identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3.text	D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigalegalephrnnus mandailinguensis Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith 2017	<div><p>Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis sp. nov.</p> <p>Holotype. —Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Amphibian Collection, MZB 25736 (field number ENS 15697; Fig. 3), an adult male from above the village of Sibanggor Tonga on the northeast slope of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.55262&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.70164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.55262/lat 0.70164)">Gunung Sorikmarapi</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.55262&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.70164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.55262/lat 0.70164)">Kecamatan Panyabungan Selatan</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.55262&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.70164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.55262/lat 0.70164)">Kabupaten Mandailing Natal</a>, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, 0.70164°N, 99.55262°E, 1383 m (in all cases, datum ¼ WGS84), collected by U. Smart, I. Sidik, and E.N. Smith on 25 January 2014.</p> <p>Paratypes (3). — UTA 63561 (field number ENS 16709), adult male from trail between the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.51899&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.70845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.51899/lat 0.70845)">Tano Bato</a> to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.51899&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.70845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.51899/lat 0.70845)">Sapo Tinjak</a> road and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.51899&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.70845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.51899/lat 0.70845)">Lake Saba Begu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.51899&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.70845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.51899/lat 0.70845)">Batang Gadis National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.51899&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.70845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.51899/lat 0.70845)">Kecamatan Batang Natal</a>, Kabupaten Mandailing Natal, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Sumatra, Indonesia 0.70845°N, 99.51899°E at 1299 m. UTA 63562 (field number ENS 16936) and MZB 25737 (field number ENS 16937), adult males from the same locality as previous paratype but at 1297 m 0.70866°N, 99.51953°E. All paratypes collected by U. Smart, S. Handayani, and I. Sidik on 26 January 2014.</p> <p>Diagnosis. —The following combination of characters is unique to Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis: (1) This medium-sized (males 30.6–38.0 mm SVL) slender toad lacks parotoid glands. (2) The tympanum is visible. (3) The nares are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eye. (4) The fingertips are truncated and expanded. (5) The toe tips are truncated but not expanded. (6) The webbing is rudimentary in the hands and moderate in the feet. (7) The dorsal coloration consists of white and brown with a thin stripe extending from the tip of the snout to the vent at midline. (8) A dark band above orbits is joined medially, and extends as an interrupted medial track to the sacrum. (9) Alternate black–dark brown and white marks on the upper lip. (10) The flanks have a stroke of brown extending from the orbit to the inguinal area. (11) The dorsal surface is moderately tuberculate. (12) The surface of the abdomen is uniformly tuberculate, with small, smooth, and round tubercles.</p> <p>Description of holotype and variation. — Holotype (adult male) followed by variation of three adult male paratypes in parentheses (UTA 63561; UTA 63562; MZB 25737). The specimen has SVL of 38.0 mm (30.6, 32.29, 32.75); head length 11.34 mm (9.5, 9.73, 10.19); head width 11.3 mm (9.65, 10.27, 10.22); snout length 5.0 mm (4.0, 3.6, 3.5); internarial distance 3.0 mm (2.5, 2.68, 2.75); eye length 3.3 mm (2.8, 3.1, 3); interocular distance 4 mm (3.5, 3.5, 3.7); intercanthal distance 5.7 mm (4.4, 5.0, 5.5); tympanum width 2.1 mm (1.5, 1.8, 1.8); hand length 11.2 mm (9.4, 9.1, 9.8); forearm length 11.5 mm (10, 9.6, 10.3); femur length 15.85 mm (13.46, 12.88, 13.38); tibia length 17.0 mm (13.86, 13.1, 14.02); tarsus length 9.0 mm (7.3, 7.2, 7.5); foot length 16.37 mm (13.58, 13.04, 13.68); width of fingertip pads for Finger I 0.10 mm (0.09, 0.08, 0.09), Finger II 0.13 mm (0.11, 0.10, 0.11), Finger III 0.14 mm (0.11, 0.11, 0.13), Finger IV 0.14 mm (0.10, 0.11, 0.13); width of toe pads for Toe I 0.09 mm (0.07, 0.07, 0.07), Toe II 0.09 mm (0.08, 0.08, 0.08), Toe III 0.11 mm (0.08, 0.08, 0.09), Toe IV 0.12 mm (0.09, 0.09, 0.10), Toe V 0.12 mm (0.09, 0.09, 0.11).</p> <p>Body slender; head almost as long as wide; head length 30% (31%, 30%, 31%) of SVL; head width 30.0% (32%, 32%, 31%) of SVL; snout length 13% (13%, 11%, 11%) of SVL; canthus rostralis concave; loreal area slightly tuberculate and concave; eye length 8.7% of SVL; pupil horizontal; snout slightly sloping back toward mouth; snout mucronate and with prominent median keel, in dorsal view; tympanum distinct, with moderately developed supratympanic fold; interorbital space flat; cranial crests absent; no teeth in jaws; tongue tip oval-shaped and longer than wide; skin of dorsal surfaces rough to finely shagreen with few large, scattered tubercles; tubercles small, rounded, and almost without keratinization; no dorsolateral, paravertebral, or occipital folds; skin on venter smooth with very fine warts; forearm length 30.3% (32.7%, 29.7%, 31.5%) of SVL; hand length 29.5% (30.7%, 28.2%, 29.9%) of SVL; relative length of Finger I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III; fingers bearing large, expanded pads; webbing formula for hand: I1 3 / 4 –2II1 3 / 4 –2 1 / 2 III2 1 / 3 – 2IV (I[2–2], [2–2], [13 / 4 –2] II[13 / 4 – 21 / 2], [13 / 4 – 21 / 2], [13 / 4 – 2 1 / 2]III[2 1 / 5 –2 1 / 5], [2 3 / 4 –2], [2 1 / 2 –2 1 / 4]IV); skin of forearm with tubercles; Finger I with elongate inner metacarpal tubercle, as large as outer metacarpal tubercle; each finger with one poorly developed round subarticular tubercle; nuptial excrescence brownish-dark, glandular, and dorsomedially extended with keratinized spicules present at the base of Finger I; femur length 41.7% (44%, 39.9%, 40.9%) of SVL; tibia length 44.8% (45.3%, 40.6%, 42.8%) of SVL; tarsal length 23.7% (23.9%, 22.3%, 22.9%) of SVL; foot length 43.1% (44.4%, 40.4%, 41.8%) of SVL; relative lengths of toes I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; toes bearing large pads; feet with moderate webbing, webbing formula for the feet: I0– 1 1 / 3 II0–1 3 / 4 III2–2 1 / 5 IV2 1 / 5 –1 2 / 3 V (I[0–1], [1–1 1 / 2], [0– 1 1 / 4]II[1–2], [1–2], [1–2]III[1 1 / 3 –3], [1 1 / 2 –2 1 / 3], [1– 2 3 / 4]IV[2 2 / 3 –2], [2 2 / 3 –1 2 / 3], [2 2 / 3 –1 3 / 4]V); heels without tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle moderately developed and elongate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; one moderate subarticular tubercle present at the base of first phalanx on each toe; toes without toe pads.</p> <p>Color in life. —Distinct light brown spot on each side of lore and distinct whitish spot on upper jaw just below posterior end of orbit; dorsum brown with light chamoisbrown-colored hourglass marking; distinct darker spots dorsolateral of sacral and iliac joint; alternate black and brown bands on dorsal side of limbs; in lateral flanks, skin with distinct blackish stripe extending from posterior end of eyes through top of humeral–ulnar joint to inguinal area; short, black dorsal stripe on each side of pubic junction; venter yellowish-white maculated with black blotches; chest and ventral surface of limbs light tea-rose orange with few sparsely located yellowish dots; tips of fingers and toes tearose orange-colored without dots; iris bright gold with black reticulations.</p> <p>Color in preservative. —In preservative the color of the animal differs slightly from that in life. The dorsum has a very light hourglass marking. The venter is whitish grey maculated with dark brown blotches.</p> <p>Etymology. —The specific epithet is an adjective referring to the Mandailing Batak ethnic region and Kabupaten (regency) where the new species was found.</p> <p>Common name. —Mandailing Puppet Toads.</p> <p>Distribution and natural history. — Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis is known only from rainforests on the slopes of Gunung Sorikmarapi in southern Sumatera Utara from 1297 m to 1383 m (Figs. 4 and 5). The holotype was found at 1830 h inactive on a cave wall, ~ 2 m from the entrance and below ground level. The paratypes were active on vegetation 0.5 m, 2 m, and 3 m (on a liana) above ground between 1930 and 2115 h. The two individuals higher above the ground were vocalizing using a series of high-pitched ticks. The holotype weighed 2.5 g, and the paratypes 1.4, 1.7, and 1.8 g.</p> <p>Call. —The advertisement call of Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis is best described as a rapid succession of regularly placed, shrill ticks. A single call 17.27 s in length was recorded at 2156 h. The call begins with infrequent, lowamplitude ticks, which progressively get louder and attain a uniform pulse rate during the main calling period that, in our recording, lasted ~ 15 s. During this time, the tonal pulses were organized in a discreet series repeated at a moderately high rate of 6 times/s. Each individual pulse lasted about 29 ± 4 ms (Fig. 6) intersected by pauses ~ 12 ± 9 ms long. These pulses were relatively narrow band (&lt;500 Hz). The average dominant frequency of pulses was 3.4 ± 0.04 Hz.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smart, Utpal;Sarker, Goutam C.;Arifin, Umilaela;Harvey, Michael B.;Sidik, Irvan;Hamidy, Amir;Kurniawan, Nia;Smith, Eric N.	Smart, Utpal, Sarker, Goutam C., Arifin, Umilaela, Harvey, Michael B., Sidik, Irvan, Hamidy, Amir, Kurniawan, Nia, Smith, Eric N. (2017): A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera. Herpetologica 73 (1): 63-75, DOI: 10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041
D13D05789274924FFC22DE49FE4AF86F.text	D13D05789274924FFC22DE49FE4AF86F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigalegalephrnnus minangkabauensis Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith 2017	<div><p>Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis sp. nov.</p> <p>Holotype. — <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.49512&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.26013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.49512/lat -2.26013)">Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Amphibian Collection</a>, MZB 25738 (field number ENS 16028), an adult male (Fig. 7) from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.49512&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.26013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.49512/lat -2.26013)">Gunung Kunyit</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.49512&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.26013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.49512/lat -2.26013)">Kecamatan Panyabungan Selatan</a>, Kabupaten Kerinci, Provinsi Jambi, Indonesia, 2.26013°S, 101.49512°E at 1402 m, collected by E. Wostl, E.N. Smith, W. Trilaksono, and G. Barraza on 24 June 2013.</p> <p>Diagnosis and comparison. —The following combination of characters is unique to Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis: (1) A small (19.32 mm SVL) and slender toad without parotoid glands. (2) Fingertips I and II are rounded and not expanded. (3) Fingertips III and IV are rounded and expanded. (4) The toe tips are rounded but not expanded. (5) The webbing is rudimentary in the hands and moderate in the feet. (6) The dorsum is light greenish-brown with a middorsal pinstripe extending from the tip of the snout to the vent. (7) The flanks have a single stroke of dark brown extending from the posterior end of the orbit to the inguinal region. (8) The dorsal surface is moderately tuberculate. (9) The ventral surface is smooth with scattered black spots.</p> <p>Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis can be distinguished from S. mandailinguensis (characters in parentheses) based on the following differences. The tympanum is barely discernible (tympanum distinct). The finger-pads are moderately defined (finger-pads prominent). The fingertips are rounded but not expanded (distinctly spatulate on tips III to IV). The hands lack subarticular tubercles (distinct subarticular tubercles under Fingers III and IV). The webbing of the foot is more extensive, extending to the last phalanx on Toes I and II (last phalanx free of webbing). The pads on toes are moderately defined (pads prominent). The feet lack subarticular tubercles (distinct subarticular tubercles under Toes IV and V). The overall texture is glossy with fewer tubercles on the dorsum and flanks (overall texture rugose, body and flanks extensively tuberculate). Taking into account the uncorrected genetic distance between the two species of Sigalegalephrŋnus (Table 2), the aforementioned comparisons provide adequate diagnostic characters to warrant S. minangkabauensis as a species distinct from S. mandailinguensis.</p> <p>Description of holotype. —The holotype (sex indistinguishable) has SVL of 19.32 mm; head length 6.94 mm; head width 6.57 mm; snout length 2.7 mm; eye length 2.2 mm; eye–nares length 1.6 mm; distance between nares to tip of snout 0.6 mm; internarial distance 1.8 mm; intercanthal distance 3.6 mm; forearm length 6.0 mm; hand length 5.5 mm; femur length 8.5 mm; tibia length 8.71 mm; tarsal length 5.1 mm; foot length 7.5 mm; width of fingertip pad of Finger III 1.6 mm; Finger IV 1.4 mm.</p> <p>Body slender, head little longer than wide; head length 36.1% SVL, head width 34.0% SVL; snout length 14% SVL; canthus rostralis concave; loreal area without tubercules and concave; snout truncated and slightly sloping back toward mouth; snout mucronate and with prominent median keel in dorsal view; eye length 11.4% SVL; pupil horizontal; upper eyelid granular; tympanum barely visible, with no supratympanic fold; interorbital space flat; cranial crests absent; no teeth in jaws; tongue tip oval-shaped, longer than wide; skin of dorsal surfaces rough to finely shagreen with few large, scattered tubercles; tubercles small, rounded, and almost without keratinization; no dorsolateral, paravertebral, or occipital folds; skin on venter smooth with few fine warts; forearm length 31.1% SVL; hand length 28.5% SVL; relative lengths of Fingers I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III; fingers bearing expanded pads; webbing of hands moderate: between Fingers I and II reaches distal and proximal subarticular tubercles, respectively; between Fingers II and III reaches proximal subarticular tubercles; between Fingers III and IV reaches proximal subarticular tubercles; webbing formula for the hand I1 1 / 2 –2II2–2 2 / 3 III2 2 / 3 –2IV; elongate inner metacarpal tubercle below Finger I as large as outer metarcarpal tubercle; lower arm with indistinct tubercles; fingers without expanded pads; femur length 44.0% SVL; tibia length 45.0% SVL; tarsal length 26.3% SVL; foot length 38.8% SVL; relative lengths of toes I &lt;II &lt;III V&lt;IV; heels without tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle weakly developed and elongate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing formula for the feet: I0–0II0–2III1–3IV2 3 / 4 –2V; no expanded pads on toes.</p> <p>Color in life. —Edges of lore and head golden with black shades; area below eyes with prominent white marking with yellowish tint; dorsum light greenish-brown with light brown hourglass figure extending from posterior of orbit to top of the sacroiliac joint; hourglass shape ends with distinct horizontal black bean color mark on each side; yellowishgreen marking on each shoulder; flanks black with red tubercles, maculated with greenish-yellow blotches, and possessing very prominent dark brown stripe starting from posterior end of orbit to inguinal region; inguinal areas greenish with golden tint; sacroiliac joint to inguinal region of flanks, golden yellowish-green; dorsal sides of limbs light brown; forearm, femur, tibia–fibula, and tarsus with distinct dark spot encircled with golden-yellowish-green color; venter opaque; throat golden-yellow; abdomen, ventral side of arms and legs pinkish with scattered yellow and black blotches; webbing in hand and foot translucent.</p> <p>Color in preservative. —In preservative, the animal appears dull because it has lost its golden-yellowish and greenish colors. The hourglass pattern has turned gray. The venter has lost all of its pinkish and golden-yellowish shades and turned a greenish-white.</p> <p>Etymology. —The specific epithet refers to the Minangkabau or Minang ethnic group inhabiting the region where the new species was found.</p> <p>Common name. —Minangkabau Puppet Toads.</p> <p>Province, Sumatra (MZB 25738). A color version of this figure is available online.</p> <p>Distribution and natural history. — Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis is known only from Gunung Kunyit from an elevation of 1428 m (Fig. 4). The holotype was found perched on a leaf ~ 1.25 m above ground, by the edge of a forest stream at 2015 h. Before collecting it, ENS watched the specimen move in reverse toward the edge of the leaf on which it was perched, where it defecated (outside of the surface of the leaf), and then return to its original position. The holotype weighed 0.5 g.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D13D05789274924FFC22DE49FE4AF86F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smart, Utpal;Sarker, Goutam C.;Arifin, Umilaela;Harvey, Michael B.;Sidik, Irvan;Hamidy, Amir;Kurniawan, Nia;Smith, Eric N.	Smart, Utpal, Sarker, Goutam C., Arifin, Umilaela, Harvey, Michael B., Sidik, Irvan, Hamidy, Amir, Kurniawan, Nia, Smith, Eric N. (2017): A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera. Herpetologica 73 (1): 63-75, DOI: 10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041
D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4.text	D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigalegalephrynus Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith 2017	<div><p>Sigalegalephrynus gen. nov.</p> <p>Type species. — Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis by present designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis and comparisons. —The genus can be diagnosed based on the following ecological attributes and morphology: medium-sized (&lt;40 mm SVL) member of Bufonidae, with gangly limbs, and arboreal and troglodytic habits. The morphologically comparable genus Ansonia (&gt; 40 mm SVL), commonly called Stream toads, is typically found on low vegetation near watercourses. The generally diminutive members of Pelophrŋne (&lt;40 mm SVL) and Leptophrŋne (&gt; 40 mm SVL) occur on shrubs. The only other genus of toads that has true arboreal habits is Rentapia, whose members typically tend to be stockier (&gt; 70 mm SVL) than Sigalegalephrŋnus. The genus Phrŋnoidis is represent-ed by two large (&gt; 70 mm SVL) semiaquatic toads, usually found on rocks along streams and rivers; the members of the Duttaphrŋnus (&gt; 40 mm SVL) and Ingerophrŋnus (&gt; 40 mm SVL) display terrestrial or somewhat riparian habits. The monotypic genus Pseudobufo is represented by a large (&gt; 75 mm SVL) and aquatic species with completely webbed feet that inhabits the peat swamps of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Eastern Sumatra.</p> <p>Like all other Sundaland toad genera (characters in parentheses), the new genus possesses a visible or slightly visible tympanum. Sigalegalephrŋnus most closely resembles Ansonia; however, the former lacks mandibular spines (mandibular spines present) and possesses combined femur and tibia lengths smaller than its SVL (SVL &lt;femur and tibia lengths). Unlike Pelophrŋne, in Sigalegalephrŋnus Finger I projects beyond the webbing by two phalanges (reduced Finger I, with one or no phalanges projecting beyond webbing), and males possess nuptial excrescences with well-keratinized spicules (poorly spiculated with only slight keratinization or not keratinized at all). Unlike Rentapia, Sigalegalephrŋnus lacks paratoid glands (paratoids prominent). The new genus can be told apart from Ingerophrŋnus by the lack of well-defined parallel crests between the eyes (parallel crests prominent). Unlike Leptophrŋne, Sigalegalephrŋnus lacks enlarged tubercles at the base of each toe, between at the articulation of the first phalanx and metacarpus (large tubercles present). Additionally, males of L. cruentata are unique among Southeast Asian toads in having nuptial excrescences that are white and swollen on the first and second fingers; males of Sigalegalephrŋnus (and all other genera) have nuptial excrescences with no white and swollen tissue. Unlike Phrŋnoidis, Sigalegalephrŋnus has slender limbs (limbs robust) and toes that are less than half webbed (toes fully webbed, with the exception of the fourth). Unlike Pseudobufo —the only Sundaland toad with fully webbed toes— Sigalegalephrŋnus has toes that are less than half webbed.</p> <p>Males of Sigalegalephrŋnus can be distinguished from all other toads in the region by the presence of an elongate inner metacarpal-thenar tubercle, which is as distinct and large as the outer metacarpal tubercle, and is located medially (Fig. 2). Males of Leptophrŋne cruentata have an elongate and medially located inner metacarpal tubercle, but this is less distinct and noticeably smaller than the outer metacarpal tubercle, whereas Rentapia and Pelophrŋne lack the inner metacarpal tubercle altogether. Fingertips three and four of the new genus are truncated, reflecting arboreality as in Pelophrŋne, Sabahphrŋnus, Rentapia, and some species of Ansonia.</p> <p>Etymology. —The generic name is derived from the name given by the indigenous Batak people of the Toba region in Sumatera Utara to life-sized wooden puppets called Sigale Gale. These puppets are used during the papurpur sepata funerary festivals to placate the spirits of the dead who have left no children behind. The suffix is derived from the masculine and Latinized Greek noun for toad, phrŋnos. The new genus, with a relatively large size compared with most arboreal toads in the region, lanky hands, and a wood-brown complexion, is evocative of the Sigale Gale.</p> <p>Common name. —Puppet Toads.</p> <p>Content. —Our phylogenetic analyses indicate the presence of two species within the new genus: S. mandailinguensis Smart et al.; and S. minangkabauensis Smart et al.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smart, Utpal;Sarker, Goutam C.;Arifin, Umilaela;Harvey, Michael B.;Sidik, Irvan;Hamidy, Amir;Kurniawan, Nia;Smith, Eric N.	Smart, Utpal, Sarker, Goutam C., Arifin, Umilaela, Harvey, Michael B., Sidik, Irvan, Hamidy, Amir, Kurniawan, Nia, Smith, Eric N. (2017): A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera. Herpetologica 73 (1): 63-75, DOI: 10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041
