taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B487A7F44CCE3A5DDBF9B2BCCAF897.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis [Modified after Alderweireldt & Jocqué (2005) and Wang et al. (2015)]. The genus Hippasa can be distinguished from other lycosid genera by the following combination of features: slender body with chevron-like markings on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 2 A, C, 3 B, 4 A, 5 A, 6 A, 10 A – B, 12 A, 14 A, 17 A, 19 A, 22 A, 24 A, G, 27 A, E, 33 A, 34 A), sternum usually with a mid-longitudinal black band (Figs 2 D, 3 D – E, 5 E, 6 E, 17 B, 19 B, 20 B, 27 B, F, 30 C), bi-segmented posterior spinnerets with elongated basal segments (Figs 2 B, 3 B, 4 A, 5 F, 6 F, 19 D, 20 D, 24 D, J, 27 D, H, 30 E), male pedipalp with hooked synembolus (Figs 7 D, 8 C, 19 H, 21 C, 25 D, 26 C, 28 D, 29 C), bifid tegular apophysis (Figs 8 A, 21 A – B, 26 A, 29 A), and slender embolus (Figs 7 D, 8 C, 19 H, 21 C, 25 D, 26 C, 28 D, 29 C), epigyne thickly covered with bushy setae (Figs 7 E, 14 C, 17 D, 20 E, 25 E, 28 E, 30 F), epigyne composed of a median and paired lateral plates, with or without posterior scape or median atrium leading to internal hood (Figs 7 F – G, 8 D – E, 11 D – E, 13 C – D, 14 C, 15 A – B, 17 E, 18 A – B, 20 F – G, 21 D – F, 25 F, 26 D – E, 28 F, 29 D – E), and vulva with or without accessory glands, and slender and slightly to strongly curved spermathecal stalks bearing small spermathecal heads (Figs 8 E, 14 D, 18 B, 21 F, 26 E, 29 E, 31 B). Moreover, Hippasa species can be identified in the field by their behaviour of spinning funnel-like webs (Fig. 1 E – H). Type species. Hippasa agelenoides (Simon, 1884), by subsequent designation (Simon 1885). Remarks. The type species of Hippasa, H. agelenoides (Simon 1898; Alderweireldt & Jocqué 2005; World Spider Catalog 2022) was originally described under Pirata Sundevall, 1833 based on five immature female syntypes collected in Minhla, southern-central Myanmar (Simon 1884). The details of the type material of H. agelenoides provided by Alderweireldt & Jocqué (2005) seem to be wrong. According to them, the types of H. agelenoides in the MNHN collection consist of one female and two subadult males that were collected from the North Guzerath in Myanmar / Burma. The locality ‘ North Guzerath’ is not in Myanmar, but it indicates the northern part of the Indian State of Gujarat (see also Simon 1897). It is worth mentioning that even though Alderweireldt & Jocqué (2005) examined an adult female of H. agelenoides from Simon’s collection, they never illustrate its genitalia, and the epigyne of the type of this species is known only from textual description. Of the five immature syntypes, three are currently deposited in MSNG, Genova (M. Tavano, pers. comm., Fig. 3 A – G), while the remaining two are deposited in MNHN, Paris (E. Leguin, pers. comm., Fig. 2 A – E) (see also Tikader & Malhotra 1980). While erecting Hippasa, Simon (1885) transferred Lycosa greenalliae Blackwall, 1867 to Hippasa, which was also described based on two immature specimens (Blackwall 1867), and put it as its generotype. In his paper, Simon (1885) mentioned the name H. greenalliae in block letters, which indicates that this name is valid and has priority over P. agelenoides, which was presented in small letters under the former one. Similar way of presentation of synonymies can also be seen in the case of other species mentioned in the same paper (for example, see Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour, 1820). However, in a later publication (Simon 1898), he mentioned that H. agelenoides was the type species of Hippasa, indicating that Simon recognised H. agelenoides to be valid and thus separated it from the synonymy of H. greenalliae. He also mentioned that H. agelenoides is widespread in India, Indochina and Malaysia. Though Simon (1885) redescribed H. greenalliae, it is apparent that his redescription was based not on topotype material, but instead on specimens collected in Kollegal (= Collegall, formerly part of Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu State; presently part of Chamarajanagara District of Karnataka State, southern India) and Ramanathapuram / Ramnad in the southern Indian State of Tamil Nadu. These collecting localities are more than 2,200 Km away from the type locality of H. greenalliae, which is located somewhere in northern India (either in Agra, Meerut, or New Delhi / Delhi — Blackwall 1867; Thorell 1887). Tikader & Malhotra (1980) erroneously located the type locality of H. greenalliae in Tamil Nadu, which was the collecting locality of specimens described by Simon (1885). Since the types of H. greenalliae are immatures (Blackwall 1867), Simon’s identification of H. greenalliae and the Tikader & Malhotra’s (1980) redescription based on Simon’s material may be wrong. The illustrations done by the latter authors seem similar to that of H. pantherina (compare Tikader & Malhotra 1980: figs 73 – 74 to Figs 30 F, 31 D – E), which was synonymised with H. greenalliae by the same authors. This is also applicable to the subsequent redescriptions of H. greenalliae, which were probably based on the description and illustrations of Simon (1885) and Tikader & Malhotra (1980) (Karsch 1892; Barrion & Litsinger 1994; Biswas & Raychaudhuri 2007; Sen et al. 2015; Dhali et al. 2017; Caleb 2020). Thus, the species redescribed under the name ‘ H. greenalliae ’ is in fact H. pantherina and the identity of H. greenalliae is questionable due to the immature stage of the syntypes. It may be considered as nomen dubium until adult specimens from the type locality can be examined. As a result, the synonymy of H. pantherina with H. greenalliae as proposed by Tikader & Malhotra (1980) is no longer acceptable and the former is herein revalidated. This in turn challenges the validity of the ‘ H. greenalliae ’ species-group proposed by Wang et al. (2015), which should be reconsidered as the H. pantherina species-group. Thorell (1887) provided textual description of a male specimen from the type locality of P. agelenoides and based on this, he transferred P. agelenoides to Diapontia Keyserling, 1877. This decision reversed a few years later, when Simon (1898: 326) transferred the species back to Hippasa. Even though Thorell (1887) was not sure about the conspecificity between H. agelenoides and H. greenalliae, he considered that both H. agelenoides and ‘ H. greenalliae ’ described by Simon (1885) from Tamil Nadu were identical with D. agelenoides. Even though the label found inside the type vial of P. agelenoides deposited in MSNG, and which was probably written by Thorell (1887), mentioned that ‘ P. agelenoides is equal to H. greenalliae ’, Thorell’s interpretation regarding the conspecificity of both ‘ H. greenalliae ’ described by Simon (1885) from Tamil Nadu and H. agelenoides is wrong due to the uncertain identity of the former species. Of the 10 valid Hippasa species found in India (see below), H. agelenoides, H. madraspatana and H. valiveruensis are smaller in body size (TL <9), whereas other species are larger (TL> 10). The smaller species have less developed tarsal scopulae that is well-developed in larger species. Distribution. Africa, Asia (World Spider Catalog 2022).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F44CCE3A5DDBF9B2BCCAF897.taxon	discussion	Key to Indian species of Hippasa Species considered as nomina dubia and nomen nudum are excluded from the key. Males of H. himalayensis, H. loundesi and H. valiveruensis are also excluded as they are unknown. Details of the males of H. deserticola and H. holmerae were taken from Wang et al. (2015) and Marusik & Nadolny (2021), and that of the female of H. olivacea from Tikader & Malhotra (1980).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F448CE345DDBFF5ABA54FC1D.taxon	description	Figs 1 A – B, F, 2 – 9, 35	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F448CE345DDBFF5ABA54FC1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Pirata agelenoides Simon, 5 immature ♀♀ syntypes from MYANMAR (= BURMA): Tharrawaddy: Minhla (17 ° 58 ' N, 95 ° 43 ' E; 26 m alt.), date unknown, G. B. Comotto leg., repository MSNG (3 syntypes; no register number specified) and MNHN (2 syntypes; no register number specified), examined based on photographs (Figs 2 – 3); 1 ♂ labeled as D. agelenoides, details as above, but including collecting date 1884, examined based on photographs (Fig. 4). Other material examined. INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad: Parambikulam / Parambikulam Tiger Reserve (10 ° 26 ' N, 76 ° 48 ' E; 564 m alt.), 16 – 24 September 1914, F. H. Gravely leg.: 5 ♀♀ (NZC-ZSI 5152 / H 2); Ernakulam: Kothamangalam: Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary) (10 ° 07 ' 48.3 '' N, 76 ° 41 ' 43.24 '' E; 96 m alt.), 22 May 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from web on ground, by hand: 1 ♀, 1 subadult ♀ (ADSH 595031); Kollam: Kulathupuzha Forest Reserve: Rackoot Estate: 2 nd mile, 20 February 2019, M. S. Pradeep leg., from web on ground, by hand: 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (ADSH 595032); Trivandrum: Ponmudi (8 ° 45 ' 35.79 '' N, 77 ° 7 ' 00.75 '' E; 920 m alt.), 5 December 2019, M. S. Pradeep leg., from web on ground, by hand: 2 ♀♀, 1 subadult ♂, 1 subadult ♀, 7 juveniles (ADSH 595033).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F448CE345DDBFF5ABA54FC1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hippasa agelenoides is similar to Hippasa lamtoensis Dresco, 1981 as both share a small body, robust anterior arm of tegular apophysis and wider than long epigyne without scape, but the former can be separated from the latter by the following combination of features: wide conductor (vs. narrow in H. lamtoensis), mesal arm of tegular apophysis with retrolaterally oriented distal part (vs. whole mesal arm of tegular apophysis retrolaterally oriented in H. lamtoensis) and epigyne with atrium (vs. epigyne without atrium in H. lamtoensis, compare Figs 7 B – C, F, 8 A – B, D with Alderweireldt & Jocqué 2005: figs 35 – 37). Supplementary description. Male in ethanol (ADSH 595032; Fig. 5 A – I). Cephalic part, clypeus, chelicerae, and cymbium brownish; thoracic part, endites, labium, leg segments except coxae, spinnerets, and pedipalp segments pale brownish; coxae, sternum, dorsum, venter and sides of opisthosoma creamy-white; leg segments with black annulations and patches. Carapace clothed with fine, black appressed setae, with patches of appressed white setae restricted to thoracic part, and a few scattered erect spine-like setae on cephalic and distomedian thoracic parts. Cephalic groove indistinct. Thoracic part laterally with stiff setae. Radial furrows distinct. Thoracic fovea reddish, long (0.65), straight, longitudinal (Fig. 5 A). Clypeus narrow, medially provided with a few setae (Fig. 5 D). Chelicerae dorsally clothed with moderately long setae; inner and outer surfaces with stridulatory files (Fig. 5 G – H); promargin with a series of long setae with bend tips, with two / three teeth (Fig. 5 G); retromargin with three teeth (Fig. 5 G). Boss prominent (Fig. 5 D). Sternum with scattered black setae, with a broad, median longitudinal black band (Fig. 5 E). Endites with reduced scopulae restricted to anterolateral corners (Fig. 5 E). Labium unfused with sternum (Fig. 5 E). Opisthosoma elongate-ovoid, hirsute (Fig. 5 A); cardiac area marked with a pale pinkish patch; dorsum medially with irregular black transverse bands; venter and sides with a few discontinuous black stripes and dots. Anal tubercle prominent. Spinnerets hirsute (Fig. 5 F). Legs long, slender, hirsute, spinose; metatarsi and tarsi with reduced scopulae (Fig. 5 I). Body length 8.30. Carapace 3.96 long, 2.88 wide. Opisthosoma 4.34 long, 2.24 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.14, AME 0.15, PLE 0.28, PME 0.30; AME – ALE 0.07, AME – AME 0.08, AME – PME 0.12, PLE – PLE 0.72, PME – PLE 0.17, PME – PME 0.21. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.21, at ALEs 0.15. Length of chelicerae 1.70. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 4.91 [1.69, 0.75, 1.02, 1.45], I 14.55 [3.79, 1.66, 3.03, 3.78, 2.29], II 13.53 [3.55, 1.52, 2.91, 3.55, 2.00], III 13.02 [3.49, 1.38, 2.74, 3.57, 1.84], IV 17.92 [4.37, 1.53, 3.85, 5.55, 2.62]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 4 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 2, tibia pl 1 plv 1 do 1, tarsus / cymbium pld 1 plv 2 rl 1; legs: femur I pld 2 do 3 rld 3, II pld 2 do 2 rld 2, III pld 3 do 3 rld 3, IV pld 3 do 3 rld 1; patellae I – IV pld 1 do 2 rld 1; tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 1 plv 2 do 2 rl 1 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 1 do 1 rl 1 rld 2 rlv 1 v 2, IV pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rlv 3 vt 1, II pld 3 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3 vt 1, III pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, IV pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 4 vt 1; tarsi I – IV spineless. Pedipalp (Figs 7 A – D, 8 A – C): segments hirsute; cymbium proximally wide, gradually narrowing towards apex, without apical claw-like macrosetae, distoventrally provided with a bunch of long setae with bend tips (Fig. 7 A – C). Tegulum large, occupying more than half of the ventral side of bulb (Figs 7 A – C, 8 A – B), prolaterally with oblique longitudinal groove that distally widens to form a retrolateral lamellate process having a short tegular stalk (Fig. 8 A – B; LT, TG, TS), with a short, triangular tegular process lying behind conductor retrolaterally (Figs 7 B, 8 A; RTP). Subtegulum small, subglobular, basoprolaterally located (Figs 7 A – B, 8 A; ST). Palea moderately broad, widely oval, less sclerotised (Figs 7 B, D, 8 A, C; Pa). Synembolus moderately large, hook-like, arising on ventroprolateral margin of palea, concealed proximally by lamellate process of tegulum, with distal part lying in close proximity with palea, with smoothly rounded tip directed at 1 - o’ clock ventrally (Figs 7 B – D, 8 A – C; Se). Tegular apophysis broad, medially originating, with retrolaterally oriented anterior arm having downward-directed distal half with smoothly rounded tip, with ventroretrolaterally directed mesal arm with broad base, with a narrow slightly curved distal part with angular tip (Figs 7 B – C, 8 A – B; AT, MT, TA). Conductor prominent, broad, hyaline, lying between tegular apophysis and tegular process (Figs 7 B, 8 A – B; C). Embolus short, thin, straight with slight distal curvature, concealed by distal part of tegulum, with broad embolic base, with smoothly rounded tip (Figs 7 B, D, 8 A, C; E, EB). Female in ethanol (ADSH 595032; Fig. 6 A – I). Like the male, except by the following: carapace and marking on cardiac area pale brownish; dorsum, venter and sides of opisthosoma greyish, venter laterally with thin, longitudinal black band. Leg and palp segments dull green coloured with brownish shades, with indistinct black annulations and patches. Thoracic fovea slightly short (0.53) (Fig. 6 A). Cheliceral promargin with three teeth (Fig. 6 G). Palp tarsus with single claw. Body length 8.21. Carapace 3.93 long, 3.04 wide. Opisthosoma 4.28 long, 2.95 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.17, AME 0.18, PLE 0.28, PME 0.31; AME – ALE 0.07, AME – AME 0.08, AME – PME 0.10, PLE – PLE 0.70, PME – PLE 0.25, PME – PME 0.19. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.24, at ALEs 0.18. Length of chelicerae 1.67. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 5.00 [1.65, 0.83, 0.99, 1.53], I 12.94 [3.43, 1.66, 2.81, 3.12, 1.92], II 12.46 [3.50, 1.60, 2.59, 2.96, 1.81], III 12.13 [3.38, 1.48, 2.50, 3.16, 1.61], IV 17.13 [4.34, 1.60, 3.75, 5.20, 2.24]. Spination of palp: patella pld 1 do 2 rld 1, tibia pl 1 pld 1 rld 1, tarsus plv 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 1; legs: femur II pld 3 do 3 rld 3; tibia II pl 1 pld 1 plv 2 rl 2 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rld 2 rlv 1, IV pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rld 3 rlv 3; metatarsus I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3 vt 1. Genitalia (Figs 7 E – G, 8 D – E): epigyne clothed in bushy setae (Fig. 7 E), with a wide, short and oval median plate, and triangular lateral plates, without scape (Figs 7 F, 8 D; LEP, MEP); median plate with a small, triangular atrium centrally leading to small hood internally (Figs 7 F – G, 8 D – E; H). Copulatory openings indistinct. Spermathecal stalks short, slender, with straight proximal and S-shaped distal parts (Figs 7 G, 8 E; SS). Accessory glands globular without stalks arising basolaterally to spermathecal stalks (Fig. 8 E; AG). Spermathecae oval, diverging (Figs 7 G, 8 E; S). Fertilization ducts long, parallel, anteriorly directed (Fig. 8 E; FD).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F448CE345DDBFF5ABA54FC1D.taxon	description	Variation. Male (n = 2): body length 8.19 – 8.30. Female (n = 6): body length 7.98 – 8.21. The number of teeth on the cheliceral promargin of males varies from two to three.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F448CE345DDBFF5ABA54FC1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Myanmar, Pakistan, and India: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand (Simon 1884; Thorell 1887; Gravely 1924; Dyal 1935; Tikader & Malhotra 1980; Gajbe 2004, 2007; Ahmed et al. 2015; present data) (Fig. 35).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F440CE2B5DDBFBD6BD1FFC39.taxon	description	Figs 10 – 13, 36	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F440CE2B5DDBFBD6BD1FFC39.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. H. deserticola. Syntypes ♂ and ♀ from TURKMENISTAN: Imam-baba (41 ° 50 ' N, 60 ° 08 ' E) and Murgab (37 ° 29 ' N, 61 ° 58 ' E), date unknown, collector unknown, repository MNHN (register number unknown), not examined (illustrations of the male and female genitalia given in Marusik & Nadolny (2021) are diagnostic and were used for comparative purposes). H. pisaurina. Syntype ♀ from INDIA: Maharashtra: Pune (= Poona) (18 ° 36 ' N, 73 ° 39 ' E; 669 m alt.), 12 May, Wroughton leg., repository NHM (1899), not examined (illustrations of the female genitalia given in Tikader & Malhotra (1980) based on topotype material that were compared with the syntype and the subsequent images of female genitalia provided by Najim et al. (2019) are diagnostic and were used for comparative purposes). H. charamaensis. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Chattisgarh: Kanker: Charama (formerly in Madhya Pradesh) (20 ° 28 ' N, 81 ° 20 ' E; 373 m alt.), 5 January 1984, U. A. Gajbe leg., repository NZC-ZSI (no register number specified), examined. Allotype ♂, with the same data as holotype, examined. H. madhuae. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Maharashtra: Ahmednagar: Ahmednagar: Camp, 17 August 1974, M. S. Malhotra leg., repository NZC-ZSI (4665 / 18), examined. Allotype ♂, with the same data as holotype except 4666 / 18, examined. H. sinai. Holotype ♂ from EGYPT: Sinai desert: Nuweiba (28 ° 58 ' N, 34 ° 38 ' E): Ein Suchna: salt marsh, 20 March 2000, M. Alderweireldt leg., repository MRAC, Belgium (204 210), not examined (illustrations of holotype male given in Alderweireldt & Jocqué (2005: figs 38 – 39) are diagnostic and were used for comparative purpose).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F440CE2B5DDBFBD6BD1FFC39.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of H. deserticola are most similar to the males of H. funerea Lessert, 1925 as both share a tegular apophysis with short anterior and broad, triangular mesal arms and spiniform and slightly bent synembolus, but can be separated from the latter by straight anterior arm of tegular apophysis ventrally (vs. hook-shaped in H. funerea), and mesal arm of tegular apophysis with anteriorly directed tip (vs. posteriorly directed in H. funerea, compare Figs 11 B, 13 B, and Marusik & Nadolny 2021: fig. 2 A with Alderweireldt & Jocqué 2005: fig. 32). Females are similar to the females of H. lingxianensis Yin & Wang, 1980 as both share the epigynal median plate with a scape and short spermathecal stalks, but can be separated from the latter by scape without lobes (vs. bilobed in H. lingxianensis), and oval spermathecae (vs. spherical in H. lingxianensis, compare Figs 11 D, G, 13 D, and Marusik & Nadolny 2021: fig. 3 A, F with Wang et al. 2015: fig. 6 F – G). Supplementary description. Male in ethanol (Fig. 10 B). Body length 8.26. Carapace 4.01 long, 2.72 wide. Opisthosoma 4.25 long, 2.06 wide. Pedipalp (Fig. 11 A – C): segments hirsute; cymbium proximally wide, gradually narrowing towards apex, without apical claw-like macrosetae, distoventrally provided with long setae with bend tips (Fig. 11 A – C). Tegulum large, occupying more than half of the ventral side of bulb (Fig. 11 A – C). Subtegulum small, subglobular, posteroprolaterally located (Fig. 11 A). Palea moderately broad, widely triangular, less sclerotised (Fig. 11 B). Synembolus short, narrow, slightly curved, arising on ventroretrolateral margin of palea, with smoothly rounded tip (Fig. 11 B – C). Tegular process broad, triangular (Fig. 11 B). Tegular apophysis with short, flat, slightly curved anterior arm, which has a prolaterally directed, smoothly rounded tip and a short, posteriorly directed mesal arm (Fig. 11 B – C). Conductor short, hyaline, lying behind embolus (Fig. 11 B). Embolus thin, moderately long, curved (Fig. 11 B). Female in ethanol (Fig. 10 A). Body length 10.70. Carapace 4.51 long, 2.92 wide. Opisthosoma 6.19 long, 3.95 wide. Genitalia (Fig. 11 D – G): epigyne clothed in bushy setae, with widely triangular median and short lateral plates (Fig. 11 D); median plate with a median, posteriorly directed trapezoid scape, with a small atrium leading to a short hood internally (Fig. 11 D – E). Accessory glands apparently absent. Spermathecal stalks short, straight distally, converging (Fig. 11 F – G). Spermathecae oval (Fig. 11 G). Fertilization ducts anteriorly directed, diverging. Justification of synonymies. Detailed examination of the holotype female of H. charamaensis and H. madhuae revealed that both have all the diagnostic features of the female of H. deserticola, including the shape of the scape of epigynal plate, size of epigynal atrium and shape and orientation of copulatory ducts and spermathecae (compare Figs 11 D – G and 13 C – D with Marusik & Nadolny 2021: fig. 3 B, F – G). Based on these observations, we propose to consider H. charamaensis and H. madhuae as junior synonyms of H. deserticola. Even though we were unable to examine the type of H. pisaurina, the female genitalic illustrations from Tikader & Malhotra (1980: figs 112 – 113), which were based on topotype material and compared with the type, are diagnostic. A comparison of these illustrations with the genitalia of H. deserticola show no distinguishable differences between these two species, indicating that both are conspecific, as suggested by Marusik & Nadolny (2021, compare Tikader & Malhotra 1980: figs 112 – 113 with Marusik & Nadolny 2021: fig. 3 A – G). Thus, we propose to consider H. pisaurina as a junior synonym of H. deserticola. Even though we were unable to examine the holotype of H. sinai, good illustrations for this species are available and a comparison of these illustrations with the genitalia of H. deserticola show no distinguishable differences between these two species, indicating that both are conspecific (compare Alderweireldt & Jocqué 2005: fig. 38; Alderweireldt et al. 2017: fig. 2 with Marusik & Nadolny 2021: figs 2 A, 3 A – G). Thus, we propose to consider H. sinai as a junior synonym of H. deserticola.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F440CE2B5DDBFBD6BD1FFC39.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and India: Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra (Simon 1889; Pocock 1900; Gravely 1924; Dyal 1935; Roewer 1955, 1960; Tikader & Malhotra 1980; Gajbe 2004, 2007; Alderweireldt & Jocqué 2005; Biswas & Raychaudhuri 2007; Bastawade 2008; Alderweireldt et al. 2017; Najim et al. 2019; Marusik & Nadolny 2021) (Fig. 36).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F440CE2B5DDBFBD6BD1FFC39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The NZC-ZSI collection has one glass tube for H. charamaensis, labeled as ‘ holotype and allotype’ (no register number specified), containing male and female specimens in good condition. The same tube has a small glass vial containing the dissected female genitalia. The NZC-ZSI collection also has three glass tubes for H. madhuae. A tube labeled as ‘ holotype’ (4665 / 18) contains a female specimen in good condition, though with broken legs. The same tube has a small glass vial containing the dissected female genitalia. A second tube labeled as ‘ allotype’ (4666 / 18) contains a male specimen in good condition, though with broken legs. We dissected the left pedipalp of the allotype for the present study. A third tube labeled as ‘ H. madhuae ’ (4432 / 18) contains two damaged female specimens collected in Dhakuria of Kolkata by B. K. Tikader on 10 / 10 / 1958.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F45FCE2A5DDBFBF9B864FD19.taxon	description	Fig. 14, 37	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F45FCE2A5DDBFBF9B864FD19.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Lectotype ♀ from INDIA: West Bengal (Eastern Himalayas): Darjeeling: Sevoke / Sevok / Sivok (26 ° 53 ' N, 88 ° 28 ' E; 304 m alt. (= 1000 ft. )), 5 - 6 - 1912, Lord Carmichael’s collection, repository NZC-ZSI (2268 / 18), examined. Paralectotype ♀♀ (of unknown number) with same data as previous collection except no register, examined. Other material examined. INDIA: West Bengal (Eastern Himalayas): Kalimpong (formerly part of Darjeeling), (27 ° 03 ' N, 88 ° 27 ' E; 182 - 457 m alt. (= 600 - 1500 ft. )), date unknown, collector unknown: 1 ♀ (NZC-ZSI 5165 / H 2); Western Himalayas, date unknown, collector unknown: 1 ♀ (NZC-ZSI, no register number specified).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F45FCE2A5DDBFBF9B864FD19.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of H. himalayensis are most similar to the females of H. australis Lawrence, 1927 as both share a trapezoid median plate of the epigyne with a large atrium, but can be separated from the latter by the triangular atrium (vs. inverted flower vase-shaped in H. australis, compare Fig. 14 C with Alderweireldt & Jocqué 2005: fig. 21). Supplementary description. Female in ethanol (lectotype, NZC-ZSI 2268 / 18, Fig. 14 A – B). Body length 10.38. Carapace 5.00 long, 3.69 wide. Opisthosoma 5.38 long, 3.53 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.18, AME 0.20, PLE 0.29, PME 0.32; AME – ALE 0.11, AME – AME 0.12, AME – PME 0.20, PLE – PLE 0.97, PME – PLE 0.36, PME – PME 0.33. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.28, at ALEs 0.27. Length of chelicerae 2.11. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 6.48 [2.14, 1.09, 1.35, 1.90], I 15.44 [4.18, 1.80, 3.47, 3.87, 2.12], II (right) 14.99 [4.21, 1.78, 3.13, 3.91, 1.96], III 14.52 [4.39, 1.69, 3.27, 3.42, 1.75], IV ---- [5.39, 1.86, 4.48, 6.46, ----]. Genitalia (Fig. 14 C – D): epigyne clothed in bushy setae (Fig. 14 C), with trapezoid median and short lateral plates (Fig. 14 C); median plate with a large, triangular atrium leading to a short hood internally (Fig. 14 C – D). Spermathecal stalks short, with retrolaterally oriented proximal and prolaterally oriented distal parts (Fig. 14 D). Accessory glands globular, with short stalk (Fig. 14 D). Spermathecae peanut-shaped, posteriorly directed (Fig. 14 D). Fertilization ducts anteriorly directed, diverging. Male. Unknown.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F45FCE2A5DDBFBF9B864FD19.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India: Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal (Gravely 1924; Tikader & Malhotra 1980) (Fig. 37).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F45FCE2A5DDBFBF9B864FD19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Even though Sinha (1951) mentioned that a lot of specimens of H. himalayensis were deposited in the Indian Museum collection (which was later transferred to ZSI), the NZC-ZSI currently holds only three glass bottles, and the remaining ones may either be lost or misplaced elsewhere in the collection. A bottle contains a female specimen in good condition with intact genitalia (5165 / H 2), which is labeled as ‘ H. himalayana formerly H. olivacea ’ and was re-determined by T. B. Sinha. A second bottle contains a female specimen in bad condition with intact genitalia (no register number specified), which is labeled as ‘ H. himalayensis Gravely? ’ and was determined by T. B. Sinha. A third bottle (5163 / 112) contains two females in good condition, with broken legs and intact genitalia. The same bottle has a separate tube labeled as ‘ lectotype’ (2268 / 18), containing a female in good condition with intact genitalia. This lectotype might have been designated by Sinha (1951) by selecting a specimen from Lord Carmichael’s collection that was made from the Darjeeling district of West Bengal. Since the specimens in the former two bottles were determined / re-determined by T. B. Sinha, we presume that the two female specimens in the third bottle represent the syntypes of H. himalayensis. We dissected the genitalia of one of these syntypes for the present study.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F459CE2C5DDBFF5ABA5DFE79.taxon	description	Figs 15, 38	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F459CE2C5DDBFF5ABA5DFE79.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Syntypes ♂ and ♀ from MYANMAR: Tharrawaddy, 21 September 1895, collector unknown, repository NHM (731 - 732), not examined. Illustrations based on the type of this species given in Tikader & Malhotra (1980: fig. 103 – 104) are diagnostic and can be used for comparative purpose. Topotype material examined. MYANMAR: Tharrawaddy, date unknown, collector unknown: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ (NZC-ZSI 2393 / 17). Other material examined. CHINA: Yunnan: between Tengyuech and Nan Tien, 1909 - 1910, J. C. Brown leg.: 1 ♀ (NZC-ZSI 5166 / H 2).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F459CE2C5DDBFF5ABA5DFE79.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hippasa holmerae are most similar to H. lingxianensis as both share a tegular apophysis with straight anterior and mesal arms in ventral view, hook-shaped embolus, epigynal median plate with a scape and short spermathecal stalks, but males of the former can be separated from the latter by closely spaced anterior and mesal arms of tegular apophysis (vs. widely spaced in H. lingxianensis), and broad conductor (vs. narrow in H. lingxianensis and females by the scape without lobes (vs. bilobed in H. lingxianensis), and oval spermathecae (vs. spherical in H. lingxianensis, compare Wang et al. 2015: figs 3 A, C – D, 4 C, F – G with Wang et al. 2015: figs 5 A, C – D, 6 D, F – G).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F459CE2C5DDBFF5ABA5DFE79.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and India: Manipur, Uttarakhand, West Bengal (Thorell 1895; Gravely 1924; Li 1966; Yin & Wang 1980; Barrion 1981; Tikader & Malhotra 1980; Tikader & Biswas 1981; Hu 1984; Okuma et al. 1993; Barrion & Litsinger 1995; Biswas & Raychaudhuri 2007; Barrion et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2021) (Fig. 38).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F459CE2C5DDBFF5ABA5DFE79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. All the above-mentioned material is badly dried off. The specimens were compared with the type of H. holmerae and studied by Tikader & Malhotra (1980). In addition to these, the NZC-ZSI collection has one more glass bottle containing a lot of male and female specimens of unknown locality, with no additional collecting information, and all badly dried off. The specimen illustrated in Wang et al. (2015) and Wang et al. (2021) has short scape of the epigyne, which is very long in the topotype material examined here (compare Fig. 15 A – B with Wang et al. 2015: fig. 4 F – G; Wang et al. 2021: fig. 23 G – H). The record of this species from Sri Lanka (Barrion & Litsinger 1995) is questionable as there is no mention of the whereabouts of the material from Sri Lanka in any of the available literature reference related to H. holmerae.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F458CE2F5DDBFE39B8CCFD19.taxon	description	Figs 16 – 18, 38	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F458CE2F5DDBFE39B8CCFD19.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Salem: Yercaud: Servarayan Hills (Shevaroy Hills) (11 ° 46 ' N, 78 ° 12 ' E; 1410 m alt.), date unknown, D. Loundes leg., repository NZC-ZSI (5225 / H 2), not found. Topotype material examined. INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Salem: Yercaud (11 ° 46 ' N, 78 ° 12 ' E; 1420 m alt.), 28 May 2019, M. S. Pradeep & A. V. Mathew leg., from web on roadside mud embankment, by hand: 2 ♀♀, 1 subadult ♀ (ADSH 5950251). Other material examined. INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Javadi Hills / Javadhu Hills / Jawadhi Hills / Jawadhu Hills: Nadur, 26 - 30 June 1929, H. S. Pruthi leg.: 1 ♀, 1 subadult ♀ (NZC-ZSI 2229 / 18). Kerala: Pathanamthitta: Gavi (9 ° 26 ' 09.07 '' N, 77 ° 09 ' 56.78 '' E; 1192 m alt.), 21 December 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from web on grassland, by hand: 1 ♀ (ADSH 5950252).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F458CE2F5DDBFE39B8CCFD19.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of H. loundesi are similar to the females of H. lycosina as both share similar spermathecal stalks of vulva with wide proximal and tubular distal parts and large accessory glands, but can be separated from the latter by squarish median plate of epigyne (vs. triangular in H. lycosina), median plate without atrium (vs. present in H. lycosina) and median plate with lateral and posterior thickenings (vs. absent in H. lycosina, compare Figs 17 E – F, 18 A – B with Figs 20 F – G, 21 D – F). Supplementary description. Female in ethanol (ADSH 5950251; Fig. 17 A – C). Carapace medially pale brownish, with a median straight white stripe extending from PMEs to rear end of fovea, with paired lateral longitudinal white stripes extending along the entire length of carapace, medially clothed with fine, black, appressed setae, with a few scattered erect spine-like setae restricted to cephalic part. Eye region, clypeus, endites, labium, sternum pale brownish; chelicerae dark brownish; dorsum and sides of opisthosoma, and spinnerets blackish, venter of opisthosoma creamy-white; leg and palp segments pale brownish to brownish with black patches and annulations. Thoracic fovea reddish brown, long (0.99), straight, longitudinal (Fig. 17 A). Thoracic part laterally black. Cheliceral inner and outer surfaces with stridulatory files; promargin provided with a series of long setae with bend tips, both pro- and retromargins with three teeth (Fig. 17 C). Sternum with scattered, greyish black setae, with a broad, median longitudinal black band (Fig. 17 B). Opisthosoma elongate-ovoid, hirsute (Fig. 17 A); cardiac area marked with a brownish patch; dorsum anteriorly with a pair of white lateral stripes, with a few scattered white spots and patches, medioposteriorly with a few transverse, roughly W-shaped bands. Spinnerets hirsute. Legs long, slender, hirsute, spinose; all tarsi with complete and metatarsi I – II with distal scopulae, all well-developed. Palp segments with black patches and annulations; tarsus with single claw, distoventrally with bunch of long setae. Body length 17.33. Carapace 8.13 long, 5.73 wide. Opisthosoma 9.20 long, 4.88 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.25, AME 0.29, PLE 0.51, PME 0.52; AME – ALE 0.23, AME – AME 0.22, AME – PME 0.42, PLE – PLE 1.24, PME – PLE 0.42, PME – PME 0.48. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.41, at ALEs 0.36. Length of chelicerae 3.38. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 9.95 [3.32, 1.64, 2.17, 2.82], I 19.93 [5.40, 2.57, 4.61, 4.89, 2.46], II 19.86 [5.40, 2.50, 4.28, 4.86, 2.82], III 19.39 [5.45, 2.24, 3.98, 5.22, 2.50], IV 27.34 [6.72, 2.53, 5.95, 8.59, 3.55]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pld 1 do 4 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 2, tibia pl 2 rld 1, tarsus / cymbium pl 2 pld 1 rl 1 rld 1; legs: femur I pld 2 do 3 rld 3, II pld 3 do 3 rld 4, III pld 3 do 3 rld 3, IV pld 2 do 3 rld 1; patellae I – IV pld 1 do 2 rld 1; tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 1 plv 1 rl 2 rld 2 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 1, IV pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 1 rl 2 rld 1; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rld 1 rlv 3 vt 1, II pld 2 plv 3 rl 1 rld 2 rlv 3, III – IV pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1; tarsi I – IV spineless. Genitalia (Figs 17 D – F, 18 A – B): epigyne clothed in bushy setae (Fig. 17 D), with squarish median and short lateral plates (Figs 17 E, 18 A; MEP, LEP); median plate with lateral and W-shaped posterior thickenings (Figs 17 E, 18 A). Spermathecal stalks with wide proximal and narrow tubular distal parts (Figs 17 F, 18 B). Accessory glands globular, without stalk, arising laterally on proximal part of spermathecal stalks (Fig. 18 B; AG). Spermathecae globular (Figs 17 F, 18 B; S). Fertilization ducts anteriorly directed, parallel (Fig. 18 B; FD). Male. Unknown.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F458CE2F5DDBFE39B8CCFD19.taxon	description	Variation. Female (n = 3): body length 17.21 – 17.33.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F458CE2F5DDBFE39B8CCFD19.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India: Kerala (new record), Tamil Nadu (Gravely 1924; Tikader & Malhotra 1980; present data) (Fig. 38).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F458CE2F5DDBFE39B8CCFD19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We were unable to trace the type of H. loundesi in the NZC-ZSI collection, which may either be lost or misplaced elsewhere in the collection. The NZC-ZSI collection currently has one glass bottle for this species, containing a female with intact genitalia and a subadult female specimens, both are in bad condition (2229 / 18). These specimens were collected by H. S. Pruthi and were determined as H. loundesi by T. B. Sinha, who studied the type of H. loundesi (Sinha 1951). Moreover, these specimens were collected from the Javadhu Hills in Tamil Nadu, which is ~ 150 Km away from the Servarayan Hills, the type-locality of H. loundesi (Gravely 1924). The NZC-ZSI collection has one more glass bottle labeled as ‘ Paralectotypes, H. loundesi ’. These specimens are misidentified and are of H. himalayensis.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F454CE245DDBFF5ABC07FE95.taxon	description	Figs 1 G, 19 – 22, 39	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F454CE245DDBFF5ABC07FE95.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. H. lycosina. Syntypes 2 ♀♀ from INDIA: Maharashtra: Nashik (= Nasik) (20 ° 04 ' N, 73 ° 36 ' E; 625 m alt.), date unknown, Millet leg., repository NHM (1899), not examined (illustrations of this species given in Tikader & Malhotra (1980: figs 91 – 92), who studied the types are diagnostic and were used for comparative purpose). H. mahabaleshwarensis. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Maharashtra: Satara: Mahabaleshwar (17 ° 56 ' N, 73 ° 31 ' E; 151 m alt.); 26 March 1976, B. K. Tikader leg., repository NZC-ZSI (4651 / 18), examined. Paratypes 3 ♀♀ and allotypes 2 ♂♂, with the same data as holotype, examined. Other material examined. INDIA: Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Mullayanagiri Peak (13 ° 23 ' N, 75 ° 43 ' E; 1894 m alt.), 18 February 2014, M. S. Pradeep leg., from web on ground, by hand: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (ADSH 595026).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F454CE245DDBFF5ABC07FE95.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of H. lycosina are most similar to the males of H. albopunctata Thorell, 1899 as both share a short anterior arm of tegular apophysis and ventrally visible subtegulum, but can be separated from the latter by anterior arm of tegular apophysis with prolaterally oriented tip (vs. posteriorly in H. albopunctata), and broad mesal arm of tegular apophysis with rounded tip (vs. narrow, thorn-like in H. albopunctata, compare Figs 19 F – G, 21 A – B with Alderweireldt & Jocqué 2005: fig. 14). Females are similar to the females of H. himalayensis as both share a large epigynal atrium, but can be separated from the latter by a widely triangular epigynal atrium (vs. narrowly triangular in H. himalayensis), and spherical spermathecae (vs. peanut-shaped in H. himalayensis, compare Figs 20 F – G, 21 D – E with Fig. 14 C – D). Supplementary description. Male in ethanol (ADSH 595026; Fig. 19 A – D). Carapace pale yellow coloured, with a median straight white stripe extending from PMEs up to rear end of fovea, with paired lateral longitudinal white bands extending along the entire length of carapace, medially clothed with fine black appressed setae, with a few scattered erect spine-like setae restricted to cephalic part. Eye region, clypeus, sternum pale yellow coloured; chelicerae, endites, labium, leg and pedipalp segments, and spinnerets pale brownish; dorsum of opisthosoma black, sides and venter creamy-white; leg and pedipalp segments with black annulations and patches. Thoracic fovea reddish, long (1.38), straight, longitudinal (Fig. 19 A). Thoracic part laterally black. Chelicerae dorsally clothed with moderately long setae; inner and outer surfaces provided with stridulatory files; promargin provided with a series of long setae with bend tips, pro- and retromargins with three teeth (Fig. 19 C). Sternum provided with thick covering of black setae, with a broad median longitudinal black band (Fig. 19 B). Opisthosoma elongate-ovoid, hirsute (Fig. 19 A); cardiac area marked with a reddish brown patch bordered by narrow longitudinal creamy-white bands; dorsum anteriorly provided with two pairs of white lateral stripes, with a few scattered white spots and patches, medioposteriorly with a few transverse roughly W-shaped bands; sides with thin black streaks; venter medially with paired, longitudinal broad bands of chalk white spots. Spinnerets hirsute (Fig. 19 D). Legs long, slender, hirsute, spinose; metatarsi I – II with distal and all tarsi with complete scopulae, all well-developed. Body length 16.02. Carapace 7.93 long, 5.75 wide. Opisthosoma 8.09 long, 4.62 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.32, AME 0.34, PLE 0.44, PME 0.50; AME – ALE 0.09, AME – AME 0.16, AME – PME 0.21, PLE – PLE 1.35, PME – PLE 0.51, PME – PME 0.42. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.34, at ALEs 0.34. Length of chelicerae 3.92. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 11.65 [4.13, 1.77, 2.73, 3.02], I 29.76 [7.36, 3.40, 6.70, 8.06, 4.24], II 28.40 [7.41, 3.12, 6.24, 7.82, 3.81], III 26.58 [7.19, 2.90, 5.56, 7.50, 3.43], IV 36.20 [8.83, 3.22, 7.90, 11.78, 4.47]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 4, patella spineless, tibia pl 1 pld 1 do 2, tarsus / cymbium spineless; legs: femur I pld 2 do 3 rld 3, II – III pld 3 do 3 rld 3, IV pld 3 do 3 rld 1; patellae I – IV pld 1 do 2 rld 1; tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 1 plv 2 rl 2 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 2, IV pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rld 2 rlv 3 vt 1, II pld 3 plv 3 rld 2 rlv 3 vt 1, III pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, IV pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 4 vt 1; tarsi I – IV spineless. Pedipalp (Figs 19 E – H, 23 A – C): segments hirsute; cymbium proximally wide, gradually narrowing towards apex, without apical claw-like macrosetae, distoventrally provided with long hairs with bend tips (Fig. 19 G). Tegulum large, occupying more than half of the ventral side of bulb (Figs 19 E – G, 21 A – B; T). Subtegulum small, subglobular, posteroprolaterally located (Figs 19 E – F, 21 A; ST). Palea small, roughly rectangular, less sclerotised (Fig. 19 F, H, 21 A, C; Pa). Synembolus short, narrow, C-shaped, arising on ventroprolateral margin of palea, with smoothly rounded tip (Figs 19 H, 21 C; Se). Tegular process short, irregular, visible only in retrolateral view (Figs 19 G, 21 B; RTP). Tegular apophysis with short, flat, wide anterior arm having prolaterally directed rounded tip and short retrolaterally directed mesal arm (Figs 19 F – G, 21 A – B; TA, AT, MT). Conductor large, hyaline, lying behind embolus, masking tegular process, with a retrolateral bent (Figs 19 F – G, 21 A – B; C). Embolus thin, masked entirely by distal part of tegulum, moderately long, with U-shaped curved tip, with broad embolic base (Figs 19 H, 21 C; E, EB). Female in ethanol (ADSH 595026; Fig. 20 A – D). Like the male, except by the following: carapace, clypeus, sternum, leg and palp segments, spinnerets pale brownish; chelicerae, endites, labium brownish; venter of opisthosoma lacks bands of chalk white spots. Thoracic fovea slightly short (1.25) (Fig. 20 A). Body length 17.99. Carapace 8.17 long, 6.04 wide. Opisthosoma 9.82 long, 5.58 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.26, AME 0.28, PLE 0.42, PME 0.45; AME – ALE 0.21, AME – AME 0.26, AME – PME 0.32, PLE – PLE 1.50, PME – PLE 0.55, PME – PME 0.41. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.42, at ALEs 0.34. Length of chelicerae 3.72. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 10.31 [3.55, 1.73, 2.29, 2.74], I 24.22 [6.95, 3.14, 5.40, 5.67, 3.06], II 23.79 [6.99, 3.04, 5.05, 5.48, 3.23], III 22.94 [6.72, 2.89, 4.80, 5.76, 2.77], IV 32.66 [8.73, 3.20, 7.13, 9.71, 3.89]. Spination of palp: femur pld 1 do 3 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 2, tibia pl 1 pld 1 rld 1, tarsus pl 1 pld 2 rl 1 rlv 1; legs: femur II pld 3 do 2 rld 3, IV pld 2 do 3 rld 1; tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 1 plv 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 1, IV pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rld 2 rlv 1. Genitalia (Figs 20 E – G, 21 D – F): epigyne clothed in bushy setae (Fig. 20 E), with broadly triangular median and narrow lateral plates (Figs 20 F, 21 D; MEP, LEP); median plate with large atrium leading to triangular hood internally (Figs 20 F – G, 21 D – E; H). Spermathecal stalks with irregular wide proximal and narrow tubular distal parts (Figs 20 G, 21 E – F; SS). Accessory glands globular, without stalk arising distolateral to spermathecal stalks (Fig. 21 F; AG). Spermathecae globular (Figs 20 G, 21 E; S). Fertilization ducts anteriorly directed, diverging (Figs 20 G, 21 E; FD).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F454CE245DDBFF5ABC07FE95.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Laos and India: Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand (Pocock 1900; Gravely 1924; Tikader & Malhotra 1980; Yin & Wang 1980; Hu 1984; Chen & Gao 1990; Jäger & Praxaysombath 2011; Wang et al. 2015; Ahmed et al. 2015; Marusik & Nadolny 2021; present data) (Fig. 39).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F454CE245DDBFF5ABC07FE95.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We examined the types of Hippasa mahabaleshwarensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980 and confirmed its synonymy with H. lycosina as proposed by Song (1987, compare Figs 19 F – G, 21 A – B with Fig. 22 B – C).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F450CE1B5DDBFE5EB862FC1D.taxon	description	Figs 1 C – D, H, 23 – 26, 40	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F450CE1B5DDBFE5EB862FC1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Syntypes ♂ and ♀ from INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Chennai (= Madras) (13 ° 10 ' N, 79 ° 56 ' E; 19 m alt.), 6 September 1921, F. H. Gravely leg., repository NZC-ZSI, Kolkata (5224 / H 2), examined. Topotype material examined. INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Chennai: Tambaram: Madras Christian College campus (12 ° 55 ' 16.05 '' N, 80 ° 07 ' 19.42 '' E; 41 m alt.), 10 December 2018, M. S. Pradeep & A. V. Mathew leg., from web on ground, by hand: 1 ♂, 1 subadult ♂, 3 ♀♀ (1 with egg sac), 1 subadult ♀ (ADSH 5950281). Other material examined. INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Salem: Yercaud (11 ° 46 ' N, 78 ° 12 ' E; 1420 m alt.), 28 May 2019, M. S. Pradeep & A. V. Mathew leg., from web on roadside mud embankment, by hand: 2 ♀♀ (ADSH 5950282).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F450CE1B5DDBFE5EB862FC1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of H. madraspatana are closely related to the males of H. agelenoides as both share large, anterior and triangular mesal arms of tegular apophysis and ventrally visible, triangular tegular process, but can be distinguished from the latter by less developed lamellate process of tegulum (vs. well-developed in H. agelenoides), anterior arm of tegular apophysis long, with slightly curved distal part (vs. comparatively short, with abruptly curved distal part in H. agelenoides), conductor broad (vs. comparatively narrow in H. agelenoides) and long, embolus with ventral membranous sheath and sharp distal curvature (vs. embolus short, with slight curvature and lacking membranous sheath in H. agelenoides) (compare Figs 25 B, D, 26 A, C with 7 B, D, 8 A, C). Females of H. madraspatana are similar to the females of H. deserticola as both share short spermathecal stalks and oval spermathecae, but can be distinguished from the latter by median plate without posterior scape (vs. present in H. deserticola) and vulva with accessory glands (vs. apparently absent in H. deserticola) (compare Figs 25 F – G, 26 D – E with Marusik & Nadolny 2021: fig. 3 A – B, D, F – G). Supplementary description. Male in ethanol (ADSH 5950281; Fig. 24 A – F). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae brownish; endites, labium, sternum, leg and pedipalp segments pale brownish; carapace with broad white lateral bands (Fig. 24 A); eye region brownish with black shades; leg and pedipalp segments with black annulations and patches, particularly on femora, patellae and tibiae; dorsum of opisthosoma medially with a broad pale brown patch bordered by narrow white longitudinal bands that are discontinuous posteriorly; sides of opisthosoma, spinnerets blackish; venter of opisthosoma greyish black. Carapace medially clothed with fine black appressed setae. Thoracic fovea reddish, long (0.46), straight, longitudinal (Fig. 24 A). Chelicerae dorsally clothed with moderately long setae; inner and outer surfaces provided with stridulatory files; promargin provided with a series of long setae with bend tips, pro- and retromargins with three teeth (Fig. 24 E). Sternum provided with thick covering of black setae, without a median longitudinal band (Fig. 24 C). Opisthosoma elongate-ovoid, hirsute (Fig. 24 A). Spinnerets hirsute (Fig. 24 D). Legs long, slender, hirsute, spinose; metatarsi lack scopulae; tarsi with reduced scopulae (Fig. 24 F). Body length 6.42. Carapace 3.41 long, 2.62 wide. Opisthosoma 3.01 long, 1.96 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.10, AME 0.11, PLE 0.21, PME 0.23; AME – ALE 0.05, AME – AME 0.11, AME – PME 0.15, PLE – PLE 0.63, PME – PLE 0.24, PME – PME 0.15. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.16, at ALEs 0.13. Length of chelicerae 1.35. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.76 [1.25, 0.56, 0.76, 1.19], I 7.54 [2.00, 0.94, 1.51, 1.88, 1.21], II 7.88 [2.12, 0.95, 1.52, 2.12, 1.17], III 8.20 [2.26, 0.94, 1.60, 2.23, 1.17], IV 11.22 [2.71, 0.98, 2.27, 3.66, 1.60]. Leg formula: 4321. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 3 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 2, tibia pld 1 do 1 plv 1, tarsus / cymbium pld 1 plv 2; legs: femur I pld 2 do 3 rld 3, II pld 4 do 3 rld 3, III pld 3 do 3 rld 3, IV pld 3 do 3 rld 1; patellae I – IV pld 1 do 2 rld 1; tibia I pl 1 plv 3 do 1 rl 2 rld 1 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 1 plv 1 do 1 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 1 rld 3 rlv 1, IV plv 3 do 1 rl 1 rld 2 rlv 2; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, II pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, III pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, IV pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 4 vt 1; tarsi I – IV spineless. Pedipalp (Figs 25 A – D, 26 A – C): segments hirsute; cymbium proximally wide, gradually narrowing towards apex, without apical claw-like macrosetae, distoventrally provided with long hairs with bend tips (Fig. 25 A, C). Tegulum large, occupying more than half of the ventral side of bulb (Figs 25 A – B, 26 A – B; T); tegular groove less evident ventrally, with large lamellate process of tegulum partly visible in ventral view with a narrow tegular stalk (Fig. 26 A – B; LT, TG, TS). Subtegulum small, subglobular, posteroprolaterally located (Figs 25 A – B, 26 A; ST). Palea small, roughly rectangular, less sclerotised (Figs 25 D, 26 A, C; Pa). Synembolus short, narrow, less curved, arising on ventroprolateral margin of palea, with smoothly rounded tip (Figs 25 D, 26 C; Se). Tegular process broad, triangular (Figs 25 B, 26 A; RTP). Tegular apophysis with long, anterior arm having slight retrolateral curvature and angular tip, with short retrolaterally directed mesal arm having broad base and angular tip (Figs 25 B – C, 26 A – B; TA, AT, MT). Conductor large, hyaline, lying behind embolus, with a retrolateral bent (Figs 25 B – C, 26 A – B; C). Embolus thin, moderately long, with broad embolic base, ventrally provided with membranous sheath-like extension, with C-shaped distal curvature, with rounded tip (Figs 25 D, 26 C; E, EB, MS). Female in ethanol (ADSH 5950281; Fig. 24 G – L). Like the male, except by the following: carapace, eye region, clypeus, endites, labium, sternum, leg and palp segments pale brownish; carapace and eye region medially clothed with black and white appressed setae; dorsum of opisthosoma medially with a broad creamy-white patch that bears an anterior brown marking; venter creamy-white with black shades. Thoracic fovea slightly long (0.48) (Fig. 24 G). Body length 6.79. Carapace 3.16 long, 2.44 wide. Opisthosoma 3.63 long, 2.41 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.10, AME 0.11, PLE 0.16, PME 0.18; AME – ALE 0.07, AME – AME 0.12, AME – PME 0.17, PLE – PLE 0.58, PME – PLE 0.21, PME – PME 0.24. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.16, at ALEs 0.15. Length of chelicerae 1.26. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 3.40 [1.10, 0.54, 0.68, 1.08], I 7.48 [2.05, 1.01, 1.47, 1.70, 1.25], II 7.54 [2.16, 1.06, 1.47, 1.70, 1.15], III 8.12 [2.16, 1.04, 1.54, 2.11, 1.27], IV 11.24 [2.85, 1.13, 2.24, 3.42, 1.60]. Spination of palp: femur pld 1 do 4, tibia pl 1 plv 1 rld 1, tarsus pl 1 pld 1 plv 1 rl 1 rlv 1; legs: femur I pld 2 do 3 rld 2, II pld 3 do 3 rld 3, III pld 2 do 3 rld 3; tibia I pl 1 pld 1 do 1 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 1 plv 1 do 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 1, IV pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 2; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3 vt 1, II pld 3 plv 3 rld 2 rlv 3 vt 1. Genitalia (Figs 25 E – G, 26 D – E): epigyne clothed in bushy setae (Fig. 25 E), with broadly triangular median plate having irregular margin and short conical lateral plates (Figs 25 F, 26 D; MEP, LEP). Spermathecal stalks short, wavy (Figs 25 G, 26 E; SS). Accessory glands nearly oval, with short stalk arising from the base of spermathecal stalks (Fig. 26 E; AG). Spermathecae oval (Figs 25 G, 26 E; S). Fertilization ducts anteriorly directed, diverging (Fig. 26 E; FD).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F450CE1B5DDBFE5EB862FC1D.taxon	description	Variation. Female (n = 3): body length 6.52 – 6.79.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F450CE1B5DDBFE5EB862FC1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal (Gravely 1924; Tikader & Malhotra 1980; Sen et al. 2015; present data) (Fig. 40).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F450CE1B5DDBFE5EB862FC1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The NZC-ZSI collection has one glass bottle for H. madraspatana, labeled as ‘ Types’ (5224 / H 2), containing pieces of prosoma, opisthosoma, chelicerae, left pedipalp and a few leg segments, all are in bad condition (Fig. 23 A – E).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1B5DDBFBD6BCC0F9EF.taxon	description	Fig. 37	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1B5DDBFBD6BCC0F9EF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Syntype (s) 1 ♀ and 1 juvenile ♀ from MYANMAR: Pathein (= Bassein) and Yangon (= Rangoon), date unknown, collector unknown, repository MNHN, not examined.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1B5DDBFBD6BCC0F9EF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Myanmar and India: Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telengana (Thorell 1887; Pocock 1900; Gajbe 2004; Rao et al. 2005; Bastawade 2008) (Fig. 37).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1B5DDBFBD6BCC0F9EF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The World Spider Catalog (2022) record of H. olivacea, which is described from Myanmar, from India is probably based on Gravely (1924) and Tikader & Malhotra (1980). However, these authors never collected or examined specimens of H. olivacea from India; instead Tikader & Malhotra (1980) studied the types of this species, while Gravely (1924) examined non-type specimens from Myanmar. Even though Bastawade (2008), Gajbe (2004), and Rao et al. (2005) examined material from India, these authors never illustrated the genitalia of their specimens.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1E5DDBF940BBFAFE7E.taxon	description	Figs 1 E, 27 – 29, 41	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1E5DDBF940BBFAFE7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Syntypes ♂ and ♀ from INDIA: Kerala: Trivandrum, date unknown, H. Ferguson leg., repository NHM, not examined (illustrations of the female genitalia given in Tikader & Malhotra (1980: figs 73 – 74), who examined the types of H. pantherina, are diagnostic and were used for comparative purposes). Topotype material examined. INDIA: Kerala: Trivandrum: Ponmudi: way to Varayadumotta, 13 December 2014, M. S. Pradeep leg., from web on roadside mud embankment, by hand: 2 ♀♀, 1 subadult ♀, 1 juvenile (ADSH 59501); Ponmudi (8 ° 45 ' 35.79 '' N, 77 ° 7 ' 00.75 '' E; 920 m alt.), 5 December 2019, M. S. Pradeep & A. V. Mathew leg., from web on roadside mud embankment, by hand: 4 ♀♀, 1 juvenile (ADSH 59503). Other material examined. INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad: Parambikulam Tiger Reserve: Sunkam Range, 26 August 2015, Jimmy Paul leg., from web on roadside mud embankment, by hand: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ (ADSH 59502). INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Salem: Yercaud (11 ° 46 ' N, 78 ° 12 ' E; 1420 m alt.), 28 May 2019, M. S. Pradeep & A. V. Mathew leg., from web on roadside mud embankment, by hand: 3 ♀♀ (ADSH 59504).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1E5DDBF940BBFAFE7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of H. pantherina are similar to the males of H. lingxianensis as both have very long anterior arm of tegular apophysis and a hook-like embolus, but can be distinguished from the latter by anteriorly oriented distal part of anterior arm of tegular apophysis (vs. retrolaterally oriented in H. lingxianensis) and broad conductor (vs. narrow in H. lingxianensis) (compare Figs 28 A – D, 29 A – C with Wang et al. 2015: fig. 5 A – B). Females of H. pantherina are similar to the females of H. loundesi as both share spermathecal stalks with broad proximal and narrow distal parts, but can be separated from the latter by less developed median epigynal plate (vs. well-developed in H. loundesi), vulva with lateral pockets accommodating spermathecal stalks (vs. absent in H. loundesi) and oval spermathecae (vs. globular in H. loundesi) (compare Figs 28 F, 29 D – E with Figs 17 E, 18 A – B). Supplementary description. Male in ethanol (ADSH 59502; Fig. 27 A – D). Carapace medially pale brownish, with paired lateral longitudinal white stripes extending along the entire length of carapace, medially clothed with fine black appressed setae; thoracic part laterally black. Eye region, clypeus, chelicerae, endites, labium brownish; sternum, spinnerets pale brownish; dorsum of opisthosoma brownish, anterolaterally with short, narrow longitudinal white bands and longitudinal rows of small white spots followed by two pairs of broad yellowish patches and a median longitudinal row of four broad yellowish patches arranged in decreasing order of size (Fig. 27 A); venter and sides straw coloured, with small chalk-white spots on venter; leg and pedipalp segments pale brownish to brownish with black patches and annulations. Thoracic fovea reddish brown, long (0.61), straight, longitudinal (Fig. 27 A). Cheliceral inner and outer surfaces with stridulatory files; promargin provided with a series of long setae with bend tips, pro- and retromargins with three teeth (Fig. 27 C). Sternum provided with scattered greyish black setae, with a broad median longitudinal black band (Fig. 27 B). Opisthosoma elongate-ovoid, hirsute, cardiac area marked with a brownish patch (Fig. 27 A). Spinnerets hirsute (Fig. 27 D). Legs long, slender, hirsute, spinose; metatarsi I – II with distal and all tarsi with complete scopulae, all well-developed. Body length 12.03. Carapace 5.61 long, 4.28 wide. Opisthosoma 6.42 long, 2.84 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.21, AME 0.27, PLE 0.29, PME 0.43; AME – ALE 0.07, AME – AME 0.06, AME – PME 0.14, PLE – PLE 1.02, PME – PLE 1.04, PME – PME 0.27. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.32, at ALEs 0.31. Length of chelicerae 2.77. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 7.97 [2.81, 1.33, 1.68, 2.15], I 23.38 [5.93, 2.53, 5.09, 6.42, 3.41], II 22.55 [5.87, 2.50, 4.78, 6.23, 3.17], III 20.83 [5.31, 2.30, 4.29, 6.36, 2.57], IV 28.51 [6.80, 2.53, 5.98, 9.36, 3.84]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 2 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 1 rld 1, tibia spineless, tarsus / cymbium spineless; legs: femur I pld 2 do 3 rld 3, II – III pld 3 do 3 rld 3, IV pld 3 do 3 rld 1; patellae I – IV pld 1 do 2 rld 1; tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 1 plv 2 rl 1 rlv 3, III pld 2 plv 2 do 1 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, IV pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rld 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rld 2 rlv 3 vt 1, II pld 3 plv 3 rld 2 rlv 3 vt 1, III pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, IV pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 4 vt 1; tarsi I – IV spineless. Pedipalp (Figs 28 A – D, 29 A – C): segments hirsute; cymbium proximally wide, gradually narrowing towards apex, without apical claw-like macrosetae, distoventrally provided with bunch of long hairs with bend tips (Fig. 28 A – C). Tegulum large, occupying more than half of the ventral side of bulb (Figs 28 A – C, 29 A; T); tegular groove less evident ventrally, with short lamellate process visible only in retrolateral view; tegular stalk not visible (Figs 28 B – C, 29 A – B; LT, TG); tegular process broad, triangular being covered by conductor (Figs 28 B, 29 A; RTP). Subtegulum small, subglobular, basoprolaterally located (Figs 28 A – B, 29 A; ST). Palea moderately broad, widely oval, moderately sclerotised (Figs 28 B – C, 29 A – C; Pa). Synembolus short, with slight curvature, arising on ventroprolateral margin of palea, with smoothly rounded tip (Figs 28 B, D, 29 C; Se). Tegular apophysis broad, medially originating, with long retrolaterally oriented anterior arm having distal part with flat, circular and narrow dorsally directed parts, with angular tip, with ventroretrolaterally directed mesal arm with round tip (Figs 28 A – B, 29 A – B; AT, MT, TA). Conductor broad, hyaline, with prolaterally oriented distal part (Figs 28 B – C, 29 A – B; C). Embolus long, thin, straight with hook-like distal curvature, concealed by distal part of tegulum, with broad embolic base, with chisel-shaped tip (Figs 28 B – D, 29 A – C; E, EB). Female in ethanol (ADSH 59502; Fig. 27 E – H). Like the male, except by the following: carapace medially with a straight white stripe extending from PMEs up to rear end of thoracic fovea. Eye region, clypeus, endites, labium, sternum, spinnerets pale brownish; dorsum and sides of opisthosoma greyish black, venter creamy-white without chalk-white spots. Thoracic fovea comparatively long (1.01) (Fig. 27 E). Dorsum of opisthosoma midlongitudinally provided with a pair of broad creamy-white patches (Fig. 27 E), dorsum and sides provided with scattered black spots and stripes, venter laterally provided with longitudinally arranged black spots and patches. Body length 18.54. Carapace 8.45 long, 6.26 wide. Opisthosoma 10.09 long, 6.08 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.27, AME 0.34, PLE 0.42, PME 0.49; AME – ALE 0.19, AME – AME 0.25, AME – PME 0.49, PLE – PLE 1.53, PME – PLE 0.54, PME – PME 0.51. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.74, at ALEs 0.69. Length of chelicerae 3.63. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 9.92 [3.44, 1.73, 2.06, 2.69], I 25.74 [7.36, 3.43, 5.52, 5.85, 3.58], II 25.16 [7.27, 3.53, 5.23, 5.78, 3.35], III 24.33 [7.06, 3.19, 4.89, 6.36, 2.83], IV 32.97 [8.87, 3.37, 6.90, 10.01, 3.82]. Spination of palp: femur pld 1 do 4 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 2, tibia pl 1 pld 1 rld 1, tarsus pld 1 plv 2 rl 1 rlv 1; legs: tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 1; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3. Genitalia (Figs 28 E – G, 29 D – E): epigyne clothed in bushy setae (Fig. 28 E), with triangular lateral plates being connected to less developed median plate (Figs 28 F, 29 D; MEP, LEP). Spermathecal stalks short, with broad proximal and narrow distal parts, proximal part being partly covered by lateral pockets (Fig. 29 E; LP, SS). Accessory glands apparently absent. Spermathecae elongate-ovoid (Figs 28 G, 29 E; S). Fertilization ducts anteriorly directed (Fig. 29 E; FD).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1E5DDBF940BBFAFE7E.taxon	description	Variation. Female (n = 11): body length 16.77 – 18.54.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46FCE1E5DDBF940BBFAFE7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and India: Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal (Karsch 1892; Pocock 1899, 1900; Gravely 1924; Tikader & Malhotra 1980; Gajbe 2004, 2007; Rao et al. 2005; Biswas & Raychaudhuri 2007; Sen et al. 2015; Dhali et al. 2017; Caleb 2020; present data) (Fig. 41).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46ACE1E5DDBFE3CBD07F821.taxon	description	Figs 30 – 31, 40	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46ACE1E5DDBFE3CBD07F821.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Andhra Pradesh: Guntur: Valiveru (16 ° 11 ' N, 80 ° 35 ' E; 10 m alt.), 15 January 1985, T. S. Reddy leg., repository NZC-ZSI, Kolkata (no register number specified), not examined. Paratypes 5 ♀♀, with the same data as holotype, not examined. Topotype material examined. INDIA: Andhra Pradesh: Guntur: Valiveru (16 ° 11 ' N, 80 ° 35 ' E; 10 m alt.), 11 October 2019, M. S. Pradeep & A. V. Mathew leg., from web on ground, by hand: 2 ♀♀ (ADSH 595035).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46ACE1E5DDBFE3CBD07F821.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of H. valiveruensis are closely related to the females of H. agelenoides as both have small body and similar colour pattern, but can be separated from the latter by epigyne without atrium (vs. epigyne with atrium in H. agelenoides), horizontally oriented spermathecal stalks (vs. vertically oriented spermathecal stalks in H. agelenoides) and globular spermathecae (vs. oval spermathecae in H. agelenoides) (compare Figs 30 G – H, 31 A – B with Figs 7 F – G, 8 D – E). Supplementary description. Female in ethanol (ADSH 595035; Fig. 30 A – E). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, endites, labium brownish; thoracic part marginally black; sternum pale brownish; opisthosoma greyish; leg and palp segments, spinnerets greenish black with black annulations and patches on leg and palp segments. Carapace clothed with fine black appressed setae. Thoracic part with slightly undulating margin (Fig. 30 B). Thoracic fovea reddish, long (0.41), straight, longitudinal (Fig. 30 A). Chelicerae dorsally clothed with moderately long setae; inner and outer surfaces provided with stridulatory files; promargin provided with a series of moderately long setae with bend tips, pro- and retromargins with three teeth (Fig. 30 D). Sternum provided with scattered black setae, with a broad median longitudinal black band (Fig. 30 C). Opisthosoma elongate-ovoid, hirsute; cardiac area marked with a pale brown patch; dorsum medially provided with transverse black bands and spots; venter proximolaterally provided with black spots arranged in a single line; sides provided with discontinuous black stripes. Spinnerets hirsute (Fig. 30 E). Legs long, slender, hirsute, spinose; metatarsi without scopulae; tarsi with reduced scopulae. Body length 6.19. Carapace 2.80 long, 2.20 wide. Opisthosoma 3.39 long, 2.05 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.11, AME 0.12, PLE 0.16, PME 0.18; AME – ALE 0.06, AME – AME 0.08, AME – PME 0.11, PLE – PLE 0.57, PME – PLE 0.20, PME – PME 0.22. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.16, at ALEs 0.11. Length of chelicerae 0.93. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 3.31 [1.07, 0.52, 0.69, 1.03], I 9.00 [2.47, 1.01, 1.91, 2.34, 1.27], II 8.55 [2.39, 1.03, 1.79, 2.05, 1.29], III 8.53 [2.37, 1.06, 1.77, 2.04, 1.29], IV 12.79 [3.12, 1.12, 2.99, 3.96, 1.60]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pld 1 do 3 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 2, tibia pld 1 plv 1 rld 1, tarsus pl 1 pld 1 plv 1 rl 1 rlv 1; legs: femur I pld 1 do 2 rld 2, II – III pld 3 do 3 rld 3, IV pld 3 do 3 rld 1; patellae I – IV pld 1 do 2 rld 1; tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 1 rl 2 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 2 plv 1 rl 1 rld 2 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rld 3 rlv 1, IV pl 1 pld 2 plv 3 rl 1 rld 3 rlv 3; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3 vt 1, II pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, III pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, IV pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 4 vt 1; tarsi I – IV spineless. Genitalia (Figs 30 F – H, 31 A – B): epigyne clothed in bushy setae (Fig. 30 F), with M-shaped narrow, wide median and short semicircular lateral plates (Fig. 31 A; MEP, LEP). Spermathecal stalks slender, S-shaped (Figs 30 G – H, 31 B; SS). Accessory glands oval, without stalk, originating basally to spermathecal stalks (Fig. 30 G, 31 B; AG). Spermathecae globular (Figs 30 H, 31 B; S). Fertilization ducts anteriorly directed, converging (Fig. 31 B; FD). Male. Unknown.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46ACE1E5DDBFE3CBD07F821.taxon	description	Variation. Female (n = 2): 6.12 – 6.19.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46ACE1E5DDBFE3CBD07F821.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India: Andhra Pradesh (Patel & Reddy 1993; present data) (Fig. 40).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F46ACE1E5DDBFE3CBD07F821.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We were unable to trace the types of H. valiveruensis in the arachnid collection of ZSI, even though the authors mentioned that the types would be deposited there (Patel & Reddy 1993).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F464CE135DDBF924BB84FE79.taxon	description	Fig. 32	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F464CE135DDBF924BB84FE79.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, immature ♀ from INDIA: Madhya Pradesh: Jabalpur: Khandari, 9 October 1997, P. Gajbe leg., repository NZC-ZSI (no register number specified), examined.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F464CE135DDBF924BB84FE79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species must be considered a nomen dubium due to the immature stage of the female holotype. The epigynal area of the immature holotype was found intact except a small part, which was incised and had small piece of tissue removed and kept inside a smaller vial (Fig. 32 C). It is quite surprising that, irrespective of the immature stage of the holotype, the authors were able to illustrate its genitalia, which are totally different from that of Hippasa species and are quite misleading (Gajbe & Gajbe 1999: figs 5 – 6). They probably illustrated the muscle sigillae at the epigynal area as that was the epigyne (Gajbe & Gajbe 1999: fig. 5). The NZC-ZSI collection has one glass tube for this species, labeled as ‘ holotype’ (no register number specified) containing one large immature female specimen in good condition. The same tube has a small glass vial containing a piece of tissue from the epigynal area (Fig. 32 C).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F467CE135DDBFE32B812FB00.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Syntypes 2 immature ♀♀ from INDIA: somewhere in Agra or Meerut or New Delhi, date unknown, F. Lyon leg., repository unknown, possibly NHM, London or OUMNH, Oxford, not examined.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F467CE135DDBFE32B812FB00.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Currently no specimens are available under the name ‘ Lycosa greenalliae ’ in OUMNH (Z. Simmons, pers. comm.) or is probably not deposited in NHM (D. Sherwood, pers. comm.). The type would either be lost, as most of Blackwall’s type material, or would be sitting elsewhere in the collection of OUMNH. The OUMNH collections hold a huge number of unsorted specimens in an enigmatic jar labeled ‘ Blackwall’s types’, which does not have any specific labeling or listing, so that it requires careful examination of each specimen to cross verify with original description to identify each type (Z. Simmons, pers. comm.). The original description of this species does not provide any information regarding the exact name of its type locality (Blackwall 1867). It may probably be noted in the label (if any) kept along with the type specimens. To solve the taxonomic problems of H. greenalliae, either the type should be rediscovered, so that the name of the exact collecting locality will be available, or field collections should be made from Agra, Meerut and New Delhi and specimens obtained are compared with the original description of this species to assign a neotype for it. Until then, it is safe to consider H. greenalliae as a nomen dubium.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F467CE135DDBFAE8BA19F8AE.taxon	description	Fig. 33	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F467CE135DDBFAE8BA19F8AE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, immature ♀ from INDIA: Madhya Pradesh: Jabalpur: Madan Mahal Fort / Durgavati Fort (23 ° 08 ' N, 79 ° 54 ' E; 431 m alt.), 13 October 1997, P. Gajbe leg., repository NZC-ZSI (no register number specified), examined.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F467CE135DDBFAE8BA19F8AE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Even though the female holotype of this species is immature, the authors provided genitalic illustrations for it, which are remarkably different from that of Hippasa species. Like H. fabreae, the authors considered the black markings on the epigynal area of the immature holotype as it was a genitalia and illustrated it. The opisthosomal pattern of this species suggests a possible synonymy with H. agelenoides, however, confirmation requires the examination of adult specimens from the type locality. Until adult specimens are found, it is treated as a nomen dubium. The NZC-ZSI collection has one glass tube for H. hansae, labeled as ‘ holotype’ (no register number specified) containing one immature female specimen in good condition, with broken legs. The same tube has a small glass vial containing a piece of tissue from the epigynal area (Fig. 33 C).	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F466CE155DDBFF5ABA8CFE05.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Haryana: Hisar: Pigeon pea fields at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) Haryana Agricultural University, 28 August 1989, P. Arora leg., repository unknown (no register number specified), not examined. Paratypes 10 ♂♂, 30 ♀♀, with the same data as holotype except 15 July 1989, 28 August 1989 and 20 September 1989, not examined. Allotype 1 ♂, with the same data as holotype, not examined.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F466CE155DDBFF5ABA8CFE05.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We were unable to examine the types of this species as no information is available about its repository (Arora & Monga 1994), and thus should be considered nomen nudum in the terms of art. 16.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). The original description and genitalic illustrations of this smallsized species (body length: male 5.52, female 6.45) are poor and insufficiently informative to recognize it (Arora & Monga 1994: figs 5, 8). The original description of the female mentions that the sternum lacks the mid-longitudinal band (Arora & Monga 1994), indicating it may not be a member of Hippasa. Moreover, the median epigynal septum illustrated for this species (Arora & Monga 1994: fig. 8) indicates that it may be a member of either Ovia Sankaran, Malamel & Sebastian, 2017 or Trochosa C. L. Koch, 1847. The novelty and taxonomic placement of this species remain unchallenged until examination of its types or topotype specimens.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F461CE155DDBFDD5BD41FB9D.taxon	description	Fig. 34	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F461CE155DDBFDD5BD41FB9D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype immature ♀ from INDIA: Madhya Pradesh: Jabalpur: Madan Mahal Fort / Durgavati Fort (23 ° 08 ' N, 79 ° 54 ' E; 431 m alt.), 13 October 1997, P. Gajbe leg., repository NZC-ZSI, Kolkata (no register number specified), examined.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
03B487A7F461CE155DDBFDD5BD41FB9D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Even though the holotype female of this species is immature, the authors provided genitalic illustrations that are unlike any Hippasa species. As in the description of H. fabreae and H. hansae, the authors considered the black markings on the epigynal area of the immature holotype as its genitalia and illustrated it. Until adult specimens are found, this species is treated as nomen dubium. The NZC-ZSI collection has one glass tube for this species, labeled as ‘ holotype’ (no register number specified) containing one large, immature female specimen in good condition, with detached opisthosoma. The same tube has a small glass vial containing a piece of tegument over the epigynal area (Fig. 34 C). The label mentions the collecting locality as ‘ Bheraghat in Jabalpur’ and the collecting date as ‘ 27 October 1997 ’.	en	SANKARAN, PRADEEP M., CALEB, JOHN T. D. (2023): Notes on Indian wolf spiders: II. Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Lycosidae Hippasinae). Zootaxa 5230 (2): 101-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.1
