cooper, 2004: fig. 13.1). Material of Janthina typica from this site is rather fragile and tends to disintegrate through the calcite outer layer flaking off the aragonite inner layer, and the neotype has been reassembled recently by N. Hudson (AUGD), so presumably the holotype fragment disintegrated many years ago. A neotype is required to establish that the name applies to J. typica rather than supplanting J. chavani, which occurs at several other New Zealand localities. The neotype is an unusual, highly inflated, subspherical specimen with a short spire, relatively weak spiral folds, a strongly and evenly inflated last whorl, and a particularly prominent major fold generated by the sinus in the outer lip, but agrees with other material of J. typica in having spiral folds over the entire surface. Other specimens from Kaawa Creek (e. g., Figs 24 F – I) are closely similar to specimens from Grange Burn Formation at Muddy Creek, Victoria (Figs 25 A – C, L) and the neotype of Hartungia typica in shape and sculpture, and there is no doubt that the Kaawa Creek population falls within the variation of Janthina typica. Acrybia (Hartungia) chouberti, holotype in G. Lecointre collection, Service Géologique du Maroc, Rabat, Morocco, P 7064 (Ludbrook, 1978: 122, pl. 12, figs 17 – 19; Figs 24 J – K, O), not seen; plaster casts in Paléontologie collection, MNHN, and GNS WM 7327. The type locality in Morocco was described by Chavan (1951) as “ Aïn Sebaa, cuttings from well 10 … in sandstone, with Semicassis cf. laevigata (Defr.), Gryphaea forskali (Chemn.), Balanus perforatus Brug. Holotype …; two fragments; one internal mould ” (translation from Chavan, 1951: 136). However, the cast in GNS (WM 7327) bears the locality label “ Dar bel Hamri ”. The locality was described by Chavan (1951: 135) as “ from the series of l’Oued Fouarat ”, and is known in most works on Moroccan Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphy (e. g., Arambourg, 1969) as Fouarat. Fouarat was located on the map by Lecointre (1963: 22) a few kilometres east of Casablanca. The holotype was said by Chavan (1951: 135) to be “ a little taller than wide ”, but his illustration of the holotype (Chavan, 1951: fig. 1) shows a specimen that is slightly wider than it is tall, although with the spire apex missing. He stated the dimensions as “ height: 32 to 34 mm; width: 30 mm ” (Chavan, 1951: 136), but his drawing, stated to be enlarged x 1.75, provides dimensions of H 30, D 32 mm, so possibly Chavan accidentally reversed the dimensions. The unwhitened photographs sent to Ludbrook (1978: pl. 12, figs 17 – 19) from Rabat, Morocco, were sent in turn to the writer by N. Ludbrook (Figs 24 J – K, O) and show again that it is a specimen of Janthina typica with unusually numerous, prominent, narrow spiral folds on the sutural ramp, similar to those of the lectotype of Heligmope dennanti (Fig. 25 L). Parajanthina japonica is included below under Janthina chavani (Ludbrook, 1978). Hartungia elegans, holotype in Department of Earth Sciences, Nagoya University, ESN 2687, from Tano Formation (late Miocene, late Tortonian – early Messinian, planktonic foraminiferal zone N 17) at Tano, Miyazaki Prefecture, near the east coast of Kyushu, Japan (Tomida & Nakamura, 2001: 217, fig. 1 a); one paratype MFM 111029, from Senhata Formation, Miura Group (late Miocene, also zone N 17) at Motona, Chiba Prefecture, east side of Tokyo Bay, Boso Peninsula, Honshu, Japan (Tomida & Nakamura, 2001: 217 – 218, fig. 1 b); not seen. These specimens have obvious spiral folds all over and are interpreted here as severely dorsoventrally to obliquely compressed internal moulds of Janthina typica; several similar specimens have been collected in New Zealand. Eunaticina abyssalis, holotype MNHN IM. 2000 - 27158 (only known specimen; Figs 25 G, I – K, M) from Marion Dufresne cruise MD 55 (BRESIL) station 45 - CB 79, 19 ° 01 ' 59.9916 " S 37 ° 47 ' 59.9964 " W, 1500 – 1575 m, off Itaúnas, Espiritu Santo State, Brazil, SW Atlantic, collected by P. Bouchet, B. Métivier and J. Leal, 25 May 1987. The holotype was said by Simone (2014: 587) to be in “ compact blocks (no living specimen) ”, and is a Pliocene fossil specimen of Janthina typica enclosed in weakly lithified cream limestone (“ globigerina ooze ”) dredged from the sea floor. Examination of the holotype, loaned by P. Bouchet and V. Héros (MNHN 16 Sep 2015) left no doubt that this specimen is a weakly sculptured specimen of J. typica with a low spire and low spiral folds and fine, closely spaced axial ridges all over. It has now been cleaned further and whitened before photography, revealing its sculpture more clearly. The smooth, polished “ protoconch ” illustrated by Simone (2014: figs 10 I – J) is actually the apical spire whorls of the Janthina teleoconch (Fig. 25 G); the protoconch is missing. The narrow spiral gap between whorls on this smooth apex demonstrates that the 25 µm-thick calcitic outer layer has been dissolved from the first c. 2.5 teleoconch whorls, revealing the smooth, lightly polished aragonite infilling of the original calcitic shell and leaving a polished surface lower than the outer surface of the rest of the teleoconch. Weak impressions of the spiral and, to a lesser extent, axial ridges on the exterior of the calcitic teleoconch remain on the aragonitic shell. Matrix from within the aperture of the holotype was examined for calcareous nannofossils by Denise Kulhanek (International Ocean Drilling Program Office, College Station, Texas) and Claire Shepherd (GNS; pers. comm. 15 Oct 2015). They reported that nannofossils are difficult to interpret because of overgrowth or dissolution of many specimens; the remobilized carbonate presumably caused the weak lithification of the sample. Reticulofenestra is dominant and small Gephyrocapsa specimens are present, but not large ones, indicating an age greater than 1.73 Ma. This is consistent with the holotype being a Pliocene fossil rather than a present-day specimen. Other material examined. Santa Maria Island: Touril Complex (Zanclean), Ponta do Castelo, SE tip of island, Zanclean (DBUA-F- 428, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgado, Azores Islands, Portugal; 1 specimen, collected by S. Ávila, 15 Sep 2006; photographs sent by S. Ávila, 02 Oct 2012; Fig. 24 L). This specimen is abraded and incomplete, but nevertheless is a relatively large specimen confirming the occurrence of Janthina typica at more than one locality on Santa Maria Island. Gran Canaria Island: La Esfinge, a short distance north of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, east side of La Isleta, NE Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, material reported by Meco et al. (2015, 2016) (ULPGC LE 20151 – LE 20156, 6 specimens loaned by Joaquín Meco, ULPGC; Figs 25 N, Q – R, T). As noted above, nearby 40 Ar / 39 Ar dates on an underlying lava flow provide a maximum age for the Janthina specimens of 4.20 ± 0.18 Ma, late in Zanclean time (Meco et al., 2015). About 120 specimens from localities in Australia and New Zealand: Australia: Victoria: Grange Burn Formation (Kalimnan, Zanclean), Muddy Creek, near Hamilton, W Victoria (NMV P 26906, 1; P 26908 – 9, 2; P 40662, 1; P 40663, P 40667, 3; P 316445, 1; P 316449, 1; P 406640, P 406645, 5; GNS WM 7656, 1); Lower Jemmys Point Shellbed (Kalimnan, Zanclean), road cutting SW side of Bunga Creek, Princes Highway, near Lakes Entrance, E Victoria (Wilkins, 1963: 58; NMV P 22612, Wilkins’s spec., 1 fragment; P 26905, 1; P 40666, 1). South Australia: Hallett Cove Sandstone, Hallett Cove, coast south of Adelaide, one of Tate’s syntypes (SAMA T 1515 C, with spiral folds all over, here early Piacenzian). New Zealand: Kapitean (Messinian): East Cape: first cutting E of Awatere River mouth, East Cape (NMNZ M 043211, 1 incomplete); 250 m NE of lighthouse, East Cape (AUGD 10194, Z 14 / f 0127, grid ref. Z 14 / 994775; 1). Gisborne district: Waimata Rd, 16 km W of Tolaga Bay (GS 1357, Y 17 / f 7477, grid ref. Y 17 / 604021; 2 poor moulds, severely compressed). Opoitian (Zanclean): SW Auckland: Kaawa Creek, coast S of Waikato Heads (GS 996, GS 5513, R 12 / f 8518, 11; R 13 / f 7020, R 13 / f 7022, R 13 / f 7027, R 13 / f 7033, R 13 / f 7051, R 13 / f 7056, R 13 / f 7057, R 13 / f 7059, R 14 / f 7062, grid ref. R 13 / 646085, GNS and mainly in AUGD, many; Figs 24 F – I; OUGD unnumbered, pres. C. R. Laws, 1). Gisborne district: Waihora Valley, Te Karaka, Gisborne (Marwick, 1931: 43) (GS 870, Y 17 / f 7462, grid ref. Y 17 / 364961; 1 poor mould). Hawke’s Bay: Mangawhero Stream (GS 1543, W 19 / f 7462, grid ref. W 19 / 831408; 6); Waikaremoana Rd, road cut 30 km from Wairoa (GS 1544, W 19 / f 7566, grid ref. W 19 / 810464; 1); Waikaretaheke River 1 km S of junction with Waiau River (GS 1555, W 19 / f 7472, grid ref. W 19 / 793441; 2); Waikaremoana Rd, road cut 27 km from Wairoa (GS 1556, W 19 / f 7473, grid ref. W 19 / 709446; 1); Cricklewood Rd, 0 ‒ 1200 m E of Waiau Rd (GS 1557, W 19 / f 7474, grid ref. W 19 / 661402; 1); beneath white tephra, Waiau River, 200 m from Mangaone Stream (GS 1561, W 19 / f 7477, grid ref. W 19 / 665418; 3); junction Waiau River and Pakihiwi Stream (GS 1567, W 19 / f 7516, grid ref. W 19 / 708424; 1); Cricklewood Rd, 2.4 km E of Mohaka – Putere Rd (GS 1580, W 19 / f 7486, grid ref. W 19 / 618401; 1); Waihi Stream 400 – 800 m upstream from Waihi homestead (possibly Kapitean; GS 2063, W 19 / f 7492, grid ref. W 19 / 694499; 1); Hangaroa – Tiniroto Rd 5 km SSW of Hangaroa (GS 2852, X 18 / f 7488, grid ref. X 18 / 099650; 1); Parikanapa Rd (GS 8030, X 18 / f 9624, grid ref. X 18 / 104593; 3); Opoiti Limestone, Mangapiopio Stream (GS 8041, X 18 / f 9627, grid ref. X 18 / 034645; 1); Putere Rd (GS 8154, W 19 / f 7617, grid ref. W 19 / 615403; 1); Mohaka River below Willow Flat bridge (GS 8182, W 19 / f 8573, grid ref. W 19 / 520370; 1 poor mould); road SW of Willow Flat (GS 8213, W 19 / f 8582, grid ref. W 19 / 506352; 1); 1 km E of Ardkeen hall, Frasertown – Waikaremoana Rd (GS 8273, W 19 / f 7675, grid ref. W 19 / 812434; 1); Ruakituri River road (GS 11313, X 18 / f 081, grid ref. X 18 / 951592; 1); Hangaroa Bluffs, Tiniroto – Gisborne Rd (GS 11466, X 18 / f 7553, grid ref. X 18 / 100659; 1 fragment); siltstone between Kidnappers shelter hut and Cape Kidnappers (GS 10855, W 21 / f 8584, grid ref. W 21 / 607657; 16 poor); bay S side of Cape Kidnappers (GS 10856, W 21 / f 8585, grid ref. W 21 / 611648; 2 poor). Westland: Kapitea Creek, base of Opoitian section (GS 12487, J 32 / f 9774, grid ref. J 32 / 562409; 1 poor); road cut, Greenstone – Kumara Rd (GS 3046, J 32 / f 9146, grid ref. J 32 / 634410; 1; GS 11557, J 32 / f 9809, grid ref. J 32 / 634410; c. 15 small specimens in one block); Greeks Ck., S side Arahura Valley (GS 2875, J 33 / f 7075, grid ref. J 33 / 511258; 2); C. S. Almond’s (1980) collections from Arahura – Kaniere district in OUGD (topographically lower localities along S side of Arahura Valley are Opoitian; higher ones in the same streams are Waipipian): first left bank tributary Arahura River (J 33 / f 051, grid ref. J 33 / 549382; 1); Fraser Creek (J 33 / f 008, grid ref. J 33 / 540286; 1; J 33 / f 092, grid ref. J 33 / 540287; 1); McKay’s Ck., Kaniere (J 33 / f 021 B, grid ref. J 33 / 515261; 2; J 33 / f 024 C, grid ref. J 33 / 513261; 1); Greeks Ck., Arahura (J 33 / f 035, grid ref. J 33 / 546284; 1, crushed; J 33 / f 036 D, grid ref. J 33 / 545283; 1; J 33 / f 047, grid ref. J 33 / 542283; 1). Waipipian (early Piacenzian): Auckland: Otahuhu well (GS 3528, R 11 / f 7014, grid ref. R 11 / 755698; 1, in C. R. Laws collection; Marwick, 1948: 6; Laws, 1950: 7, listed from 3 beds in Otahuhu well faunal list); Mouldy’s farm, Pukekohe (GS 3611, R 12 / f 7001, grid ref. R 12 / 752493; 1; Marwick, 1948: 8). Hawke’s Bay: limestone, mouth of Kopuni Stream, W coast of Mahia Peninsula (GS 11476, X 20 / f 7559, grid ref. X 20 / 277142; 1); Te Reinga Falls, Wairoa River (GS 1541, X 18 / f 9477, grid ref. X 18 / 021539; 1); near base of Waipipian section, Mohaka River (GS 13930, W 19 / f 062, grid ref. W 19 / 545366; 1); Mohaka River, Mesopeplum crawfordi (Hutton, 1873 b) locality at “ second flat ” (GS 13931, W 19 / f 066, grid ref. W 19 / 599369; 1 poor); Esk Valley (GS 683, V 20 / f 8474, grid ref. V 20 / 423949; 1); Black Reef, Cape Kidnappers (OUGD 8242, W 21 / f 8544, grid ref. W 21 / 604657; 1 fragment). South Taranaki: Manaia Beach, end of Rainie Rd (GS 875, Q 21 / f 6492, grid ref. Q 21 / 117792; 2); Ngamatapouri, Waitotara Valley (GS 1166, R 21 / f 8497, grid ref. R 21 / 670793; 1); Waingongoro River mouth (GS 1172, Q 21 / f 6494, grid ref. Q 21 / 123792; 2). Westland: conglomerate at top of E branch, Greek’s Creek, Arahura Valley (GS 12289, J 33 / f 066, grid ref. J 33 / 547283; 1; Fig. 24 N); C. S. Almond’s collections in OUGD: E branch Greeks Ck. (J 33 / f 066, grid ref. J 33 / 547283; 1). Chatham Islands: Whenuataru Tuff, near NW end of Tarawhenua Peninsula, Pitt I., Chatham Islands (GS 12164, CH / f 025 B, 1 fragment; Fig. 25 H). The only other specimens observed in world museums are the neotype of Janthina typica, the type material of Heligmope dennanti, the neotype of Turbo postulatus, and the holotype of Eunaticina abyssalis, all listed above under “ Type material ”.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFD6FFFCCF08FD953867F8EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The type material of Janthina typica was recorded by Zbyszewski & Veiga Ferreira (1962 b: 273) from Pinheiros and Feiteirinhas (i. e., Ponta das Salinas), Zanclean localities on Santa Maria Island. Specimens also were recorded from “ Feiteirinhas, Ponta dos Matos, Pinheiros, Praia ” by early authors, summarized by Berkeley Cotter (1892: 285), but presumably all specimens from Praia are from close to the Miradouro de Macela and are actually J. krejcii sp. nov. It is also possible that all specimens from Pinheiros are J. krejcii. The neotype of J. typica is from Ponta do Norte; also seen from Ponta do Castelo. The writer has seen no material from Pinheiros or from Feiteirinhas (currently known as Ponta das Salinas). Janthina typica also has been recorded recently from La Esfinge, on La Isleta, north-eastern Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, with photographs confirming the identification (Meco et al., 2015: 61, fig. Appendix 5 A; six examined specimens listed above). Janthina typica is also recorded from Selvagem Grande Island, north of the Canary Islands (Gagel, 1911; Joksimowitsch, 1911) and from São Vicente on the north coast of Madeira (Mayer, 1864 a, b; Krejci-Graf et al., 1958: 336). However, the stratigraphy and age at these sites has not been described in modern times and these records possibly refer to J. chavani. The type material of Acrybia chouberti, from a well a short distance east of Casablanca, Morocco, is the sole record from another eastern Atlantic locality. The holotype of Eunaticina abyssalis (Simone, 2014: 586) is a specimen of J. typica found in situ in rock dredged in 1500 – 1575 m off Espiritu Santo State, Brazil, SW Atlantic, in a case remarkably parallel to that of the earlier-described species Kaneconcha knorri (see below under J. chavani). In Japan, Janthina typica is recorded from relatively few late Miocene – Pliocene (Messinian – early Piacenzian) localities along the Pacific coast of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu Islands. In Australia, Janthina typica is uncommon and occurs at one locality in Jemmys Point Formation near Lakes Entrance in eastern Victoria, in Grange Burn Formation at Muddy Creek, western Victoria, possibly in the unnamed early Pliocene limestone overlying Kingscote Limestone on Kangaroo Island, and a single specimen is recorded from the lower part of Hallett Cove Sandstone on the coast southwest of Adelaide. In New Zealand, it occurs rarely in Messinian (Kapitean) rocks along the coast between East Cape and Te Araroa and in the Gisborne district, the northernmost locations where latest Miocene rocks are recorded in New Zealand. It also is moderately common at Kaawa Creek, SW Auckland and at Cape Kidnappers, Hawke’s Bay (both Opoitian, Zanclean), and occurs widely but uncommonly in Zanclean rocks in N Hawke’s Bay (22 localities) and Westland (10 localities). Schofield (1958: 252), based on identifications by C. A. Fleming, also recorded a specimen of “ Hartungia postulata Bart. ” from GS 3611, R 12 / f 7541, bank near Glasson’s Creek, north of the Waiuku – Runciman main highway, Auckland, in a re-collection of GS 3611, originally listed by Marwick (1948: 8). Localities in northern Hawke’s Bay were listed (in part) by Marwick (1965: table 4) and mapped (by GNS collection numbers) on the geological map in Marwick (1965), although the sole discussion in the text (Marwick, 1965: 10) incorrectly referred to “ Hartungia postulata ” as one of the species first appearing in the Opoitian Stage. Whitten (1973) also recorded Waipipian specimens from South Taranaki between Inaha Stream and Hawera, not seen, in AUGD. Whitten (1973) described 23 new members of Tangahoe Formation, but recorded Janthina typica (as Hartungia postulata) from three members only: Whareroa Shellbed (one locality, Q 21 / f 6639), Ohawe Sandstone (three localities, Q 21 / f 6553, f 6627, f 6631, plus an earlier record from Hawera: Laws 1940 b), and Waingongoro Member (five localities, Q 21 / f 6613, f 6615 – f 6618). These localities are listed by Whitten (1973, Appendix I) as: Waingongoro Member: Q 21 / f 6613, grid reference Q 21 / 108792, 150 m E of Inaha Stream mouth; Q 21 / f 6615, grid ref. Q 21 / 109792, 175 m E of Inaha Stream mouth; Q 21 / f 5616, grid ref. Q 21 / 109792, between the two previous localities; Q 21 / f 6617, grid ref. Q 21 / 111792, 325 – 375 m E of Inaha Stream mouth; Q 21 / f 6618, grid ref. Q 21 / 112792, 450 m E of Inaha Stream mouth; Ohawe Sandstone: Q 21 / f 6553, grid ref. Q 21 / 134789, SE end of Ohawe Beach; Q 21 / f 6627, grid ref. Q 21 / 156776, mouth of small stream 1.1 km NW of Waihi Beach; Q 21 / f 6631, grid ref. Q 21 / 167768, mouth of Waihi Stream; Q 21 / f 6639, grid ref. Q 21 / 214746, Whareroa Shellbed, 250 – 450 m NW of small stream near Hawera rifle range. So in Waipipian (early Piacenzian) rocks it occurs in S Auckland (three localities), N Hawke’s Bay (nine localities), the Whanganui-S Taranaki coast (11 localities), the Kaniere-Arahura district, Westland (three localities) and the Chatham Islands (one locality, on NW Pitt Island). These widely separated Atlantic, Japanese, Australian and New Zealand localities indicate that J. typica had a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and temperate seas, just as living Janthina species do.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFD6FFFCCF08FD953867F8EC.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 3.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFD6FFFCCF08FD953867F8EC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Teleoconch moderately large (to c. 40 mm wide), whorls evenly convex; most specimens heliciform throughout growth, spire consistently low; completely covered with fine, closely spaced axial ridges; 8 – 12 evenly convex spiral folds per whorl (9 or 10 on most specimens) over entire teleoconch surface, as prominent on sutural ramp as elsewhere. Outer lip sinus relatively small, narrow, semicircular, located at base of lip, generating lowermost, wide spiral fold parallel to columella. Protoconch not seen. Original description. Bronn’s (1861: 119 – 120) original description of Hartungia typica reads: “ Hartungia typica n. g. sp. [new genus and species]. A very delicate thin and also Ianthina - like shell, filled with rock, 18 mm high and 22 mm wide, with three whorls, which (as in I. communis) [i. e., Janthina janthina] form a flatly arched upper side and of which the first two [whorls] are only 5 mm in height. In contrast, the wide ovate aperture measures 17 mm in height and 15 mm in width, while its complete lower edge (as in I. nitens Menke) [i. e., Janthina globosa] wraps around vertically towards the base. In the same way the umbilicus is not open, but is just in the form of a narrow chink behind the inner lip, which lies conspicuously on the penultimate whorl, as in the said species. The dense fine and elegant vertical striation also recalls it [presumably referring to Janthina exigua], but does not form a re-entrant sinus in the middle of the outer lip as in Ianthina, but is straight there; in contrast, further down opposite the end of the umbilical chink, [the striation] bends in on a spiral rib [to form] a somewhat insignificant small arch [sinus]. However, what distinguishes this gastropod immediately from all known Ianthina species and would better accord with Narica are 8 flat, broadly rounded spiral cords, which extend down along the outermost convexity of the last whorl, remaining somewhat distant from the suture and even more from the umbilicus, and [of] which the fourth, without forming a keel, is situated furthest towards the outside and scarcely exceeds its upper and lower neighbours in strength. The height of two spiral cords conforms to the width of 6 – 7 vertical striations. Thus this species is distinguished from Ianthina by the form of the sinuosity and the sculpture of the shell, with which it stands closely in a family and seems to form its own genus, which we name after the indefatigable explorer of the west European islands. This genus probably has some similarity in shape and lip sinus with Neritoma Morris from the Portland beds, but Neritoma is bi-sinuate, somewhat thick-shelled and not umbilicate, behind the inner lip somewhat canal-forming, the growth lines simple. The shell seems too thin for the early whorls of a Magilus and the aperture too regular ” (slightly modified translation from German by T. A. Darragh, NMV, pers. comm. 12 Nov 2015).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFD6FFFCCF08FD953867F8EC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Bronn (1861: 119 – 120) compared Hartungia typica with “ Ianthina ” species in several places in his description, stating that it “ stands closely in a family ” with Janthina, and clearly regarded Hartungia as a new genus of Janthinidae. He appreciated that H. typica is similar to living Janthina species, differing in its small basal sinus and the presence of spiral folds. Mayer (1864: 62) later redescribed the same species in Janthina, apparently changing the species name to maintain the association with the collector, Georg Hartung. Mayer’s (1864 b: i – ii) foreword explained that Bronn had died, and so Hartung asked Mayer “ in the autumn of 1861 ” to describe the fossils collected by Reiss at Madeira and Porto Santo. On examining the fossils he found they had a lot in common with those described by Bronn in the works by Hartung and Reiss on the Azores. Therefore, he thought the whole assemblage should be written up together, and asked Hartung and Reiss to help arrange a loan of Bronn’s material from the University of Heidelberg. “ With the greatest willingness Professors Blum and Pagenstecher immediately fulfilled my wish, sending me the material able to be found, and so in the first half of the last winter I could attend to my expanded task ” (translation from German by T. A. Darragh, NMV, pers. comm. 12 Nov 2015). This statement suggests that some of Bronn’s material already could not be traced in 1861. Mayer (1864: 62) listed the description of Hartungia typica by Bronn (1861: 119, pl. 19, fig. 3) in a chresonymy below the species heading for Janthina hartungi, along with the listing of H. typica by Bronn in Reiss (1862: 32). So it is clear that he renamed Bronn’s species, although he did not state a reason for doing so. He also compared Janthina hartungi with J. communis (i. e., J. janthina) and with J. capreolata Montrouzier (i. e., J. exigua). He stated the dimensions as “ Alt. 19, lat. 22 mill. ”, only subtly different from the dimensions of 18 mm high and 22 mm wide provided by Bronn (1861: 119). The list of material at the end of the description makes it clear that Mayer had actual shells before him, as he said the six examples he had included three typical ones from Feiteirinhas (i. e., Ponta das Salinas), another from “ Ponta dos Mattos ” (presumably the modelling clay impression in Fig. 24 M), one without spiral folds from Pinheiros and one with weak folds from São Vicente (Madeira). The lack of an express statement of a type specimen suggests that Mayer regarded all these as type material of J. hartungi. Mayer’s and Bronn’s illustrations are particularly similar, including the unusual lateral view of the angular columellar base. As Mayer had Bronn’s material before him, the very similar illustrations (Mayer’s: copied as Figs 25 D – F; Bronn’s: copied as Figs 25 O – P, S) likely are different artist’s drawings of the same specimen. In view of the brittleness of Janthina fossils, this material possibly has disintegrated over the intervening years. Janthina typica is characterized by its moderately large size, reaching about 40 mm in diameter and 38 mm in height, although most specimens are 25 – 35 mm in diameter; its consistent, more-or-less equidimensional, heliciform shape, with a moderately low spire; the few, rapidly expanding teleoconch whorls; the low, thin, closely spaced axial ridgelets covering the entire teleoconch surface, about 1 mm apart over the periphery of large specimens; the quite prominent, evenly convex spiral folds with equally wide, evenly concave interspaces that also cover the entire teleoconch surface, 8 – 12 on the last whorl (most specimens have 9 or 10 folds), visible on spire whorls as well as on the last whorl; and its relatively small, semicircular sinus in the outer lip, situated at the base of the lip against the columella base. In most specimens, the sinus generates a particularly prominent, wide spiral ridge parallel to the other spiral folds and to the columella and the inner lip of the aperture, higher and wider than the normal spiral folds, although this basal fold is not obviously differentiated in a few specimens. The whorl outline is regularly and strongly convex on most specimens, although a few large shells develop a slightly to quite strongly concave sutural ramp over the last half-whorl. Some of these develop a thickened, smoothly rounded lip edge over the concave area, whereas the lip edge is simple and thin in all other specimens. Traces of the axial ridgelets are visible on almost all specimens, but they are much better preserved on some than on others, and on well-preserved specimens from Kaawa Creek, southwest Auckland, New Zealand (Opoitian, Zanclean) and, in particular, on specimens from Grange Burn Formation (also Zanclean) at Muddy Creek, near Hamilton in western Victoria, Australia, quite high, thin lamellae are preserved. The protoconch has not been observed, despite careful searching of all available material. A supposed protoconch on the holotype of Eunaticina abyssalis (Simone, 2014: 586, figs 10 I – J) is actually the broken and corroded apex of the Janthina teleoconch (Fig. 25 G). The teleoconch of J. typica is thin, brittle and calcitic, apart from an interior white aragonitic layer, most obvious on the columella, and chalky in many specimens. Most freshly exposed specimens also have a distinctive pale brownish coloration, reflecting their calcitic composition. Because of the calcitic composition, even small, pale brown fragments of shell bearing axial ridgelets are diagnostic of Janthina in many Pliocene outcrops. Finlay (1931: 5) claimed that a few New Zealand specimens still showed “ traces … of the characteristic dark bluish-violet colour ”, but the writer has not observed colour on any specimens, and other New Zealand paleontologists consulted also have not observed it. The diagnostic spiral folds are widest and most prominent at the periphery in most specimens, and grade into lower, narrower and more closely spaced ones on the sutural ramp and on the base, except for the wide one generated by the sinus, which on most specimens is almost twice as wide as one peripheral fold. Considerable variation is observed in most characters. The spire is significantly lower in small than in large specimens, as in Janthina chavani and J. janthina, although the weak allometrical growth in spire height observed in J. chavani is not obvious in J. typica. The two specimens observed from Santa Maria Island and the drawings published by Bronn (1861: pl. 19, fig. 3) and Mayer (1864 a, b: pl. 6, fig. 41) show specimens that would not be surprising to find among samples collected in New Zealand or southern Australia. The six specimens observed from the material of Meco et al. (2015, 2016) from La Esfinge, Gran Canaria Island (Figs 25 N, Q – R, T) are rather fragile, but most are well-preserved, with low to moderately high spires and relatively weak sculpture, but are not as weakly sculptured as the holotype of Eunaticina abyssalis (Simone, 2014) and provide a good basis for understanding the variation that might be expected in the Santa Maria Island population. The two smallest specimens from Gran Canaria are internal moulds, lacking shell. The total range of variation is no greater than is observed between widely separated populations of living Janthina species. Some consistent differences are observed between Australian and New Zealand collections, attributed solely to differences in preservation. Specimens from Grange Burn Formation (Kalimnan Australian Stage, Zanclean) at Muddy Creek and its tributary Grange Burn, near Hamilton, western Victoria, Australia (Figs 25 A – C, L) are easily removed from weakly consolidated sediment and are much the best-preserved in the world. However, the material from La Esfinge, Gran Canaria Island, and the neotype of Hartungia typica are reasonably well-preserved. Almost all others observed have the axial ridgelets abraded to some extent, and most others are at least a little distorted — some dramatically so. Fine details are more consistently preserved in southern Australian than in New Zealand material, and most New Zealand specimens from localities other than Kaawa Creek are slightly to severely crushed. The few New Zealand Messinian specimens are all either very poorly preserved internal moulds of crushed shells or are very incomplete. Most Japanese specimens also are crushed and many are internal moulds only, although a few are excellently preserved (e. g., Tomida & Itoigawa, 1982: pl. 19, figs 1 – 3; Tomida & Kitao, 2002: fig. 2). Specimens from the Azores, Canary Islands, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are so similar that there is little doubt they are conspecific, displaying less variation than is observed in the living population of Janthina janthina. Chavan’s (1951: 135, fig. 1) pen drawing of the holotype of Acrybia (Hartungia) chouberti illustrated the sculpture diagrammatically. The identity of this specimen was resolved when Ludbrook (1978: pl. 12, figs 17 – 19) published photographs of Chavan’s holotype (Figs 24 J – K, O) rather than of the poor plaster casts available previously, although the specimen has not been whitened before photography and focus is not ideal. The casts in MNHN and GNS are of a specimen with almost no sculpture, likely made from the paratype internal mould mentioned by Chavan rather than from the holotype. Ludbrook’s (1978: pl. 12, figs 17 – 19) illustrations reveal that the holotype has prominent spiral folds all over, including unusually prominent ones on the sutural ramp, and falls within the range of variation of Janthina typica. Ludbrook (1978: 121) cautiously concluded that “ while there may be good reason to suspect that the Australian and New Zealand material is identifiable at the species level with the Azores Hartungia typica and its synonym Janthina hartungi ”, she thought that could not be confirmed because of the lack of authentic Azores material for comparison. Now that this has been resolved, the writer sees no reason to doubt that fossil Janthina species had the same cosmopolitan geographical ranges as living Janthina species, and that Heligmope dennanti, “ Turbo ” postulatus, Acrybia chouberti, Hartungia elegans and Eunaticina abyssalis are all synonyms of Janthina typica. It is unfortunate not to retain Georg Hartung’s name. He collected the fossils described by Bronn (1861) and some of those described by Mayer (1864 a, b). Pinto & Bouheiry (2007) provided an account of Hartung’s research in the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands and his extensive collaboration with Charles Lyell.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFD6FFFCCF08FD953867F8EC.taxon	description	Time range. Messinian – early Piacenzian (latest Miocene – early late Pliocene); c. 7 – 3.0 Ma, to judge from its range in New Zealand (Kapitean – Waipipian Stages; Messinian – early Piacenzian; Cooper, 2004: fig. 13.1). This time range is confirmed less precisely in Japan and southern Australia.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	description	Figs 26 A – N	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype SMF 10135 a (Figs 26 A – B, D – E), with two paratypes SMF 10135 b – c (Figs 26 C, F – H), labelled “ Azoren, Santa Maria, Wegknick [road bend] bei Praia, K. Krejci-Graf, ” 23 April 1955, in SMF. The type locality is the upper, seaward-directed hairpin bend on the road descending from Almagreira to the beach at Praia, Santa Maria Island, illustrated by Krejci-Graf et al. (1958: fig. 4) (a lower, landward-directed hairpin bend is in the underlying volcanic rocks). The writer visited the pale grey outcrop labelled “ Janthina find-point alongside the collectors ” in fig. 4 of Krejci-Graf et al. (1958) with Bernard Landau on 28 Feb 1998, but found no calcareous fossils. The matrix proved non-calcareous, and is not datable by microfossils; it lacks Foraminifera, Radiolaria, calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cysts. Evidently Krejci-Graf’s party sampled a last small pocket of calcareous rock, probably between volcanic blocks at the base of the outcrop. However, a new lookout, the Miradouro de Macela, was being constructed during Feb 1998 to overlook the beach at Praia, at the seaward extremity of the bend, across the road and behind the photographer in Krejci-Graf et al. ’ s (1958: fig. 4) photograph. The soft, fawn, non-calcareous, tuffaceous sandstone in the foundations of the lookout was found to contain numerous moulds of Janthina krejcii sp. nov. Ten of these are here designated as paratypes (GNS WM 18973; the two most complete illustrated, Figs 26 I – N), and three others are incomplete. Colom (in Krejci-Graf et al., 1958: pls 5 – 6) illustrated planktonic foraminiferans in a sample from quarries near Figueiral on the south side of Pico do Facho, near the Miradouro de Macela, including Globoconella puncticulata (Deshayes, 1832), Hirsutella cf. margaritae (Bolli & Bermudez, 1965) and Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady, 1877) (reidentified by M. Crundwell, GNS, pers. comm. 17 Sep 2012), a diagnostic Zanclean fauna. The age of the type locality of Janthina krejcii has not been determined in detail but, as it is at a similar elevation to the quarries sampled by Krejci-Graf et al. (1958) and the Cré locality described by Janssen et al. (2008), is likely to be a similar age within Zanclean time. Only the type material has been observed.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The writer has seen specimens of Janthina krejcii sp. nov. only from the type locality and the outcrop across the road from it, at the lookout (Miradouro de Macela) on the road descending from Almagreira to Praia, Santa Maria Island, Azores Islands. Bronn (in Reiss, 1862: 33) noted that one of his specimens of Janthina typica from near Praia was crushed but lacked spiral folds, so his material seems to have included a specimen of J. krejcii sp. nov. from the type locality. He discussed whether it might be a distinct species, but concluded this was individual variation. As with all other relevant early collections, the present location of Reiss’s material is not known to the writer. Mayer (1864: 93, 101) also recorded a single specimen of “ Janthina hartungi ” from Praia, but as it is not mentioned in the list of material following his description (Mayer, 1864: 63), he presumably merely repeated Bronn’s record. However, Mayer (1864: 63) also recorded a specimen of “ Janthina hartungi ” without spiral folds from Pinheiros, a locality a short distance northeast of Cré, Santa Maria Island. As the writer has not seen material from Pinheiros, it is possible that J. krejcii sp. nov. occurs more widely on Santa Maria Island than the present record indicates.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 4. Most paratype moulds are too incomplete or too distorted to measure. The largest fragmentary paratype in WM 18973 is 34 mm wide, but is compressed significantly; a maximum diameter of c. 32 mm is likely.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Teleoconch moderately large, short and wide (D / H 1.2 – 1.35), spire very low to almost flat, whorls evenly convex; completely covered with fine, straight, acline axial ridges, but without obvious spiral sculpture. Outer lip straight, acline; sinus small, moderately deep, semicircular to weakly V-shaped, situated at base of lip.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	description	Description. Teleoconch moderate-sized for genus, reaching c. 32 mm in diameter and 25 mm in height, wide (D / H 1.2 – 1.35), very low-spired, with c. 3.5 evenly and strongly convex teleoconch whorls; without obvious spiral sculpture. Spire little elevated above last whorl; suture appressed. Axial sculpture of many closely spaced, straight, thin, acline, low lamellae with flat-bottomed interspaces, extending from suture to umbilical hollow over entire teleoconch, c. 1 mm apart at periphery on last whorl. Aperture large, tall, almost vertical, with thin lips; columellar area and umbilical hollow poorly preserved in all material, apparently similar to those of Janthina typica and J. chavani. Outer lip sinus against base of columella, moderately large, semicircular to weakly V-shaped as in J. chavani, visible in only two paratype moulds in WM 18973. Protoconch not seen.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Janthina krejcii sp. nov. resembles J. typica and J. chavani in its uniform sculpture of fine, closely spaced, straight axial ridges over the entire teleoconch and in its semicircular to shallowly V-shaped outer-lip sinus situated at the base of the lip. However, it differs from them both in its consistently very low to almost flat spire, so that width is significantly greater than height in all specimens, and in its complete lack of obvious spiral sculpture. It also reaches a markedly smaller maximum diameter than J. chavani, although similar in width to J. typica. Were only K. Krejci-Graf’s original specimens available they might be thought aberrant specimens of J. typica, but all 10 reasonably complete moulds and several additional fragments from the Miradouro de Macela (GNS WM 18973) are consistent with Krejci-Graf’s specimens in their low spire and in completely lacking spiral folds. With 15 consistent specimens available, it must be concluded that this is a previously unrecognized species of Janthina. Apparently J. krejcii sp. nov. occurs also at Pinheiros, a short distance NW of Cré, Santa Maria Island, but this locality requires re-collecting. It is not clear as yet whether J. krejcii sp. nov. represents a restricted Atlantic species or, as seems more likely, it happened to live during a late Zanclean time interval that is otherwise not represented by facies suitable for the preservation of Janthina fossils. It is intermediate between J. chavani and the living Janthina species in having consistent axial ridges but lacking spiral folds. Only the collection of J. krejcii at further localities will clarify its time and geographical ranges and its position in the phylogeny of Janthina species.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr Karl Krejci-Graf, formerly of Universität Frankfurt am Main, who collected the type material and advised the present writer about its locality.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFCEFFF1CF6EFF3A3FF5FE99.taxon	description	Time range. Zanclean, c. 4.8 – 4.3 Ma; the older limit is poorly constrained, but the upper limit on Santa Maria Island cannot be younger than 4.32 Ma (Sibrant et al., 2015).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC0FFF4CED3FE303804F837.taxon	description	Figs 27 – 28	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC0FFF4CED3FE303804F837.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Hartungia dennanti chavani, holotype WAM 69.300 c, with six figured and numerous unfigured paratypes in WAM, Geological Survey of Western Australia, and Geological Survey of South Australia (listed by Ludbrook, 1978: 120; WAM and GSSA material observed); from Roe Calcarenite (late Pliocene; Beu & Darragh, 2001: 31, fig. 6), pits c. 50 – 125 km W of Eucla, Roe Plain, southeastern Western Australia. As noted above, although Beu & Darragh (2001: fig. 6) suggested an early Piacenzian age, correlation with successions in New Zealand now indicates a late Piacenzian age for Roe Calcarenite. Ludbrook (1978: 120) also recorded specimens from water wells beneath Perth, Western Australia, from Plio-Pleistocene Bridgewater Limestone in the region around Naracoorte, South Australia, and from Reedy Wells, Culburra, South Australia (the last not seen; from Bridgewater Limestone near Mount Gambier). Parajanthina japonica, holotype MFM 110004, from Dainichi Sand (late Pliocene, Piacenzian, upper part of planktonic foraminiferal zone N 21), Higashigumi, Iida, Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshu, Japan (Tomida & Itoigawa, 1982: 61); not seen. Kaneconcha knorri, holotype (Figs 28 A, D, G) in Institute of Paleobiology, PolishAcademy of Sciences, Warsaw, ZPAL Ga. 16 / 1, with six incomplete paratypes, ZPAL Ga. 16 / 2 – 7, from Knorr dredge station 180 - 2 - 26, 23 ° 23 ' N 45 ° 23 ' W, Kane Megamullion, east flank of Adam Dome, mid-Atlantic ridge, 3293 – 2827 m (mapped by Kaim et al., 2012: fig. 1). The writer has seen photographs of only the holotype, which is a slightly crushed specimen of Janthina chavani. Although it has weak spiral folds on the weakly convex sutural ramp, it is identified as J. chavani partly because the matrix was dated by calcareous nannofossils by M. - P. Aubry (the leading expert on nannofossil biostratigraphy; in Kaim et al., 2012) as zone NN 16 B, 2.5 – 2.8 Ma (late Piacenzian – earliest Gelasian, latest Pliocene – earliest Pleistocene). Kaim et al. (2012: 427 – 429, figs 5 C – D) mentioned that although six other specimens were collected, they are all fragmentary. They described two shell layers (both now replaced by calcite) in a paratype fragment, and suggested that the outer, dark brown later 25 µm thick is a periostracum preserved by replacement with calcite. The inner layer, 175 µm thick over the columella, is milky white homogeneous calcite. However, reidentification of this shell as J. chavani demonstrates that the outer layer is the brown calcite outer shell layer (violet in life), only 25 µm thick, whereas the inner white layer is the original aragonite inner layer. In most specimens from other localities the inner layer apparently is not so thick. Other material examined. Australia: South Australia: Two paralectotypes of Heligmope dennanti, from Hallett Cove Sandstone, coast east of Hallett Cove, south of Adelaide (see above under H. dennanti; SAMA T 1515 A, B); Geological Survey of South Australia, Bridgewater Limestone (Piacenzian – Calabrian?), Kanawinka Fault scarp, Naracoorte, SE South Australia (GSSA F 87 / 65, 2; photographs sent by N. H. Ludbrook); cliffs S of car park, Point Ellen, Vivonne, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, grid ref. Vivonne 970138 (locality PL 3173, NMV P 316448, 22); thin cemented beds in Bridgewater Limestone (late Piacenzian – Calabrian?) at top of Henske’s Quarry, Elderslie Road, 2.6 km SE of Naracoorte, SE South Australia, grid reference Hynam 793085 (locality PL 3249, NMV P 318105, 20, in small limestone blocks, collected by T. A. Darragh and A. G. Beu; also block of specimens c. 1 m 2 observed at quarry office); Naracoorte quarries, SE of Naracoorte, SouthAustralia (clearly from Henske’s Quarry; NMV P 316446, 1). Western Australia: Roe Plain: Roe Calcarenite (late Piacenzian), district around Hampton microwave repeater tower, Roe Plain, 48 – 126 km W of Eucla Motel, SE Western Australia, suites in several museums (WAM. 71 - 1438 a – g, 7; WAM. 69 - 298, 1; WAM. 69 - 300 a – z, 26; WAM. 69 - 301 a – d, 4; WAM. 69 - 299 a – d, 4; WAM. 59 - 305, 1; WAM. 69 - 302 a – c, 3; WAM. 69 - 303, 1; WAM. 70 - 2156 a – c, 3; WAM. 69 - 297 a – f, 6; WAM. 67 - 778 a, b, 2; WAM. 69 - 306, 1; WAM. 69 - 304, 1; NMV P 26917, 2; P 316447, 18; P 322322, 1, Fig. 27 I; GNS WM 14468, 10, Figs 27 A – H, 28 C, F, J); Madura Cave, Roe Plain (WAM. 62 - 50, 1; WAM. 63.44, 1). Perth Basin: “ lower ” Ascot Formation, water wells in Perth Basin, collected over many years by G. W. Kendrick (Kendrick in Quilty, 1974 b: 29; Kendrick et al., 1991: 424, 436), all in WAM; most lots consist of one specimen or fragment: 30 m, Vale’s bore, Evelyn St, Gosnell’s, Perth (WAM. 70 - 2615); Redcliffe primary school bore, Perth (WAM. 69 - 292, WAM. 69 - 293, WAM. 69 - 294); Geological Survey of Western Australia bore Gnangara no. 21, W Bullsbrook, Perth (WAM. 68 - 179, many fragments); Kowalski’s bore, corner Bullfinch & Balfour Streets, Gosnell’s, Perth (WAM. 69 - 296). New Zealand: Mangapanian (late Piacenzian – earliest Gelasian): Hawke’s Bay: Cricklewood Road (GS 12515, W 19 / f 020, grid ref. W 19 / 798357; 4 fragments); brown sandstone 3 km upstream from road bridge, Mohaka River (GS 13079, W 19 / f 031, grid ref. W 19 / 634313; 1, now fragmentary); Matahorua Road, Tutira (GS 12508, V 19 / f 011, grid ref. V 19 / 481224; 1); sandstone between conglomerate beds, Pohokura Road, Tutira (GS 12507, V 20 / f 018, grid ref. V 20 / 444168; 2 fragments). Whanganui Basin: basal conglomerate of Komako Formation, Te Ekaou Stream, Pohangina Valley (OUGD, OU 8037, T 23 / f 6565, grid ref. T 23 / 576173; 1; Carter, 1972). Nukumaruan (Gelasian – earliest Calabrian): Hawke’s Bay: Darkies Spur Formation, road cut, Darkies Spur Road, Arapaoanui Valley, c. 30 km N of Napier (GS 11225, V 20 / f 8002, grid ref. V 20 / 407104; 1 + fragment; Figs 28 I, K). Whanganui Basin: Komako Formation, Pohangina Valley (Carter, 1972: 306, 321), Makawakawa Stream (OUGD, OU 7597, T 23 / f 6516, grid ref. T 23 / 594099; 1); Konewa Stream (OUGD, OU 7668, T 23 / f 6548, grid ref. T 23 / 595201; 1); Te Ekaou Stream (OUGD, OU 8125, T 23 / f 6563, grid ref. T 23 / 574175; 1); Hautawa Shellbed, Te Ekaou Stream, Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Waikato (T 23 / f 060, grid ref. T 23 / 577174; 1); lowest lens of Nukumaru Limestone, Waitotara “ desert ”, coast W of Whanganui (GS 4258, R 22 / f 6488, grid ref. R 22 / 581489; 1; Fleming, 1953 b: 139); 0.1 m-thick sandy shell lens in massive mudstone, “ undifferentiated Upper Okiwa Group ” between Tuha Sand and Ohingaiti Sand (Fleming, 1953 b: 133, 136), road cut on hillside 200 m E of Makohine Stream, 2 km S of Ohingaiti, Rangitikei Valley (T 22 / f 8506, grid ref. T 22 / 550356; GNS TM 4495, 1, Figs 28 B, E, H; D. Cowe collection, 1967, several); Tewkesbury Formation (late Nukumaruan), shellbed enclosing Vinegar Hill Tephra (MIS 61, 1.75 Ma; Pillans et al., 2005: 79, figs 5 A, 11; Townsend et al., 2008: fig. 35), Brunswick Road, SE side Kai Iwi Valley, W of Whanganui (GS 15348, R 22 / f 6542 A, grid ref. R 22 / 773506; 1).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC0FFF4CED3FE303804F837.taxon	description	The only other material observed in world museums is the type material of Hartungia dennanti chavani, listed above.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC0FFF4CED3FE303804F837.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Janthina chavani is particularly abundant in the type area, in Roe Calcarenite (late Piacenzian) on the Roe Plain, southeastern Western Australia. It is also abundant at a few quarries in Bridgewater Limestone (late Piacenzian – Calabrian?) around Naracoorte, SouthAustralia, and Tate’s two paralectotypes of Heligmope dennanti from the upper part of Hallett Cove Sandstone near Hallett Cove in South Australia are also J. chavani. Ludbrook (1978) also recorded it from a few other localities in South Australia. Ludbrook (1983, 1984) also recorded J. chavani from Point Ellen Formation at Cape Jervis, Fleurieu Peninsula, mainland South Australia, and at Point Ellen, Vivonne, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Ludbrook (1983: 45, figs 3 h ‒ j; Geological Survey of South Australia GSSA 10025 a ‒ c, three illustrated) recorded 17 specimens from Point Ellen and four from Cape Jervis; further specimens have since been collected by T. A. Darragh at Point Ellen (listed above). Many fragments and a few complete specimens have also been seen from “ lower ” Ascot Formation in water wells in the Perth Basin, WesternAustralia (material in WAM). In New Zealand it is much less common and widespread than J. typica, and is recorded from only 13 localities in Mangapanian and Nukumaruan (late Piacenzian – early Calabrian) rocks in Hawke’s Bay and Whanganui Basin. In Japan, a few specimens have been collected from near the Pacific coast of SE Honshu Island, and two were reported by Tomida et al. (2013) from Hioki, Miyazaki Prefecture, near the east coast of Kyushu. The single Atlantic record is from Kane Megamullion, on the mid-Atlantic ridge (Kaim et al., 2012), where specimens apparently were dredged from “ normal ” seabed, and not from a hydrothermal seep site as Kaim et al. (2012) thought. Late Pliocene – early Pleistocene rocks of suitable facies for the preservation of Janthina apparently are not exposed on the Atlantic islands where J. typica occurs, although the records from São Vicente, Madeira, and from Selvagem Grande Island require re-collection to be certain of their identities and are possibly J. chavani.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC0FFF4CED3FE303804F837.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 5.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC0FFF4CED3FE303804F837.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Teleoconch moderate-sized to very large for Janthina (up to H 48, D 40 mm), covered with fine, straight, closely spaced axial ridges; axial ridges tending to fade out over last whorl of large specimens; 8 – 11 spiral folds per whorl (9 or 10 on most specimens) but most specimens with spiral folds significantly less obvious than on J. typica; at least two spiral folds suppressed on upper sutural ramp. Outer lip sinus small, basal, as in J. typica, but slightly wider, narrowly V-shaped in some specimens. Teleoconch increasing in height with weak allometry; most juvenile specimens with low spires, most large specimens taller and narrower than all other large Janthina species, although much shorter and wider than Recluzia species.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC0FFF4CED3FE303804F837.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Janthina chavani resembles J. typica closely, but can be distinguished by three characters: (1) the spiral folds are weaker, particularly over the sutural ramp, than on J. typica. The two uppermost spiral cords, at least, are suppressed, so that the ramp is smooth (apart from the fine axial ridgelets) in almost all specimens. Many Roe Calcarenite specimens have very weak, almost uncountable spiral folds, and resemble J. janthina quite closely (Figs 27 A – I, 28 C, F, J). Spiral cords are not visible at all on spire whorls of most specimens, and only around the outer edges of the spire whorls of others. (2) The fine axial ridgelets tend to fade out after the spire whorls and, on many specimens, particularly the (slightly abraded?) Roe Calcarenite population, the axial ridgelets are very weak on or absent from the last whorl. (3) Teleoconch spire height exhibits a much greater range of variation than in any other Janthina species, tending to produce an allometrical change with growth from very low-spired juvenile specimens to tall-spired adults. Obviously, this third character is visible only in large collections, and it is doubtful whether it would have been recognized without observing the large number of beautifully preserved specimens from Roe Calcarenite in southeastern Western Australia. Once it became evident in Roe Calcarenite collections, the great shape variability of other populations in New Zealand, southern Australia and Japan became more comprehensible. Many specimens have an obviously convex (cyrtoconoid) spire outline, resulting from the change in shape during growth, but others have straight outlines. Still others have an unusually rapid whorl translation, so they accommodate the change in shape with a stepped spire, each succeeding whorl descending below the periphery of the preceding one. Shape differences are shown in Fig. 29, a scatter diagram comparing height with width in Janthina typica, J. chavani and J. krejcii sp. nov. The field occupied by J. typica in Fig. 29 is aligned more nearly along the x = y diagonal axis than that of J. chavani. This demonstrates that on average, height is almost equal to diameter in J. typica, and there is little change in shape with growth, although most small specimens have shorter spires than large specimens; height increases regularly throughout growth. The field of J. krejcii sp. nov. lies well below but parallel to the x = y axis, confirming the very low, wide shape of this species. All specimens are wider than they are high, and again there is no obvious change of shape with growth, although only five specimens were complete enough to include in this diagram. However, the field occupied by J. chavani is aligned up a steeper axis than x = y. On average, small (juvenile) specimens are wider than they are high, large adults are markedly taller than they are wide, and there is a weak allometrical increase in height as the shell grows in J. chavani. Although the allometry is weak, 22 of the 50 plotted specimens of J. chavani (44 %) are taller than all 29 specimens of J. typica plotted in Fig. 29, confirming the visual estimation of shape and size differences. The sinus in the outer lip in Janthina chavani is basal, as in J. typica, but while in many specimens it is semicircular (Figs 28 C, E), others have a wider, narrowly V-shaped sinus, and in still others it is intermediate in shape (Ludbrook, 1978: pl. 12, figs 3, 5 – 6, 10). Specimens of J. chavani reach 48 mm in height and 40 mm in diameter, with 8 – 11 spiral folds on the last whorl. Most specimens have 9 or 10 folds, as in J. typica. Presumably the allometrical increase in spire height in J. chavani produces a taller sutural ramp in adults that allows almost the same number of spiral folds to be present in both species, bordered above by an unfolded area in J. chavani that is absent from J. typica. The spiral folds of J. chavani also possibly are slightly narrower than those of J. typica, although any difference is not obvious. A high proportion of Roe Calcarenite specimens is conspicuously large, robust, thick-shelled, weakly sculptured and tall-spired for a fossil Janthina species, but this is presumably partly because of the large population available to select from. The weakly consolidated nature of the formation allows the excellent preservation and easy collection of fragile shells. Ludbrook (1978: pl. 12, figs 13 – 14) illustrated a specimen with all sculpture abraded off the earliest 1.5 teleoconch whorls, which are weakly inflated in this specimen, and labelled it as “ showing smooth protoconch ”, but this is misidentified and does not resemble the very small, tall, pupiform, planktotrophic Epitonium protoconch of all living Janthina species. It is quite similar in appearance to the smooth apex of the holotype of Eunaticina abyssalis (Fig. 25 G), although the outer layer is present and the smoothness results from surface abrasion rather than corrosion in this case. The protoconch of J. chavani has not been observed. The younger Japanese specimens are referred to planktonic foraminiferal zones N 21 and N 22 and were identified by Japanese authors as Janthina (or Hartungia) japonica. They are relatively small and, consequently, have low spires (Tomida & Itoigawa, 1982: pl. 19, figs 1 a – c, holotype of Parajanthina japonica; Tomida & Itoigawa, 1984: pl. 31, figs 1 a – 2 b; 1989: pl. 23, figs 1 a – 2 d; Noda et al., 1995: figs 11.7 a – d; Tomida & Kitao, 2002: figs 2.1 a – 2 c; Tomida et al., 2013: figs 3 E – L). However, they agree with J. chavani in having weaker spiral sculpture than older specimens, they closely resemble most New Zealand specimens identified as J. chavani, and they overlap with the range of variation in spire height of New Zealand and southern Australian specimens. The apparent difference in spire height results from the scarcity of large adults in Japanese samples, and their abundance in Roe Calcarenite collections. Like New Zealand specimens, many Japanese ones also have been distorted and crushed to varying extents by compaction. In the writer’s estimation, these youngest Japanese specimens fall within the range of variation of J. chavani. The overall impression of the characters and range of variation of Janthina chavani is that this species is closely similar to J. janthina as well as to J. typica. It is feasible that it was the immediate ancestor of J. janthina. This closely similar appearance provides the main evidence that fossils allow for the evolutionary history of the entire group, and so must be given strong weight when evaluating the phylogeny of Janthina. The very weak spiral folds on some specimens of J. chavani from Roe Calcarenite are only slightly more obvious than the faint spiral folds and grooves on the base of some Recent specimens of J. janthina, and the most fundamental differences between them are the narrow basal sinus in the outer lip of J. chavani and its wider shape and more nearly central apex in J. janthina, the weakly trochiform shape of J. janthina compared with an evenly convex shape (although with a flattened sutural ramp) in J. chavani, and the presence of axial ridgelets over most of the spire whorls in J. chavani, whereas they are limited to the first c. 1 – 1.5 spire whorls in J. janthina. Weakening of the axial ridgelets and spiral folds and flattening of the sutural ramp in J. chavani compared with their state in J. typica are interpreted as precursors to the more marked state of these characters in J. janthina. The much smaller sinus in the outer lip in J. typica, J. krejcii and J. chavani than in all living Janthina species seems to indicate that the function of the sinus has changed during the evolution of the genus. Wilson & Wilson (1956: 302) described the extrusion of capsules from between the gills and the bottom of the foot in J. janthina, so possibly the small early sinus aided this capsule extrusion, and the sinus only later came to be adapted to be used more continuously to accommodate the protruding head. Time range. Late Piacenzian – early Calabrian; 3.0 – c. 1.7 Ma (Mangapanian – Nukumaruan New Zealand Stages; latest Pliocene – early Pleistocene; Cooper, 2004: fig. 13.1, modified by inclusion of the Gelasian Stage in the Pleistocene); probably considerably younger (late Calabrian, 1.0 Ma, or even younger) in Bridgewater Limestone in SE South Australia. The equally meagre record in Japan and southern Australia confirms the mid-Piacenzian origination observed in New Zealand, but the upper limit is not constrained in any stratigraphical succession the writer is aware of.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC6FF8BCF28FF3A3C57F859.taxon	description	Figs 2 G – J, 30 – 31	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC6FF8BCF28FF3A3C57F859.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. As with all living Janthina species other than J. janthina, Laursen (1953) did not discuss any type material of J. globosa, and provided no reasons for assigning particular names to particular species. Examination of the huge collections of Janthina specimens in world museums has demonstrated that Laursen (1953) recognized the five living species correctly, as was agreed by Robertson (2007 a), although a little tentatively. As far as can be determined from the type material the writer has examined, Laursen also assigned the most appropriate names to the five species, but the more than 60 published names for living Janthina species must now be referred to type specimens that establish their identity unambiguously. The two specimens in UPSZTY illustrated by Laursen (1953: pl. 1, fig. 2) and referred to Helix janthina by Linnaeus (1764: 670) are Janthina globosa Swainson (UPSZTY 756, marked with a letter “ a ”, and UPSZTY 2849, marked with a letter “ b ”; Erica Sjolin UPSZTY pers. comm. 26 Sep 2012). No type material of J. globosa Swainson is present in NHMUK (K. Way NHMUK pers. comm. 05 Feb 2013). It seemed possible that some is present in Swainson’s material in the Manchester Museum. However, the catalogue of molluscan types in the Manchester Museum (McGhie, 2008) does not include any Swainson types. H. McGhie (Manchester Museum pers. comm. 27 Nov 2014) stated that he has been unable to recognize any Swainson types because Swainson’s material has been incorporated in the general collection and there is no means of identifying it. It is concluded that none of Swainson’s type specimens of Mollusca is recognisable in the Manchester Museum. No type material of Janthina globosa Blainville or of J. prolongata is present in MNHN, NHMUK, USNM or any other institutions the writer has consulted, and its location is unknown. Janthina iricolor, three syntypes NHMUK 1976168, from “ China ”, ex Cuming collection; two of the syntypes were illustrated by Yen (1942: 219, pl. 20, fig. 123, 2 images). The larger of the syntypes illustrated by Yen (1942: pl. 20, fig. 123, right image), NHMUK 1976168 a, is here designated the neotype of both Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822 (Jan) and Janthina prolongata Blainville, 1822 (Aug). Janthina nitens, no type material present in any museums the writer has consulted. Menke did not know the locality of his specimen. R. Janssen (SMF pers. comm. 18 Aug 2015) confirmed that no type material of J. nitens is present in the remnants of Menke’s collection in SMF. Therefore, the neotype of J. globosa and J. prolongata designated above, NHMUK 1976168 a, is here also designated the neotype of Janthina nitens Menke, 1828. Dr K. Schniebs (Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlung Dresden, pers. comm. 23 Feb 2016) reported that all material of Janthina in Anton’s collection was lost in or after the end of world war two, so no type material remains for J. rosea. Therefore, the neotype of J. globosa, J. prolongata and J. nitens designated above, NHMUK 1976168 a, is here also designated the neotype of Janthina rosea Anton, 1838. The remaining two syntypes of Janthina patula Philippi, ZMB 41985 (photographs sent by C. Zorn, ZMB pers. comm. 30 Jan 2016; Figs 30 F – G) are labelled “ Neapel ” (Naples). This name previously was assumed to be a synonym of J. pallida, but the deep sinus in the outer lip and the protruding, pointed anterior end of the columella demonstrate that the illustrated syntype is a tall, narrow specimen of J. globosa rather than of J. pallida. As the writer has seen only the illustrated photographs (Figs 30 F – G), the illustrated syntype ZMB 41985 a is here designated the lectotype of Janthina patula Philippi, 1844, in case the remaining paralectotype is not conspecific. Type material of Carpenter’s (1857) Janthina species was not included in Carpenter’s illustrations of the Mazatlan fauna (Brann, 1966: 14). However, that is not surprising because, as Keen (1968) pointed out, Carpenter illustrated only his smaller specimens, with camera lucida drawings. Keen (1968: 408, 410, pl. 59, figs 78 a – 80) illustrated the type material in NHMUK of all three names proposed by Carpenter and recorded three syntypes of Ianthina decollata, demonstrating that they are typical specimens of J. globosa. Type material of all three names, from Mazatlan, western Mexico, is still present in NHMUK: I. decollata, one syntype remaining, NHMUK 1857.6.4.878 (K. Way NHMUK pers. comm. 05 Feb 2013). The name Janthina nitens var. atlantica Mörch (1860: 280) was defined by a list of references, the first of which was “ Janthina communis Q. et G., Ast [rolabe], t. 29, fig. 1 – 4 ”, followed by a further six references (Mörch did not italicize Janthina in headings in this paper). The other references are to M. E. Gray (1842: pl. 48, fig. 1, and pl. 117 a, figs 2 b – c), Chenu (1859: 118, fig. 518), Woodward (1851: 148), Gray (1857: 52, fig. 30) and Cuvier (1808: pl. 1, figs 3 – 5). Most of these figures show J. globosa, and these and Mörch’s reference to the Mediterranean locality cited by Fabius Columna show that the name is a synonym of J. globosa. The original material illustrated in the figures referred to by Mörch (1860: 280) all constitutes syntypes of J. nitens var. atlantica. Kathe Jensen (ZMUC pers. comm. 18 Aug 2015) stated that she was unable to find type material in ZMUC. Quoy & Gaimard’s (1833: pl. 29, figs 1 – 4) illustration, supposedly of “ J. communis ”, i. e., J. janthina, from “ Océan Atlantique ”, shows a specimen with egg capsules attached beneath its float, and so is clearly not J. janthina, although the drawings are so crude that the species is not identifiable from this drawing. Also, the specimens illustrated by Quoy & Gaimard (1833: pl. 29) are not present in MNHN (P. Bouchet MNHN pers. comm. 5 Apr 2016). The location of any of the other specimens illustrated in the references cited by Mörch (1860: 280) also is unknown. Therefore, the neotype of J. globosa, J. prolongata, J. nitens and J. rosea designated above, NHMUK 1976168 a, is here also designated the neotype of J. nitens var. atlantica. It has been assumed previously that Monterosato’s (1878: 35) identification of Janthina pallida was correct. However, his type material is present in MCZR. Massimo Appolloni (MCZR) and Marco Oliverio (Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “ Charles Darwin ”, University of Rome 1 “ La Sapienza ”) sent the writer photographs of some of Monterosato’s type material. The syntype examined of Amethistina laeta Monterosato, 1884 (= J. pallida var. minor Monterosato, 1878), MCZR 23414 / 1, is a small specimen (H 11.8 mm), one of five specimens of Janthina globosa from Algiers, labelled “ Amethistina laeta 1884 Monts [Monterosato] Alger (Joly) ”. Because of confusion about the application of this name, which (as with J. splendens) has usually been assumed to refer to J. pallida, the illustrated specimen (Fig. 30 D), MCZR 23414 / 1, is here designated the lectotype of Amethistina laeta Monterosato, 1884. Janthina splendens Monterosato, 14 syntypes in MCZR; six syntypes are from Algiers, labelled “ J. splendens Monts Alger! (Joly) ”, two from Alexandria, Egypt, labelled “ J. splendens Allesandria (Lothellerie) ”, two from “ Is. di Lipari ”, and four labelled “ Pal. coll. Di Blasi ”. The illustrated syntype (Fig. 30 C, E) from Alexandria is a small specimen (H 13.7 mm) of J. globosa. Because of confusion about the application of this name, the illustrated specimen, MCZR 23423 / 1, is here designated the lectotype of Janthina splendens Monterosato, 1884. Janthina payraudeaui, type material not in MNHN, location unknown; referring to Payraudeau’s (1826: 121, pl. 6, fig. 1) illustration of a specimen J. globosa from Corsica. The neotype of Janthina globosa Swainson and J. prolongata Blainville designated above, NHMUK 1976168 a, is here also designated the neotype of Janthina payraudeaui Locard, 1901. Other material examined. Fossils: Philippine Islands: Janssen (2007 a: 59, pl. 1, figs 5 A – 6 B) recorded and illustrated two small specimens of Janthina globosa, one from each of his localities Anda 1 and Anda 2, near the village of Anda on Cabarruyan Island, Lingayen Gulf, Pangasinan province, west coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands. A combination of planktonic foraminiferans and pteropods at this locality demonstrated a Piacenzian (late Pliocene) age (Janssen, 2007 a: 110). Helwerda et al. (2014: 101) pointed out that the age of the Anda localities might be as young as Gelasian, based on planktonic foraminifera, and is uncertain at present; they are accepted as Piacenzian – Gelasian in the present paper. The small specimen, a little over 9 mm high, from Anda 1 (RGM 517582; Janssen, 2007 a: pl. 1, figs 5 A – B) clearly reveals the lack of sculpture, near-spherical shape, anterior apertural prolongation, and moderately deep mid-outer lip sinus of J. globosa. Also, the specimen from Anda 2 (RGM 517583; Janssen, 2007 a: pl. 1, figs 6 A – B) reveals an incomplete but well-preserved Janthina protoconch. This material is critically important, as it is the first confirmation of the late Piacenzian – Gelasian (late Pliocene – earliest Pleistocene) occurrence of a living Janthina species. Jamaica: Woodring (1928: 405) identified a small specimen from the famously diverse Pliocene locality at Bowden, Jamaica, as “ Janthina sp. ”, and suggested it might be related to J. globosa. The Bowden “ shellbed ” has been dated as early Piacenzian, calcareous nannofossil zone NN 16 (Aubry, 1993); as Piacenzian, based on planktonic Foraminifera (Berggren, 1993); as “ early late Piacenzian ” (Janssen, 1998: 97) based on planktonic Foraminifera, confirmed by the occurrence of the “ pteropod ” Cavolinia tridentata (Niebuhr, 1775), which did not evolve until Piacenzian time (Janssen, 1998: 105); as late Pliocene [i. e., Piacenzian] (Kohl & Robinson, 1998); and as 2.8 – 1.6 Ma, spanning the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (at this date, intended for late Gelasian – early Calabrian, the boundary dated at 1.8 Ma; Cotton, 1999). A late Piacenzian age is accepted here, recognising the rather poorly constrained age of this “ shellbed ”. The “ shellbed ” is highly heterogeneous and possibly formed as an olistostrome (B. M. Landau pers. comm. 2008), contains microfossils reworked from a range of ages (Kohl & Robinson, 1998) and certainly contains macrofossils from a wide range of environments. The lithostratigraphy was described in detail by Pickerill et al. (1998), who demonstrated several lenses of coarse-grained lithologies within the lower part of the formation. Kohl & Robinson (1998: 43) concluded from the Foraminifera that the Bowden Formation was deposited by sediment gravity flows: “ … the present study supports the downslope transport interpretation of other investigators … a shallow-water (inner neritic) fauna containing molluscs, corals and benthic foraminifera was redeposited in an outer neritic environment ”. The writer has examined Woodring’s specimen (USNM 135575, from USGS locality 2580, collected by J. Henderson). It is stark white, incomplete (part of the base originally missing), very small (H 5.7, D 4.7 mm; Woodring, 1928: 405), and has now largely disintegrated into five main fragments and several smaller ones. It is very thin-shelled, with an obvious but low, rounded spire as in Janthina globosa, a narrow inner lip reflected over the very narrow umbilical chink, and an almost completely smooth, evenly and strongly inflated exterior representing an originally subspherical, naticiform shell. The largest basal fragment (maximum dimension 4.2 mm; Fig. 31) bears very faint growth lines revealing a moderately deep sinus in the centre of the outer lip, agreeing with that of Recent specimens of J. globosa. One growth line is almost complete, and many others are faintly visible parallel to the complete one, all visible only in strongly oblique light. The protoconch is missing. Because of its evenly subspherical shape, low but obvious, rounded spire, lack of sculpture other than faint growth lines, and the moderately deep sinus with its apex located in the centre of the outer lip, the Bowden specimen also is identified as a late Piacenzian fossil specimen of J. globosa. Mediterranean: Janssen (2012: 24, figs 6 A – 7 B, 45 H) recorded Janthina globosa (six samples) and another possibly distinct taxon referred to “ Janthina janthina? ” (19 samples) from late Pleistocene – Holocene core tops collected throughout the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The protoconch illustrated (Janssen, 2012: fig. 45 H) as that of J. janthina is shorter and inclined at a much greater angle to the teleoconch coiling axis than in Janthina species illustrated previously (Robertson, 1971: pl. 5, fig. 17) and although the juvenile teleoconch (Janssen, 2012: figs 7 A – B) lacks axial ridgelets, it closely resembles those studied here. Also, Robertson (1971: 7) described the angle of the protoconch to the teleoconch coiling axis as varying between 10 ° and 50 ° in J. janthina, and those examined here (Figs 32 A – D) lie at a high angle to the teleoconch, indicating that Janssen’s (2012) identification is correct. Specimens assigned to J. globosa (Janssen, 2012: figs 6 A – B) also are correctly identified. Present – day samples from Australia and New Zealand: Australia: Northern Territory: Port Essington (AMS). Western Australia: Broome (NMV); False Bay (AMS). South Australia: Encounter Bay (SAM). New South Wales: Ulladulla (AMS); Nelson Bay (AMS); Curl Curl Beach (C 83054, AMS); Maroubra (SAM; C 51088, AMS); Collaroy Beach (C 79166, C 77799, AMS); Long Reef (AMS); Palm Beach (AMS); La Perouse (AMS); Coogee (C 56764, AMS); Middle Harbour, Port Jackson (NMV); Manly Beach (NMV); Terrigal (AMS); Port Kembla (AMS); South Ocean Beach, Bermagui (AMS); Putty Beach, Kilcare (AMS); Wollongong (C 11239, AMS); Mallacoota (NMV); Ulladulla (C 83053, AMS). Queensland: Caloundra (AMS); Fairfax I., Bunker Group (C 69053, AMS); Keppell Bay (NMV); Lady Elliott I. (C 73001, AMS). Tasmania: Tasmania (many, NMNZ M 210990). Lord Howe Island (NMV; C 13799, AMS); Blimey Beach (AMS). Norfolk Island: C 59408 (AMS); specimen observed, AGB, in Mrs M. Hoare colln, Norfolk. Kermadec Islands: Raoul I. (NMV; AWM; AMS; NMNZ M 200951, 10; M 22294, 70); Denham Bay, Raoul I. (GNS WM 8273, 1; NMNZ M 201609, 1); 1.8 km NW of Napier I., Raoul I. (NMNZ M 226575, 1). New Zealand: Spirits Bay (NMNZ M 03935, 1); Tapotupotu, SE of Cape Reinga (NMNZ M 308661, 30); Waikuku Beach, S of North Cape (NMNZ M 044726, 4); Matai Bay, Karikari Peninsula (GNS RM 3760, 2); Cable Bay, Doubtless Bay (GNS RM 4063, 1); outer Bay of Islands (NMNZ M 308652, 3); Otahei Bay, Bay of Islands (NMNZ M 087147, 3); Russell, Bay of Islands (AWM); Bream Head, Northland (AWM 18130); Mangawai Heads, Northland (GNS RM 333, 2; AWM 17547); Waipu Cove, S of Whangarei (GNS RM 4322, 3); Pakiri Beach, N of Leigh (GNS RM 5320, 4); Whangateau, Leigh (AWM 30150); Piha Beach, W Auckland (GNS RM 5310, 1); Muriwai Beach, W Auckland (GNS M 5321, 3); Auckland (S 492, S 780, Suter Colln, GNS); Takapuna Beach, Auckland (AWM 18131); Orakei, Auckland (GNS Suter colln, S 780, 1); Auckland harbour (GNS Suter colln, S 492, 1); Kaitoke Beach, Great Barrier I. (NMNZ M 087145, 1); W coast Awhitu Peninsula, SW of Waiuku, SW Auckland (NMNZ M 087148, 3; M 277738, 1; M 277739, 2); Matakana I., Bay of Plenty (AWM 33258; AWM 42753, 53; NMNZ M 111096, 2); Papamoa Beach, Bay of Plenty (NMNZ M 120140, 100; M 120141, 40); Waihau Bay, Whangaparaoa, near East Cape (NMNZ M 15032, 1).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC6FF8BCF28FF3A3C57F859.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Janthina globosa is among the least common living Janthina species around New Zealand. It is recorded only from the northeastern North Island warm-water region, as far south as Awhitu Peninsula, SW Auckland, on the west coast and the eastern Bay of Plenty on the east coast. Nevertheless, samples of some hundreds of specimens have been collected in this area from time to time. It is much more common around eastern, northern and western Australia, and is one of the most common species in the North Pacific. Savilov (1969: 402) noted that the distribution of J. globosa in the Pacific is very similar to that of J. janthina, and many large schools contained both species, although J. globosa was much the less common. It was collected at 81 of the 393 Vityaz stations with Janthina. “ Exceptionally large concentrations were observed in … the north and south subtropical current systems, as well as in the eastern regions of the Trade Wind Current. They also occurred near the coast of California. Only single young individuals (1 – 3 mm) were observed in the western areas of the North Trade Wind Current and in the Trade Wind Countercurrent ” (Savilov, 1969: 402). Berry (1958) reported that it is “ of only occasional Californian occurrence ”. As noted above, Okano & Wada (2012) provided data on height and egg-capsule incidence for a collection of about 170 specimens cast ashore in September 2010 on the beaches of Iwami-cho, eastern Tottori Prefecture, Japan Sea coast of Honshu. Egg capsules were present in 41 of these specimens (24 %); the largest shell was 40.35 mm high, and none with shells shorter than 27.4 mm had egg capsules attached to their floats. Suzuki & Shiga (2008) also recorded specimens rather surprisingly cast ashore in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Most importantly for the evolution of neustonic Epitoniidae, Piacenzian or possibly Gelasian fossil specimens of Janthina globosa are recorded here from two localities, in Jamaica and the Philippine Islands. Late Pleistocene – Holocene fossils are also reported widely in the Mediterranean Sea. This species has a much longer fossil record than any other living Janthina species, and is critical for demonstrating that a living Janthina species already had achieved a wide, presumably cosmopolitan distribution before J. chavani became extinct. This confirms that J. globosa and J. janthina had distinct origins.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC6FF8BCF28FF3A3C57F859.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 6.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC6FF8BCF28FF3A3C57F859.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Moderately large (to c. 40 mm high), spire moderately tall, whorls strongly and evenly convex, suture deeply impressed; exterior lightly polished to glossy, without obvious sculpture. Sinus occupying entire height of outer lip, symmetrically V-shaped, deep but less so than in J. exigua and J. umbilicata; apex of sinus at centre of lip. Anterior end of columella drawn out anteriorly, forming a short, triangular projection. Most specimens uniform deep violet, slightly paler below suture than elsewhere; a few specimens paler. Lays ovate-triangular egg capsules on underside of float.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC6FF8BCF28FF3A3C57F859.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The large size sets Janthina globosa apart from all living Janthina species other than J. janthina. Many shells reach 30 mm in height; Suter (1913: 300) recorded a New Zealand specimen with H 41, D 38 m, although it is not clear what this was based on, as a specimen this large is not present in his collection in GNS. As noted above, Okano & Wada (2012) also recorded Japanese specimens up to 40.35 mm high. Several large specimens examined (e. g., Gove, Northern Territory, Australia, NMNZ M 042102, 2 specimens) have an unusually pale, matt, milky bluishwhite shell, similar in tone to most specimens of J. pallida, but most specimens retain their deep violet, glossy shells until a large size. Its lack of sculpture, anterior prolongation of the columella, and polished, strongly and evenly convex whorls also make this species easily recognised. The sinus in the outer lip also is significantly deeper than that of J. pallida. The radular teeth of J. globosa (Laursen, 1953: fig. 33) are narrower and less strongly hooked than those of all other Janthina species. Priolo (1959: 183 – 184) provided a long list of references to usages of this name and its many synonyms in the literature on living Mediterranean molluscs. Berry (1958) adopted the name Janthina prolongata for this species because he considered that “ the recent … monograph by Laursen (1953) is … inconsistent in its application of the priority rule ”. Berry (1958) thought that Swainson’s (1822: pl. 85) plate of Janthina was published in 1823, whereas he correctly dated Blainville’s (1822) monograph. Therefore, Berry also adopted the name J. globosa Blainville, 1822 for the species identified here as J. umbilicata, as he thought J. globosa Blainville was the senior homonym of J. globosa Swainson. Berry’s (1958) conclusions were followed by Keen (1971). However, Swainson’s (1822: pl. 85) plate was published in January 1822, whereas Blainville’s monograph was published in August 1822; these dates were confirmed by Rosenberg (2017). A specimen of Janthina globosa collected alive after being cast ashore on a beach in northern New South Wales was photographed by Denis Riek [Brunswick Heads, NSW, pers. comm. 12 Nov 2015; illustrated on his web page (Riek, 2017); Fig. 5 E] suspended from its float, with its head expanded but its snout rather contracted, revealing forked cephalic tentacles, and bearing pale pink egg capsules beneath the float. The external anatomy appears to be identical to that of J. janthina.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFC6FF8BCF28FF3A3C57F859.taxon	description	Time range. Late Piacenzian – Gelasian (at Bowden, Jamaica and Anda, Cabarruyan Island, Luzon, Philippines) to living, earliest record poorly constrained; recorded widely from late Pleistocene – Holocene core tops in the eastern Mediterranean.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFBAFF81CDB5FF3A3F8BF97C.taxon	description	Figs 1, 2 A – F, 4 A – E, 5 A, D, 32 – 33	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFBAFF81CDB5FF3A3F8BF97C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Laursen (1953: pl. 1, fig. 1) illustrated the four syntypes of Helix janthina in Linnaeus’s collection held by the Linnean Society of London. Linnaeus’s collection is stored in the Linnean Society’s rooms in Burlington House, London, and is not registered. Laursen discussed the identity of these and the two specimens in UPSZTY that formerly belonged to Queen Louisa Ulrika (Laursen, 1953: 17, pl. 1, fig. 2). He recognized that the specimens in London are Janthina janthina whereas those in Uppsala are J. globosa. In the text Laursen (1953: 17) briefly discussed the identity of Linnaeus’s specimens, noting that “ Specimen no. 7 in fig. 15 is identical with the type represented in plate 1, fig. 1, middle ”. However, this seems to mean “ type ” in the sense of “ a syntype ” or “ a type of specimen ” in general, rather than “ the type specimen ”, as Laursen (1953: 17) provided the following caption to fig. 15: “ Ianthina janthina (Linné). Variations in the shape of the shell from the type specimen, no. 3, towards the trochoid forms (2 ‒ 1) and the flattened forms (4 ‒ 12), respectively. Linné’s original material further includes nos. 7 and 12 ”. It is clear from this that the specimens shown in Laursen’s (1953: figs 1.3, 1.7 and 1.12; Fig. 33) are three of Linnaeus’s four syntypes held by the Linnean Society of London. This mention in the caption possibly qualifies as a valid designation of the specimen in Laursen’s (1953: fig. 15.3) illustration as the lectotype of Helix janthina Linnaeus, 1758 under ICZN Article 74.5, as (a) it is clear from the discussion on this page and in the caption to Laursen (1953: pl. 1) that Laursen was aware that Linnaeus’s syntypes included two species, (b) the statement was published before 2000, (c) Laursen used the term “ the type ”, and (d) the statement referred to an individual specimen. It seems likely that this is a separate specimen from the one mentioned by Laursen (1953: pl. 1, fig. 1, “ middle ”), which is significantly larger; apparently it is the specimen shown by Laursen (1953: pl. 15.7). However, no formal lectotype designation is included in Laursen’s text, and it is unclear whether the statement in the figure caption was intended as a lectotype designation. Because of doubts about the validity of Laursen’s (1953: 17, caption) lectotype designation, the syntype of Janthina janthina in Linnaeus’s collection housed by the Linnean Society of London and illustrated by Laursen (1953: fig. 15.3; Fig. 33.3) is here designated the lectotype of Helix janthina Linnaeus, 1758. The two paralectotypes in UPSZTY referred to Helix janthina by Linnaeus (1764: 670) are listed above under J. globosa. The lectotype of Helix janthina is here also designated the neotype of Janthina violacea Röding, 1798, in order to refer this name unambiguously to J. janthina, rather than supplanting a later name. Laursen (1953) did not provide dimensions of the syntypes (which the writer has not seen), but judging from the original scale on Fig. 33 it is c. 25 mm in diameter. Linnaeus (1758: 772) stated its distribution as “ Habitat in Europa, Asia, Africa; in M. Mediterraneo frequentior; etiam pelagica ”; this wide distribution allows almost any type locality. Janthina communis, three syntypes examined, formerly NHMG 1094 / 79, now catalogued as NHMG-INVE 41376, without locality. These are also the syntypes of J. fragilis, which was simply renamed J. communis by Lamarck; Lamarck (1822: 206) listed “ Janthina fragilis. Encyclop. Pl. 456. F. 1. a. b ” (the proposal of J. fragilis) in the synonymy of J. communis. All three specimens are conspecific. The locality was stated by Lamarck (1822: 206) as “ l’Océan Atlantique et la Méditerranée ”. However, Y. Finet (NHMG pers. comm. 27 Sep 2012) pointed out that, as with J. exigua, Rosalie de Lamarck’s annotation on Lamarck’s copy of Animaux sans vertèbres states that there was only one specimen in Lamarck’s collection, so two of these specimens evidently are not original syntypes. The drawings in Lamarck (1816: pl. 456, fig. 1) are not accurate enough to distinguish specimens, so it is not possible to determine which syntype is the original. Janthina penicephala, from near the Cape of Good Hope (Mörch, 1860: 16), no type material in MNHN, location of type material not known. The lectotype of Helix janthina designated above in Linnaeus’s collection housed by the Linnean Society of London is here also designated the neotype of Janthina penicephala Péron & Lesueur, 1807, in order to refer this name unambiguously to J. janthina, rather than supplanting a later name. Janthina affinis, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1972018, without locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina africana, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1976163, from “ Zanzibar ”, ex Cuming collection. Janthina balteata, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1976164, from “ Cape of Good Hope ”, ex Cuming collection. Janthina casta, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1972020, without locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina caeruleata, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1976162, without locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina depressa, 2 syntypes NHMUK 1976166, without locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina fibula, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1976169, without locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina grandis, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1972019, without locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina involuta, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1976165, without locality, ex Cuming collection; these are unusual, distorted specimens of J. janthina. Mörch (1860: 279) stated that he had found the distorted condition in other species, and attributed it to “ implantations d’Anatifes ”, i. e., Lepas specimens attached to the Janthina shell. Janthina planispirata, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1951.3.14.1 – 3, from “ Atlantic Ocean ”, ex Cuming collection. Janthina roseola, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1973003, from “ Nicobar ”, ex Cuming collection, 3 normal, faintly pinkish-mauve specimens of J. janthina. Janthina smithiae, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1976167, from Glamorganshire, UK, ex Cuming collection. J. trochoidea, 2 syntypes NHMUK 20130060, without locality, from the V. W. MacAndrew collection, purchased from G. B. Sowerby (K. Way, NHMUK, pers. comm. 19 Feb 2013), and so probably ultimately from the Cuming collection; 3 possible syntypes also in NMV, purchased from H. Cuming. No specimens considered to be original material of Iodes angularis Leach or Janthina britannica of Leach or Jeffreys are present in NHMUK (K. Way, NHMUK, pers. comm. 05 Feb 2013). As noted above under Janthina globosa, Keen (1968: 408, 410, pl. 59, figs 78 a – 80) recorded and illustrated the type material of all three of Carpenter’s (1857) Janthina names in NHMUK, recording 37 syntypes of I. striulata on Carpenter’s tablets 868 – 876 (nine tablets) and two syntypes (only one then still preserved) of I. striulata var. contorta on tablet 877. All illustrated specimens are clearly J. janthina, as concluded by Keen (1968), although the illustrated syntype of I. striulata var. contorta is an unusual specimen with a folded columella. Type material of all three names is still present in NHMUK; I. striulata, 9 syntypes NHMUK 1857.6.4.868 – 876; I. striulata var. contorta, 1 syntype NHMUK 1857.6.4.877 (K. Way, NHMUK, pers. comm. 05 Feb 2013). All are from Mazatlan, Mexico. The writer is not aware of the location of type material of Janthina bicolor, stated to be from Jamaica; R. Janssen (SMF pers. comm. 18 Aug 2015) confirmed that there is no type material of J. bicolor in the remnants of Menke’s collection in SMF. However, J. bicolor is an earlier name than either J. pallida Thompson, 1840 or J. umbilicata Orbigny, 1841, so it is desirable to clarify its application with a neotype to avoid it supplanting later names. The lectotype of Helix janthina Linnaeus, 1758 and neotype of Janthina violacea Röding, 1798 designated above, the syntype of Helix janthina in Linnaeus’s collection housed by the Linnean Society of London and illustrated by Laursen (1953: fig. 15.3), is here designated the neotype of Janthina bicolor Menke, 1828. Janthina costae (Mörch, 1860: 274) was identified by a long list of published references, the first two pre-Linnean, followed by “ Janthina bicolor O. Costa. Cat. syst. (1829), p. CVI, no 27 ” (Mörch did not italicize generic names in this paper) and a further 14 references; Mörch apparently thought this was a species distinct from J. bicolor, i. e., J. janthina. He provided the locality “ Méditerranée (Costa) ”. Kathe Jensen (ZMUC pers. comm. 18 Aug 2015) stated that there are three specimens in ZMUC identified as “ possible syntypes ” of J. costae, ZMUC GAS- 719, with an early label reading “ Janthina costae Mörch I. Canar [Canary Islands] McAndrew 1865 ii 8 ” (presumably collected by the naturalist Robert McAndrew). This is the only known possible type material. If the date is a collection date, it is unlikely that these are syntypes, but McAndrew likely collected them during his only visit to the Canary Islands in 1852 (MacAndrew, 2008: 72), Mörch saw them in McAndrew’s collection, McAndrew sent them to Mörch, and they were received on 8 Feb 1865. They are assumed to be authentic syntypes. Janthina carpenteri (Mörch, 1860: 277) was proposed for “ Janthina striulata Carp. Reig., p. 185. — fragilis Reeve, fig. 6. Var. contorta Carpenter, Cat. p. 186 ”, i. e., J. janthina; no reason was given for renaming it. Kathe Jensen (ZMUC pers. comm. 21 Aug 2015) stated that there are at least three syntypes of J. carpenteri with animal tissue in one phial in the wet collection, ZMUC GAS- 1501, from the Pacific Ocean off Valparaiso, Chile, collected on 23 – 26 Mar 1847 by Reinhardt during the first Galathea Expedition. Janthina orbignyi (Mörch, 1860: 277) was proposed for “ Janthina fragilis D’Orb. Amér., t. 61, fig. 8 ”, i. e., again J. janthina. Kathe Jensen (ZMUC pers. comm. 18 Aug 2015) stated that she was unable to find any type material in ZMUC. This is not surprising, as the specimens of J. janthina illustrated under the name J. fragilis by d’Orbigny constitute the syntypes of J. orbignyi, and are in d’Orbigny’s collection of South American Mollusca in NHMUK. Seven syntypes are present, NHMUK 1854.12.4.399 – 400, bearing the locality “ Atlantic Ocean ”, and labelled “ illustrated in d’Orbigny, 1840. Voy. Amer. Meridian. Moll., 5: 413, pl. 61, figs. 8 – 10 ”. Photographs of the four largest specimens were sent by Andreia Salvador (NHMUK pers. comm. 16 Feb 2016), demonstrating that all are specimens of J. janthina. The largest specimen (Figs 32 E – F), NHMUK 1854.12.4.399 a, is here designated the lectotype of Janthina orbignyi. Ianthina auriculata holotype ZMB 60008 (C. Zorn, ZMB pers. comm. 8 Sep 2015); from the Indian Ocean, Valdivia Station 258, near East Africa, 2 ° 58 ' N 46 ° 50 ' E, “ ein Stück ”, i. e., it is the holotype. The illustration (Martens, 1904: 142, pl. 4, fig. 15) shows a typical trochiform specimen of J. janthina (not seen). Laursen (1953: 16) listed “ Ianthina fragilis var. spiraelata Mörch, 1860 ” in the synonymy of Janthina janthina. However, Mörch (1860: 278) listed “ Ianthina fragilis … var. spira elata ”, i. e., a variety with an elevated spire, and did not intend to propose a new name. Other material examined. Holocene fossils: trench excavated through uplifted Holocene terraces, Table Cape, Mahia Peninsula, central E North Island, New Zealand; from north-south transect, terrace 2 (1850 ± 50 years old), basal sediment 117 m inland from high-tide line and 5.5 m above mean sea-level (GS 15077, Y 19 / f 062, grid ref. Y 19 / 422212; 1, blue juvenile with low spire and diagnostic axial ridgelets; Beu, 2016: fig. 5 P). Present-day samples from Australia and New Zealand: Australia: Western Australia: Sunday I., Derby (WAM); Broome (NMV); Abrolhos Islands (SAM); Esperance (NMV); Cape Naturaliste (N 2069, N 2070, WAM); Leighton Beach (WAM 249 - 250); Cheyne Beach (WAM 2998); Cottesloe (C 69307, AMS); Fremantle (N 4021, WAM; NMV; AMS); Point Peron, Fremantle (WAM 367 - 40); Rottnest I. (NMV; WAM. 909 / 10 - 31); Yalingup (N 2072, N 2073, N 2459, N 2461, WAM); Windy Harbour, Cape D’Entrecasteaux (WAM 213 - 65); Salmon Holes Beach, King George Sound (C 69333, AMS); Albany (C 56995, AMS; NMNZ M 259093, 2). South Australia: Sleaford Bay (SAM). Victoria: Phillip I. (NMV); Gabo I. (NMV); Mallacoota (NMV). New South Wales: Narooma (NMV); Woody Head, Iluka (C 70070, AMS); Minnie Waters (C 70011, AMS); Port Stephens (NMV, AMS); Port Danger (C 5332, AMS); Flat Rock, Richmond River (C 50827, AMS); beach E of Bergalia, Moruya (AMS); Budgewai Beach (C 70041, AMS); Nambuca Heads (NMV); Norah Head (C 73966, AMS); Maroubra (C 51089, C 83051, AMS); Merimbula (NMV); Broulee, Bateman’s Bay (NMV; C 75537, AMS); Wooli (NMV, AMS); Manly Beach (NMV, AMS); Long Reef, Collaroy (C 69101, C 73827, AMS); Collaroy Beach (C 79167, C 77764, AMS); Curl Curl Beach, Sydney (C 50583, AMS); Bondi Beach (AMS); Harbord (AMS); Coogee, Sydney (NMV); Cronulla (AMS); Botany Bay (C 83050, AMS); Broken Bay (NMV); Putty Beach, Kilcare (AMS); Newcastle (NMV); Wreck Bay, Sussex Inlet (AMS); Bombo, near Kiama (AMS); Port Kembla (AMS); Shellharbour (NMV); Ulladulla (AMS); Twofold Bay (C 64284, AMS). Queensland: Darnley I., Torres Strait (C 51507, AMS); Two Isles (WAM); NE Herald Cay, Coral Sea (C 69064, AMS); West Cay, Diamond Islets (C 69165, AMS); North Keppell I. (NMV); Frederick Reef (C 68587, AMS); Tawnum Beach (AMS); Caloundra (NMV; C 12497, AMS); Lady Elliott I. (WAM; C 72669, C 72994, C 69177, AMS); Heron I. (NMV); Keppell Bay (C 320, AMS); Point Lookout, Stradbroke I. (WAM 159 - 59; AMS); outer beach, Stradbroke I. (NMV; C 13059, AMS); Moreton Bay (NMV). Tasmania: Beach End (C 11220, AMS); Falmouth (M 210983, NMNZ); Frederick Henry Bay (AMS); Clarke I. (NMV). Lord Howe Island: (WAM; C 13803, C 29233, C 80906, AMS; NMNZ M 213985, 14); Anson Bay (NMNZ M 212602, 6); Middleton Reef (NMNZ M 171237, 1). Norfolk Island: (C 59407, C 31040, AMS; observed, AGB, collection of Mrs M. Hoare, Norfolk); Emily Bay (WM 11213, GNS); Cemetery Bay (NMNZ M 212604, 5). Kermadec Islands: Raoul Island (NMV; AWM; C 36652, AMS; GNS WM 15297, 73; NMNZ M 202861, 60; M 202870, 5; M 214376, 70). New Zealand: NW of Three Kings Islands (NMNZ M 020819, 1); W Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga (NMNZ M 171032, 2; M 172330, 5); Te Werahi Beach, Cape Maria van Diemen (NMNZ M 277691, 2); Tapotupotu, E of Cape Reinga (GNS RM 4697, 1; RM 6154, 12); Spirits Bay (NMNZ M 277687, 2; M 277689, 3); Tom Bowling Bay (NMNZ M 011904, 2); Te Paki, Ninety Mile Beach (NMNZ M 277686, 3); N end of Ninety Mile Beach (NMNZ M 277690, 12; GNS RM 4636, 5); The Bluff, Ninety Mile Beach (GNS RM 4058, 3; NMNZ M 277693, 4); Paua, Parengarenga Harbour (NMNZ M 277692, 1); Tokerau Beach, Doubtless Bay (NMNZ M 277688, 1); Cavalli Islands, Whangaroa (NMNZ M 308660, 1); Takou Bay (GNS RM 4442, 2; NMNZ M 277685, 2); Russell, Bay of Islands (NMNZ M 087141, 2); Whangarei Heads (NMNZ M 02758, 3; AWM 18331; AWM 30529); Te Henga, WAuckland (M 216304, NMNZ); Waitakere West, W Auckland (AWM 18160); Piha Beach, W Auckland (NMNZ M 090620, 5; GNS RM 5309, 24); Bethells Beach, W Auckland (NMNZ M 016304, 30; M 087139, 40); Muriwai Beach, W Auckland (GNS RM 330, 10; NMNZ M 02757, 70; M 011903, 4; M 087144, 100; M 160082, 8; AWM 18330; AWM 29270); Whatipu, Manukau Harbour, W Auckland (NMNZ M 087142, 1); Pataua, Auckland (GNS RM 5313, 1); W coast Awhitu Peninsula, SW of Waiuku, W Auckland (NMNZ M 087143, 50; M 277679, 1; M 277680, 1; M 277681, 7; M 277682, 3; M 277684, 1; M 277697, 6; M 277698, 6; GNS RM 5315, 2); Kaitoke Beach, Great Barrier I. (NMNZ M 090518, 2); Tairua, Coromandel (NMNZ M 090519, 7); Thames (AWM 18329); Matakana Island, Bay of Plenty (AWM 18328; AWM 33270); Papamoa Beach, Bay of Plenty (NMNZ M 120139, 150); Boulder Bay, Motuhora (Whale) Island, Bay of Plenty (NMNZ M 040063, 18); Ohope Beach, Whakatane (NMNZ M 040064, 50); Opotiki (AWM 18327); beach E side Waitaki River, 5 km W of Opotiki (GNS RM 5561, 1); platform E of Te Araroa, East Cape (GNS RM 4900, 1); Aotea Harbour, W coast North Island (GNS RM 4057, 8); S of Karioi mouth, W coast North Island (GNS RM 4062, 11); beach S of Raglan (GNS RM 4062, 1); Wainui Beach, Gisborne (NMNZ M 308659, 6); Nukumaru Beach, Whanganui (GNS RM 5625, 166); Foxton Beach (GNS RM 5319, 2); Waitarere Beach, Levin (GNS RM 2967, 45; NMNZ M 014282, 8); Otaki Beach, W Wellington (NMNZ M 102500, 2); Te Horo Beach, W Wellington (GNS RM 5314, 8); Waikanae Beach, W Wellington (NMNZ M 01128, 13; M 018827, 25; M 160083, 200; M 303126,3; M 308073, 5; GNS RM 5844, 80; RM 5893, 120); Kapiti Island, W Wellington (NMNZ M 02756, 30); Paraparaumu Beach, W Wellington (NMNZ M 284746, 40); beach S of Opau Stream, W Wellington (GNS RM 6716, 4); Swamp Bay, Greville Harbour, D’Urville Island (GNS RM 4060, 1); Ocean Beach, Farewell Spit (NMNZ M 023155, 5); Carters Beach, Westport (GNS RM 5316, 3; RM 5317, 5); Cape Foulwind, Westland (GNS RM 4059, 1); Punakaiki Beach, Westland (NMNZ M 131404, 1); Wakapatu Beach, N of Nugget Pt, Otago (NMNZ M 111368, 3); Mason Bay, Stewart Island (GNS RM 6717, 1; NMNZ M 219479,20); Chatham Islands (NMNZ M 05151, 5; AWM 16429); beach NW coast of Mangere I., Chatham Islands (GNS RM 6012, 1).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFBAFF81CDB5FF3A3F8BF97C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Janthina janthina is much the most common Janthina species in beach strandings in most parts of the world, although towards the southern limit of the Pacific range of Janthina in southern New Zealand (from Wellington west coast beaches southwards) small specimens of J. exigua are more common than J. janthina. It occurs throughout the world tropical to cool-temperate ocean, although Berry (1958) noted that it is “ extremely rare ” in California. Judged by specimens cast ashore, specimens of J. janthina are smaller around southern than northern New Zealand, and those collected on more oceanic islands (e. g., Lord Howe Island and the Kermadec Islands) are larger than any cast ashore in New Zealand, indicating that it reaches a larger size both in warmer water and in a more strictly oceanic environment than elsewhere. Savilov (1969: 399) reported specimens captured at 215 of the 393 Vitya z stations where Janthina was collected in the Pacific, with a winter northern boundary at about 40 ° N, where the sea surface temperature falls to 10 ° C. It was also observed near the North Island of New Zealand. “ Very large concentrations of young I. janthina, up to 5 mm long, were noted during the Vityaz cruise in … the N subtropical circulation, including the Kuroshio [Current], and in the eastern areas of the North Trade Wind Current … It was almost absent in the Trade Wind Countercurrent area. However, this species reappeared in large numbers in the South Trade Wind Current, especially in its eastern part ” (Savilov, 1969: 399). One Holocene fossil is recorded above from New Zealand. Jung (1975: 119, figs 51 – 53) also recorded “ Janthina sp. 1 ”, probably based on larval shells of J. janthina, in late Pleistocene – Holocene core-tops from DSDP Site 147, drilled in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. His “ Janthina sp. 2 ” (Jung, 1975: figs 54 – 55) is taller and more narrowly conical and probably represents a benthic Epitonium species. Janssen (2007 b: 150, pl. 14, figs 3 – 4) also recorded Holocene fossils of “ Janthina sp. ” from core-tops collected in the Red Sea. The larval shell illustrated shows no characters to distinguish it from the most common living species, J. janthina, although several other Janthina species are recorded as living in the Red Sea (Janssen, 2007 b). As noted under J. globosa, Janssen (2012) also recorded late Pleistocene – Holocene fossils of J. janthina from 19 core-tops in the Mediterranean Sea.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFBAFF81CDB5FF3A3F8BF97C.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 7.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFBAFF81CDB5FF3A3F8BF97C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Largest Janthina species, diameter reaching almost 50 mm; spire very low (mainly in small specimens) to moderately tall; height highly variable, but without consistent allometry; last whorl weakly angled at periphery, sutural ramp and base only weakly inflated, producing weakly trochiform teleoconch shape. Sculpture of many fine, close, irregular spiral threads, and a few low spiral folds on base of some specimens; most specimens with obvious, fine, closely spaced axial ridgelets on first 1 – 1.5 teleoconch whorls. Sinus occupying entire height of outer lip, wide, shallow, V-shaped, deeper in lower part of lip than higher up, apex in centre of lip; i. e., dorsal limb of lip curving forwards from sinus apex more strongly than ventral limb. Most specimens counter-shaded, darker violet on ventral surface and paler on dorsal surface, some with pale zone around centre of base; highly variable in all characters. Broods eggs in oviduct, releasing rapidly bursting packets of veligers.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFBAFF81CDB5FF3A3F8BF97C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The huge number of specimens of Janthina janthina in collections all over the world exhibits a wide range of variation in both shape and colour. Failure to recognize this as the variation of a single species led to the recognition of many nominal species by early authors, particularly Reeve (1858). Laursen (1953: fig. 15) provided a useful figure of specimen outlines (Fig. 33) revealing the completely intergrading variation in shape, particularly in spire height, anterior columellar shape and the degree of angulation at the periphery of the last whorl, demonstrating that all these forms are part of the variation of one species. In collections the writer has examined, specimens resembling Laursen’s (1953: fig. 15) numbers 5 – 9 are the most common shape, and juvenile specimens all resemble Laursen’s numbers 10 – 12; extremely tall-spired forms such as Laursen’s numbers 1 – 2 are rare. Wilson and Wilson (1956) & Wilson (1958) also compared the dimensions of a large number of stranded southern British specimens graphically, again demonstrating their intergradation. Specimens from near the southern limit of its range in New Zealand bear obvious, fine, close, axial ridgelets similar to those of Janthina exigua on the initial 1 – 1.5 teleoconch whorls, whereas the rest of the teleoconch surface is essentially smooth, with weak growth lines and many weak, irregular spiral threads. Laursen (1953: 18) described this sculpture as “ The first 1 ½ whorls may have sharp, regular striae, which pass into a fainter, irregular striation ”, it was illustrated by Robertson (1971: pl. 5, fig. 17; 2007 a: 8, upper left fig.), and this axial sculpture occurs on most specimens throughout its range. The remainder of the surface in J. janthina is not as smooth and polished as in J. globosa and J. pallida. Spiral coiling is rather irregular. A small proportion of adult shells also bears low spiral folds and grooves below the shoulder angulation, producing sculpture not unlike the more prominent and much more consistently present spiral folds of J. typica and J. chavani, although the folds are much fewer and weaker in J. janthina (Figs 2 A, D, 4 A, 5 A). The radular teeth of J. janthina (Laursen 1953: figs 16 – 18) are moderately long and moderately strongly hooked, much longer than those of J. pallida, but similar to those of J. exigua and J. umbilicata. They vary significantly in length within one radula. Priolo (1959: 185 – 186) provided a list of numerous usages in the literature on Mediterranean molluscs of the name Janthina bicolor, which he evidently considered to apply to a species distinct from J. janthina.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFBAFF81CDB5FF3A3F8BF97C.taxon	description	Time range. Holocene fossils and living only.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB0FF82CD9CFF3A39C0FBC6.taxon	description	Figs 2 M, O, 34 A – C, E – F	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB0FF82CD9CFF3A39C0FBC6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Janthina exigua, 3 syntypes MHNG 1094 / 80 examined, now catalogued as MHNG-INVE 51377, without locality; all are conspecific and agree with Laursen’s (1953) and all later interpretations of J. exigua. However, as with J. communis, Rosalie de Lamarck’s annotation on Lamarck’s copy of Animaux sans vertèbres states that there is only one specimen in Lamarck’s collection, so at least two and conceivably all three of these specimens are not original syntypes, although it is not possible to determine which is (Y. Finet, MHNG pers. comm. 27 Sep 2012). Two of the syntypes were illustrated by Mermod (1953: 201, figs 200.1 – 2), who described their angulated axial ridges commarginal with the mid-whorl sinus, and commented on the difficulty of matching any of them with the poor drawings in Lamarck (1816: pl. 456, figs 2 a – b). The writer is not aware of the location of any type material of Janthina incisa, from Senegal; possibly in Philippi’s collection in Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, not available for consultation, so a new type is not designated here. The term “ aucta ” in G. B. Sowerby I’s (1822: second Ianthina p., pl. 191, fig. 3) caption to his second illustrated specimen of Janthina exigua does not constitute the proposal of a species-group name, but indicates that the illustration is enlarged. In an identical case, Petit (2009: 192, taxa note 27) stated that “ The position taken here is that “ aucta ” is a descriptive term (= enlarged) and not an available name ”. The drawings in Reeve (1841 – 1842, vol. 2: pl. 205) are republications of the illustrations in G. B. Sowerby I (1822: pl. 191), and the term “ aucta ” appears in Reeve (1841 – 1842: pl. 205) also, at the bottom edge of the plate. Janthina nana J. E. Gray (1850: 9, 101; caption to M. E. Gray 1842: pl. 48, figs 3 – 4) refers to an illustration by “ Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 29, f. 5, 6 ”, which shows a crudely drawn specimen of J. exigua from the Atlantic Ocean. Quoy & Gaimard (1833: caption to pl. 29) identified this specimen with the vernacular name “ Janthine naine ”, as pointed out by Mörch (1860: 281; as “ nain ”, sic), so Gray merely Latinized Quoy & Gaimard’s species name. Lamarck (1922: 206) earlier provided J. exigua with the vernacular name “ Janthine naine ”, so Quoy & Gaimard were repeating Lamarck’s vernacular name. The specimen of J. exigua illustrated by Quoy & Gaimard (1833, pl. 29, figs 5 – 6) is the holotype of J. nana. However, this specimen is not recognisable in MNHN (P. Bouchet, MNHN, pers. comm. 5 Apr 2016), so the largest syntype of J. exigua in MHNG-INVE 51377 is here designated the neotype of Janthina nana Gray, 1850. Petit (2012: 76) apparently was not aware of the publication of the name Janthina nana by Gray (1850: 101) and attributed the name to Couffon & Surrault (1909: 57), where it is a nomen nudum. Janthina capreolata, two lots of two specimens each in MNHN formerly were considered syntypes (Fischer-Piette 1950: 18), but as Montrouzier (1860: 114) stated that the types were in “ ma collection Musée de Bordeaux, 4 ex. ”, the MNHN specimens are not syntypes; 3 remaining syntypes MHNB 2004. TY. 160.0; photographs of MHNB syntypes sent 21 Sep 2012 (pers. comm. L. Charles, MHNB, and V. Héros, MNHN); from Art Island, New Caledonia. Janthina vinsoni, no type material in either MNHN or Université Lyon- 1, where most of Deshayes’s collection is stored (V. Héros, MNHN, pers. comm. 21 Sep 2012; E. Robert, Université Lyon- 1, pers. comm. 02 Oct 2012), location unknown; from Réunion. Janthina courcellei, empty box in typothèque, MNHN, labeled “ type perdu ”, apparently long lost; from Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego. The largest syntype of Janthina exigua, MHNG-INVE 51377, designated above as the neotype of J. nana, is here also designated the neotype of both Janthina vinsoni Deshayes, 1863 and Janthina courcellei Mabille & Rochbrune, 1889, in order to identify these names permanently with the present species. Other material examined. Present-day samples from Australia and New Zealand: Australia: Western Australia: Cable Beach, Broome (NMV); Duke of Orleans Bay (AMS); Bunbury (AMS); Leighton (WAM); Point Peron, Fremantle (WAM. 699 / 70 - 38, WAM. 366 / 40, WAM. 589 / 91 - 38); City Beach, Perth (AMS); Esperance (SAM, NMV); King George Sound (SAM); Albany (SAM); Rottnest I. (SAM); 300 fms, 120 mi W of Eucla (SAM); Ellensbrook Beach (SAM). South Australia: Coorong (SAM); Grange (SAM); Edithburgh (SAM); 165, 240 & 550 m, off Cape Jaffa (SAM); 190 m, 56 km SW of Neptune I. (SAM); Victoria: Portland (NMV); Mordialloc (NMV); Mallacoota (NMV, AMS); Warnambool (NMV); Curdie’s Inlet (NMV); New South Wales: Newcastle (SAM); Cronulla (NMV); Port Stephens (NMV); Bondi, Sydney (NMV); Curl Curl Beach, Sydney (AMS); Collaroy Beach, Sydney (AMS); C 83049, Botany Bay (AMS); Terrigal (AMS); C 67422, Maroubra Beach (AMS); Stockton Beach, Port Stephens (AMS); C 40693, South Ocean Beach, Bermagui (AMS); C 11240, Wollongong (AMS); Tasmania: Tasmania (WAM, NMV, NMNZ); C 12904, Flinders I. (AMS); Queensland: Point Lookout, Stradbroke I. (AMS). Lord Howe Island: C 59571 (AMS); Norfolk Island: C 59409 (AMS); Kermadec Islands: Raoul I. (NMV; C 36654, AMS; NMNZ M 202863, 12; M 272663, many). New Zealand: NW of Three Kings Islands (NMNZ M 109274, 2; M 308654, 8); Middlesex Bank, NW of Three Kings Islands (NMNZ M 112779, 1); 37 – 39 km SW of Great King, Three Kings Islands (NMNZ M 094277, 1; M 308655, 5; M 308656, 1); W Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga (NMNZ M 171012, 1; M 171907, 3; M 172329, 17); Cape Maria van Diemen (AWM 30649); Spirits Bay (NMNZ M 020279, 3); Ahipara Beach (GNS Suter colln, S 2388, 7); Bayleys Beach, Dargaville (NMNZ M 299995, 100); Cavalli Islands, Whangaroa (NMNZ M 308653, 1); Maro Tiri I., Hen and Chickens Islands (GNS RM 2672, 2); Bream Head, Whangarei (AWM 18335); Leigh, N Auckland (NMNZ M 087156, 20); Anawhata Beach, W Auckland (GNS RM 5864, 60; RM 6014, 5); Bethells Beach, W Auckland (NMNZ M 016291, 12; M 087157, 500; M 308658, 40); Piha Beach, W Auckland (GNS RM 5311, 100; NMNZ M 087158, 300); Muriwai Beach, W Auckland (GNS RM 332, 20; AWM 18136; NMNZ M 02762, 50; M 087159, 1000; M 145116, 100); Whatipu, Manukau Harbour, W Auckland (NMNZ M 087155, 20); Mokohinau Islands (GNS Suter colln, S 1658, 7); Kaitoke Beach, Great Barrier I. (NMNZ M 087153, 5); W coast Awhitu Peninsula, SW of Waiuku, W Auckland (NMNZ M 277699, 5; M 277701, many; M 277703, many; M 277705, 1; M 277707, 1; M 277709, many; M 277740, 3; M 277741, 4); Matakana I., Bay of Plenty (AWM 42757); Papamoa Beach, Bay of Plenty (NMNZ M 120141, 4); Boulder Bay, Motuhora I., Whakatane (NMNZ M 033166, 20); Opotiki, Bay of Plenty (GNS RM 331, 4); Te Kaha, Bay of Plenty (NMNZ M 040065, 6); E of Te Araroa, East Cape (GNS RM 4899, 3); Wainui Beach, Gisborne (NMNZ M 308657, 4); Waimarama, Hawke’s Bay (GNS RM 334, 11); Nukumaru Beach, Whanganui (GNS RM 5626, 100); Whanganui (GNS RM 4053, 1); Otaki Beach, W Wellington (AWM 18344); Waitarere Beach, Levin (GNS RM 2967, 42; NMNZ M 011127, 11); Waikanae Beach, W Wellington (NMNZ M 01154, 15; M 018897, 50; M 160084, 100; M 303125, 40; M 308027, 400; GNS RM 5852, 2360; RM 5845, 300; RM 5894, 100); Pukerua Bay, W Wellington (NMNZ M 02760, 30); Porirua Harbour mouth (GNS RM 4041, 1); Titahi Bay, W Wellington (NMNZ M 02759, 20; M 06945, 50); Lyall Bay, Wellington (NMNZ M 087154, 7); Ocean Beach, Farewell Spit (NMNZ M 023154, 9); Carters Beach, Westport (GNS RM 5318, 20); Mason Bay, Stewart I. (AWM; NMNZ M 019480, 15; M 020278, 3); Chatham Islands (AWM 16405; NMNZ M 03853, 2; M 05090, 3; GNS Suter colln, S 2387, 8); Kaingaroa Beach, Chatham Islands (NMNZ M 110413, 8); Te Whakaru, Chatham Islands (NMNZ M 013073, 2); beach NW coast of Mangere I., Chatham Islands (GNS RM 6013, 42).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB0FF82CD9CFF3A39C0FBC6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The writer is not aware of fossils of Janthina exigua. Janthina exigua is probably the most widely recorded of all living Janthina species. However, its distribution provides some surprises. It is the most common Janthina species in most beach strandings around New Zealand and southern Australia, whereas it is one of the least common species in the North Pacific, although it is among species recorded from Japan (as far north as Boso Peninsula, Honshu; Higo et al. 1999: 173). There seem to be few records from northern Australia, including Queensland. Savilov (1969: 398 – 403) described the distribution of Janthina species at 393 stations where Janthina was sampled by RV Vityaz in the Pacific. J. exigua was collected at only four of these 393 stations, all near the North Island of New Zealand. However, Savilov also noted that Laursen (1953) recorded J. exigua from further north in the South Pacific, to 10 ° S, from New Caledonia east to Tahiti, in the southern Indian Ocean, and near Hawaii, and that Fowler (1948, 1949) and Wilson & Wilson (1956) recorded J. exigua from the southern coasts of Britain. In contrast to all these observations, Benson (1860: 406) noted that “ I. exigua was the most widely distributed species met with ” during a voyage from England to Calcutta in the Malcolm, correctly pointing out that I. capreolata Montrouzier is not separable. He first observed specimens two days before reaching Madeira (Benson, 1860: 405), and then observed specimens almost throughout the voyage. Benson’s careful distinctions between subtle forms, his comments on the synonymy of Reeve’s and other species names, and his references to publications by Coates (1825), Reeve (1858) and Mörch (1860) show that his observations are very reliable. Janthina exigua occurs throughout the world tropical and temperate ocean, as far south as Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (type locality of J. courcellei) and Mason Bay, Stewart Island, southern New Zealand (listed above), but most reporters have described it as less common than other species in the northern Pacific and Indian Oceans.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB0FF82CD9CFF3A39C0FBC6.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 8.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB0FF82CD9CFF3A39C0FBC6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small, few specimens over 20 mm high; spire tallest of all Janthina species, but height variable; whorls evenly and strongly convex, suture deeply impressed; sculpture of prominent, thin, closely spaced, commarginal axial ridgelets over entire teleoconch, c. 0.2 – 0.5 mm apart at periphery of large specimens, angulated in conformity with sinus. Sinus occupying entire height of outer lip, deep, sharply V-shaped, apex in centre of lip. Most specimens deep, intense violet, some paler, very few with pinkish tinge. Lays ovate-triangular egg capsules on underside of float.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB0FF82CD9CFF3A39C0FBC6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The small, deep violet species Janthina exigua is the most coarsely sculptured of living Janthina species, the only one with obvious, coarse axial ridges up to c. 0.5 mm apart over the entire exterior of large shells, resembling the axial sculpture of J. typica, J. chavani and J. krejcii sp. nov. and of a finely sculptured Epitonium species. Measurement of the spacing of the axial ridges on SEM images (Fig. 34 B) showed that on this small specimen of J. exigua the ridges are c. 120 – 200 µm apart at the periphery, whereas on the specimen of J. umbilicata examined by SEM (Fig. 34 D) the ridges are only c. 30 – 40 µm apart at the periphery. The axial lamellae of J. exigua also are considerably higher and more prominent than those of J. umbilicata. The apex of the outer lip sinus is at the periphery, i. e., in the centre of teleoconch whorls, and leaves a clear trace of the sinus apex around the centre of all whorls of tall-spired specimens. The consistently deep coloration is also a species character, the colour varying from deep reddish violet to (much more commonly) deep bluish violet, with a narrow paler zone beneath the suture in a few specimens. The radular teeth (Laursen, 1953: fig. 24) are similar to those of J. umbilicata, but have shorter bases, and some are less strongly hooked than those of J. umbilicata. The float (e. g., Laursen, 1953: fig. 1; Bennett, 1966: pl. 9, fig. 2) is proportionally the longest and narrowest of all Janthina species, although a specimen photographed alive in northern New South Wales by Denis Riek (Brunswick Heads, NSW; Fig. 5 C) demonstrates that the float of J. umbilicata is indistinguishable from that of J. exigua. The distinctiveness of J. exigua is attested by the remarkably few synonyms it has received in this vastly over-named genus.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB0FF82CD9CFF3A39C0FBC6.taxon	description	Time range. No fossil record; living only.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C.taxon	description	Figs 2 K – L, 5 B	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Janthina pallida, no type material in NHMUK, location of any type material not known; from Milton Malbay, County Clare, Ireland. Thorpe (1844: 152) also stated the locality as “ Clare ”. Janthina striolata, three syntypes NHMUK 1951.3.14.4 – 6, from “ Pacific Ocean ”, ex Cuming collection. It would be preferable to use a specimen that has been included in a molecular study as the neotype for J. pallida, as for all other species, but this species has not been studied by this means. A. Adams & Reeve’s (1850: 54, pl. 11, fig. 9) and Reeve’s (1858: pl. 4, figs 20 a – b) illustrated syntype of J. striolata, NHMUK 1951.3.14.4, is here designated the neotype of Janthina pallida Thompson, 1840. The three syntypes of Janthina striolata are unusual specimens with weak, irregularly spaced, insignificant spiral threads around the last whorl, but are otherwise typical of J. pallida. Because of the cosmopolitan distribution of this as well as all other Janthina species and the very wide locality stated for J. striolata, the type locality of these names is not considered to be an important consideration for a neotype designation, and the designation of this neotype is necessary for the stabilization of the name Janthina pallida. Other material examined. Present-day samples from Australia and New Zealand: Australia: Northern Territory: Cape Wessel (WAM); E side Cape Wessel I., Arnhem Land (AMS C 77883); Port Darwin (AMS C 13905). Western Australia: Cable Beach, Broome (NMV); City Beach, Perth (AMS); False Bay (AMS); King George Sound (many, SAMA); Cheyne Beach (WAM); Peaceful Bay, Bow Bridge (WAM); Bunbury (AMS); Windy Harbour, Cape D’Entrecasteaux (GNS WM 15256, 1). South Australia: Port Lincoln (WAM); Victoria: Portland (SAMA; NMV); Mordialloc (NMV). Queensland: Torres Strait (AMS).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The writer is not aware of fossils of Janthina pallida. Laursen (1953: 33) recorded Janthina pallida from “ the three oceans, but north of the equator … where the temperature does not drop below 15 ° C ”. This peculiar distribution, in which inter-ocean connections would not be possible, is proved incorrect by Benson’s (1860) much earlier records of J. pallida collected from the Malcolm near Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic (30 ° S 18 ° W – 33 ° S 10 ° W) and NE of St Paul and Amsterdam Islands, as well as midway between Natal and Western Australia (33 ° S 81 ° E – 30 ° S 83 ° E) in the southern Indian Ocean. Bennett (1966: 47, pl. 10, figs 2 – 3) illustrated specimens collected alive in the North Pacific (31 ° 06 ' N 130 ° 06 ' W; and “ in North Pacific waters ”) during a cruise c. 500 km west of California, 31 ° N 125 – 140 ° W. Australian beach records of J. pallida also disprove Laursen’s statement. Although J. pallida has never been recorded from much of the coastline of Australia by Hedley, Iredale or other major Australian authors, museum collections show that it occurs sporadically around the southern, western and northern coasts (clockwise, from western Victoria to Torres Strait). It is relatively common in southern Western Australia, and specimens have been seen from South Africa (Table 9) — a pattern suggesting transport from the Atlantic via South Africa in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Kilburn & Rippey (1982: 79) also recorded specimens from South Africa. However, the writer is not aware of records from New Zealand, eastern Australia, or Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island and the Kermadec Islands. It is one of the more northward-ranging species in the Atlantic, occurring in southern Britain, and seems to have a somewhat sporadic occurrence throughout the world tropical and warm-temperate ocean. Savilov (1969: 402) also noted that the Vityaz observed J. pallida only in the North Pacific. Samples were obtained at only 12 stations in the northern subtropical circulation, mainly in areas contiguous with the Kuroshio Current. However, it is evidently common in the Mediterranean (Figs 4 A, 5 B); 280 specimens were reported by Palazzi (1979) cast ashore on beaches in Sicily.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 9.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Moderate-sized (H to c. 30 mm), spire moderately tall, whorls strongly and evenly convex, suture deeply impressed; surface lightly polished, without obvious sculpture other than fine spiral threads on a few specimens. Sinus occupying entire height of outer lip, most shallowly V-shaped of all living Janthina species; apex in centre of lip. Anterior end of aperture evenly semicircular; many specimens with widely flared outer lip; central columella curved forwards (abaperturally). Almost uniform very pale violet, slightly paler dorsally; palest of all Janthina species. Lays ovate-triangular egg capsules on underside of float.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Thompson (1840: 96, pl. 2, fig. 2) published the name Janthina pallida in the synonymy of “ J. nitens? ”, and stated that the name J. pallida had been suggested verbally by his friend Harvey, who collected the specimens. Thompson (1840: 96) stated that it was most similar to Ianthina nitens Menke, as described and illustrated by Philippi in “ Enumeration molluscorum Siciliae ” (i. e., Janthina globosa), but differs in the columella being curved, instead of being straight, so that the anterior end of the aperture is rounded, and “ … the colour … is very different ”. Thompson’s (1840: pl. 2, fig. 2) drawing is an excellent one of J. pallida of all later authors, emphasising the evenly subcircular aperture. Many authors before 1961, beginning with Thorpe (1844: 152), have treated J. pallida as the valid name for this species. Therefore, the name J. pallida is conserved under ICZN Article 11.6.1. Following Article 11.6.1 the name should be attributed to Thompson (1840: 96), “ its first publication as a synonym ”. The name has been attributed correctly by many later authors. Many others have attributed it to Harvey, but the name definitely was made available by Thompson (1840) according to Article 11.6.1. The name J. pallida was attributed to Harvey in 13 references listed by Priolo (1959: 186 – 187); only two of those Priolo cited attributed it to Thompson. Thorpe (1844: 152) provided a slightly muddled attribution of the name to “ Thompson’s Annals of Nat. Hist. 5. p. 96. t. 2. f. 2. ”, and was followed by Dall (1908: 318). Dall (1908) provided a publication date of 1817, even though Forbes & Hanley (1853: 553) provided the correct reference, despite attributing the name to Harvey. The name Janthina pallida was not published in 1817 (Sherborn, 1922 – 1933) and the page and figure numbers cited by both Thorpe and Dall are the same as for Thompson (1840), so their references were in error. Several other authors have published muddled references to this name, not having seen Thompson’s (1840) paper. Janthina pallida consistently is smaller than the largest specimens of J. globosa, but is otherwise very similar in most characters. The illustration by Ardovini & Cossignani (2004: 136) shows an unusually tall, narrow specimen. The obvious difference from J. globosa is that it lacks the small, angular, anterior extension of the columellar margin of the aperture of J. globosa, and instead the anterior end of the aperture is evenly and regularly curved in J. pallida. The outer lip sinus also is very shallow, considerably shallower than in all other living Janthina species. A unique character is that the central area of the columella is quite strongly convex, curving towards the anterior (abaperturally). Many specimens also have the outer lip quite broadly flared, or reflexed, a further unique character. Most specimens are also a much paler violet colour than all other Janthina species, fading almost to white on the sutural ramp of some specimens. Some specimens also have a weak spiral ridge or groove formed as the trace of the apex of the sinus in the outer lip, showing as a low spiral ridge on spire whorls of about 20 % of specimens (as in Laursen, 1953: fig. 36), but this is an individual character. The radular teeth (Laursen, 1953: fig. 39) are much the shortest and most strongly hooked of all Janthina species. Janthina pallida also has a narrower distribution than most other Janthina species, and is one of the least common species throughout most of its range, particularly in the Southwest Pacific, although it is common in the Mediterranean and in southern Western Australia. Palazzi (1979) recorded 280 specimens collected on the beaches of Terrasini, Sicily. Priolo (1959: 186 – 187) also listed 21 references in the literature on Mediterranean molluscs mentioning J. pallida, including under other species names. Dimitris Poursanidis sent the writer photographs of living specimens collected at Arina Beach, Heraklion, Crete, revealing that the eggs are bright pink (Figs 4 A, 5 B), much deeper in colour than the other consistently pale pink Janthina eggs observed. These photographs also reveal that this is the one species of Janthina that does not seem to rest its head or snout in the (correspondingly very shallow) sinus in the outer lip. The specimens photographed by Dimitris Poursanidis did not expand out of their shells sufficiently to confirm their external anatomical characters fully, but do not appear to be distinguishable from other Janthina species anatomically.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C.taxon	description	Time range. No fossil record; living only.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB5FF87CD4DFF3A3815F844.taxon	description	Figs 2 N, Q, 34 D, G – H	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB5FF87CD4DFF3A3815F844.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Janthina umbilicata, four syntypes NHMUK 1854.12.4.403 (K. Way, NHMUK, pers. comm. 05 Feb 2013), from the “ Atlantic Ocean ”; recorded as present in the British Museum by Gray (1855: 36) and Reeve (1858: caption to pl. 5, figs 22 a – b). Janthina globosa Blainville, location of any type material unknown. Because of confusion between the names Janthina globosa Swainson and J. globosa Blainville over many years, it is highly desirable to identify the name J. globosa Blainville unambiguously with the present species. The specimen illustrated as J. umbilicata by Reeve (1858: pl. 5, figs 22 a – b), one of the syntypes of J. umbilicata in NHMUK 1854.12.4.403, is here designated the neotype of Janthina globosa Blainville, 1822. I. megastoma, from the Indian Ocean, no type material known; the specimen illustrated as J. umbilicata by Reeve (1858: pl. 5, figs 22 a – b), one of the syntypes of J. umbilicata in NHMUK 1854.12.4.403, is here also designated the neotype of Janthina megastoma A. Adams, 1861. No material in NHMUK is identified as Janthina nitida, but a board, NHMUK 1870.1.3.7, has nine specimens attached of J. umbilicata remaining wholly or partially intact out of an original 21 specimens. It is labelled “ J. balteata Reeve / N. Atlantic / Mrs Knocker ” and as Janthina nitida was described within a paper by Captain Knocker, this presumably includes the original syntypes described by A. Adams (K. Way, NHMUK, pers. comm. 05 Feb 2013). Knocker (1869: 616 – 619) presented a long table of specimens collected at numerous stations across the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, recording J. nitida from 13 stations but, of course, it is now impossible to tell which specimens were collected at which stations. Knocker’s records are valuable, as he also records “ Ianthina –? ”, “ I. fragilis ”, “ I. exigua ”, “ I. –? Light mauve colour, globular ” (i. e., presumably J. pallida) and “ I. bicolor ”. Other material examined. Present-day samples from Australia and New Zealand: Australia: Tasmania: (NMNZ M 202862). New South Wales: Bermagui (AMS C 40691, C 40693); Port Stephens (NMV; AMS C 91949); Putty Beach, Kilcare (AMS); Long Reef, Collaroy (AMS); Manly Beach, Sydney (AMS C 32373, C 56810); Cronulla (NMV); Botany Bay (AMS C 83048). Queensland: Green I. (AMS C 9856); Rocky Isle (AMS); Caloundra (AMS); Point Lookout, Stradbroke I. (AMS). Kermadec Islands: Raoul I., Kermadec Is (NMNZ M 00991, M 202862, many). New Zealand: 13 km N of Great King I., Three Kings Islands (NMNZ M 146405, 1); Cape Maria van Diemen (M 277743, 1); South Cavalli Seamount (M 281315, 1); Ocean Beach, Whangarei Heads (M 150840, 6); Waipu Cove, Northland (GNS RM 4781, 2); Uretiti Beach, Bream Bay (M 277742,1); Piha Beach, W Auckland (GNS RM 5312, 8); SW of Waiuku, W coast Awhitu Peninsula, W Auckland (NMNZ M 277700, 2; M 277702, 4; M 277704, many; M 277706, 7; M 277708, 3); Karioitahi Beach, W coast Awhitu Peninsula (M 277710, 2); Papamoa Beach, Tauranga (M 147404, 3); Boulder Bay, Motuhora I., Bay of Plenty (M 042552, 1); Nukumaru Beach, W of Whanganui (GNS RM 5627, 6).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB5FF87CD4DFF3A3815F844.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The writer is not aware of fossils of Janthina umbilicata. The 18 lots observed from the New Zealand region are listed above. Janthina umbilicata has not been recorded from New Zealand previously, other than in the list by Spencer et al. (2009: 206). The few records the writer is aware of from Australia are also listed above. There seem to be no records from the Northern Territory, WesternAustralia, South Australia or Victoria, and J. umbilicata and J. pallida seem to be largely mutually exclusive around Australia. The two species Janthina exigua and J. umbilicata seem to have closely similar distributions, J. umbilicata consistently being the less common, at least in the southern part of their range. Around New Zealand, small numbers of specimens occur in most large strandings of J. exigua, from Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands (where J. umbilicata is common) and from the Three Kings Islands to as far south as Whanganui, but the writer has seen no specimens of J. umbilicata from further south. Spencer (1982) reported that “ seven J. umbilicata were found on Waitangi, Chatham Is. ”, but although this is quite feasible, the writer has not seen specimens from the Chatham Islands. Few specimens have been observed south of the northeastern North Island warm-water region, extending from North Cape to East Cape. Because relatively few earlier authors have distinguished it from J. exigua, the range of J. umbilicata is poorly known, but it seems likely to occur with J. exigua throughout the world tropical and temperate ocean, although not extending quite as far into the southern temperate zone as J. exigua does. In contrast to its uncommonness around Australia and New Zealand, Savilov (1969: 398 – 399) reported that J. umbilicata was the most widespread and abundant Pacific Janthina species, collected at 333 of the 393 Vityaz stations where Janthina was collected. At many stations very large numbers were collected, up to 1000 specimens per 20 minutes of sampling. The largest specimens were 14 mm high. “ Exceptionally large concentrations of mature individuals and young up to 4 – 5 mm long were observed in the central regions of … the N and S subtropical circulation in the California Current belt and in the eastern regions of the trade wind currents. Their quantity, notably that of mature animals, decreased considerably in the trade wind countercurrent area ” (Savilov, 1969: 399).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB5FF87CD4DFF3A3815F844.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 10.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB5FF87CD4DFF3A3815F844.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small, few specimens over 20 mm high; spire moderately tall, whorls evenly and strongly convex, suture deeply impressed; sinus occupying entire height of outer lip, deep, sharply V-shaped, with apex in centre of lip. Sculpture weak, of very fine, low, closely spaced, silky-looking, commarginal axial ridgelets over entire teleoconch surface, angulated in conformity with sinus; c. 30 – 40 µm apart at periphery. Most specimens deep, intense violet; a few paler, particularly large ones. Closely resembling J. exigua in all characters other than its much finer, lower axial sculpture and most specimens being slightly shorter. Lays ovate-triangular egg capsules on underside of float.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB5FF87CD4DFF3A3815F844.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Janthina umbilicata closely resembles J. exigua, and the two have been confused in several Australian and New Zealand collections. Besides a slightly shorter spire in most specimens of J. umbilicata, the main difference is that the axial sculpture is much lower, finer and more closely spaced in J. umbilicata than in J. exigua, producing a finely striate, silky-looking surface. As noted under J. exigua, measurement of the spacing of the axial ridges on SEM images showed that on the specimen of J. umbilicata (Fig. 34 D) the ridges are only c. 30 – 40 µm apart at the periphery, whereas on the small specimen of J. exigua examined (Fig. 34 B) the ridges are c. 120 – 200 µm apart at the periphery. The colour also is rather consistently deep bluish violet; a few paler specimens occur, particularly the largest ones seen, but less commonly than in samples of J. exigua. Few specimens show more than a very slight umbilical chink, as the inner lip is expanded slightly to cover the umbilicus in most adult specimens of this as in all other Janthina species, and the epithet “ umbilicata ” is no more appropriate for this species than for any other. The radular teeth (Laursen, 1953: fig. 28) are similar to those of J. exigua, although slightly shorter, and are moderately long and strongly hooked for a Janthina species. Rather strangely, this species was not mentioned, even in synonymy lists, by Küster (1868). Iredale (1910: 74) described J. umbilicata as “ It has the form of exigua, Lam., but, being destitute of the rough sculpture of that shell, has a shiny appearance … ”, and pointed out that d’Orbigny (1841: 414) distinguished this species carefully from J. exigua. Living specimens from northern New South Wales illustrated in colour on his web page by Riek (2017; Fig. 5 C) have a long, narrow float identical to that of J. exigua. The attached egg capsules are pale pink, as in J. globosa.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB5FF87CD4DFF3A3815F844.taxon	description	Time range. No fossil record; living only.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB7FF98CE81FF3B3876F816.taxon	type_taxon	Type species (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1925: 159):	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB7FF98CE81FF3B3876F816.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Iredale & McMichael (1962: 49) stated that the type species of Recluzia was selected originally by Petit de la Saussaye (1853), but Petit de la Saussaye named two species of Recluzia without designating a type species. A type species was not designated by most subsequent authors, and the earliest designation the writer is aware of is by Cossmann (1925: 159). However, this is of little consequence, as the two species included by Petit de la Saussaye are rendered absolute synonyms here. The teleoconch of Recluzia is markedly to greatly taller and narrower than that of the tallest Janthina species, with a smooth, pale brownish-yellow shell (i. e., natural calcite colour), lightly polished in some specimens, and bears an obvious, slightly darker, thin, smooth periostracum that does not occur (or at least, is not obvious) on Janthina species. It also has evenly and strongly convex whorls, a deeply impressed suture, a straight, simple, acline outer lip without a sinus, and no obvious sculpture. The radulae of Janthina and Recluzia are indistinguishable. The protoconch (Churchill et al., 2011 b: figs 1 D – E; Figs 37 A – G) also is closely similar to that of Janthina and all other planktotrophic Epitoniinae, pupiform, with a weakly impressed suture and sculpture of fine, low, closely spaced axial ridges on protoconch 2, although that of Recluzia lutea (Bennett, 1840) has one fewer whorls in protoconch 2 than those of Janthina species (2.2 whorls in R. lutea, 3.2 whorls in Janthina species). Recluzia differs from Janthina also by having simple rather than forked cephalic tentacles, no epipodia or purple gland, stylets in the inner salivary glands that are lacking in Janthina, adult statocysts that are lacking in Janthina, and small juvenile post-larval specimens riding on the adult’s shell or float, rather than forming a float of their own as in Janthina (Table 1). Recluzia lutea was also said by Abbott (1968: 92) to have yellow egg capsules and brownish mucus bubbles, in contrast to the white to slightly purplish, pink or pale blue egg capsules and transparent colourless to faintly bluish mucus bubbles of all Janthina species. This is confirmed by Tony Healy’s and Denis Riek’s photographs of living specimens (Figs 6 – 7); the egg capsules of Recluzia species are a similar colour to the shell, whereas the head and foot are a paler, brighter yellow than the shell, and the float bubbles have a brown tinge. The float bubbles also have a much more irregular appearance than those of Janthina species. Putative fossil record The one sample of fossils the writer is aware of that has been identified as a species of Recluzia is in NMB, labelled as “? Recluzia rollandiana Petit ”. It is from NMB locality 17516, Cantaure Formation, lower shellbed, 300 m south of Casa Cantaure, 10 km west of Pueblo Nuevo, near San José, central Paraguaná Peninsula, northern Venezuela (Burdigalian, late early Miocene; six small shells, largest 6.5 mm high). The fauna from this locality was monographed by Jung (1965). However, the “? Recluzia ” material is from a much larger and more diverse collection than Jung’s, gathered subsequently during many visits by Win and Jack Gibson-Smith, and recently monographed by Landau et al. (2016). The teleoconch of these specimens indeed closely resembles that of Recluzia lutea in thinness and shape, its lack of sculpture other than faint growth lines, its inner lip being narrowly reflected over a very narrow umbilicus, and its straight, acline outer lip. However, the protoconch is present on two of the smallest shells (Figs 36 A, C) and is significantly larger, taller, of c. 3.5 whorls, and with a more stepped outline than the pupiform one of 2.2 whorls in Recluzia lutea (Churchill et al., 2011 b: figs 1 D – E; Figs 37 A – G). The Recluzia protoconch has almost flush sutures. It also has an almost smooth surface with weak sculpture of narrow, shallow, closely spaced axial grooves, but fainter spiral sculpture than that of Janthina species. The protoconch of the Casa Cantaure fossil has an even smoother surface with still weaker axial sculpture than that of Recluzia species and no spiral sculpture discernible at all, and has a much more deeply impressed suture than the protoconch of Recluzia, forming a narrow subsutural platform. These specimens evidently belong in Epitoniidae, and probably represent a benthic species of Epitoniinae with lecithotrophic development. They tentatively were referred to “ Alexania aff. floridana Pilsbry, 1945 ” by Landau et al. (2016: 102, pl. 87, figs 1 – 2). Comparison with the protoconch of presentday specimens of Alexania natalensis would help identify these specimens. Names proposed in Recluzia	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFB7FF98CE81FF3B3876F816.taxon	description	Dimensions and species of Recluzia The only character that varies to any obvious extent in Recluzia is the spire height, a combined measure of the diameter and translation rate of the whorls. To try and understand this variation, some of the specimens available in AMS, GNS and NMNZ were measured (Tables 12, 13) and their height (H), diameter (D) and spire height (SH) compared in bivariate plots (Figs 35 A – B). Initially this resulted in distinguishing two groups of shells, separated by spire height. If these are to be recognized as separate species, the earliest names for them are R. lutea for the more common, shorter, wider species and R. johnii for the much less common, taller, narrower one. As Bennett (1840) observed a large raft of specimens, he is very much more likely to have collected the more common, shorter Recluzia species than the rare, taller and narrower species. The addition of a greater number of specimens made it seem more likely that the two groups intergrade in shape. A large lot in NMNZ (M 155930, Great Exhibition Bay, Northland, New Zealand, Mar 1998; 59 specimens, of which 43 measured, Table 13) shows that (1) larger shells tend to have taller spires than smaller ones; i. e., height increases with growth; (2) many of the larger shells have a short, wide, shallow flare at the anterior end of the aperture, making their dimensions slightly taller and narrower than shells without the flare, although the whorls are actually no narrower than in specimens without the flare (e. g., see the illustration of Recluzia lutea by Habe & Tokioka, 1953: 57, fig. 12, identified as R. montrouzieri); and so (3) specimens identified as R. lutea largely intergrade in overall shape with specimens identified as R. johnii, although the spire outline of R. johnii is taller and straighter than in R. lutea. The majority of specimens in Fig. 35 A assigned to R. lutea are included in the same field as specimens assigned to R. johnii, and the distinction between the two fields is slight. Comparisons of the height (H), width (diameter, D) and spire height (SH) of a number of specimens (Tables 12, 13) of the two species are summarized in Table 11. The overall shape is confirmed as similar, the means for H / D being 1.44 for R. lutea and 1.56 for R. johnii. Contrary to the conclusion about overall shape, the quite strongly distinct means of D / SH (1.51 for R. lutea, 1.20 for R. johnii) and the accompanying plot comparing diameter with spire height (Fig. 35 B) show a clear distinction between the shorter-spired species R. lutea and the taller-spired species R. johnii. These fields overlap little (although the height of the spire was available for only nine of the 14 specimens of R. johnii). On average, diameter is 1.5 times spire height in R. lutea, whereas diameter is only slightly greater than spire height (1.2) in R. johnii. As seemed likely from visual estimation, R. johnii is considered here to be a rare, second Recluzia species with a taller, narrower and more straight-sided spire and narrower teleoconch whorls than R. lutea. Concomitant with the taller spire and narrower whorls, large specimens of R. johnii also have at least one more teleoconch whorl than R. lutea (6 – 7 compared with 4.5 – 5.5). Neotypes are provided here for some names to identify them unambiguously with one or the other species. Comparison of molecular sequences of Recluzia specimens obviously is desirable to confirm that two species exist.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFAAFF9DCF37FF3A3957FD72.taxon	description	Figs 2 P, R, 36 B, D, I – J	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFAAFF9DCF37FF3A3957FD72.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holten (1802) provided a list of binominal names from Martini & Chemnitz’s (1769 – 1795) famous but non-binominal iconography in a catalogue prepared for the sale of Chemnitz’s collection (Winckworth, 1943). Part of the collection was purchased for Peter the Great and is now in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg (Martynov, 2002). Chemnitz’s illustrated shell is not in ZMUC (J. Knudsen ZMUC pers. comm. 07 Feb 1978; AGB personal obs.). The possibility that Chemnitz’s (1795: 284, pl. 210, figs 1076 – 1077) illustrated specimen of Helix johnii remains in Chemnitz’s collection in the Zoological Institute, St Petersburg, was investigated at the writer’s request by B. Sirenko (pers. comm. 07 Sep 2012); the illustrated specimen is not present. Chemnitz’s drawing shows a cream and pale grey shell with a tall spire, closely similar in shape and general appearance to the holotype of Recluzia hargravesi (Figs 36 I – J), although with a still slightly taller spire, a shallower suture, and one more teleoconch whorl. Jousseaume (1872: 203 – 206) discussed the identity of the specimen, translated Chemnitz’s description and discussion into French, referred the specimen to Recluzia, and redescribed it carefully. Chemnitz received his specimen from “ M. John, a missionary … living in Tranquebar, whom I must thank for many conchological riches. Whether it inhabits Coromandel, Ceylon, the Nicobar Islands or other parts of the East Indies, and whether it is a land, freshwater or marine shell he gave not the slightest information ” (translation from Jousseaume, 1872: 204). The strongly and evenly inflated whorl shape, essentially smooth surface, circular aperture, faint spiral colour band at the continuation of the suture around the last whorl, and narrowly reflected inner lip agree with characters of Recluzia johnii of the present report. It seems feasible that this is the earliest name for a species of Recluzia, despite some early authors referring it to terrestrial gastropod groups such as Pupa Draparnaud, 1801 (i. e., Pupilla Fleming, 1828, Pupillidae; not Pupa Röding, 1798, Acteonidae) or Cochlogena Férussac, 1821, Helicidae. Férussac (1821: 57) cited the name as Helix (Cochlogena) johnii Chemnitz, but added “ Habit. Les grandes Indes. Espèce incertain pour le genre ”, whereas Gray (1825: 412) simply listed it as Pupa johnii without comment. Smith (1910: 203) also doubted that this name referred to a Recluzia species because of its description by Chemnitz (1795) as “ subkeeled ”, but this appears to refer only to the colour band around the last whorl in Chemnitz’s (1795: pl. 210, fig. 2076 – 2077) drawings; the drawings show no obvious sculpture. Similar narrow, irregular colour bands or faint spiral grooves are present on many specimens of Recluzia (e. g., Habe & Tokioka, 1953: fig. 12). Jousseaume’s note seems to have been inspired by a specimen in his collection, in MNHN (Figs 36 B, D). The name has not been applied to any other mollusc during the last century, to the writer’s knowledge, and Jousseaume (1872) and Winckworth (1943: 148) are followed in accepting it as the earliest name for a species of Recluzia. Recluzia hargravesi, holotype NHMUK 197432, stated to be from Miall River, Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia, but corrected by the collector, W. Glover (cited by Brazier, 1894: 536) to the beach inside the North Head of Port Stephens. It is necessary to remove the name Helix johnii from uncertain status and associate it unambiguously with this species rather than R. lutea. The name H. johnii originally was not provided with a type locality. The holotype of Recluzia hargravesi, NHMUK 197432 (Figs 36 I – J) is here designated the neotype of Helix johnii Holten, 1802. Therefore, the type locality of Helix johnii becomes Port Stephens, New South Wales. Thiele (1928: fig. 6) illustrated the presumed holotype of Recluzia erythraea, ZMB / Moll- 112603 (E. Strong, USNM, pers. comm. 20 Sep 2012; not seen), from Dahlak Island, Red Sea, showing that this name also refers to a tall, narrow specimen of Recluzia johnii. Other material examined. Australia: New South Wales: Collaroy Beach, Sydney (AMS); Maroubra Beach, Sydney (AMS); Middle Harbour, Port Jackson (NMV); Port Stephens (two lots, AMS); Port Macquarie (NMV). Queensland: Green I. (AMS C 9824); Palm Islands (AMS C 9823); 31 – 37 m, Masthead I. (AMS C 19351 a); trawled, 150 – 200 m, Swain Reefs (GNS WM 17360, 1); King’s Beach, Caloundra (NMV); Wreck I., off Yeppoon (AMS); Fairfax I., Bunker Group (AMS C 69053). The only other specimens observed in world museums are the holotype of Recluzia hargravesi, listed above, and Jousseaume’s specimen in MNHN. A specimen in MNHN labelled “ Rade de Batavia ”, i. e., Jakarta, Indonesia (E. Strong, USNM, photograph sent pers. comm. 20 Sep 20012) has a tall, narrow spire and possibly belongs in R. johnii, but is too incomplete for certain identification.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFAAFF9DCF37FF3A3957FD72.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The tall-spired species Recluzia johnii is much rarer than R. lutea. In this study, almost all specimens observed are from Queensland and northern New South Wales, eastern Australia; none have been observed from New Zealand. Living specimens have also been collected on northern New South Wales beaches by Riek (2017; Fig. 7). However, the type specimens of the synonyms demonstrate that R. johnii also occurs in the northern Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. It probably occurs throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific province. The writer is not aware of records from the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern Pacific, but this probably results merely from its rarity.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFAAFF9DCF37FF3A3957FD72.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 12.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFAAFF9DCF37FF3A3957FD72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Moderately large (H to 39, D to 24 mm), larger than Janthina species other than J. janthina and J. globosa; taller and narrower than all other neustonic Epitoniidae including Recluzia lutea; mean height: diameter 1.56, mean diameter: spire height 1.20. Teleoconch of 6 – 7 whorls; whorls strongly and evenly inflated, of almost circular crosssection, narrower than in R. lutea; suture deeply impressed; without obvious sculpture. Aperture almost circular, almost all specimens without anterior spout-like expansion. Lays smooth, narrow, cylindrical to weakly club-shaped, yellow egg capsules on underside of float, as in R. lutea.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFAAFF9DCF37FF3A3957FD72.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Recluzia johnii is so rare that little can be stated about it. It is concluded here that it is a second species of Recluzia with a taller, narrower spire with straighter outlines than in R. lutea, produced by its greater translation rate and slightly more numerous whorls of narrower cross-section. Most specimens have faint, irregular sculpture of weak spiral and axial grooves and ridges, varying individually, as in R. lutea. The teleoconch also tends to be a slightly warmer shade of yellow-brown than in R. lutea. Further material is required before the status and distribution of R. johnii is certain. Riek (2017) published on his web page several excellent photographs of specimens collected alive on northern New South Wales beaches, showing two specimens of Recluzia hargravesi (i. e., R. johnii) feeding on the floating anemone Actinecta sp. The Recluzia specimens have extremely long, narrow, undivided cephalic tentacles, apparently much more extended than those in the photographs of R. lutea. However, the bright yellow animal, cylindrical egg capsules, and other characters are identical to those of R. lutea. It is notable that the floats of all specimens on this web page are as irregularly arranged as those of R. lutea in all other photographs observed, and it appears that the float of Recluzia species is less regular than and formed slightly differently from that of Janthina. Denis Riek (Brunswick Heads, NSW, pers. comm. 11 Nov 2015) confirmed that the cephalic tentacles of all Recluzia specimens he has seen are undivided; the double appearance in some of his photographs is due to reflection on the undersurface of the water in the aquarium. He also stated that the photographed specimens ate the Actinecta anemones voraciously; they had consumed one anemone before he reached home and they could be transferred to his aquarium. Thereafter he was able to photograph them consuming the remaining anemone. An unlocalized specimen from Jousseaume’s collection in MNHN (Figs 36 B, D; point identified by “ JJ ” in Fig. 35; photographs provided by E. Strong, USNM, pers. comm. 20 Sep 2012) is similar in spire height to Chemnitz’s (1795: 284, pl. 210, fig. 2076) drawing of the lost holotype of Recluzia johnii. It is unusually narrow, and has a still narrower appearance than other Recluzia specimens because its suture is markedly shallower and the spire outline consequently less strongly stepped than in any other Recluzia specimen the writer has examined (H 23.3, D 12.6, SH 9.3 mm; H / D = 1.85, D / SH = 1.35; i. e., intermediate between the means of R. lutea and R. johnii; dimensions included in Table 12 and in calculations of dimensions and means for R. johnii, including in Table 11). The anterior end of the aperture is flared narrowly. It is an unusually pale yellowish grey, similar to the colour of Chemnitz’s (1795: 284, pl. 210, fig. 2076) drawing, and paler than all other specimens of R. johnii and R. lutea observed by the writer. It also has seven teleoconch whorls, indicating that the whorls are still narrower than those of other specimens assigned to R. johnii. This specimen presumably inspired Jousseaume’s (1872) note on this species. It possibly represents a third living species of Recluzia. However, as only one specimen has been observed it must be assumed to be part of the variation of R. johnii until more specimens allow it to be evaluated more fully. The available material suggests that there are two species of Recluzia.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFACFF9ECD97FD08398BF8A2.taxon	description	Figs 2 S – T, 36 E – H, K – P, 37	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFACFF9ECD97FD08398BF8A2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. No type material of Janthina lutea is present in any museums the writer has consulted, and there is nothing in Bennett’s (1840) work to indicate that he retained any specimens. Bennett’s (1840: 63) description stated merely that this is an elongate, yellow species of Janthina with narrower whorls than J. janthina; a neotype therefore is required to associate this name unambiguously with the present Recluzia species. The type locality is 2 ° 53 ' S 174 ° 55 ' E (Bennett, 1840: 62), a short distance southwest of the Phoenix Islands, Kiribati, central western Pacific Ocean. However, as Recluzia lutea is pelagic and almost cosmopolitan, occurring in all world tropical and temperate seas, selection of a neotype from near the original type locality seems unimportant in this case, particularly as almost no material from the central Pacific has been observed by the writer. The writer also has been unable to trace any type material of Janthina turrita. Little that is diagnostic is available for this species, but the name “ turrita ” suggests that it applies to a Recluzia species rather than to Janthina, and the dimensions (H 14.5, D 10 mm) rule out a position in Janthina. The name was not illustrated and has been referred to again only by Tryon (1887: 39), who listed it among inadequately known species. The original description stated that the shell is fusiform, turreted, dark, smooth, with well-rounded whorls, deep sutures, and a short spire. The outer lip is straight and recedes strongly. The upper whorl surface is blue, and the base is pale reddish shading to rust red. The locality is unknown. Apart from the mysteries of the receding (incomplete?) lip and the colour, there seems to be little else this could refer to other than a Recluzia species. The late Dr Rudolf Kilias informed the writer that Dr Gerhard von dem Busch was a physician in Bremen. Enquiry at Übersee Museum Bremen revealed that von dem Busch’s collection is indeed located there. Janthina turrita is listed in von dem Busch’s manuscript catalogue with the locality “ Adelaide ”. However, the specimen is not present (T. Kruckow, Übersee Museum Bremen pers. comm. 05 Mar 1975), presumably because it was sent to Philippi. The writer has also been informed by N. Bahamonde (Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, pers. comm. 25 Mar 1975) that no material identified as Janthina turrita is present there in Philippi’s collection. C. Zorn (ZMB pers. comm. 30 Jan 2016) has also informed the writer that no material bearing this name is present in ZMB. Therefore, this name also requires a neotype.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFACFF9ECD97FD08398BF8A2.taxon	materials_examined	Other material examined. Present-day specimens from Australia and New Zealand: Australia: New South Wales: Dingo Beach, Cape Gloucester (AMS); Catherine Hill Bay (AMS C 11333); Port Macquarie (NMV); Collaroy Beach, Sydney (AMS); Cronulla, S of Sydney (AMS C 75719). Queensland: Michaelmas Cay, off Cairns (AMS C 53537); King’s Beach, Caloundra (NMV, AMS); Lady Elliott I. (AMS C 69170). Tasmania: Black Rocks, Richmond River (AMS C 76081). Kermadec Islands: Raoul I. (SAMA; AMS C 36656; GNS WM 5654, 1; NMNZ M 202865,5; M 202866, 1; M 200986, 3; M 202867, 1; M 214384,20). New Zealand: Twilight Beach, Cape Reinga (NMNZ M 100807, 2); N end of Ninety Mile Beach (NMNZ M 117600, 6; M 117826, 7); S of Scott Pt., Ninety Mile Beach (NMNZ M 117256, 20); S of the Bluff, Ninety Mile Beach (NMNZ M 277745, 3); Great Exhibition Bay, Mar 1998 (GNS RM 6748, 4; NMNZ M 155930, 59; P. Poortman colln., 20); Rarawa, Great Exhibition Bay (NMNZ M 081519, 1); Taupiri Bay, N of Whangarei (NMNZ M 081518, 26); Laings Beach, Mangawai, Hauraki Gulf (AWM); Mangawai Heads (NMNZ M 277744, 1); Tryphena, Great Barrier Island (Powell 1924: 285; in AWM); Whangamata, Bay of Plenty (AWM).	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFACFF9ECD97FD08398BF8A2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recluzia lutea occurs uncommonly throughout the world tropical and temperate ocean, but its limits are very poorly known. Large rafts of specimens are cast ashore in some locations, but much less frequently than for all Janthina species. In New Zealand, R. lutea is recorded only from the northeastern North Island warm-water region, in eastern Northland and the Bay of Plenty, as far southeast as Waihau Bay, easternmost Bay of Plenty. Much the largest lots have been seen from Great Exhibition Bay and Ninety Mile Beach in the northernmost North Island, where specimens are sometimes cast ashore in large numbers after unusually persistent onshore winds. Thompson (1991) gave a popular account of wash-ups of “ about three hundred ” specimens during Easter 1991 at Cape Maria van Diemen and Great Exhibition Bay, northernmost North Island. Large numbers of specimens also are cast shore from time to time all around eastern, northern and Western Australia. Specimens are also recorded from throughout the Indo-West Pacific province as far north as central Japan, in the Red Sea, and rarely in the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFACFF9ECD97FD08398BF8A2.taxon	description	Dimensions. See Table 13.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFACFF9ECD97FD08398BF8A2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Moderate-sized (H to 36, D to 22 mm), larger than Janthina exigua and J. umbilicata but smaller than all other Janthina species and Recluzia johnii; taller and narrower than all Janthina species, but shorter and wider than R. johnii; mean height: diameter 1.44, mean diameter: spire height 1.51. Teleoconch of 4.5 – 5.5 whorls; whorls strongly and evenly inflated, of almost circular cross-section, wider than in R. johnii; suture deeply impressed; without obvious sculpture. Aperture slightly flared anteriorly in many large specimens. Lays smooth, narrow, cylindrical to weakly clubshaped, yellow egg capsules on underside of float.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
03EF87ABFFACFF9ECD97FD08398BF8A2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Recluzia lutea is superficially smooth and lightly polished when the periostracum is removed, but most specimens are found with the thin, pale brown, matt periostracum still at least partly adhering. Recluzia lutea has strongly and evenly inflated whorls and a much more deeply impressed suture than in any Janthina species. Weak axial and spiral grooves and ridges occur on many specimens, varying individually. The outer lip is vertical and straight, i. e., with no sinus in the lip, and the inner lip is narrowly but variably reflected over the narrow umbilicus. Bennett’s (1840) description of Janthina lutea is quite adequate to make this name available, although which species he had is not determinable from the description. Bennett (1840: 298) stated “ In the course of the narrative I have had occasion to mention a yellow and very rare species of this genus [Janthina]: and for which I would propose the name Janthina lutea ”. This is a reference to his earlier description (Bennett, 1840: 63): “ One species of this family, which I obtained here, was new to me: and is certainly very rare: its shell was yellow: rather smaller and more elongated than J. communis [i. e., J. janthina]; and the whirl more prominent and spiral. The contained animal was also of a yellow colour: but in the form of the float and other respects, it closely resembled the ordinary blue shelled species ”. The neotype designated here establishes that this name applies to the shorter Recluzia species identified here as Recluzia lutea. Bennett (1834) earlier described a specimen of Janthina captured at sea at 0 ° 14 ' S 20 ° 07 ' W, NW of Ascension Island, central Atlantic Ocean, but did not mention the “ yellow species ”. Petit de la Saussaye (1853: 118 – 119, pl. 5, figs 2 – 3) named two short-spired species of Recluzia, distinguishing the two by R. rollandiana having more inflated whorls, a more deeply impressed suture, and more pronounced spiral striae than R. jehennei. However, his illustrated shells are both well within the range of variation of R. lutea. A. Adams (1861) provided no dimensions or illustration of Recluzia bensoni, but the holotype was illustrated by Yen (1942: pl. 19, fig. 122). The illustration and examination of the holotype (NHMUK 1878.1.28.394) demonstrate that this is a very small, narrow specimen of R. lutea. Souverbie’s (1872: pl. 1, fig. 8) illustration of a syntype and examination of the syntypes of R. montrouzieri demonstrate that this also is indistinguishable from the holotype of R. rollandiana, and falls within the variation of R. lutea. Wattebled’s (1886: pl. 3, fig. 4) illustration of a syntype and examination of the syntypes of Recluzia rollandiana var. annamitica show that this also is closely similar to the type material of R. rollandiana and R. jehennei, and again is part of the variation of R. lutea. Four specimens (Figs 36 M – P) from the same sample from Great Exhibition Bay, Northland, New Zealand, are illustrated to show the range of variation of R. lutea, although they do not include the most extreme specimens observed. The specimen in Fig. 2 S – T is from the same sample. A collection of specimens of Recluzia lutea cast ashore on the beach at Taupiri Bay, Northland, New Zealand (NMNZ M 081518, collected by A. Allo, 24 Mar 1982; 12 moderate-sized to large shells plus 14 small juveniles) consists of specimens ranging in height from 29.4 mm to larval shells. Some of these were studied by SEM (Figs 37 A – G). All specimens less than c. 13 mm high are short and wide and closely resemble Alexania natalensis and the holotype of R. globosa in all characters. Several have dried floats attached, each now forming a thin, dark brown, rigid, irregular mass. Several larval shells were incorporated in the float material of some of the moderate-sized specimens (some now separated). One small shell has 10 larval shells attached to the exterior of its teleoconch by dried float material (Figs 37 C – D, G). These confirm statements by Colman (1986) and Churchill et al. (2011 a) that juveniles of R. lutea, including recently metamorphosed larval shells, live attached to the floats of adults. Also, a photograph of a living specimen of R. lutea published on a web page (Churchill et al., 2011 b: figs 1 A – B; Riek, 2017; Fig. 6 C) clearly shows a relatively large juvenile specimen of R. lutea on the float of an adult female, lying between the float and the foot. The protoconch in the specimens studied by SEM, although very similar to that of Janthina species, with very similar sculpture and an identical protoconch 1, is shorter and has a protoconch 2 of only 2.2 whorls, rather than 3.2 whorls in the Janthina species available for study. However, the significance of this apparent distinction is uncertain, in view of the lack of knowledge of the number of protoconch whorls in J. pallida.	en	Beu, Alan G. (2017): Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 69 (3): 119-222, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666
