taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EC6A4D9359FFACFF1A52F992E8FF7F.taxon	description	Figures 1 – 5	en	Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo, Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés (2023): The larvae of Cora inca Selys, 1873 and Polythore gigantea (Selys, 1853) from Colombia (Odonata: Polythoridae), with a larval diagnoses of some genera in the family. Zootaxa 5254 (4): 517-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4
03EC6A4D9359FFACFF1A52F992E8FF7F.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Three exuvia (3 ♀♀, reared), 6 F- 0 larvae (2 ♁♁, 4 ♀♀). COLOMBIA: Risaralda Department, Tatamá National Park, Pueblo Rico Municipality, Monte Bello Township, Montenegro stream, 5.2273 ° N, 76.0830 ° W, elev. 1363 m, 12 February 2019, C. Bota, R. Novelo, R. W. Sites leg, 2 ♁♁, 5 ♀♀ (3 ♀♀ emerged on 16 – 19 February 2019); same data but Minas de Cristal de Cuarzo stream, 5.2286 ° N, 76.0981 ° W, elev. 1480, 14 February 2019, C. Bota, R. Novelo leg., 2 ♀♀.	en	Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo, Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés (2023): The larvae of Cora inca Selys, 1873 and Polythore gigantea (Selys, 1853) from Colombia (Odonata: Polythoridae), with a larval diagnoses of some genera in the family. Zootaxa 5254 (4): 517-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4
03EC6A4D9359FFACFF1A52F992E8FF7F.taxon	description	Description Larva robust (Fig. 1), dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellow anteriorly, grayish-violet posteriorly. Abdomen strongly convex dorsally, flat ventrally; digitiform, coiled, ventrolateral gills on S 2 – 7; caudal gills petiolate, inflated, and scaly. Head: Wider than long, posterior margin widely concave, dorsal color mostly yellowish-brown with darker areas in a complex color pattern (Fig. 2 a). Labrum dark brown with a large, central, oval yellowish-brown spot, covered with minute scale-like setae, distally setose, ventrally flat; clypeus yellowish-brown. Frons yellowish-brown with four yellow spots (Fig. 2 a); vertex dark brown, both flat and granulose, with three large pale ocelli on vertex. Antennae 7 - segmented (Fig. 2 b), shorter than head, scape and pedicel brown, thicker, beset with small scale-like setae, first flagellomere brown, remaining flagellomeres yellowish-brown becoming paler on tip, with minute scalelike setae; size proportion of antennomeres (from basal to apical): 0.75, 1.0, 0.60, 0.45, 0.30, 0.25, 0.10. Compound eyes large, strongly bulging (Fig. 2 a), with a row of large, dark brown scale-like setae arranged in palisade following the antero-ventral margin of eyes. Occiput shorter than compound eye dorsal length (Fig. 2 a), granulose, dark brown dorsally with a rectangular, bare, yellow spot to each side of midline; cephalic lobes rounded, mostly bare and yellow posteriorly, beset with longitudinal rows of small scale-like setae (Fig. 2 a); subocular areas of head yellow, with a well-developed, longitudinal carina which extends to posterior margin of cephalic lobes. Mandibles (Figs. 2 c-f) with molar crest, with following formula: R 1 ’ 1 2 3 4 0 a b / L 1 ’ 1 2 3 4 y a (m 1 – 6 or 7) b, both mandibles fringed with a ventral and dorsal, transverse, row of long, stiff setae; basal-external surface shallowly concave. Ventral pad of hypopharynx creamy-pale (Fig. 3 a), subpentagonal, posterior margin concave, anterolateral margins setose, with an irregular patch of minute, gray scales to each side of the ventral midline (Fig. 3 a). Maxilla: galeolacinia (Fig. 3 b) with seven teeth, three dorsal teeth moderately incurved, approximately same size and longest, three ventral teeth of different sizes and shortest, apical tooth stoutest, a row of stout, long, incurved setae preceding ventral teeth (Fig. 3 b), a row of long delicate setae preceding dorsal teeth; maxillary palp shorter than galeolacinia, setose, ending in a robust blunt spine. Labium yellow. Prementum-postmentum articulation reaching posterior margin of prosternum (Fig. 1 b). Prementum subpentagonal (Fig. 3 c), yellow to yellowish-brown ventrally, 0.20 x longer than its widest part, lateral margins sinuose and smooth; ligula convex, moderately developed (Fig. 3 d), 0.20 as long as its basal width measured dorsally, distal margin serrulate with a small, narrow, v-shaped, median cleft, a small, submarginal tooth on each side of median cleft but rather far from it. Premental palp yellowish-brown, smooth (Fig. 3 d) with three end hooks shorter than movable hook, the ventral (mesal) one shortest and truncated, internal margin of palp finely serrate; movable hook reddish, smooth, incurved, sharply-pointed, shorter than palpal lobe. Thorax: Pronotal disk subtrapezoid (Fig. 1 a), mostly brown with abundant, minute, scale-like setae except on a boomerang-shaped, bare area to each side of midline, anterior lobe large and subtriangular, anterior margin straight, lateral margins concave at middle, slightly reflexed and rimmed, anterolateral corners produced as a blunt, triangular process, posterior margin slightly convex, all margins beset with scale-like setae; propleura reddishbrown, propleural apophyses short and roundly-pointed, beset with scale-like setae, proepimeral apophysis largest. Pterothorax mostly dark brown (Figs. 1 a, c), covered with minute scale-like setae, ventral margin of mesothorax straight, that of metathorax sinuose. Wing sheaths divergent, mostly brown (Figs. 1 a, c), anterior and posterior wing sheaths reaching basal margin and posterior margin of S 9, respectively, in individuals with abdomen not relaxed. A hump-like protuberance on metanotum. Legs long (Fig. 1 a) (i. e., tip of metatibiae reaching basal half of paraprocts when fully extended), beset with scale-like setae of different sizes excepting on tarsi; all tibiae longer than respective femora. Femora largely brown, laterally compressed, with three longitudinal carinae, one dorsal and two ventral, all beset with rows of scale-like setae; tibiae dark brown, tarsi light-yellowish-brown; apical-internal margin of tibiae with 4 – 5 thick, robust, reddish, spine-like setae; tarsi with abundant, stiff setae on ventral surface; pretarsal claws simple, widely separated from each other, hooked at apex, with pulvilliform empodium. Thoracic sternum light grayish-brown, beset with dark scale-like setae; metasternum divided into four sternites, with laterosternites produced medially as large ovoid plates (Fig. 1 b). Abdomen: Subcylindrical, strongly convex dorsally, flat ventrally, wider at base, narrowing caudally (Fig. 1). Tergites dark brown (Fig. 4 a), beset with small scale-like setae on S 3 – 10 including posterior margins; posterior margin of S 10 with a middle, deep, V-shaped emargination (Fig. 4 b). Dorsal protuberances well-developed, caudally-directed, and roundly-tipped on S 2 – 9 (Fig. 4 a), smaller on S 1, all of them covered with scale-like setae. Lateral margins of S 1 – 8 ventrolaterally expanded, those of S 7 – 8 more developed covered with abundant scalelike setae (Fig. 1 a). Sternum mostly light brown to grayish-brown, sterna beset with small scale-like setae. A pair of ventrolateral, grayish-violet, digitiform, tapering, coiled fleshy gills on S 2 – 7 (Fig. 1 b), with approximately their basal half covered with scale-like setae (Fig. 4 c). Male gonapophyses (Fig. 5 a) small, with an obtuse tip that scarcely surpasses the posterior margin of S 9, with a row of small, dark, reddish-brown, conical spines along their full ventral midline; gonopore’s area as a large, circular, creamy pale spot. Female gonapophyses (Fig. 5 b) welldeveloped, surpassing posterior margin of S 10; lateral valves densely covered with dark brown scale-like setae along basal 0.80, their ventral margins strongly convex, with a row of small, dark, reddish-brown, blunt spines, distal 0.20 smooth, digitiform, and roundly-pointed (Fig. 5 b), central and dorsal valves smooth, 0.10 x longer than lateral valves (Fig. 5 b). Male cerci light yellowish-brown (Figs. 4 a – b, 5 a), with dark brown scale-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces, ventrally smooth, roundly pointed. Female cerci as in male but conical and roundlypointed (Fig. 5 b). Caudal gills petiolate and inflated, dark brown (Figs. 1, 5 c – f), densely covered with scale-like setae, with 5 – 6 large, conical projections (Figs. 5 c – f); central gill (epiproct) with one ventrobasal, three apical, and two laterodorsal projections (Fig. 5 e); lateral gills (paraprocts) larger, with two apical and two dorsal projections, and one laterodorsal projection, a ventroapical brush of white, short, stiff setae (Fig. 5 f). Measurements [averages in brackets]: F- 0 larvae: Total length (without caudal lamellae) 11.0 – 16.8 [14.3; N = 5]; maximum width of head 4.4 – 4.7 [4.5; N = 6]; hind femur 4.2 – 4.7 [4.4; N = 6]; abdomen 4.5 – 8.8 [6.8; N = 5]; paraprocts 5.0 – 5.8 [5.3; N = 3]; epiproct 3.8 – 4.2 [4.0; N = 3]. Exuviae: TL 14.0 – 15.7 [15.0; N = 3]; MWh 4.5 – 4.8 [4.67; N = 3]; Hf 4.5 – 4.7 [4.6; N = 3]; Ab 6.0 – 7.4 [6.9; N = 3]; Pp 5.5 – 5.7 [5.5; N = 3]; Ep 4.0.	en	Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo, Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés (2023): The larvae of Cora inca Selys, 1873 and Polythore gigantea (Selys, 1853) from Colombia (Odonata: Polythoridae), with a larval diagnoses of some genera in the family. Zootaxa 5254 (4): 517-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4
03EC6A4D9359FFACFF1A52F992E8FF7F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The larva of C. inca is very similar to the larvae of C. cyane and C. marina; the main differences separating them are found in the caudal gills. Unfortunately, we had no specimens of C. cyane available to make a more precise comparison, so some features of this species were taken from De Marmels (1982, 2007). Differences are as follows [characters for C. cyane and C. marina in square brackets]: an irregular patch of minute, gray scales to each side of the ventral midline on the ventral pad of hypopharynx (Fig. 3 a) [absent in C. marina, unknown in C. cyane]; dorsal protuberance on S 8 slender, with dorsal margin straight (Fig. 4 a) [robust, dorsal margin convex in C. marina (Fig. 6 a), low with margin convex (De Marmels 2007: fig. 23)]; paraprocts with five projections [six in C. cyane (De Marmels 1982), 5 – 6 in C. marina]. For practical purposes, we have numbered the caudal gills projections according to figures 5 e – f and 6 b – c: Epiproct: projection 1 well-developed, at basal 0.15 (Fig. 5 e) [very reduced, at basal 0.45 in C. marina (Fig. 6 b), apparently well-developed, at 0.35 in C. cyane, according to De Marmels (1982: fig. 2)] (epiproct’s full length measured from the peduncule’s insertion to the tip of projection 4); distance between tips of projections 2 and 3 0.5 longer than the length of projection 3 (Fig. 5 e) [0.3 in C. marina (Fig. 6 b)]; projections number 5 and 6 at midlength (Fig. 5 e, projection 6 not visible in this figure) [at basal 0.60 in C. marina (Fig. 6 b)]. Paraproct: projections 1 – 3 at 0.10, 0.55, and 0.90 the length of paraproct, respectively (Fig. 5 f) [at 0.35, 0.55, and 0.75, respectively in C. marina (Fig. 6 c)]; projections 2 – 3 short, spine-like (Fig. 5 f) [short and blunt in C. cyane according to De Marmels (2007: fig. 25), long and slender in C. marina (Fig. 6 c)]; projection 5 at basal 0.45 (Fig. 5 f) [at 0.50 in C. marina (Fig. 6 c)]. Habitat Larvae of C. inca inhabit small shallow forested streams, crawling among sand, gravel, or small stones where the water flow is moderate.	en	Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo, Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés (2023): The larvae of Cora inca Selys, 1873 and Polythore gigantea (Selys, 1853) from Colombia (Odonata: Polythoridae), with a larval diagnoses of some genera in the family. Zootaxa 5254 (4): 517-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4
03EC6A4D9351FFA2FF1A569D964AFEE0.taxon	description	Figs. 7 – 11	en	Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo, Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés (2023): The larvae of Cora inca Selys, 1873 and Polythore gigantea (Selys, 1853) from Colombia (Odonata: Polythoridae), with a larval diagnoses of some genera in the family. Zootaxa 5254 (4): 517-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4
03EC6A4D9351FFA2FF1A569D964AFEE0.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 6 F- 0 larvae (3 ♁♁, 3 ♀♀). COLOMBIA: Risaralda Department, Tatamá National Park, Pueblo Rico Municipality, Monte Bello Township, Montenegro stream, 5.2273 ° N, 76.0830 ° W, elev. 1363 m, 12 February 2019, C. Bota, R. Novelo, R. W. Sites leg, 1 ♁; same data but 20 - 26 June 2022, C. Bota, J. Ospina leg., 2 ♁♁, 3 ♀♀.	en	Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo, Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés (2023): The larvae of Cora inca Selys, 1873 and Polythore gigantea (Selys, 1853) from Colombia (Odonata: Polythoridae), with a larval diagnoses of some genera in the family. Zootaxa 5254 (4): 517-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5254.4.4
