taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D787AAB664FFA8FF2AFCB0FE0AFA8E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to the original description, Parent (1939) stated that the holotype of this species was originally housed at the Zoological Museum of Hamburg (now Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, ZMUH), but we were not able to locate the type (Martin Husemann, pers. comm.). Nevertheless part of the Hamburg types designated by Parent (1928, 1939) and supposedly lost during the WWII fire are actually housed at the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI, M ̧ ncheberg) (Rohlfein & Ewald 1979). Unfortunately, the holotype of H. petulans could not be found among the SDEI holdings (F. Menzel, pers. comm.) and should be considered as lost. Based on the wing venation, brownish wing membrane, and very narrow face, H. petulans is superficially similar to Hercostomus problematicus, redescribed below, and with some undescribed South American species with narrow face (S. Brooks pers. comm.). Thus, without analyzing the holotype, it is impossible to correctly associate H. petulans with any of these species, hence we treat this name as a nomen dubium.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB664FFA8FF2AFCB0FE0AFA8E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB664FFA8FF2AFEC4FF03FCD0.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Pelastoneurus arcuatus Loew, 1861 (subsequent designation by Coquillett, 1910: 583).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB664FFA8FF2AFEC4FF03FCD0.taxon	description	According to Brooks (2005), the broad concept of Paraclius can be recognized by the following combination of characters: arista-like stylus bare to strongly pubescent, not plumose; clypeus flat or weakly pronounced, distinctly shorter than face in males, not exceeding lower margin of eyes; wing vein M 1 bent beyond crossvein dm-m; mid and hind femora usually with one preapical seta. Outside of the lineage of species related to P. arcuatus (Loew), the type species of Paraclius, a meaningful generic concept for the species currently included in Paraclius based on synapomorphies is still pending, and the genus is presently better seen as a holding taxon, like Hercostomus (Brooks 2005).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB664FFAEFF2AFA4DFDC9FDC9.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 15)	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB664FFAEFF2AFA4DFDC9FDC9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (based on original description and photographs of male holotype). Face wider than ocellar tubercle (Fig. 1 C). Antenna yellow, except apical 3 / 4 of postpedicel brownish. Legs: mostly yellow, except basal half of lateral surface of coxae II and III, last tarsomere of tarsus I and II and entire tarsus III brownish (Fig. 1 A). Coxa II with remarkable long and curved setae at apical edge (Fig. 1 A). Tarsus I: It 1 with 1 short basiventral seta, It 2 with ventral row of conspicuous setae (Fig. 1 E). Tarsus II with IIt 5 dorsoventrally flattened, with lateral fringe of hairs on each side. Wing brownish, R 4 + 5 slightly curved posteriorly near apex, M 1 gently bent anteriorly distal to crossvein dm-m (Fig. 1 F). Abdominal tergite 6 longer than wide, dark brown and bare (Fig. 1 B); hypopygium distinctly shorter than abdomen, with cercus yellow, oval, with dark margins and long and black setae. Examined type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (based on photographs) (Fig. 1) labelled as: “ Bolivia-Mapiri [ca 15 ° 18 ′ 14.2 ″ S 68 ° 13 ′ 20.2 ″ W] | 9. iii. 03 | Sarampioni 700 m ” [green label]; “ Typus | Hercostomus | plumitarsis | Par. [handwritten] ” [red label] (MTD).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB664FFAEFF2AFA4DFDC9FDC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paraclius plumitarsis comb. nov. is clearly part of a large lineage of Paraclius including P. venustus Aldrich and P. ovatus Van Duzee, discussed by Brooks (2005), and recognized by males with ring-shaped sclerite surrounding the base of the phallus. Several described and undescribed species in this group share the distinctive dorsoventrally flattened IIt 5 with similar setation as in Paraclius plumitarsis comb. nov. (see Parent 1931, fig. 37), such as P. kovascii Parent (Bolivia) and P. opulentus Van Duzee (Chile). We found at least three different species from Santa Cruz, south Bolivia (CNC and INPA) with such a modified tarsus II and also conspicuously long setae at apical edge of coxa II. According to the original description, H. plumitarsis has a remarkable dorsal “ apophysis ” on tarsus I, but examination of available photographs of the male holotype do not show any visible enlargement (Fig. 1 E). However, due to the poor state of conservation (male terminalia and tarsus II lost) it was not possible to associate H. plumitarsis with any of the species mentioned above.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB664FFAEFF2AFA4DFDC9FDC9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bolivia (Fig. 15).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB662FFA3FF2AFD88FCD8FECD.taxon	description	(Figs 2 – 5, 15)	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB662FFA3FF2AFD88FCD8FECD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (male). Face very narrow at mid-length (narrower than mid ocellus) (Figs 2 C, 3 B, 5 B); postpedicel subtriangular, brownish, except basal 1 / 3 reddish yellow (Figs 2 A, C, 3 A). Legs mostly yellow, except lateral surface of coxae II and III brownish; tarsus II and III dark brown from apical 2 / 3 of tarsomere 2 (Figs 2 A, 3 A); tarsus I and III unmodified; tarsus II with apical 1 / 3 of IIt 2 and entire IIt 3 laterally compressed, IIt 4 with apicoventral projection overlapping the base of IIt 5, apical 1 / 3 of IIt 2 to base of IIt 4 covered by whitish pollinosity anteriorly (Fig. 3 C, 5 C). Wing membrane hyaline to slightly infuscate, with apical 1 / 3 brownish, M 1 gradually curved towards R 4 + 5 (Fig. 3 D, 5 D).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB662FFA3FF2AFD88FCD8FECD.taxon	description	Redescription. Male (based on identified specimens and photographs of holotype) (Figs 2, 3). Body length: 4.8 – 5.5 mm. Wing length: 3.9 – 4.4 mm (n = 10). Head (Figs 2 C, 3 B, 5 B). Upper-most 6 – 8 and single lower-most postocular setae black, remaining setae white. Frons subrectangular (about 1.5 X wider than high), black, covered by weak silvery pruinosity. Face ground color yellow, but obscured by dense silvery pruinosity, narrowing in middle (narrower than mid ocellus at narrowest point, MSSC). Clypeus subtriangular (1.5 X longer than wide), about 1 / 3 of face height, lower margin rounded, ending well above lower eye margin. Palpus pale brown, covered by weak yellowish gray pruinosity and a few small black setae, 1 stronger seta at apex. Proboscis brown, labellum with long, slender setae, prementum with one group of short, slender setae. Pair of divergent strong ocellar setae and 2 pairs of tiny postocellar setae; pair of strong, slightly convergent vertical setae, pair of short paravertical setae, about 1 / 3 of length of vertical seta. Postcranium black, covered by weak silvery pruinosity. Antenna with scape, pedicel and basal 1 / 3 of postpedicel reddish yellow, apical 2 / 3 of postpedicel brownish; scape with short setae on dorsal surface and 3 – 4 long setae at apex, with acute anterior and ventral processes at apex; pedicel short, with crown of setae at apex; postpedicel 1.5 X longer than wide, subtriangular, with short whitish pubescence; arista-like stylus blackish, dorsal, arising from upper edge at basal half of postpedicel, as long as eye height, two-segmented, first segment short, ending at apex of postpedicel and covered by short pubescence, second segment long, about 3.5 X longer than first segment, covered by short microtrichia. Thorax (Figs 2 A, 3 A, 5 A). Mesonotum mostly metallic dark green, with weak bluish reflections, notopleuron covered by dense silvery pruinosity, postpronotal lobe and postalar callus yellowish brown. Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum. Pleura gray, covered by weak silvery pruinosity. Chaetotaxy: pronotum with row of black setae; acrostichals short, biseriate, ending at fourth dorsocentral seta; 6 pairs of dorsocentral (anterior pair greatly reduced, about 1 / 2 of length of second pair); 1 pre-, 1 sutural and 1 postsutural intra-alars; 1 strong and 2 short postpronotals; 2 strong supra-alars, 1 positioned between postpronotal lobe and notopleuron and 1 close to postalar callus; 1 strong postalar; 2 strong notopleurals; one cluster of fine white setulae on upper surface of proepisternum, and row of more conspicuous black setulae in front of anterior spiracle; lower surface of proepisternum with 1 strong seta directed anteroventrally and cluster of fine white setulae; metepisternum with row of fine white setulae; scutellum with pair of strong medial scutellars and pair of smaller setae laterad, about 1 / 4 as long as medial scutellars. Wing (Figs 3 D, 5 D). Membrane hyaline to slightly infuscate, with apical 1 / 3 brownish. Costa ending at M 1 before wing apex; R 1 ending at basal 3 / 8 of wing; R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5 nearly straight; M 1 gently curved towards R 4 + 5; M 4 not reaching wing margin; cell dm ending at apical 5 / 8 of wing; length of crossvein dm-m / last part of M 4 (“ CuAx ratio ”): 1.3; CuA + CuP present as sinuous fold in membrane, not reaching wing margin. Lower calypter yellow with blackish cilia; halter yellow. Legs (Figs 2 A, 3 A, C, 5 C). Mostly yellow; lateral surface of coxae II and III brownish; tarsus II and III dark brown from apical 2 / 3 of tarsomere 2 onwards; setae on legs black, unless otherwise mentioned. Leg I. Podomere ratios: 52, 45, 22 / 10 / 6 / 4 / 3. Anterior surface of coxa I covered by short setae and weak silvery pruinosity, outer edge with 2 strong setae, 1 near middle and 1 near apex, apical edge with 2 strong setae. Femur I covered by short vestiture of setae, except extreme base and larger part of ventral surface bare, with 1 short posteroventral preapical seta. Tibia I with 3 short dorsal setae at 2 / 8, 4 / 8 and 7 / 8, 1 anterodorsal seta at 2 / 8, 1 posterodorsal seta at 7 / 8 and posterior row of fine setae increasing in size at apical 1 / 3 (MSSC). It 1 with 1 short basiventral seta, It 2 – 5 unmodified. Leg II. Podomere ratios: 66, 70, 35 / 25 / 16 / 8 / 5. Anterior surface of coxa II covered by short setae and weak silvery pruinosity, outer edge with 2 strong setae near middle, inner and apical edges with row of slender setae. Trochanter II with 1 anterior seta at apex and 1 ventral pale seta at middle. Femur II covered by short vestiture of setae, except ventral surface bare, 1 strong anterodorsal preapical seta at 7 / 8, 1 short posteroventral preapical seta and anteroventral row of fine white setulae from base to apical 5 / 8 (MSSC). Tibia II with 4 conspicuous anterodorsal setae at 1.5 / 8, 2.5 / 8, 4 / 8 and 7.5 / 8 (about 1 / 3 of length of preceding seta) and 1 anterior seta at 7.5 / 8; 4 posterodorsal setae at 1 / 8 (about half length of second seta), 2 / 8, 5 / 8 and 7.5 / 8, 1 ventral seta at 4 / 8 and 1 anteroventral seta and 1 fine long posteroventral seta at apex. Tarsus II (Fig. 3 C, 5 C): IIt 1 with 1 long basiventral seta, apical 1 / 3 of IIt 2 and IIt 3 laterally compressed, IIt 4 with ventral apical projection overlapping base of IIt 5, apical 1 / 3 of IIt 2 and entire IIt 3 covered by whitish pubescence anteriorly (all MSSC). Leg III. Podomere ratios: 69, 87, 26 / 39 / 21 / 10 / 4. Anterior surface of coxa III with 2 long setae at apical edge, lateral edge with 1 long seta at middle and 1 short seta at apex. Femur III laterally compressed, about 2 X wider than femur II at broadest point, covered by short vestiture of setae, except ventral surface mostly bare, with 1 strong anterodorsal at apical 6 / 8, 1 antero- and 1 posteroventral short seta at apex, anteroventral and ventral rows of fine white setulae from base to basal 4 / 8. Tibia III with pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 1 / 8 (about half length of second pair), 1.5 / 8, and 3 / 8, 2 anterodorsal setae at 5 / 8 and 7.5 / 8, 2 posterodorsal setae, at 4 / 8 and 7 / 8, 2 ventral setae, 5.5 / 8 and apex, and row of short, erect setae from basal 1.5 / 8 to apical 5 / 8. Tarsus III: IIIt 1 with 1 short basiventral seta and 1 short ventral seta near middle. IIIt 2 – 5 unmodified. Abdomen (Figs 2 A, D, 3 A). Mostly dark brown (without metallic reflections), tergites 1 – 5 with lateral patches of silvery pruinosity. Tergites 1 – 5 covered by short black setae, posterior margins with longer black setae, tergites 6 and 7 bare. Segment 7 forming well sclerotized but short peduncle, longer than tergite 6. Sternite 8 drop-shaped, covered by short black setae, increasing in length at posterior margin. Hypopygium (Fig. 4). Shorter than abdomen; epandrium dark brown, subrectangular, truncated at apex, twice longer than high at highest point, with 1 minute basiventral seta (Fig. 4 A, B); apicoventral epandrial lobe shorter than surstyli, digitiform in lateral view (Fig. 4 A, B) and C-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 4 C), with two long and slender apical setae at outer edge; ventral lobe of surstylus long and narrow, curved dorsally at apex, with 1 long and wide seta ventrally, and 1 long and slender seta at basal 1 / 3 of dorsal edge (Fig. 4 F); dorsal lobe of surstylus with narrow apical projection and short digitiform dorsal projection at middle and weakly sclerotized at apex, 1 short ventral seta near apex (Fig. 4 G); postgonite as long as ventral lobe of surstylus, well sclerotized and weakly curved ventrally at apex (Fig. 4 E); proctiger slender, shorter than postgonite (Fig. 4 E); basal sclerite of sperm pump narrow, positioned dorsally to sperm pump (Fig. 4 E); sperm pump long and strongly folded back over itself, but not spherical, slightly longer than epandrium length (Fig. 4 B, E); ejaculatory apodeme short, about 1 / 4 as long as sperm pump, weakly sclerotized and somewhat fan-shaped (Fig. 4 E); hypandrium laterally forked into two branches, each narrowing and membranous at apex (Fig. 4 E); phallus tubular, bifurcate and narrowing at apex (Fig. 4 B, E); cercus subtriangular, about half-length of epandrium, yellow with ventral margin broadly dark, covered by small erect yellowish setae and 1 long apical seta (Fig. 4 A, D). Female (based on the original description, none confidently associated with males). Similar to male, except for MSSC; wing with apical darkening spot less pronounced, although visible.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB662FFA3FF2AFD88FCD8FECD.taxon	materials_examined	Examined type material. Hercostomus problematicus: HOLOTYPE ♁ (based on photographs) (Fig. 2) labelled as: “ [Brazil], Pará, Belem [ca 1 ° 25 ′ 21.9 ″ S 48 ° 25 ′ 31.6 ″ W] | 11. - 26. V. 27. Zerny ”; “ Type ” [red label]; “ Hercostomus | problematicus | Type | O. Parent ” [handwritten] (NHMW). Sarcionus maculipennis: HOLOTYPE ♁ (based on photographs) (Fig. 5) labelled as: “ Kartabo [ca 6 ° 24 ′ 13.2 ″ N 58 ° 37 ′ 27.1 ″ W] | Bartica District [Cuyuni-Mazaruni] | British Guiana [Guyana] | 1921 ”; “ Sarcionus | maculipennis [handwritten] | Holotype. Van Duzee ” (AMNH). Additional examined material. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Km 31 Embrapa [ca 2 ° 53 ′ 37.2 ″ S 59 ° 58 ′ 23.4 ″ W], 26. xii. 1991, L. P. Albuquerque, J. Binda, Arm. Shannon, C. Cacau [Shannon trap with Theobroma cacao bait], Isc. Fruta [fruit bait], 26. xii. 1991 (12 ♁, INPA); idem, 04. vii. 1991 (1 ♁, INPA); idem, 26. iv. 1991 (1 ♁, INPA); idem, 12. xii. 1991 (9 ♁, INPA); idem, 18. xii. 1991 (2 ♁, INPA); idem, 8. i. 1992 (6 ♁, INPA, 1 dissected); idem, 15. i. 1992 (15 ♁, INPA, 1 dissected); idem, 22. i. 1992 (3 ♁, INPA); idem, Arm. Shannon, C. Andiroba [Shannon trap with Carapa guianensis bait] (1 ♁, INPA); idem, 19. ii. 1992, Arm. Shannon, C. Cacau (4 ♁, INPA); idem, 26. ii. 1992 (1 ♁, INPA); idem, 29. i. 1992 (4 ♁, INPA); idem, 6. ii. 1992 (3 ♁, INPA); idem, 4. vi. 1992 (2 ♁, INPA); idem, 11. iii. 1992 (2 ♁, INPA); idem, 20. v. 1992 (1 ♁, INPA); idem, 15. v. 1992 (4 ♁, INPA); Manaus, R. F. Adolpho Ducke [ca 2 ° 57 ′ 06.5 ″ S 59 ° 55 ′ 28.3 ″ W], 19 – 23. iii. 2001, Isca de Fruta, R. Ale-Rocha, J. F. Vidal, A. P. Marques cols. (1 ♁, INPA); Rio Nhamundá, 01 ° 35 ′ 11 ″ S 57 ° 37 ′ 32 ″ W, 25 m, 17 – 20. v. 2008, J. A. Rafael e equipe, Arm suspensa lâmina d’água (2 ♁, INPA). Amapá, Amapari [ca 0 ° 57 ′ 49.9 ″ N 51 ° 59 ′ 58.6 ″ W], Tucano- 2, 6 – 7. xi. 1993, N. Bittencourt, Armadilha Suspensa 1.6 m (1 ♁, MPEG); idem, 11 – 15. xi. 1993 (1 ♁, MPEG); Oiapoque, BR 156 km 25, 3 ° 39 ′ 35 ″ N 51 ° 46 ′ 17 ″ W, iii – vii. 2020, Malaise, floresta, J. A. Rafael, S. P. Lima & F. F. Xavier Fº (3 ♁, INPA). Pará, Belém, Mocambo [ca 1 ° 25 ′ 21.9 ″ S 48 ° 25 ′ 31.6 ″ W], Arm. Malaise, 05. xii. 1977 (1 ♁, MPEG).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB662FFA3FF2AFD88FCD8FECD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil (state of Pará and newly recorded from states of Amapá and Amazonas) and Guyana (new country record) (Fig. 15). Widely distributed in Amazonian lowlands.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB662FFA3FF2AFD88FCD8FECD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paraclius problematicus comb. nov. is easily recognized by the male face very narrow at middle, narrower than mid ocellus, wing hyaline to slightly infuscate, with apical 1 / 3 brownish and IIt 2 – 3 laterally compressed. After the examination of photographs of the male holotype of Sarcionus maculipennis Van Duzee, 1934 housed at AMNH (Fig. 5) and illustrations of the male terminalia provided by Scott Brooks (CNC), we concluded that S. maculipennis is conspecific and should be synonymized under P. problematicus comb. nov. The male hypopygium has an enlarged sperm pump similar to that found in species of Cheiromyia Dyte which was assumed to be synapomorphic for the genus plus Sarcionus maculipennis Van Duzee (Brooks 2005, character 51: 1, fig. 8 C). For the time being, we agree with Brooks et al. (2010, 2018), who transferred the species to Paraclius, leaving in Cheiromyia only the species with antler-like male postpedicel and apicoventral epandrial lobe large. The different conditions seen in the sperm pump are treated below under the Discussion section. It is noteworthy that all Brazilian specimens from the Amazonas state were exclusively males, collected in relatively large numbers using fruit baits and Shannon traps.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66FFFA0FF2AF9B8FD64FDC9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (males). The group is here proposed to accommodate the species with the following combination of characters: fore tarsomeres from apical 1 / 2 – 2 / 3 of It 1 with conspicuous pile of short whitish setae (Fig. 8 F, 11 F); arista-like stylus dorsal, arising at basal 1 / 2 of postpedicel (Figs 8 D, 10 B, 11 C); femur III with 1 strong anterodorsal and 1 long anteroventral preapical setae; cell dm ending at middle of wing; vein M 1 gradually angled towards R 4 + 5 (Figs 6 A, 7 E, 8 H, 11 G); hypopygium: cercus remarkably short and branched, dorsal branch shorter than ventral one (Figs 9 E, 12 D). In addition to the preceding features, it remains to be investigated if the phallus presents a narrowing which clearly delimits two regions (with distal segment serrate) (Figs 9 C, 12 D), hypandrium asymmetrical (with one wide ventral projection near / or at apex) (Figs 9 D, 12 E) and the postgonite bifurcated at apex (Figs 9 G, 12 C) are exclusive features of P. latipes and P. norrbomi sp. nov. or part of the ground-plan of the entire group. Included species. Paraclius aberrans Robinson, P. latipes (Aldrich), P. norrbomi sp. nov. and P. panamensis (Van Duzee) comb. nov.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66FFFA0FF2AF9B8FD64FDC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. After gathering information from descriptions, photos of types and identified material of nearly all New World described species of Paraclius, it became clear that Hercostomus panamensis was part of a small clade, sharing distinctive characters with P. aberrans Robinson and P. latipes (Aldrich), notably the fore tarsus with short pile of setae (that also occurs elsewhere in other dolichopodine genera, like Pelastoneurus) and the shape of the male cercus unlike any other species known to us. Additional characters of the hypandrium, phallus and postgonites are also peculiar in the species for which material was available for dissection and likely synapomorphic for the entire group. Although it is not the main focus of the present paper, we decided to describe a new species of this group from Costa Rica and to redescribe P. latipes based on additional material in order to better illustrate the distinctive morphology of the latipes - group.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66CFFA0FF2AFBFDFC76F89D.taxon	description	(Figs 6, 16)	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66CFFA0FF2AFBFDFC76F89D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (male). Face narrow (as wide as ocellar tubercle at narrowest point) (Fig. 6 B); antenna yellow, with apical 2 / 3 of postpedicel brownish (Figs 6 A, B); postpedicel slightly longer than wide, rounded at apex. Legs: yellow, except lateral surface of coxa II and all tarsi from apex of basitarsus brownish (Figs 6 A, B). All tarsi unmodified. Wing hyaline, M 1 gradually angled towards R 4 + 5. Hypopygium as long as abdomen (Fig. 6 A); cercus brownish, branched, dorsal branch short, about 1 / 4 of length of ventral branch, ventral branch fusiform. Examined type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (based on photographs) (Fig. 6) labelled as: “ Plano, Texas [ca 33 ° 02 ′ 27.4 ″ N 96 ° 44 ′ 33.5 ″ W] | Sep, at night | E. S. Tucker ”; “ Taken at | trap light ”; Holotype ♁ | Paraclius | aberrans | H. Robinson ” [handwritten, green label] (NMNH).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66CFFA0FF2AFBFDFC76F89D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Robinson (1975) noted the similarity between Paraclius aberrans and P. latipes, and both seem to be closely related by sharing the robust and elongate hypopygium, as long as abdomen, and the fusiform ventral branch of the cercus (Robinson 1964, fig. 112). Paraclius aberrans can be distinguished from P. latipes by the face being as wide as ocellar tubercle at middle (Fig. 6 B) (face narrower than ocellar tubercle in P. latipes (Figs 7 B, 8 C )) and the cylindrical tarsus I (tarsus I dorsoventrally flattened in P. latipes (Fig. 8 E – G )). Robinson (1964) indicated that species without the conspicuous anterior bend in wing vein M 1 had been described as Hercostomus. Nevertheless, he correctly placed this species in Paraclius by the presence of only five strong dorsocentral setae, two ventral setae on tibia II, and anteroventral preapical seta on femur III, a set of characters found in other species of Paraclius. The holotype of this species was collected at a light trap, an unusual method for Paraclius species.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66CFFA0FF2AFBFDFC76F89D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA (Texas), Mexico (San Luis Potosí) (Fig. 16).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66DFFBAFF2AF9C0FAD5FE91.taxon	description	(Figs 7 – 9, 16)	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66DFFBAFF2AF9C0FAD5FE91.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (male). Face narrowing in the middle, narrower than ocellar tubercle (Figs 7 B, 8 C). Postpedicel triangular, brown, except extreme base orange yellow (Figs 7 B, 8 D). Legs mostly yellow; lateral surface of coxa II brownish; tarsi II and III brown from apical 1 / 3 of tarsomere 3 (Fig. 8 A); tarsus I dorsoventrally flattened, with ventral surface covered by whitish pile from apical 2 / 3 of It 1 onwards (Figs 7 D, 8 E – G). Wing slightly brownish; M 1 gradually curved towards R 4 + 5, slightly convergent at apex (Figs 7 E, 8 H). Hypopygium as long as abdomen (Fig. 8 B); cercus small, branched, dorsal branch short, about half length of ventral branch, curved ventrally, ventral branch fusiform, straight, about 1 / 4 of length of epandrium, covered by long setae at outer edge and 1 strong short seta at apex (Fig. 9 A, B).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66DFFBAFF2AF9C0FAD5FE91.taxon	description	Redescription. Male (based on identified specimens and photographs of syntype) (Figs 7, 8). Body length: 2.2 – 2.7 mm. Wing length: 2.2 – 2.4 mm (n = 4). Head (Figs 7 B, 8 C, D). Upper-most 6 postocular setae black, lower white, ending in one longer white seta. Frons 1.6 X wider than high, metallic green with bluish and purple reflections, covered by weak silvery pruinosity. Face and clypeus pale brown, covered by dense silvery pruinosity; face narrowing in middle (wider than mid ocellus, MSSC), about 3 X longer than clypeus; clypeus subrectangular, about 1.5 X longer than wide, lower margin rounded, ending well above lower eye margin. Palpus yellow, covered by silvery pruinosity and a few small black setae, 1 stronger seta at apex. Proboscis brown, labellum with short, slender setae. Pair of divergent strong ocellar setae and pair of tiny postocellar setae; pair of strong, slightly convergent vertical setae and pair of short paravertical setae, about half length of vertical seta. Postcranium black, covered by silvery pruinosity, lower postcranium with a few long, strong white setae. Antenna with scape and pedicel brownish yellow, postpedicel brown, except extreme base orange yellow; scape with short setae on dorsal surface, with acute anterior and short ventral processes at apex; pedicel with crown of setae at apex; postpedicel about 1.5 X longer than wide, subtriangular, with short whitish pubescence; arista-like stylus blackish, dorsal, arising from upper edge next to base of postpedicel, about 3 / 4 of eye height, two-segmented, first segment long, overlapping apex of postpedicel and covered by short pubescence, second segment long, about 2 X longer than first segment, covered by short setulae. Thorax (Figs 7 A, 8 A). Mesonotum mostly metallic green, except for dark spot above notopleuron, extending from suture to the postsutural supra-alar setae; mesonotum with weak bluish and coppery reflections, notopleuron covered by dense silvery pruinosity. Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum, except ventral surface pale yellow. Pleura gray, covered by silvery pruinosity with weak metallic green reflections. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals short, biseriate, ending at fourth dorsocentral seta; 5 pairs of dorsocentral, increasing in length posteriorly; 1 pre-, 1 sutural and 1 postsutural intra-alars; 2 strong supra-alars, 1 positioned between postpronotal lobe and notopleuron and 1 close to postalar callus; 1 strong postalar; 2 strong notopleurals; 1 strong, 1 short and 1 minute postpronotals; two clusters of fine white setulae on lower and upper surface of proepisternum, lower surface with 1 strong black seta directed anteroventrally; scutellum with pair of strong medial scutellars and pair of smaller setae laterad, about 1 / 6 as long as medial scutellars. Wing (Figs 7 E, 8 H). Membrane slightly brownish. Costa ending at M 1; R 1 ending at basal 3 / 8 of wing; R 2 + 3 nearly straight; R 4 + 5 slightly curved posteriorly at apex; M 1 gradually curved towards R 4 + 5, slightly convergent at apex; M 4 not reaching wing margin; cell dm ending at middle of wing; length of crossvein dm-m / last part of M 4 (“ CuAx ratio ”): 0.75. CuA + CuP present as sinuous fold in membrane, not reaching wing margin. Lower calypter yellow with blackish cilia; halter yellow. Legs (7 A, D, 8 A, E – G). Mostly yellow; lateral surface of coxa II brownish; tarsi II and III brown from apical 1 / 3 of tarsomere 3; setae on legs black, unless otherwise mentioned. Leg I. Podomere ratios: 26, 24, 10 / 4 / 3 / 3 / 3. Anterior surface of coxa I covered by short setae, outer edge with 2 strong setae, 1 at middle and 1 near apex, apical edge with 2 long and strong setae, as long as coxa. Femur I covered by short vestiture of setae, with 2 antero- and 2 posteroventral short setae near apex. Tibia I with 2 anterodorsal setae at 1.5 / 7 (about half length of second seta) and 2 / 7, 3 posterodorsal setae at 2 / 7, 4 / 7, 6 / 7, 1 posterior seta at 6 / 7. Tarsus I dorsoventrally flattened (Fig. 8 E – G), with ventral surface covered by whitish pile from apical 2 / 3 of It 1 (MSSC). Leg II. Podomere ratios: 35, 33, 14 / 8 / 7 / 5 / 4. Anterior surface of coxa II covered by short setae, outer edge with 1 strong seta at middle, apical edge with 3 setae, shorter than coxa. Trochanter II with 1 long anterior seta. Femur II covered by short vestiture of setae, except ventral surface mostly bare, 1 strong anterior seta at 6 / 7 and 1 short posteroventral preapical seta, anteroventral row of short and sparse setae from base to apex. Tibia II with 4 anterodorsal setae at 1 / 8 (about 1 / 3 of length of second seta), 1.5 / 8, 3.5 / 8 and 6 / 8, 3 posterodorsal setae at 1.5 / 8 (about half length of second seta), 2 / 8, and 6 / 8, 1 anteroventral seta at 4 / 8 and 1 short ventral seta 5.5 / 8, 1 anterodorsal, 1 anteroventral, 1 dorsal (shorter than others), 1 posterodorsal and 1 ventral setae at apex. Tarsus II unmodified. Leg III. Podomeres ratios: 35, 40, 9 / 12 / 10 / 6 / 4. Anterior surface of coxa III with 1 long seta at apical edge, lateral surface with 1 long seta at middle and 1 short at apex. Femur III laterally compressed, about 1.5 X wider than femur II at broadest point, covered by short vestiture of setae, 1 strong anterodorsal seta at 4.5 / 7, 1 slender anteroventral seta at 5 / 7, and 1 short posteroventral preapical seta, anteroventral row of short, sparse setae from basal 2 / 8 to apical 5 / 8. Tibia III with 4 anterodorsal setae at 1 / 7 (about half-length of second seta), 1.5 / 7, 3 / 7, and 5 / 7, 4 posterodorsal setae at 1 / 7, 3 / 7, 4 / 7 and 5.5 / 7 (about half-length of preceding seta), 1 ventral seta at 4.5 / 7, 1 anterodorsal, 1 anterior and 1 ventral setae at apex. Tarsus III unmodified. Abdomen (Fig. 8 A, B). Metallic green, tergites 1 – 5 with weak lateral patches of silvery pruinosity. Tergites 1 – 5 setose, posterior margins with longer setae, tergites 6 and 7 bare; sternite 8 brown, with weak greenish reflections, covered by short and sparse black setae, longer at posterior margin. Hypopygium (Figs 8 B, 9). As long as abdomen; epandrium dark brown, with weak greenish reflections, 2.5 X longer than high, with 1 short basiventral seta (Fig. 9 A, B); apicoventral lobe small and digitiform, with two short setae, 1 slender at middle and 1 ribbon-like at apex, both as long as apicoventral lobe (Fig. 9 A, B); ventral lobe of surstylus short and narrowing abruptly at apex, with 1 short and curved stout seta at middle, 2 dorsal preapical setae, 1 long (broken off in Fig. 9 F) followed by 1 short setae, and 1 long and slender ventral digitiform projection near base, with 1 long apical seta, about as long as ventral projection (Fig. 9 F); dorsal lobe of surstylus short, somewhat quadrangular, with 1 long apical weakly sclerotized projection curved dorsally, 1 dorsal wide ribbon-like seta at middle, followed by 1 longer and slender seta, 1 ventral preapical long ribbon-like seta (Fig. 9 F); postgonite sclerotized, bifurcate at apex, V-shaped in ventral view, slightly curved ventrally at apex (Fig. 9 G); basal sclerite of sperm pump narrow, strong sclerotized, connected posteriorly to sperm pump (Fig. 9 C); sperm pump shorter than ejaculatory apodeme, somewhat kidney-shaped (Fig. 9 C); ejaculatory apodeme long, somewhat rectangular, with ventral and dorsal edges weakly sclerotized (Fig. 9 C); hypandrium asymmetrical, with 1 wide ventral hypandrial process near apex (Fig. 9 D); basal part of phallus weakly connected with apical part, phallus weakly serrate ventrally and strongly narrowing apically (Fig. 9 C); cercus branched, dorsal branch short, about half length of ventral branch, curved ventrally, with slender setae at apex, ventral branch short, fusiform, about 1 / 4 of length of epandrium, narrowing at apex, with several long setae at outer surface, 1 short and stronger seta at apex (Fig. 9 A, B, E, bent back in Fig. 9 E). Female (based on original description). Similar to male, except for MSSC; face wider than ocellar tubercle; postpedicel short, as long as preceding segments together. Examined type material. SYNTYPE ♁ (based on photographs) (Fig. 7) labelled as: “ St. Vincent | W. Indies ”; “ Collection | JMAldrich ”; “ Hercostomus | latipes | Ald. ” [handwritten]; “ Cotype | 50264 | No. | U. S. N. M. ” [red label] (NMNH). Additional examined material. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste Pen. Nicoya. Estero Jabilla, magrove, Malaise, 19900 N 394300 E, 8 – 12. xii. 2002, Y. Cárdenas (4 ♁, two dissected, CNC; 2 ♁, one dissected, INPA; 2 ♁, one dissected, MZUSP).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66DFFBAFF2AF9C0FAD5FE91.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Robinson (1970) erroneously transferred Hercostomus latipes to Tachytrechus, a mistake he later corrected (Robinson 1975), treating the species as a Paraclius and stating its similarities with P. aberrans. This correction was overlooked in the World Catalogue by Yang et al. (2006), where the species was listed under Tachytrechus.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB66DFFBAFF2AF9C0FAD5FE91.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica (new country record), Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Fig. 16).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB676FFBBFF2AFE70FCA7FE25.taxon	description	(Figs 10, 16)	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB676FFBBFF2AFE70FCA7FE25.taxon	materials_examined	Examined type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (based on photographs) (Fig. 10) labelled as: “ Barro Colo Isld. [ca 9 ° 09 ′ 26.7 ″ N 79 ° 50 ′ 37.2 ″ W] | Canal Zone | xii- 26 - 1928 ”; “ Collector | C. H. Curran ”; “ Hercostomus | panamensis [handwritten] | Holotype Van Duzee ” (AMNH).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB676FFBBFF2AFE70FCA7FE25.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Van Duzee (1931) did not provide any comments on his decision about the generic placement of this species, but it is clearly part of the latipes - group, sharing with the other species the characters listed above in the diagnosis.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB676FFBBFF2AFE70FCA7FE25.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panama (Barro Colorado Island) (Fig. 16).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB677FFBEFF2AFDD9FDB1FE01.taxon	description	(Figs 11, 12, 16)	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB677FFBEFF2AFDD9FDB1FE01.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (male). Face as wide as ocellar tubercle (Fig. 11 B). Postpedicel subtriangular, brown, except basal 1 / 3 orange yellowish (Fig. 11 C). Legs mostly yellow, except lateral surface of coxa II, tarsus II and III becoming brown from apex of tarsomere 1 (Fig. 11 A); tarsus I cylindrical with ventral surface covered by whitish pile from apical 2 / 3 of It 1 (Fig. 11 E, F). Wing gently brownish; M 1 gradually curved towards R 4 + 5, slightly convergent at apex (Fig. 11 G). Hypopygium as long as abdomen (Fig. 11 D); cercus branched, dorsal branch short, about 1 / 2 as long as ventral branch, nearly straight, truncated, with a few slender setae at apex, ventral branch short and wide, about 1 / 5 of length of epandrium, truncated, with several ribbon-like setae at apex, outer surface covered by short slender setae, longer at ventral edge (Fig. 12 D).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB677FFBEFF2AFDD9FDB1FE01.taxon	description	Description. Male. Body length (holotype): 3.6 mm. Wing: 2.9 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Similar to Paraclius latipes, except as noted. Head (Fig. 11 B, C). Upper-most 5 postocular setae black, lower white, ending in 1 longer white seta. Face as wide as ocellar tubercle, about 2.5 X longer than clypeus; clypeus quadrangular; antenna orange yellowish, except apical 2 / 3 of postpedicel brown; postpedicel subtriangular, slightly longer than wide and covered by short whitish pubescence; arista-like stylus brownish, dorsal, arising from basal half of postpedicel, about 3.5 / 5 of eye height, two-segmented, first segment short, ending at apex of postpedicel, second segment long, about 4 X longer than first segment, covered by short setulae. Thorax (Fig. 11 A). Mesonotum with strong bluish and purple reflections. Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum. Pleura brownish, covered by silvery pruinosity, with weak metallic green reflections, metepimeron brown. Chaetotaxy: scutellum with pair of strong medial scutellars and pair of smaller setae laterad, about 1 / 5 as long as medial scutellars. Wing (Fig. 11 G). Membrane gently brownish; length of crossvein dm-m / last part of M 4 (“ CuAx ratio ”): 0.85. Legs (Figs 11 A, E – F). Mostly yellow, except lateral surface of coxa II, tarsus II and III becoming brown from apex of tarsomere 1; setae on legs black, unless otherwise mentioned. Leg I. Podomere ratios: 34, 28, 13 / 4 / 4 / 3 / 3. Anterior surface of coxa I covered by short setae, outer edge with 2 strong setae, 1 after middle and 1 near apex, apical edge with 1 long and strong and 2 short setae. Femur I covered by short vestiture ofsetae, except ventral surface mostly bare, with 1 short posteroventral preapical seta. Tibia I with 1 anterodorsal seta at 2 / 6, 3 posterodorsal setae at 2 / 6, 3.5 / 6, and 1 preapical, 1 posterior preapical seta, and 1 anterodorsal row of short, stout setae from basal 3 / 6 to apex. Tarsus I with ventral surface covered by whitish pile from apical 2 / 3 of It 1 (MSSC). Leg II. Podomere ratios: 43, 40, 17 / 11 / 9 / 4 / 4. Anterior surface of coxa II covered by short setae, inner edge with long setae at basal 1 / 2, outer edge with 1 strong seta at middle, apical edge with 2 – 3 short setae. Femur II covered by short vestiture of setae, except ventral surface mostly bare, with 1 strong anterior seta at apical 5 / 6 and 1 short posteroventral preapical seta. Tibia II with 3 pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 1 / 6 (about half-length of second pair), 1.5 / 6 and 4 / 6, 1 anterodorsal seta at 2.5 / 6, 1 anteroventral seta at 2.5 / 6, 1 antero- and 1 posterodorsal, 1 anteroventral, 1 ventral and 1 posterior setae at apex. Leg III. Podomere ratios: 43, 49, 12 / 19 / 14 / 9 / 5. Anterior surface of coxa III with 1 long seta at apical edge, lateral surface with 1 long seta at middle and 1 short at apex. Femur III laterally compressed, about 1.35 X wider than femur II at broadest point, covered by short vestiture of setae, except ventral surface mostly bare, with 1 strong anterodorsal seta at 4.5 / 6, and 1 anteroventral long seta at 5 / 6. Tibia III with 3 pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 1 / 7 (about half-length of second pair), 1.5 / 7, and 3 / 7, 2 anterodorsal setae, 1 at 4.5 / 7 and 1 at 6.5 / 7, 2 posterodorsal setae, 1 at 4 / 7 and 1 at 5.5 / 7, 1 ventral seta at 4.5 / 7, 1 anterior and 1 ventral setae at apex, ventral row of 3 – 4 short setae from basal 2 / 7 to apical 4 / 7. IIIt 1 with 1 short basiventral seta. Tarsus III unmodified. Abdomen (Fig. 11 A, D). Mostly metallic green with bluish reflections, tergites 1 – 5 setose, posterior margins with longer setae, tergites 6 and 7 bare; sternite 8 brown, with weak greenish reflections, covered by short, sparse black setae, longer at posterior margin. Hypopygium (Fig. 12). As long as abdomen; epandrium dark brown, with weak bluish and greenish reflections, 2.5 X longer than high, truncated at apex, with 1 short basiventral seta (Fig. 12 A, B); apicoventral lobe small and digitiform, with two short and slender setae, 1 at middle and 1 at apex, both as long as apicoventral lobe (Fig. 12 B, C); ventral lobe of surstylus somewhat L-shaped at base, abruptly narrowing towards apex, forming long digitiform projection, with 1 short dorsal stout seta at middle (Fig. 12 C, F); dorsal lobe of surstylus slightly shorter than ventral lobe, narrowing abruptly at apex, forming long digitiform projection dorsally directed, with 1 short slender seta at middle of inner edge (Fig. 12 G); postgonite short, bifurcate, well sclerotized and curved ventrally at apex, somewhat V-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 12 C); basal sclerite of sperm pump narrow and strongly sclerotized, connected posteriorly to sperm pump (Fig. 12 C); sperm pump short, folded over itself, shorter than ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 12 C); ejaculatory apodeme long and narrow, somewhat knife-shaped, ventral edge weakly sclerotized (Fig. 12 C); proctiger wide, cup-shaped (Fig. 12 C); hypandrium asymmetrical, with 1 wide and serrate hypandrial process at apex (Fig. 12 A, B, E); basal part of phallus weakly connected with apical part, ventral and dorsal edges of apical part of phallus serrate and strongly narrowing apically (Fig. 12 C); cercus branched, dorsal branch short, about 1 / 2 as long as ventral branch, nearly straight, truncated, with a few slender setae at apex, ventral branch short and wide, about 1 / 5 of length of epandrium, truncated, with several ribbon-like setae at apex, outer surface covered by short slender setae, longer at ventral edge (Fig. 12 D). Female. Unknown.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB677FFBEFF2AFDD9FDB1FE01.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ labelled: “ COSTA RICA: Guanacaste | Santa Rosa, N. P. [ca 10 ° 50 ′ 10.2 ″ N 85 ° 42 ′ 19.6 ″ W], 350 m dry | forest, yellow pantrap (25 YPT | C- 04), 11 – 12. iii. 1996, L. Masner ” (CNC); “ HOLOTYPE | Paraclius norrbomi | Soares, Capellari & Ale-Rocha [red label] ”. Holotype condition: good, terminalia dissected and stored in microvial. PARATYPE: same data as holotype (1 ♁, dissected, INPA).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB677FFBEFF2AFDD9FDB1FE01.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paraclius norrbomi sp. nov. differs from all the other known species of the latipes - group by the ventral branch of the cercus truncated at apex with strong setae and proctiger cup-shaped.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB677FFBEFF2AFDD9FDB1FE01.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Allen Norrbom (NMNH) for his constant collaboration with the loan of specimens and photographs of type material that made it possible to complete this study.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB677FFBEFF2AFDD9FDB1FE01.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica (Fig. 16).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB672FFBEFF2AFDC0FF0AFC98.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Ammobates notatus Stannius (subsequent designation by Rondani, 1856: 143). Preoccupied by Ammobates Latreille, 1809.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB672FFBEFF2AFDC0FF0AFC98.taxon	description	Six genera have been synonymized with Tachytrechus. The complete list of synonyms can be checked in Brooks (2005).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB672FFBCFF2AFC7BFE06FF05.taxon	description	(Figs 12, 13, 14)	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB672FFBCFF2AFC7BFE06FF05.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (male). Face narrowing in the middle, slightly narrow than ocellar tubercle (Fig. 13 D). Postpedicel short, rounded, 1.5 X wider than long, orange yellowish (Fig. 13 D). Mesonotum mostly dark green, with dorsocentral light green stripe widening posteriorly (Fig. 13 E). Legs mostly dark brown to black, except apex of femur I, tibia I and It 1 – 4 yellow (Figs 13 A, 13 F); Tarsus I: It 1 – 4 laterally flattened; anterior surface mostly bare (Fig. 13 F). Wing brownish, R 4 + 5 and M 1 nearly straight and subparallel at apex (Fig. 13 G). Hypopygium slightly shorter than abdomen (Fig. 13 A, C); cercus wide, L-shaped (dissected), about 1 / 2 of length of epandrium, dark brown, with long setae at margins (Fig. 14 B).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB672FFBCFF2AFC7BFE06FF05.taxon	description	Redescription. Male (based on photographs of holotype and identified specimens from Ecuador and Brazil) (Fig. 13). Body length: 5.5 mm Wing: 5.2 mm long, 1.9 mm wide. Head (Fig. 13 A, D). Postocular setae black. Frons trapezoidal (1.5 X wider than high), dark green, covered by dense golden pollinosity. Face and clypeus black, covered by dense golden pruinosity, face narrowing in middle, slightly narrow than ocellar tubercle. Clypeus rectangular (1.5 X longer than wide), lower margin rounded, ending well above lower eye margin. Palpus short and black, covered by a few small black setae and 2 longer setae near apex. Proboscis pale brown. Pair of divergent strong ocellar setae and pair of tiny postocellar setae; pair of strong, convergent vertical setae and pair of short paravertical setae, about 1 / 4 length of vertical seta. Postcranium black, covered by dense golden pollinosity, lower postcranium with a few black setae. Antenna orange yellowish; scape with a few short black setae at apical half of dorsal surface, with short acute anterior and ventral processes at apex; pedicel short, with crown of setae at apex; postpedicel short, rounded, 1.5 X wider than long, with short yellowish pubescence at apex; arista-like stylus brownish, darker at base, arising dorsally, at middle of postpedicel, about 3 / 4 of eye height, two-segmented, first segment short, but overlapping apex of postpedicel, covered by short pubescence, second segment long, about 10 X longer than first segment, covered by short setulae. Thorax (Fig. 13 A, E). Mesonotum mostly dark green, with dorsocentral light green stripe widening at posterior mesonotum and interrupted by dark base of dorsocentral setae; notopleuron and postpronotum covered by dense silvery pruinosity. Scutellum light green. Pleura dark brown, covered by coppery pruinosity. Chaetotaxy: pronotum with row of black setae; acrostichals short, biseriate, ending after fourth dorsocentral seta; 6 pairs of dorsocentral (anterior pair greatly reduced, about half-length of second seta); 1 pre-, 1 sutural and 1 postsutural intra-alars; 2 strong supra-alars, 1 positioned between postpronotal lobe and notopleuron and 1 close to postalar callus; 1 strong postalar; 2 strong notopleurals; 1 strong and 2 minute postpronotals; two clusters of fine setulae on lower and upper surface of proepisternum, lower surface with 1 strong black seta directed ventrally; scutellum with pair of strong medial scutellars and pair of smaller setae laterad, about 1 / 5 as long as medial scutellars. Wing (Fig. 13 G). Membrane brownish. Costa ending at M 1; R 1 ending at basal 3 / 8 of wing; R 2 + 3 nearly straight; R 4 + 5 and M 1 nearly straight and subparallel at apex; cell dm ending at apical 5 / 8 of wing; length of crossvein dm-m / last part of M 4 (“ CuAx ratio ”): 2.5; M 4 not reaching wing margin; CuA + CuP present as sinuous fold in membrane. Lower calypter yellow with blackish cilia; halter yellow. Legs (Fig. 13 A, F). Dark brown to black, with apex of femur I, tibia I and It 1 – 4 yellow; setae on legs black, except as noted. Leg I. Podomere ratios: 68, 55, 30 / 15 / 10 / 7 / 6. Anterior surface of coxa I covered by short vestiture of setae, outer edge with 4 strong setae on apical half, apical edge with 2 strong setae. Femur I covered by short vestiture of setae, with posterodorsal row of short setae at apical 1 / 5. Tibia I with 2 anterodorsal setae at 1.5 / 6 and 4 / 6 (about half-length of preceding seta), 3 dorsal setae at 1.5 / 6 (short), 3 / 6 and 1 preapical, 2 posterodorsal setae at 3.5 / 6, and 1 preapical, and 2 short anterior setae at apex. Tarsus I (Fig. 13 F): It 1 – 4 laterally flattened; anterior surface mostly bare. It 1 with 1 conspicuous basiventral seta; It 1 – 4 with 2 ventral, 1 anteroventral and 1 posteroventral setae at apex. Leg II. Podomere ratios: 80, 83, 40 / 25 / 12 / 10 / 9. Anterior surface of coxa II covered by short setae, inner and apical edges with row of strong setae, outer edge with 2 strong setae at apical half. Trochanter II with 1 long, strong seta on inner edge and 1 long seta on outer edge. Femur II covered by short vestiture, with ventral rows of long, fine setae at basal 1 / 3, with anterodorsal row of 4 long, strong setae at apical 1 / 3 (apicalmost longer), 1 antero- and 1 posteroventral preapical short setae. Tibia II with 3 anterodorsal setae at 0.5 / 6 (about half-length of second seta), 1 / 6 and 3.5 / 6, 3 posterodorsal setae at 1 / 6, 2 / 6, 4 / 6, 1 ventral seta at 2 / 6 and 1 posteroventral at 3 / 6, 1 dorsal, 1 anterodorsal, 1 antero- and 1 posteroventral and 1 posterior setae at apex. Tarsus II: IIt 1 with strong basiventral seta. Leg III. Podomere ratios: 75, 90, 30 / 41 / 24 / 14 / 12. Lateral surface of coxa III with row of fine setae ending in 1 long, strong seta and 1 short, slender near apex. Femur III twice diameter of femur I at broadest point, with anterodorsal row of 5 long, strong setae at apical 1 / 2 (3 apicalmost longer), 1 anteroventral and 1 posteroventral preapical short setae. Tibia III with 4 anterodorsal setae at 0.5 / 6 (about half-length of second seta), 1 / 6, 2.5 / 6, 4 / 6, 3 posterodorsal setae at 1 / 6, 2 / 6, 3.5 / 6, 1 dorsal seta at 5.5 / 6, 1 ventral seta at 4 / 6, 1 anterodorsal and 1 ventral setae at apex, ventral row of short, erect setae from basal 1 / 6 to apical 4 / 6. Tarsus III: IIIt 1 with strong basiventral seta and ventral row of more conspicuous setae. Abdomen (Fig. 13 A, C). Metallic blue green, with large lateral patches of silvery pruinosity, covered by short black setae, slightly longer on distal margin of tergites, tergite 6 – 7 bare, sternite 8 dark brown, covered by short black setae, longer at distal margin. Hypopygium (Fig. 14). Slightly shorter than abdomen. Epandrium dark brown, suboval, 1.7 X longer than high at highest point, with 3 apicoventral setae (only sockets observed), apicoventral lobe undeveloped (Fig. 14 A); ventral lobe of surstylus short and dorsoventrally flattened, somewhat oval, with 1 short digitiform projection near base, with 1 apical seta (Fig. 14 D); dorsal lobe of surstylus as long as ventral lobe, kidney-shaped in ventral view, gradually narrowing towards apex in lateral view, with 1 dorsal long seta, and 1 apical seta (only socket observed) (Fig. 14 E); postgonite upturned, truncated and dorsoventrally flattened at apex, overlapping ventral lobe of surstylus, with pair of long preapical setae and 2 pairs of short setae at apex (Fig. 14 C, F); hypandrium weakly sclerotized, narrowing at apex (Fig. 14 A, C); phallus plain, narrowing at apex (Fig. 14 C); basal sclerite of spermpump subtriangular in ventral view, long and strongly sclerotized, connected posteriorly to sperm pump (Fig. 14 A, C); sperm pump shorter than ejaculatory apodeme, somewhat kidney-shaped (Fig. 14 A, C); ejaculatory apodeme somewhat fan-shaped, strongly sclerotized basally (Fig. 14 A, C); proctiger flattened basally, widening at apex (Fig. 14 C); cercus wide, quadrangular, with apicoventral short lobe, when unfolded L-shaped in form, about 1 / 2 of length of epandrium, dark brown, with long setae at margins (Figs 13 C, 14 B). Female. Unknown.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB672FFBCFF2AFC7BFE06FF05.taxon	materials_examined	Examined type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (based on photographs) (Fig. 13 A, B, C, D) labelled as: “ Bartica District [Cuyuni-Mazaruni, ca 6 ° 24 ′ 13.2 ″ N 58 ° 37 ′ 27.1 ″ W] | British Guiana [Guyana] | 20. v. 1924 ”; “ Hercostomus | flavimanus [handwritten] | Holotype Van Duzee ” (AMNH). Additional examined material. ECUADOR: Prov. [Province] Orellano [sic. Orellana], Yasuni Natl. [National] Park, Yasuni, Research Stn. [Station], on leaves, 0 ° 40 ′ 50 ″ S 76 ° 24 ′ 2 ″ W; 250 m, 28. iv. – 8. v. 2009, H. J. Cumming (1 ♁, INPA, dissected). BRAZIL: Acre, Mâncio Lima, Serra do Divisor National Park, Igarapé do Amor [ca 7 ° 36 ′ 31.9 ″ S 72 ° 53 ′ 38.6 ″ W], Malaise trap, 4. iii. – 4. iv. 2007, Calor, A. R. & Viana, D. leg. (1 ♁, CNC).	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB672FFBCFF2AFC7BFE06FF05.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Tachytrechus flavimanus comb. nov. can be easily distinguished from other New World species in the genus by veins R 4 + 5 and M 1 nearly straight and subparallel at apex, It 1 – 4 laterally flattened (MSSC) and femur III with anterodorsal row of 5 long and strong setae at apical 1 / 2.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
03D787AAB672FFBCFF2AFC7BFE06FF05.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil (state of Acre), Ecuador (both new country records) and Guyana (Fig. 15). Widely distributed in Amazon biome.	en	Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2023): New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 5254 (2): 181-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2
