taxonID	type	description	language	source
03966A560F6EC76EBABF88B9B599FBDD.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Chile (Guglielmone et al. 2010 a, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6EC76EBABF88B9B599FBDD.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) and Muñoz-Leal et al. (2019 a) treated Ixodes sigelos as a synonym of Ixodes abrocomae, but both of these species are valid (Guglielmone et al. 2010 a), as apparently recognized by Muñoz-Leal et al. (2019 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6EC76EBABF8F0DB623FBB1.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 2) Papua New Guinea (Apanaskevich & Schenk 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6EC76EBABF8F99B473F875.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Belgium, 2) France, 3) Germany, 4) Great Britain, 5) Greece, 6) Hungary, 7) Italy, 8) Portugal, 9) Slovenia, 10) Spain, 11) Turkey (Martyn 1988, Trilar 2004, Cringoli et al. 2005, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Petney et al. 2015, Diakou et al. 2016, Kar et al. 2017, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6EC76EBABF8F99B473F875.taxon	discussion	Some records of Ixodes acuminatus have been published under the name Ixodes dorriensmithi, a synonym of Ixodes acuminatus according to Keirans & Hillyard (2001). Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) cautioned about confusing Ixodes acuminatus with Ixodes ricinus, while Filipe et al. (2021) found that several adult tick specimens which had been morphologically identified as Ixodes acuminatus were classified as Ixodes ventalloi using molecular methods based on the 16 S rDNA gene. Sevestre et al. (2021) morphologically identified specimens as Ixodes acuminatus, but a molecular analysis in their study returned an identification as Ixodes frontalis. Such radically different results clearly indicate problems with tick identification, including the possibility that publicly available DNA sequences may have been obtained from misidentified specimens. While by no means an issue restricted to ticks, published sequences are often assumed to be correct, and genetic similarities to mislabeled sequences perpetuate these misidentifications. Hillyard (1996), Camicas et al. (1998), Pérez-Eid (2007), Kolonin (2009) and Zhang G. et al. (2019) treated Ixodes redikorzevi as a synonym of Ixodes acuminatus, but no type comparisons have been undertaken to support this synonymy (Guglielmone et al. 2020). See also Ixodes redikorzevi. Both Ixodes acuminatus and Ixodes redikorzevi are treated as provisionally valid here, and Ixodes redikorzevi but not Ixodes acuminatus is tentatively regarded as present in China. In broad terms, Ixodes acuminatus is treated as present in the western Palearctic and Ixodes redikorzevi is considered to occur in the eastern Palearctic. The presence of Ixodes acuminatus in Slovenia is based on Trilar (2004), whose finding is treated here as provisional.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8BA5B14DFEA9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Myanmar, 4) Nepal (south and central), 5) Taiwan, 6) Thailand, 7) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Nepal (north and central) (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Robbins 2005, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Takano et al. 2014, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8BA5B14DFEA9.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1975 a) stated that the record of Ixodes acutitarsus in Indonesia published by Santos Dias (1961 a) requires confirmation, and Indonesia is not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8AA1B4D6FD65.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA; Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Colombia, 4) Costa Rica, 5) Ecuador, 6) Guatemala, 7) Mexico (south), 8) Panama, 9) Peru (Cooley & Kohls 1945, Fairchild et al. 1966, Keirans & Clifford 1978, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Nadolny & Gaff 2018, Saracho-Bottero et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8AA1B4D6FD65.taxon	discussion	The name Ixodes affinis most probably represents a complex of species distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions (Saracho-Bottero et al. 2020). The Japanese record of Ixodes affinis by Kishida (1930) is considered a diagnostic error (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF89E5B58EFCD9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8871B147FC69.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Kenya, 3) Lesotho, 4) Rwanda, 5) South Africa, 6) South Sudan, 7) Tanzania, 8) Zambia (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Walker 1974, Tandon 1991, Kolonin 2009, Oguge et al. 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF88E1B58EFBDD.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil (Arag ã o 1936, Martins et al. 2019 a, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8F0DB13FFB25.taxon	distribution	Remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Islands (central) of Phoenix, 2) Pacific Ocean Island (south) of Curtis (Kohls 1966, Heath et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8F0DB13FFB25.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) stated that Ixodes amersoni (under the name Scaphixodes amersoni) is an Australasian tick, but the range of this species is outside the Australasian Zoogeographic Region (Guglielmone et al. 2014), although Curtis Island, where Ixodes amersoni is established, belongs to New Zealand.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8E25B0EAFAB5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) New Zealand (Heath et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8E25B0EAFAB5.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Ixodes anatis as a synonym of Ixodes apteridis (under the name Scaphixodes apteridis), but Ixodes anatis is valid, while Ixodes apteridis is a nomen dubium, as discussed in Heath et al. (2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8E95B15EFA0D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Peru (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8EDDB106F875.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 2) Russia (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Filippova 1977, Keirans & Clifford 1978, Robbins & Keirans 1992, Kolonin 2009, Takano et al. 2014, Lindquist et al. 2016, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6DC76DBABF8EDDB106F875.taxon	discussion	Early Neotropical records of Ixodes angustus in Neumann (1901) and Lahille (1905) are misidentifications of Ixodes loricatus, an error amended in Neumann (1910 a), but overlooked by Yamaguti et al. (1971), who treated Ixodes angustus as present in Argentina. Uncritical reviews, as in Muñoz & Casasnueva (2001), continue to claim that Ixodes angustus occurs in the southern Neotropics. Estébanes-González & Cervantes (2005) allegedly found Ixodes angustus in the Neotropical part of Mexico, but Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2007) reexamined the specimens classified as Ixodes angustus by Estébanes-González & Cervantes (2005), finding that they do not represent this species. Nevertheless, the erroneous records of Ixodes angustus in Estébanes-González & Cervantes (2005) were considered valid in Rivas & Guzmán-Cornejo (2016) due to a typographical error (C. Guzmán-Cornejo personal communication to A. A. Guglielmone). Kim et al. (2020) listed Ixodes angustus as found in South Korea, but its presence in that country requires confirmation, and South Korea is excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8BA4B1DEFF7C.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8BECB022FF34.taxon	discussion	in Chitimia-Dobler et al. (2022): a fossil species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8A14B5B5FCD8.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Austria, 2) Belarus, 3) Belgium, 4) China (north), 5) Czechia, 6) Denmark, 7) Estonia, 8) France, 9) Germany, 10) Great Britain, 11) Hungary, 12) Kazakhstan, 13) Kyrgyzstan, 14) Latvia, 15) Lithuania, 16) Moldova, 17) Netherlands, 18) Poland, 19) Romania, 20) Russia, 21) Slovakia, 22) Switzerland, 23) Ukraine (Feider 1965, Filippova 1977, Martyn 1988, Jaenson et al. 1994, Kolonin 2009, Paulaskas et al. 2010, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Fedorova 2017, Petney et al. 2012, Guo et al. 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8A14B5B5FCD8.taxon	discussion	Several records of Ixodes apronophorus have been published under the name Ixodes arvicolae, described by Warburton (1926), a synonym of Ixodes apronophorus, as detailed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). The presence of Ixodes apronophorus in northern China was reported first by Guo et al. (2016), and its presence there was recognized in Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) and here, but not in Zhao et al. (2021). China (north) is provisionally included within the range of Ixodes apronophorus. Andersson et al. (2018) and Rar et al. (2020) found molecular and morphological differences between Russian and Romanian populations of Ixodes apronophorus, indicating that more than one species may exist under this name.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8870B79EFC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya (Walker 1974).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8870B79EFC21.taxon	discussion	Morel (1965 a) considered Ixodes arabukiensis a probable synonym of Ixodes djaronensis, and Camicas et al. (1998) accepted that synonymy, but both species are treated as provisionally valid in Guglielmone et al. (2009, 2014), Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and here. Ixodes arabukiensis is not listed in Kolonin (2009), probably because that author considered this tick a synonym of Ixodes djaronensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8F28B478F8BD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Armenia, 3) Austria, 4) Azerbaijan, 5) Belarus, 6) Belgium, 7) Bulgaria, 8) China (north), 9) Croatia, 10) Czechia, 11) Denmark, 12) Egypt, 13) Estonia, 14) Finland, 15) France, 16) Georgia, 17) Germany, 18) Great Britain, 19) Hungary, 20) Israel, 21) Italy, 22) Kyrgyzstan, 23) Latvia, 24) Lithuania, 25) Moldova, 26) Mongolia, 27) Netherlands, 28) Norway, 29) Poland, 30) Portugal, 31) Romania, 32) Russia, 33) Slovakia, 34) Slovenia, 35) Spain, 36) Sweden, 37) Switzerland, 38) Turkey, 39) Ukraine (Hoogstraal 1973 a, Ogandzhanian 1984, Martyn 1988, Jaenson et al. 1994, Trilar 2004, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Paulauskas et al. 2010, Chen et al. 2010, Kiefer et al. 2010, Monerris et al. 2011, Federova 2012, Krčmar 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda, 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Keskin et al. 2014, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Tsapko 2020, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022, Sormunen et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8F28B478F8BD.taxon	discussion	The diagnosis of Ixodes arboricola in Clifford & Hoogstraal (1965) was considered tentative by these authors, and there are morphological differences between the redescriptions of this tick by Filippova (1977) and Clifford & Hoogstraal (1965), as well as between these and other redescriptions, such as those in Yu et al. (1997), as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2020). Consequently, the geographic distribution of Ixodes arboricola should be regarded as provisional. This uncertainty is underscored by the fact that there are several synonyms of Ixodes arboricola, as detailed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Camicas et al. (1998) treated Ixodes arboricola as a Palearctic species, but there are records published after 1998 for the Oriental Zoogeographic Region, specifically the Chinese province of Guangxi recognized in Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019), and here. However, Zhao et al. (2021) did not include Guangxi within the range of this tick. The presence of Ixodes arboricola in Mongolia was not recognized in Černý, J. et al. (2019), but this species is tentatively included here as a Mongolian tick. Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2017) believed that more than one species may exist under the name Ixodes arboricola.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F6CC76CBABF8CACB42DF810.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8BA5B1A9FF19.taxon	discussion	in Hornok et al. (2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8BA5B1A9FF19.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Belgium, 2) Germany, 3) Hungary, 4) Romania (Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Sándor et al. 2019, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Rubel et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8A31B109FE45.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Japan (Ryukyu Islands); Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Kolonin 2009, Takano et al. 2014, Guglielmone & Robbins 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8A31B109FE45.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Ixodes asanumai as occurring only in the Oriental Region, but this tick had previously been found in the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region, as shown in Kitaoka (1973).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8A85B58EFDAD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Gabon, 7) Ghana, 8) Guinea, 9) Ivory Coast, 10) Nigeria, 11) Rwanda, 12) South Africa, 13) Zambia (Morel & Mouchet 1965, Aeschlimann 1967, Morel 1978, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Kolonin 2009, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Chitimia-Dobler et al. 2016, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF89BDB192FD01.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Tanzania, 3) Zambia (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Colbo 1973, Tandon 1991, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF89C9B63CFA0D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) New Zealand; Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Brazil, 3) Chile, 4) Colombia, 5) Costa Rica, 6) Ecuador, 7) Guatemala, 8) Panama, 9) Peru, 10) Uruguay, 11) Venezuela; remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Islands (south) of Chatham and Antipodes (Arthur 1960 b, Wilson 1967 a, Roberts 1970, Jones et al. 1972, Keirans & Clifford 1978, González et al. 2005, Heath et al. 2011, Lindquist et al. 2016, Cicuttin et al. 2017, Carvalho et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2020, 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF89C9B63CFA0D.taxon	discussion	Records of Ixodes auritulus from South Pacific islands are based on Heath et al. (2011) and are named Ixodes auritulus zealandicus, most probably a species in itself (see note below). Camicas et al. (1998, under the name Scaphixodes auritulus) and Guglielmone et al. (2014) listed this species as found in the Afrotropical Region, but records from that region have not been confirmed and the Afrotropics are excluded from the range of Ixodes auritulus (Guglielmone et al. 2020, 2021). There are also controversial records of Ixodes auritulus from the Antarctic Peninsula and South Atlantic and Indian Ocean islands that are not included in the range of this tick. Kolonin (2009) and Castrezana (2010) included Papua New Guinea and Mexico, respectively, within the range of Ixodes auritulus; however, the presence of this tick in those countries has not been confirmed, and Mexico and Papua New Guinea are provisionally excluded from its range. Arthur (1960 b), González-Acuña et al. (2005), Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021) and others treated Ixodes auritulus as a name for a species complex, an opinion also endorsed here. Note: the literature review for this monograph was completed on March 31, 2022. Subsequently, Apanaskevich et al. (Zootaxa, 5173, 1 - 73; August 5, 2022) confirmed that the name Ixodes auritulus has historically been applied to a species complex containing at least nine taxa distributed in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Zoogeographic Regions. However, these taxa are not discussed here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8EDDB185F9C5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8D05B042F971.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8D05B042F971.taxon	discussion	A female of Ixodes baergi was found in Canada, but Lindquist et al. (2016) believed that this tick is not established in that country; consequently, the range of Ixodes baergi is regarded here as restricted to the USA.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8DD9B0E2F881.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Malawi, 2) South Africa (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8DD9B0E2F881.taxon	discussion	Walker (1991) and Horak et al. (2018) listed Ixodes bakeri as an endemic South African species, but Ixodes bakeri was described from a female specimen collected in Malawi (Arthur & Clifford 1961, Clifford et al. 1976).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F63C763BABF8C49B4FFF875.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8BA4B6B9FF7C.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Barker 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8BECB1B9FF34.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Lesotho, 2) South Africa (Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8A14B6BAFE60.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Honduras, 2) Mexico (south), 3) Nicaragua, 4) Panama (Cooley & Kohls 1945, Kohls & Clifford 1966, Bermúdez et al. 2015 b, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8A14B6BAFE60.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1973) and Camicas et al. (1998) listed Ixodes bequaerti as a Nearctic species, but to date this tick has only been found in the Neotropical Region (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8AE8B787FC4C.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Kazakhstan, 3) Kyrgyzstan, 4) Mongolia, 5) Nepal (north and central), 6) Russia, 7) Tajikistan, 8) Turkmenistan (Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009, Federova 2012, Chen et al. 2010, Kiefer et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8AE8B787FC4C.taxon	discussion	There are morphological differences between the description of the female of Ixodes berlesei in Yu et al. (1997) and the descriptions of other workers; as well, the larva of this tick in Clifford et al. (1975 a) differs from the larva depicted in Filippova (1958, 1997). Clifford et al. (1975 a) classified their specimens from Nepal as Ixodes berlesei or a species close to it. According to Filippova (1997), the name Ixodes berlesei has been applied to different species, such as Ixodes caledonicus. The presence of Ixodes berlesei in Mongolia is based on Kiefer et al. (2010), but this was not recognized by Černý, J. et al. (2019), while Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not list Ixodes berlesei as present in Kazakhstan, but it was recorded from that country by Kolonin (2009) and others. Mongolia and Kazakhstan are provisionally included within the geographic distribution of Ixodes berlesei.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF889CB466FBB0.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Portugal (Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF889CB466FBB0.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) did not list this tick as valid but as a probable synonym of Ixodes ventalloi. Estrada-Peña in Guglielmone et al. (2014) stated that the bases capituli of Ixodes bivari and Ixodes ventalloi are morphologically different, but Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) agreed with Kolonin, suggesting that Ixodes bivari is a synonym of Ixodes ventalloi. Pending resolution of this situation by comparison of type specimens, Ixodes bivari is here regarded as provisionally valid.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8F98B76AFAFC.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) Colombia, 3) Panama, 4) Venezuela (Apanaskevich & Bermúdez 2017, Onofrio et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8F98B76AFAFC.taxon	discussion	Ixodes bocatorensis specimens from Panama were initially identified as Ixodes lasallei, as explained in Apanaskevich & Bermúdez (2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8E6CB15FF8C9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Bolivia, 3) Colombia, 4) Costa Rica, 5) Ecuador, 6) Guatemala, 7) Honduras, 8) Mexico (south), 9) Nicaragua, 10) Panama, 11) Peru (Cooley & Kohls 1945, Blair et al. 2004, Álvarez et al. 2005, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Bermúdez et al. 2015 a, Pesquera et al. 2015, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8E6CB15FF8C9.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Ixodes boliviensis as a synonym of Ixodes diversifossus. The two species are similar, but a morphological comparison of types has not been undertaken, and these taxa are considered provisionally valid here. Additionally, many records of Ixodes boliviensis have been published under the name Ixodes bicornis according to Kohls (1956 c), who synonymized this name under Ixodes boliviensis, a decision that was hardly justified according to Guglielmone et al. (2021), who treat this synonymy as tentatively valid. Bermúdez et al. (2021) found important molecular differences between specimens from Panama, named as Ixodes cf. boliviensis, and Ecuador. Consequently, the range of Ixodes boliviensis is also provisional because a reexamination of the types of Ixodes boliviensis and Ixodes bicornis is needed to confirm the opinion of Kohls (1956 c).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C762BABF8C00B6A9F8BC.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Congo, 2) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3) Liberia, 4) Uganda (Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C761BABF8CACB116FF35.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Rwanda (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F62C761BABF8CACB116FF35.taxon	discussion	Matthysse & Colbo (1987) proposed that Ixodes browningi is probably established in Uganda, despite not finding specimens there, and Kolonin (2009) included Uganda within the geographic distribution of Ixodes browningi. However, in the absence of records, we exclude Uganda from this species’ known range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C761BABF8A15B0EDFE1D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ethiopia (Morel 1980, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C761BABF8A15B0EDFE1D.taxon	discussion	This species is known from a female tick classified as Ixodes ugandanus djaronensis in Nuttall & Warburton (1911) and reclassified as a new species, Ixodes brumpti, in Morel (1965 c). However, the same specimen was later identified as Ixodes procaviae in Keirans (1985 b). Guglielmone et al. (2014) believe that comparison of the specimen used to describe Ixodes brumpti with the female type of Ixodes procaviae is needed to resolve this problem.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C761BABF8ACDB742FCF5.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016, Saracho-Bottero et al. 2021, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C761BABF8ACDB742FCF5.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) treated Ixodes brunneus as a chiefly Nearctic species but with a bona fide record from Venezuela (Neotropical). However, Saracho-Bottero et al. (2021) analyzed Neotropical records of Ixodes brunneus, concluding that this species is not present in the Neotropics. These authors also treated a Ukrainian record of this tick on a migratory bird in Filippova (1977) as a probable new species, but Tsapko (2020) supported the diagnosis of Filippova (1977). Lindquist et al. (2016) stated that specimens of Ixodes brunneus have been collected in Canada, but this tick is not established in that country, restricting its Nearctic distribution to the USA.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C761BABF8855B10DFC4D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Zambia (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C761BABF889DB06AF9B9.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Azerbaijan, 2) Denmark, 3) France, 4) Germany, 5) Great Britain, 6) Iceland, 7) Ireland, 8) Italy, 9) Kyrgyzstan, 10) Morocco, 11) Norway, 12) Poland, 13) Russia, 14) Slovenia, 15) Sweden, 16) Switzerland, 17) Tajikistan, 18) Ukraine (Bailly-Choumara et al. 1980, Morel & Aeschlimann 1983, Tovornik 1990; Jaenson et al. 1994, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Richter et al. 2013, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C761BABF889DB06AF9B9.taxon	discussion	There are difficulties attending the identification of Ixodes caledonicus, and Morel & Aeschlimann (1983) stressed the problems involved in morphologically separating Ixodes caledonicus, Ixodes berlesei and Ixodes semenovi (under the genus Scaphixodes). Guglielmone et al. (2020) noted that authors differ in their morphological definition of Ixodes caledonicus, stating that additional studies are needed to support the conspecificity of populations of Ixodes caledonicus over this tick´s vast range. Morel & Aeschlimann (1983) treated their record of Ixodes caledonicus from Switzerland as provisional. Petney et al. (2012) regarded Germany as outside the range of Ixodes caledonicus and doubted its presence in Poland, while Rubel et al. (2021) also did not include this tick as found in Germany. However, Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) included Poland and Germany as well as Great Britain, Denmark and Italy within their restricted range of Ixodes caledonicus in Europe, together with northern Africa, which contrasts with the geographic distribution presented here. Jaenson et al. (1994) also listed Ixodes caledonicus as a tick found in Germany, a country that is provisionally included within the range of Ixodes caledonicus along with Denmark, Great Britain, Italy and Poland. Sukhiashvili et al. (2020) listed Ixodes caledonicus as found in Georgia based on eight specimens collected from cattle, but this tick is usually a parasite of Aves; therefore, the record of Sukhiashvili et al. (2020) requires confirmation, and Georgia is not included within the geographical distribution of Ixodes caledonicus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C760BABF8D91B681FDAD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Austria, 2) Belgium, 3) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 4) Croatia, 5) Denmark, 6) France, 7) Germany, 8) Great Britain, 9) Hungary, 10) Ireland, 11) Italy, 12) Latvia, 13) Lithuania, 14) Netherlands, 15) Poland, 16) Portugal, 17) Romania, 18) Serbia, 19) Slovenia, 20) Spain, 21) Sweden, 22) Switzerland (Manilla 1985, Martyn 1988, Fain 1990, Jaenson et al. 1994, Trilar 2004, Cringoli et al. 2005, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Petney et al. 2012, Obsomer et al. 2013, Hornok et al. 2017 b, Krčmar 2019, Karbowiak et al. 2020, Hornok et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F61C760BABF8D91B681FDAD.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) described the confusion of Ixodes canisuga with related species. Ixodes canisuga was treated as a valid species in Filippova & Uspenskaya (1973) and Teng (1973), but later Filippova (1977) and Teng & Jiang (1991) regarded this name as a synonym of Ixodes crenulatus, and this thinking was followed by Kolonin (2009), although both species, Ixodes canisuga and Ixodes crenulatus, are considered valid here. Nevertheless, many records of these species require confirmation, and the range of Ixodes canisuga should be regarded as provisional. This uncertainty is underscored by the fact that there are several synonyms of Ixodes canisuga, as detailed in Petney et al. (2012) and Guglielmone & Nava (2014). The presence of Ixodes canisuga in Slovenia is based on Trilar (2004). Ixodes canisuga was treated as a tick found in China by Zhao et al. (2020) and others. These authors cited Teng (1973) in arguing for the presence of Ixodes canisuga in China, while ignoring the synonymy of this species with Ixodes crenulatus in Teng & Jiang (1991). Zhao et al. (2020) did not discuss that synonymy, being uncertain as to how to treat these names. Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) did not include Ixodes canisuga as occurring in China, a country that is provisionally excluded from the range of this tick. Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) listed both Ixodes canisuga and Ixodes crenulatus as found in China. It is apparent that there is a need for additional research to properly define Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes crenulatus and related species, based on analyses of specimens throughout their ranges.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF89BDB0F6FD65.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Cuba (Barros-Battesti et al. 2009, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF89E5B052FCF5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil (Onofrio et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF89E5B052FCF5.taxon	discussion	Ixodes catarinensis was confused with Ixodes fuscipes prior to its description in Onofrio et al. (2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8855B050FC4D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF889DB476FAC1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Botswana, 3) Burundi, 4) Cameroon, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Kenya, 7) Malawi, 8) Mozambique, 9) South Africa, 10) South Sudan, 11) Tanzania, 12) Uganda, 13) Zambia, 14) Zimbabwe (Theiler 1962, Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Norval et al. 1987, Tandon 1991, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF889DB476FAC1.taxon	discussion	Walker (1974) stated that some records of Ixodes rubicundus and Ixodes pilosus from Kenya in fact represent Ixodes cavipalpus. The presence of Ixodes cavipalpus in South Korea (Palearctic Region), reported by Noh (1965) and repeated in Sames et al. (2009), has never been confirmed; consequently, South Korea is excluded from the range of Ixodes cavipalpus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8E09B58EFAB5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Sri Lanka (Rajagopalan & Boshell 1966, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8E95B0E5FA0D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Chile (González-Acuña et al. 2018, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8EDBB427F980.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8EDBB427F980.taxon	discussion	Ixodes colasbelcouri was first described as Ixodes lunatus by Colas-Belcour & Grenier (1942), as explained in Arthur (1957 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8D4BB59AF917.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Vietnam (Hornok et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8D4BB59AF917.taxon	discussion	Hornok et al. (2016 b) believed that some records of Ixodes vespertilionis in Asia correspond, in fact, to Ixodes collaris.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8C36B4FBF88E.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Papua New Guinea; Oriental: 1) Philippines (Wilson 1964 b, 1970 a, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8C42B1FBF83A.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Taiwan; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Kolonin 2009, Kuo et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F60C760BABF8C42B1FBF83A.taxon	discussion	Ixodes columnae was not included as an Oriental species in Guglielmone & Robbins (2018), but records of this tick on Taiwanese non-migratory birds by Kuo et al. (2017) support its presence in Taiwan.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8BA5B15FFED1.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2007, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8BA5B15FFED1.taxon	discussion	Ixodes conepati was listed in Doss et al. (1978) as having been found in Chile (Neotropical), but, in fact, the collection site was for Ixodes auritulus, as explained in Guglielmone et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8A79B4CEFE1D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Papua New Guinea (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009, Owen 2011, Barker et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8A79B4CEFE1D.taxon	discussion	The specimens used to describe Ixodes confusus by Roberts (1960) were initially misidentified as Ixodes cordifer in Roberts (1955).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8ACDB590FD01.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA; Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Montiel-Parra et al. 2007, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8ACDB590FD01.taxon	discussion	The presence of Ixodes cookei in the Neotropical Region is based on a male tick collected from the feces of the gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Carnivora: Canidae) by Montiel-Parra et al. (2007). This record was accepted as valid in Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins (2010), and is treated as provisionally valid in Guglielmone et al. (2021) and here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF89C9B5BDFC91.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Bolivia (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF89C9B5BDFC91.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1973) questioned the validity of this species, but there are no apparent reasons to support that view.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF88B9B156FC69.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Jamaica (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF88E1B63BFBF9.taxon	distribution	Australasia: 1) Australia, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace´s Line), 3) Papua New Guinea (Roberts 1970, Durden et al. 2008, Kolonin 2009, Owen 2011, Utami et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF88E1B63BFBF9.taxon	discussion	See Ixodes confusus for its confusion with Ixodes cordifer.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8F51B600FB6D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Chile, 2) Ecuador (Nava et al. 2017, Guglielmone et al. 2021). Ixodes cornuae was originally identified as Ixodes auritulus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8FFDB02FFAFD.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Geary et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8FFDB02FFAFD.taxon	discussion	Geary et al. (2021) cautioned that Ixodes cornuatus may be confused with Ixodes holocyclus and suspect that descriptions of Ixodes cornuatus, as in Jackson et al. (2002), are based on specimens of Ixodes holocyclus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8E6DB642F99D.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Tajikistan (Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8E6DB642F99D.taxon	discussion	Ixodes cornutus is treated as a synonym of Ixodes rugicollis by Camicas et al. (1998, under the name Pholeoixodes rugicollis), an opinion supported by Hornok et al. (2017 c), but Ixodes cornutus was regarded as valid in Filippova (1977) and Kolonin (2009). Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2014, 2015, 2020) treated Ixodes cornutus as provisionally valid, pending comparison of its type with that of Ixodes rugicollis. The German record of Ixodes cornutus in Chitimia-Dobler & Dobler (2019) needs verification, and Germany is not included within the geographic distribution of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C767BABF8D4DB04FF955.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C766BABF8DF5B75FFDAD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Armenia, 3) Belarus, 4) Bulgaria, 5) China (north), 6) Georgia, 7) Germany, 8) Iran, 9) Kazakhstan, 10) Kyrgyzstan, 11) Moldova, 12) Mongolia, 13) Poland, 14) Romania, 15) Russia, 16) Slovakia, 17) Turkey, 18) Ukraine, 19) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal 1973 a, Filippova 1977, Chen et al. 2010, Bursali et al. 2012, Fedorova 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Akramova et al. 2016, Dilbaryan & Hovhannisyan 2016, Karbowiak et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Sukhiasvhili et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Zhao et al. 2021, Li et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F67C766BABF8DF5B75FFDAD.taxon	discussion	Authors such as Černý (1969 a) have proposed that the name Ixodes crenulatus should be declared invalid. Emel’yanova (1979, under the name Pholeoixodes crenulatus) suggested that this taxon represents a species complex, while Filippova & Panova (2000) described several morphotypes of Ixodes crenulatus. Teng & Jiang (1991) and Kolonin (2009) followed Filippova (1977) in considering Ixodes canisuga a synonym of Ixodes crenulatus, but both species are treated as valid here. Petney et al. (2012) stated that several records of Ixodes crenulatus from ex-USSR countries in Pomerantzev (1950) correspond, in fact, to Ixodes hexagonus, although Filippova (1977) supported the opinion of Pomerantzev (1950). It is almost certain that several records of Ixodes crenulatus represent other species, and the range of this tick should therefore be considered provisional. Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) included Ixodes crenulatus in their list of Iranian ticks, although they stated that new studies are needed to confirm its presence in Iran. Rubel et al. (2021) did not list Ixodes crenulatus as a tick found in Germany, while Petney et al. (2012) doubted its presence there, although recognizing that Ixodes crenulatus was described from ticks collected in Germany, a country that we include within the range of this species. Le Riche et al. (1974) listed Ixodes crenulatus as found in Cyprus, but this record needs confirmation, and Cyprus is not included here as within the range of this tick. See also Ixodes canisuga above.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF89BDB12FFCF5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF89BDB12FFCF5.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1973) and Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Ixodes cuernavacensis as a Neotropical species, but Guglielmone et al. (2003, 2014) treated this tick as a Nearctic species. Later, Guglielmone et al. (2021) revisited this issue, finding that Clifford et al. (1973) and Camicas et al. (1998) were correct.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF8855B038FBF9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Congo, 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Equatorial Guinea, 6) Gabon, 7) Ghana, 8) Ivory Coast, 9) Kenya, 10) Malawi, 11) Rwanda, 12) Senegal, 13) Sierra Leone, 14) Tanzania, 15) Uganda, 16) Zambia, 17) Zimbabwe (Morel & Mouchet 1965, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Norval et al. 1987, Tandon 1991, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Oguge et al. 2009, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF8855B038FBF9.taxon	discussion	Several records of Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus have been published under the name Ixodes pseudorasus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF8F51B445FB6D.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north) (Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Sánchez-Montes et al. 2021 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF8FFDB1BBF9C5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Ethiopia, 3) Kenya, 4) Malawi, 5) Uganda; 6) Zimbabwe (Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Norval et al. 1987, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF8FFDB1BBF9C5.taxon	discussion	The male of Ixodes daveyi was described by Keirans et al. (1972), but Morel (1976) and others doubted that the male in Keirans et al. (1972) belongs to this species. Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2015) treated the male of Ixodes daveyi described by Keirans et al. (1972) as provisionally valid. Theiler (1962) and Elbl & Anastos (1966 b) included South Africa within the geographic distribution of Ixodes daveyi, but Walker (1991) treated the record of Ixodes daveyi from South Africa in Arthur (1965) as unconfirmed, while ignoring the reference to this species in Theiler (1962). The presence of Ixodes daveyi in South Africa was also disputed by Horak et al. (2018), and we exclude South Africa from the range of this species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF8D05B151F971.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF8D05B151F971.taxon	discussion	Colbo (1973) listed Ixodes dawesi as being found in Zambia, but this diagnosis was changed to Ixodes sp. in Colbo & MacLeod (1976), and Zambia is not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C766BABF8DD9B1E7F8C9.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Papua New Guinea (Kwak 2018 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C765BABF8C01B590FED1.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Lindquist et al, 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F66C765BABF8C01B590FED1.taxon	discussion	Keirans & Clifford (1978) cautioned that several records of Ixodes diversifossus correspond, in fact, to Ixodes dentatus, while Keirans (1985 b) found that males and females of Ixodes pomerantzi from Ecuador (Neotropical) had been identified as Ixodes dentatus. The Costa Rican record (Neotropical) of Ixodes dentatus in Santos Dias (1958 c) was regarded as a misidentification in Guglielmone et al. (2003, 2021). The few specimens of Ixodes dentatus from Canada have been collected from migratory birds, and Lindquist et al. (2016) classified these records as adventive. Therefore, Canada, Costa Rica and Ecuador are not included within the geographic distribution of Ixodes dentatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8A79B1A0FEA9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Costa Rica (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8AA1B622FDD5.taxon	distribution	Remote islands: 1) Atlantic Ocean Island (south) of Nightingale Island (Theiler 1962, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8AA1B622FDD5.taxon	discussion	Ixodes diomedeae is known from the female holotype identified by Zumpt (1952) as Ixodes rothschildi, a record repeated in Hänel & Heyne (2008) (Guglielmone et al. 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8975B1ADFC91.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Guglielmone et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8975B1ADFC91.taxon	discussion	Ixodes diversifossus is known from two female ticks collected in the USA, but this species has often been confused with Ixodes dentatus and Ixodes spinipalpis (Keirans & Clifford 1978). These authors also stated that Ixodes diversifossus and Ixodes boliviensis (Neotropical) are very close morphologically, leading Camicas et al. (1998) to synonymize the two names, with Ixodes diversifossus treated as both a Nearctic and Neotropical tick. However, Guglielmone et al. (2020) stated that type comparisons are needed to support the synonymy proposed by Camicas et al. (1998), a view endorsed here. Therefore, Ixodes diversifossus is provisionally considered to be a Nearctic species. See Ixodes spinipalpis for additional discussion of its confusion with Ixodes diversifossus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF88B9B456FB95.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Tanzania (Neumann 1907 f).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF88B9B456FB95.taxon	discussion	Considerable confusion exists concerning the identity of this tick, originally named Ixodes ugandanus djaronensis, but this name has been applied to other species, such as Ixodes lewisi and Ixodes procaviae according to Keirans (1985 b), while Morel (1965 c) regarded the Ixodes procaviae in Keirans (1985 b) as Ixodes brumpti, a view supported by Camicas et al. (1998). We base the range of Ixodes djaronensis solely on the original record of Neumann (1907 f).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8FB5B58EFB09.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8FC1B628FAFD.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Peru, 2) Trinidad and Tobago, 3) Venezuela (Wilson & Barker 1988, González-Acuña et al. 2008, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8E6DB0FBFAB5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa: (Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8E95B619FA29.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Kolonin 2009, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8D21B054F9E1.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Robbins & Keirans 1992, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8D69B737F8E5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east to Wallace’s Line), 2) Papua New Guinea, 3) Vanuatu; Oriental: 1) Philippines; remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Islands (central) of Peleliu and Samoa (Kohls 1950 b, 1957 a, Keirans & Brewster 1981, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C765BABF8D69B737F8E5.taxon	discussion	Records from the Philippines and one remote island (Peleliu Island) have been listed under the name Ixodes mindanensis, a probable synonym of Ixodes eichhorni, as discussed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). These records are regarded here as provisionally valid.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C764BABF8C65B1BDFDD5.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Armenia, 2) Azerbaijan, 3) Georgia, 4) Iraq, 5) Israel, 6) Kazakhstan, 7) Kyrgyzstan, 8) Russia, 9) Tajikistan, 10) Turkey, 11) Turkmenistan, 12) Ukraine, 13) Uzbekistan (Arthur 1959 a, Filippova 1977, Federova 2012, Dilbaryan & Hovhannisyan 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Keskin & Erciyas-Yavuz 2019, Tsapko 2020, Uspensky 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F65C764BABF8C65B1BDFDD5.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1974) cautioned about confusing Ixodes eldaricus with Ixodes gibbosus, Ixodes redikorzevi and Ixodes ricinus, which may indicate that some reports of these species are misidentifications. Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) added Ixodes festai and Ixodes frontalis to the list of species that can be confused with Ixodes eldaricus. Records of Ixodes eldaricus from Iraq and Israel were reported under the name Ixodes tatei in Arthur (1959 a), as discussed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Filippova (1974, 1977) included Kazakhstan within the range of this tick, but Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not list Ixodes eldaricus as being found in Kazakhstan, and Keskin & Erciyas-Yavuz (2019) were uncertain whether stable populations of this species exist in Turkey. In the present analysis, both countries, Kazakhstan and Turkey, are provisionally included within the geographic distribution of Ixodes eldaricus. Nowak-Chmura (2012) found this tick in Poland, but there was no evidence of permanent populations in that country. There are also records from Cyprus, but the specimens were collected from migratory birds (Kolonin 2009). Consequently, we do not include Poland and Cyprus within the range of Ixodes eldaricus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8975B402FD49.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa, 2) Zimbabwe (Theiler 1962, Norval et al. 1987, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8981B19AFCF5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) New Zealand (Heath & Palma 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8981B19AFCF5.taxon	discussion	Ixodes eudyptidis has been confused with Ixodes percavatus and Ixodes uriae. Moreover, several specimens classified as Ixodes eudyptidis were later found to belong to a new species, Ixodes laridis, and some descriptions of Ixodes eudyptidis refer, in fact, to this new species, as discussed in detail by Heath & Palma (2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8855B138FC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Congo, 2) Ethiopia, 3) Zambia (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1983 b, Tandon 1991, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8855B138FC21.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal & Wassef (1983 b) reported Ixodes euplecti in Egypt (Palearctic Region) on migratory birds coming from the Afrotropical Region, but we do not treat this species as established in Egypt.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8F29B465FB95.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8FB5B1C2FAC1.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8FB5B1C2FAC1.taxon	discussion	Filippova (2010) included New Zealand within the geographic distribution of Ixodes fecialis, but that country is outside this tick’s range. Owen (2011) provided an uncertain record (“ Ixodes? fecialis ”) from Papua New Guinea, and this country is provisionally excluded from the geographic distribution of Ixodes fecialis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8E09B4C7F8BD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) France, 2) Italy, 3) Libya, 4) Morocco, 5) Tunisia (Gilot & Pérez 1978, Cringoli et al. 2005, Pérez-Eid 2007, Kolonin 2009, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C764BABF8E09B4C7F8BD.taxon	discussion	Ixodes festai has been widely confused with Ixodes ventalloi because Arthur (1957 c, 1958 a, 1963, 1965) described the former name using specimens of the latter (Guglielmone et al. 2020). For this reason, Guglielmone et al. (2014) treated as doubtful records of Ixodes festai published prior to the study of this tick by Gilot & Pérez (1978). Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) also pointed to the confusion of Ixodes festai with Ixodes ventalloi as well as with Ixodes ricinus, and probably with Ixodes eldaricus and Ixodes inopinatus. Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) added that the poor condition of the holotype female of Ixodes festai has rendered morphological comparison of these species difficult. Jaenson et al. (1994) listed Germany within the range of Ixodes festai, but Petney et al. (2012) cautioned that the German record was based on the studies of Arthur (1963, 1965), who confused this tick with Ixodes ventalloi (see above), and Germany is provisionally excluded from the range of Ixodes festai. Nowak-Chmura & Siuda (2012) and Hornok et al. (2016 a) collected Ixodes festai from migrant birds in Poland and Hungary, respectively, but this species is not thought to be established in those countries. Guglielmone et al. (2014) stated that the nymphal record of Ixodes festai in Switzerland by Papadopoulos et al. (2001) requires confirmation, thus Switzerland is also excluded from this species’ range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C77BBABF8CABB7B4FDAD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Hungary, 2) Kazakhstan, 3) Kyrgyzstan, 4) Ukraine (Filippova 1958, Babos 1964).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F64C77BBABF8CABB7B4FDAD.taxon	discussion	Ixodes filippovae is a questionable species proposed by Černý (1961) for nymphs and larvae collected from marmots and described as Ixodes crenulatus by Filippova (1958), while the first description of the female is in Babos (1964) under the name Ixodes danyi. Ixodes filippovae was treated as a synonym of Ixodes crenulatus in Filippova (1977) and not included as a valid species in the tick lists of Keirans (1992) and Kolonin (2009), although Camicas et al. (1998) treated Ixodes filippovae as valid under the name Scaphixodes filippovae, and Horak et al. (2002) included Ixodes filippovae in their list of ticks of the world. Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2014, 2020) treated Ixodes filippovae as provisionally valid, pending further studies. Consequently, distributional data concerning Ixodes filippovae are tentative. The provisional range of Ixodes filippovae is based on ticks collected from marmots and identified as Ixodes crenulatus by Filippova (1958) and Babos (1964). The latter author described Ixodes danyi, a species from Hungary that was treated as a synonym of Ixodes filippovae (under the genus Scaphixodes) by Camicas et al. (1998), but Hornok et al. (2020 a) regarded Ixodes danyi as a synonym of Ixodes canisuga, while Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not list Ixodes filippovae as a tick found in Kazakhstan.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7BC77BBABF89BDB446FCF5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Guglielmone et al. 2021)	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7BC77BBABF89BDB446FCF5.taxon	discussion	Ixodes fossulatus was treated as a doubtful species in Clifford et al. (1973) but is considered valid in Camicas et al. (1998) and Guglielmone et al. (2014), among others, and here. The alleged presence of Ixodes fossulatus in Japan resulted from a diagnostic error, as discussed in Yamaguti et al. (1971).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7BC77BBABF8855B477F881.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Algeria, 2) Armenia, 3) Azerbaijan, 4) Belarus, 5) Belgium, 6) Bulgaria, 7) Croatia, 8) Cyprus, 9) Czechia, 10) Denmark, 11) Egypt, 12) France, 13) Georgia, 14) Germany, 15) Great Britain, 16) Hungary, 17) Iran, 18) Ireland, 19) Italy, 20) Malta, 21) Moldova, 22) Morocco, 23) Netherlands, 24) Norway, 25) Poland, 26) Portugal, 27) Romania, 28) Russia, 29) Serbia, 30) Slovakia, 31) Slovenia, 32) Spain, 33) Sweden, 34) Switzerland, 35) Turkey, 36) Turkmenistan, 37) Ukraine (Filippova 1977, Ogandzhanian 1984, Martyn 1988, Trilar 2004, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Mihalca et al. 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Bona & Stanko 2013, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Pflieger et al. 2017, Tsapko & Kotti 2017, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Rubel et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7BC77BBABF8855B477F881.taxon	discussion	This tick has been widely confused with Ixodes brunneus (Nearctic) in the past, and several reports of Ixodes frontalis have appeared under the synonym Ixodes pari, the most frequent of the synonyms of Ixodes frontalis, as listed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Heylen et al. (2012) cautioned that Ixodes frontalis can be confused with Ixodes ricinus, as has occurred with specimens from Finland. Sevestre et al. (2021) morphologically identified specimens of Ixodes acuminatus that were molecularly classified as Ixodes frontalis. Records from some of the territories listed above include specimens collected from migratory birds, and it is possible that permanent populations of Ixodes frontalis do not exist in a number of these areas, a situation that calls for further field work. Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) did not list Ixodes frontalis as being found in Iran; its presence in Iran is based on Kolonin (2009) and is regarded here as provisionally valid. Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) included China within the geographic range of Ixodes frontalis, based on Guo et al. (2016). However, Zhao et al. (2021) did not list Ixodes frontalis as a species found in China. We feel that the presence of Ixodes frontalis requires confirmation and have provisionally excluded China from this species’ range. A record of Ixodes frontalis from the Philippines (Oriental Region) in Wilson (1970 a) was treated as valid by Kolonin (2009), Drehmann et al. (2019) and other authors, but Saracho-Bottero et al. (2021) regarded that record as probably belonging to a different species. The same can be said about the Namibian (Afrotropical Region) record in Putzig (1939). Both the Philippines and Namibia are excluded from the geographic distribution of Ixodes frontalis. Hornok et al. (2016 a) presented molecular evidence that two lineages of Ixodes frontalis may represent different species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7BC77ABABF8C49B49DFD65.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) Uruguay (Labruna et al. 2020 b, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7BC77ABABF8C49B49DFD65.taxon	discussion	Information concerning Ixodes fuscipes in Guglielmone et al. (2014) and other papers should be considered invalid because current research results indicate that most such data are erroneous. For more than a century Ixodes spinosus, a tick described but not figured by Neumann (1899), has been treated as a synonym of Ixodes fuscipes. The first figures of alleged Ixodes fuscipes were provided by Nuttall & Warburton (1911), using a female in the syntype series of Ixodes spinosus, but Labruna et al. (2020 b) reexamined the type specimens of these ticks, finding that they represented different species, and reinstated Ixodes spinosus as a valid name. Additionally, Labruna et al. (2020 b) compared the type of Ixodes fuscipes with females in the syntype series of Ixodes aragaoi, finding that these specimens are morphologically indistinguishable. Consequently, Labruna et al. (2020 b) relegated Ixodes aragaoi to the synonymy of Ixodes fuscipes. Ixodes fuscipes is close to Ixodes affinis and Ixodes pararicinus. Some authors have treated Ixodes fuscipes as a synonym of Ixodes affinis, but this is unjustified, as shown in the studies of Onofrio et al. (2014, using the name Ixodes aragaoi) and Saracho-Bottero et al. (2020). Ixodes fuscipes has also been partially confused with alleged Ixodes pararicinus from Uruguay, but Ixodes pararicinus is now known to be geographically limited to northwestern Argentina (Nava et al. 2017), and Uruguayan records are considered to represent Ixodes fuscipes. Carvajal & Castellanos (2021) reported the presence of Ixodes fuscipes in Ecuador, but the accompanying illustration is not of this species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF89E3B46AFCC3.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF880AB024FC9E.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF88B2B010FC56.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Georgia, 2) Russia (Kolonin 2009, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF88FAB15FFB5B.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Albania, 2) Bulgaria, 3) Croatia, 4) Cyprus, 5) Greece, 6) Israel, 7) Italy, 8) North Macedonia, 9) Palestine, 10) Serbia, 11) Turkey (Saratsiotis 1970, Hoogstraal 1979, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Tsatsaris et al. 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Orkun & Vatansever 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF88FAB15FFB5B.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1974) cautioned that Ixodes eldaricus can be confused with Ixodes gibbosus, while Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) expressed similar concern about possible confusion with Ixodes ricinus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF8F8DB76BFB31.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Papua New Guinea (Apanaskevich & Schenk 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF8E19B58EFAA5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Papua New Guinea (Apanaskevich & Lemon 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF8EA5B476F801.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) China (south), 3) India, 4) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 5) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 6) Laos, 7) Malaysia, 8) Myanmar, 9) Nepal (south and central), 10) Philippines, 11) Singapore, 12) Taiwan, 13) Thailand, 14) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) South Korea (Kohls 1950 b, Yamaguti et al. 1971, Hoogstraal et al. 1972 a, Tanskul et al. 1983, Robbins 2005, Durden et al. 2008, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Takano et al. 2014, Kuo et al. 2017, Kwak 2018 c, Pun et al. 2018, Vongphayloth et al. 2018 a, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7AC77ABABF8EA5B476F801.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1975 a) reclassified as Ixodes near redikorzevi specimens identified by Hoogstraal (1970 c) as Ixodes granulatus, but there is a bona fide record of this tick from Nepal, and Pun et al. (2018) consider Nepal within the range of Ixodes granulatus. Estébanes-González & Cervantes (2005) recorded Ixodes granulatus from southern Mexico (Neotropical), but Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2007) treated these records as misidentifications, and Mexico is excluded from the geographic distribution of Ixodes granulatus. Important molecular differences within populations of Ixodes granulatus from China, Japan and Malaysia have been found by Lah et al. (2016). Such results may indicate that more than one species exists under the name Ixodes granulatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8BA5B6F7FF35.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Lubelczyk et al. 2007).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8BA5B6F7FF35.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) did not include the USA within the range of Ixodes gregsoni, but this tick was identified from material collected in Maine and Vermont by Lubelczyk et al. (2007).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8A15B627FEA9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Guatemala, 2) Mexico (south) (Keirans & Eckerlin 2005, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8AA1B1D9FE39.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016, López-Pérez et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8AA1B1D9FE39.taxon	discussion	Ixodes hearlei was confused with Ixodes marxi prior to its description by Gregson (1941).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8911B076FDF1.taxon	description	Australasian: 1) Australia (Kwak et al. 2018 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8959B69AFD49.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8981B666FAB5.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Algeria, 2) Austria, 3) Belgium, 4) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5) Bulgaria, 6) Croatia, 7) Czechia, 8) Denmark, 9) France, 10) Germany, 11) Great Britain, 12) Greece, 13) Hungary, 14) Ireland, 15) Italy, 16) Luxembourg, 17) Morocco, 18) Netherlands, 19) North Macedonia, 20) Norway, 21) Poland, 22) Portugal, 23) Romania, 24) Russia, 25) Serbia, 26) Slovakia, 27) Slovenia, 28) Spain, 29) Sweden, 30) Switzerland, 31) Turkey, 32) Ukraine (Feider 1965, Bailly-Choumara et al. 1974, Filippova 1977, Martyn 1988, Jaenson et al. 1994, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Trilar 2004, Cringoli et al. 2005, Nijhof et al. 2007, Burridge 2011, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Karbowiak et al. 2020, Hornok et al. 2021, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8981B666FAB5.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone & Nava (2014) cautioned that Ixodes hexagonus has been confused with both related and unrelated tick species, and Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021) treated Nearctic, Neotropical and Oriental records of Ixodes hexagonus as misidentifications. Records of Ixodes hexagonus from Algeria and Morocco are based on Filippova (1977) and Bailly-Choumara et al. (1974), respectively. Petney et al. (2012) considered Central Asia to be the eastern limit of the range of Ixodes hexagonus because they believed that the records of Ixodes crenulatus in Pomerantzev (1950) represented Ixodes hexagonus, but Filippova (1977) supported Pomerantzev´s diagnosis and we follow her opinion. Robbins (2005) stated that records of Ixodes hexagonus from Taiwan are the result of misidentifications. Richter et al. (2013) listed an unusual record from Iceland, although these authors do not believe that Ixodes hexagonus is established there. Tavassoli & Mohamadi (2015) allegedly found this species in Iran, but its presence in that country is not supported by Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019). Consequently, Taiwan, Iceland and Iran are not included within the geographic distribution of Ixodes hexagonus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8E95B7D3F8E5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central) (Clifford et al. 1975 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8E95B7D3F8E5.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1975 a) collected females and immature stages of this tick in Nepal and compared their specimens with the descriptions of Ixodes himalayensis, finding no morphological differences among females, while some differences were noted when larval and nymphal specimens were compared with their original descriptions. As a consequence, Clifford et al. (1975 a) classified their Nepalese ticks as Ixodes near himalayensis. Kolonin (2009) included Afghanistan (Palearctic) within the range of Ixodes himalayensis but provided no justification for doing so. Hoogstraal (1973 a) listed Ixodes himalayensis as a species found in Afghanistan but stated that this tick is “ unknown elsewhere, ” which may be a typographical error, because Ixodes himalayensis was only known from Indian specimens until it was collected in Nepal by Clifford et al. (1975 a). We tentatively exclude Afghanistan from the range of Ixodes himalayensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8C65B587F875.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Barker & Walker 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F79C779BABF8C65B587F875.taxon	discussion	Ixodes hirsti was originally named Ixodes victoriensis (preoccupied) and consequently renamed by Hassall (1931).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8BA5B4BAFE61.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Barker & Walker 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8BA5B4BAFE61.taxon	discussion	The syntype series of Ixodes holocyclus contains Indian specimens that do not belong to this species (Keirans & Hillyard 2001). Sharif (1928), Ghosh et al. (2007) and others listed Ixodes holocyclus as found in India, but there are no bona fide records of this tick from that country. The same can be said about the Indonesian record of Ixodes holocyclus in Krijgsman & Ponto (1932). Roberts (1960) stated that records of this tick from Papua New Guinea are the result of misidentifications, and Owen (2011) agreed. Rahim et al. (2013) recorded an instance of human infestation by Ixodes holocyclus in Malaysia, but without taxonomic support; consequently, Malaysia is not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8AE9B037FE39.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Yemen (Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1959 b, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8911B4FFFDAD.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF89BDB778FCF5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Nepal (south and central); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central), 3) Pakistan (west) (Clifford et al. 1971 a, Chen et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018, Zhang, Y. K. et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF89BDB778FCF5.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Ixodes hyatti as an Oriental species, but there several records of this tick from the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8855B1AAFC4D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF889DB0FFFB6C.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Algeria, 2) Austria, 3) Germany, 4) Morocco, 5) Portugal, 6) Romania, 7) Spain, 8) Tunisia, 9) Turkey (Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Bursali et al. 2020, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF889DB0FFFB6C.taxon	discussion	Ixodes inopinatus was confused with Ixodes ricinus prior to its description by Estrada-Peña et al. (2014). According to Estrada-Peña et al. (2017), some records of Ixodes festai and Ixodes ventalloi from France and Italy may in fact be Ixodes inopinatus, while Norte et al. (2021) suggested that some 16 S sequences of Ixodes inopinatus in GenBank belong to another species. See also Ixodes ricinus for a discussion of that species’ confusion with Ixodes inopinatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8FFDB407FAFD.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) New Zealand (Heath et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8FFDB407FAFD.taxon	discussion	Heath et al. (2011) stated that some specimens from New Zealand identified as Ixodes uriae correspond, in fact, to Ixodes jacksoni.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8E6DB42DFA51.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Keirans et al. 1996 b, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C778BABF8EF9B40AF9C5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Venezuela (Jones et al. 1972, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C77FBABF8D05B6D5FF35.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Armenia, 2) Azerbaijan, 3) China (north), 4) Croatia, 5) Egypt, 6) Georgia, 7) Germany, 8) Hungary, 9) Iran, 10) Israel, 11) Kazakhstan, 12) Kyrgyzstan, 13) Lebanon, 14) Malta, 15) Moldova, 16) Poland, 17) Romania, 18) Serbia, 19) Syria, 20) Russia, 21) Turkey, 22) Ukraine (Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1958 b, K ö hler et al. 1967, Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2012, Dilbaryan & Hovhannisyan 2016, Hornok et al. 2017 b, 2020 b, 2021, Orkun & Karaer 2018, Tsapko 2018. Sheng et al. 2019, Dwuźnik et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Sang et al. 2021, Krčmar et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F78C77FBABF8D05B6D5FF35.taxon	discussion	Sonenshine et al. (1969) regarded Ixodes kaiseri as a synonym of Ixodes crenulatus, but Filippova & Uspenskaya (1973) soundly rejected that proposed synonymy and redescribed Ixodes kaiseri, cautioning that this tick has been confused with Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes crenulatus and Ixodes hexagonus. Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) found identification of Ixodes kaiseri difficult, stressing that this tick has been reported from Egypt and Israel but that its range is largely unknown, in contrast to the above authors. Because Ixodes kaiseri may be confused with morphologically similar species, its range should be considered provisional. Zhao et al. (2021) did not recognize the presence of Ixodes kaiseri in China, but we treat the Chinese records by Sheng et al. (2019) and Sang et al. (2021) as provisionally valid. Perfilyeva et al. (2020) excluded Kazakhstan from the range of Ixodes kaiseri, although we include that country here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8A15B70AFE45.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Guo et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8A15B70AFE45.taxon	discussion	The presence of Ixodes kangdingensis in China was recognized in Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) but not in Zhang, G. et al. (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8A85B45EFDAD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Kyrgyzstan, 3) Pakistan (west) (Hoogstraal 1970 c, Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Fedorova 2012, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8A85B45EFDAD.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Ixodes kashmiricus as being found only in the Oriental Region, but that statement is unjustified.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF89BDB453FBF9.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Kazakhstan, 2) Kyrgyzstan (Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2017, Kovalev et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF89BDB453FBF9.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1977) and Kolonin (2009) stated that Ixodes kazakstani is found only in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and Kovalev et al. (2018) stated that records of Ixodes kazakstani from outside those countries are unreliable. However, Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not include Ixodes kazakstani in their list of ticks from Kazakhstan. Nevertheless, Lyashko (1973) reported Ixodes kazakstani from Turkmenistan, and Morel (2003) suggested that this species has been found in Tajikistan. Yu et al. (1997) recorded this tick from an unusual host in the Palearctic portion of China, and its presence in that country was treated as valid in Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang Y. K. et al. (2019), and Zhao et al. (2021). However, all records of Ixodes kazakstani outside Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are thought to need confirmation. Tsapko (2020) maintained that Russian records of Ixodes kazakstani require verification. Therefore, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, China (north) and Russia are not included within the range of this species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8F51B0F3FAFC.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) New Zealand; remote islands: 1) Atlantic Ocean Islands (south) of Georgias South, 2) Indian Ocean Islands of Crozet, Heard, Kerguelen and Marion, 3) Pacific Ocean Islands (south) of Antipodes and Chatham (Wilson 1970 b, Heath et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8F51B0F3FAFC.taxon	discussion	Some records of Ixodes kerguelenensis have been reported under the name Ixodes pterodromae, as discussed in Heath et al. (2011), or Ixodes zumpti in Horak et al. (2002) and Hänel & Heyne (2008). Wilson (1970 b) stated that Ixodes kerguelenensis has been confused with Ixodes auritulus and Ixodes percavatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8E6DB602FA51.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016, López-Pérez et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8EF9B612F9E1.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Heath & Palma 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8EF9B612F9E1.taxon	discussion	Ixodes kohlsi has been confused with Ixodes eudyptidis and Ixodes percavatus, and was erroneously cited as present in New Zealand (Heath et al. 2011, Heath & Palma 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8D69B1D2F8E5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Uganda; Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 3) Papua New Guinea; Oriental: 1) Cambodia, Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Philippines, 4) Thailand (Roberts 1970, Tanskul et al. 1983, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Robbins et al. 2004, Kolonin 2009, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77FBABF8D69B1D2F8E5.taxon	discussion	A few records of Ixodes kopsteini were published under the name Ixodes paradoxus by Kohls & Clifford (1961), but this name was determined to be a synonym of Ixodes kopsteini in Kohls & Clifford (1968).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77EBABF8C65B7A0FF35.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Nepal (south and central), 3) Taiwan; Palearctic: 1) Nepal (north and central) (Clifford et al. 1975 a, Robbins 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7FC77EBABF8C65B7A0FF35.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Ixodes kuntzi as a tick found only in the Oriental Region, but some records of this tick from Nepal in Clifford et al. (1975 a) are from the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region. Because Clifford et al. (1975 a) considered their records tentatively valid, Guglielmone et al. (2014) regarded the presence of Ixodes kuntzi in Nepal as provisional, a view also accepted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8A15B45DFCD9.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Armenia, 2) Azerbaijan, 3) Bulgaria, 4) Czechia, 5) Georgia, 6) Hungary, 7) Kazakhstan, 8) Moldova, 9) Mongolia, 10) Romania, 11) Russia, 12) Slovakia, 13) Turkey, 14) Turkmenistan, 15) Ukraine (Feider 1965, Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009, Kiefer et al. 2010, Bursali et al. 2012, Dilbaryan & Hovhannisyan 2016, Guglielmone & Robbins 2018, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Perfilyeva et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8A15B45DFCD9.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1977) hypothesized that four subspecies of Ixodes laguri exist, while Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) cautioned that Ixodes laguri can be confused with Ixodes ricinus. The presence of Ixodes laguri in Mongolia was recognized in Kiefer et al. (2010) but not in Černý, J. et al. (2019); therefore, Mongolia is provisionally considered to be within the range of this tick. Austria, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Uzbekistan were included within the range of Ixodes laguri in Estrada-Peña et al. (2017), but Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) were unable to confirm its presence in those countries based on the references provided in Estrada-Peña et al. (2017), and we provisionally exclude all six states from the range of Ixodes laguri. Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) considered it possible that more than one species is included under the name Ixodes laguri.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8871B58EFC69.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) New Zealand (Heath & Palma 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8871B58EFC69.taxon	discussion	Prior to its description, Ixodes laridis had been widely confused with Ixodes eudyptidis (Heath & Palma 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF88E1B671FBB1.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) Colombia, 3) Peru, 4) Venezuela (Apanaskevich & Bermúdez 2017, Onofrio et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF88E1B671FBB1.taxon	discussion	Kohls & Clifford (1966) and Fairchild et al. (1966) recorded Ixodes lasallei in Panama, but the specimens from that country were reidentified as Ixodes bocatorensis by Apanaskevich & Bermúdez (2017). Panama is now considered to be outside the geographic range of Ixodes lasallei.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8F99B4E7FB25.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) Malawi, 3) Tanzania (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8E25B656FA0D.taxon	distribution	Remote islands: 1) Pacifc Ocean Islands (north) of Gardner, Laysan, Pearl and Hermes, and Trig (Wilson 1964 a, Kohls & Clifford 1967, Keirans & Clifford 1978).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8E25B656FA0D.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998), under the name Scaphixodes laysanensis, stated that this tick is found in the Australasian Zoogeographic Region, but Ixodes laysanensis has only been recorded from islands located north of the Tropic of Cancer and outside the Australasian Zoogeographic Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8EDBB03DF9CF.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Blanco et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8D1EB628F846.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) Malawi, 3) Tanzania, 4) Zambia (Clifford & Walker 1966, Colbo 1973, Walker 1974, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77EBABF8D1EB628F846.taxon	discussion	Ixodes lewisi had been widely confused with Ixodes pilosus and, to a lesser extent, with Ixodes schillingsi and Ixodes rasus prior to its description by Arthur (1965), as discussed in Walker (1974). Yeoman & Walker (1967) did not recognize Ixodes lewisi as a Tanzanian tick, but there are several records from this country in Clifford & Walker (1966) that are regarded as valid here. Kolonin (2009) did not recognize the presence of Ixodes lewisi in Malawi, but its presence in that country is based on Keirans (1985 b), who reclassified as Ixodes lewisi a female of Ixodes pilosus from Malawi. Matthysse & Colbo (1987) listed one bona fide record of Ixodes lewisi from Uganda, on an imported sheep; consequently, Uganda is excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77DBABF8C8AB1FCFE61.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Austria, 2) Belarus, 3) Belgium, 4) Bulgaria, 5) Croatia, 6) Czechia, 7) Denmark, 8) Estonia, 9) Finland, 10) France, 11) Germany, 12) Great Britain, 13) Greece, 14) Hungary, 15) Ireland, 16) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 17) Kazakhstan, 18) Kyrgyzstan, 19) Latvia, 20) Lithuania, 21) Moldova, 22) Mongolia, 23) Netherlands, 24) Norway, 25) Poland, 26) Portugal, 27) Romania, 28) Russia, 29) Slovakia, 30) Slovenia, 31) Sweden, 32) Switzerland, 33) Ukraine (Jaenson et al. 1994, Hillyard 1996, Trilar 2004, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Hornok et al. 2016 a, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Matulaityté et al. 2017, Nováková et al. 2018, Da Silva et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022, Sormunen et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7EC77DBABF8C8AB1FCFE61.taxon	discussion	Several early records of Ixodes lividus were published under the name Ixodes plumbeus or partly confused with Ixodes canisuga, as was the case in Nuttall & Warburton (1911) (Guglielmone et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8AE9B753FDD5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Brazil, 3) Uruguay (Venzal et al. 2008, Michel et al. 2017, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8975B133FC91.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Brazil. 3) Paraguay, 4) Uruguay (Guglielmone et al. 2011, 2021, Fonseca et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8975B133FC91.taxon	discussion	Ixodes loricatus was thought to be distributed from southern Argentina to southern Mexico (Guglielmone et al. 2003), but it was later found that this species’ geographic distribution is restricted to eastern South America (Guglielmone et al. 2011). A record of Ixodes loricatus from southern Mexico in Onofre-Barragán (2015) was treated as a diagnostic error in Guglielmone et al. (2021), while this species’ presence in Colombia (Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020) requires confirmation; both countries are here considered outside the range of Ixodes loricatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF88B9B42DFC05.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ghana, 2) Malawi (Theiler 1962, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF88C5B58DFA99.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) Ecuador, 8) French Guiana, 9) Guatemala, 10) Honduras, 11) Mexico (south), 12) Nicaragua, 13) Panama, 14) Peru, 15) Suriname, 16) Trinidad and Tobago, 17) Venezuela (Cooley & Kohls 1945, Jones et al. 1972, Keirans 1985 b, Monroy Lefebre. & Cajas González 1988, Need et al. 1991, Díaz et al. 2007, Guglielmone et al. 2011, 2021, Vásquez et al. 2011, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2012, Witter et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Costa et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF88C5B58DFA99.taxon	discussion	Some records of female Ixodes luciae have been published under the name Ixodes loricatus spinosus, described by Nuttall (1910), a preoccupied name changed to Ixodes loricatus vogelsangi by Santos Dias (1954 b), but the name Ixodes luciae, published in 1940, has precedence over Ixodes loricatus vogelsangi, which is a synonym of Ixodes luciae.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8EB1B02BFA51.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8EF9B76BF9C5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 2) Papua New Guinea (Apanaskevich & Schenk 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8D05B7BDF9B9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Uganda (Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8D91B175F971.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Malaysia (Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8DD9B75BF8E5.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77DBABF8C65B4FFF859.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77CBABF8CF1B6BAFF35.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Russia (Voltzit 1997, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7DC77CBABF8CF1B6BAFF35.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) and Kolonin (2009) classified Ixodes maslovi as an abnormal morphological form of Ixodes persulcatus, but Filippova (1977), Keirans (1992), Horak et al. (2002), Guglielmone et al. (2009, 2020) and others listed Ixodes maslovi as a valid species, a position maintained here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8A15B587FE61.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Zimbabwe (Norval et al. 1987, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8A15B587FE61.taxon	discussion	Spickett et al. (1981) stated that Ixodes matopi was originally misidentified as Ixodes neitzi by Clifford et al. (1977).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8AE9B4FEFD65.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Guglielmone et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8AE9B4FEFD65.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2003, 2014) listed Ixodes mexicanus as occurring in the Nearctic Region, while Clifford et al. (1973) and Camicas et al. (1998) considered it to be a Neotropical species. Guglielmone et al. (2020) later reevaluated the geographic distribution of Ixodes mexicanus, ultimately agreeing with Clifford et al. (1973) and Camicas et al. (1998).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF89E5B43BFCD9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Apanaskevich et al. 2013 c).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8871B6EBFC21.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Costa Rica, 2) Guatemala (Kohls 1953 b, Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Ogrzewalska et al. 2015, Light et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8871B6EBFC21.taxon	discussion	Fairchid et al. (1966) stated that the record of Ixodes minor from Panama in Fairchild (1943) is erroneous; consequently, this country is excluded from the range of Ixodes minor.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8F29B173FBF9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Zimbabwe (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8F51B76BFB6D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Papua New Guinea (Apanaskevich & Schenk 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8FFDB0EBFA99.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Nepal (north and central) (Clifford et al. 1975 a, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8FFDB0EBFA99.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Ixodes mitchelli (under the name Scaphixodes mitchelli) as found in the Oriental Zoogeographic Region, but Guglielmone et al. (2014) regarded this tick as Palearctic, a view also accepted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8EB1B1E6F9E0.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8EB1B1E6F9E0.taxon	discussion	Cho et al. (1999) allegedly collected a female of Ixodes monospinosus from a human in South Korea, but morphological support for this record was insufficient, according to Guglielmone & Robbins (2018), an opinion that remains unchanged, and South Korea is excluded from the range of Ixodes monospinosus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8D69B70EF955.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Colombia, 2) Ecuador, 3) Venezuela (Keirans 1973, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Paucar et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8DF5B023F8C9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Equatorial Guinea, 2) Ghana, 3) Ivory Coast, 4) Kenya, 5) Nigeria (Aeschlimann 1967, Walker 1974, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Keirans & Eckerlin 2005, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8C01B4A7F875.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F7CC77CBABF8C01B4A7F875.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Ixodes moscharius as an Oriental species, but Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) regarded the Tibetan localities where this tick has been collected as part of the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region, an opinion also accepted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8BA5B4F9FDF1.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central) (Nemenz 1968, Teng 1982 a, Chen et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8BA5B4F9FDF1.taxon	discussion	Some Chinese records of Ixodes moschiferi have been published under the name Ixodes rangtangensis, a synonym of Ixodes moschiferi in Teng (1986), Camicas et al. (1998) and Guglielmone et al. (2009), but treated as a valid species in Horak et al. (2002). Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Ixodes moschiferi as an Oriental species. Clifford et al. (1975 a) stated that the type specimen of Ixodes moschiferi, collected in Thâmi, Solokhumbu District, Nepal (Nemenz 1968, Pun et al. 2018), was found on a host at an altitude of 1000 m, but Nemenz (1968) clearly indicated that it was collected at an altitude of 4000 m. Teng (1982 a) listed Rangtang (northwestern Sichuan), Tibet and Qinghai as collection localities of Ixodes moschiferi and its synonym, Ixodes rangtangensis Teng, 1973. All these localities are regarded as lying within the Palearctic Region; consequently, we follow Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) in treating Ixodes moschiferi as a Palearctic species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8959B0E3FD3D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burundi, 2) Cameroon, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Equatorial Guinea, 5) Gabon, 6) Ghana, 7) Ivory Coast, 8) Kenya, 9) Liberia, 10) Nigeria, 11) Rwanda, 12) Tanzania, 13) Uganda, 14) Zimbabwe (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Aeschlimann 1967, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Oguge et al. 2009, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Pourrut et al. 2011, Mediannikov et al. 2012 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF882DB763FC91.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF88B7B1BEFC53.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north) (Dietrich et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF88FAB199FC2E.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8F22B725FB5A.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Walker 1991, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8F22B725FB5A.taxon	discussion	Horak et al. (2018) excluded Ixodes myotomys in their review of the Ixodidae of southern Africa, stating that only one female specimen had been collected from a rat nest (genus Myotomys). However, that nest was found in Northern Cape Province, South Africa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8FF6B063FB12.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kwak et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8E3EB1DBF97E.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Kenya, 3) Malawi, 4) South Sudan, 5) Tanzania, 6) Uganda (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8E3EB1DBF97E.taxon	discussion	Elbl & Anastos (1966 b), Morel (2003) and Kolonin (2009) included South Africa within the geographic distribution of Ixodes nairobiensis, but Theiler (1962), Walker (1991) and Horak et al. (2018) rejected the presence of this tick in that country, stating that Ixodes nairobiensis has been confused with Ixodes elongatus, and Theiler (1962) believed that Ixodes nairobiensis had also been confused with South African specimens of Ixodes bedfordi. Consequently, we do not include South Africa within the range of Ixodes nairobiensis. Hoogstraal (1956 a) listed Ixodes nairobiensis as an East African tick, but Hoogstraal (1956 a) and Morel (2003) included Angola and Zimbabwe within its range. Elbl & Anastos (1966 b) treated the records in Hoogstraal (1956 a) as valid, but Angola and Zimbabwe were not included within the range of Ixodes nairobiensis by Kolonin (2009). Angola and Zimbabwe are here provisionally considered to lie outside the geographic distribution of Ixodes nairobiensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8DD2B4FBF88E.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Central African Republic, 2) Congo, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Ivory Coast, 5) Malawi, 6) Zambia (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Tandon 1991, Kolonin 2009, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C773BABF8C42B120F846.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Peru (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C772BABF8C8AB7ECFF35.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Mozambique, 2) South Africa, 3) Zimbabwe (Santos Dias 1980, Norval et al. 1987, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F73C772BABF8C8AB7ECFF35.taxon	discussion	The presence of Ixodes neitzi in Mozambique is based on Ixodes donarthuri, a synonym of Ixodes neitzi, as discussed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014), because the holotype of Ixodes donarthuri was collected in Nampula Province, Mozambique (Santos Dias 1980).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8A15B58EFEA9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8AA1B143FDD5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Chile (Marín-Vial et al. 2007, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8AA1B143FDD5.taxon	discussion	Sebastian et al. (2016) reported Ixodes cf I. neuquenensis nymphs collected from southern Argentina; therefore, another species close to Ixodes neuquenensis most probably exists in that country.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8975B437FD01.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Mozambique (Santos Dias 1982)	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8975B437FD01.taxon	discussion	Keirans (1992) and Kolonin (2009) did not recognize Ixodes nicolasi as a valid species, but Camicas et al. (1998), Horak et al. (2002) and Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2020), among others, included this tick in their lists of the genus Ixodes.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF89C9B612FAC1.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) South Korea, 4) Russia (Filippova 1977, Takada et al. 1998, Robbins 2005, Kolonin 2009, Kim et al. 2011 a, Tsapko 2020, Seo et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF89C9B612FAC1.taxon	discussion	Yamaguti et al. (1971) cautioned that Ixodes nipponensis can be confused with Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ricinus. Takada et al. (1998) found Ixodes nipponensis in the Palearctic portion of China (Liaoning Province), but this was not recognized by Kolonin (2009), Chen et al. (2010) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019). However, Cheng et al. (2018), Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) accepted Liaoning Province as being within the range of Ixodes nipponensis, and northern China is therefore included here.. Robbins (2005) stated that the presence of Ixodes nipponensis in Taiwan might be due to introduced specimens, while Kuo et al. (2017) collected this tick on migratory birds in Taiwan. Nevertheless, Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) included Taiwan within the range of Ixodes nipponensis. Cheng et al. (2018) reported this tick in southern China (Oriental), but its presence there was not recognized by Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021). Taiwan and China (south) are here provisionally excluded from the range of Ixodes nipponensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8E09B7CDF9E1.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Christmas Island (Keirans 1985 c).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8E09B7CDF9E1.taxon	discussion	Nuttall & Warburton (1911) stated that Ixodes nitens was collected on Christmas Island, supposedly in the Pacific Ocean, but this locality was later corrected by Keirans (1985 b), who stated that Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean. This island is an Australian territory near Sumatra (Indonesia). James et al. (2019) described how the only known specimens of Ixodes nitens were obtained from the last specimens of Rattus macleari collected before this rodent became extinct in about 1904, it therefore being unlikely that Ixodes nitens exists on Christmas Island today.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8D69B0F6F9B9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Peru (Need et al. 1991, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8D91B41CF8C9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Myanmar, 3) Nepal (south and central); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central) (Clifford et al. 1971 b, Chen et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8C01B596F811.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Iran, 2) Kazakhstan, 3) Turkmenistan, 4) Uzbekistan (Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F72C772BABF8C01B596F811.taxon	discussion	Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) included Ixodes occultus in their list of Iranian ticks, although they stated that additional studies are needed to confirm its presence in Iran, a country provisionally included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8BA5B4B9FF19.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Robbins & Keirans 1992, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8A31B42DFE8D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8A5DB6A1FDAD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burundi, 2) Cameroon, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Ethiopia, 5) Ghana, 6) Ivory Coast, 7) Kenya, 8) Liberia, 9) Sierra Leone, 10) Tanzania, 11) Togo, 12) Uganda, 13) Zambia, 14) Zimbabwe (Aeschlimann 1967, Morel 1980, Keirans et al. 1982, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8A5DB6A1FDAD.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) defined the geographic distribution of Ixodes oldi as extending from Sierra Leone eastward to Ethiopia, and southward to Zimbabwe. The presence of Ixodes oldi in Ethiopia is based on Morel (1980). Keirans et al. (1982) provided literature citations of Ixodes oldi from Burundi, Cameroon, Togo, Uganda and Zimbabwe, and these countries are provisionally included within the range of Ixodes oldi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF89BDB183FD65.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF89E5B70EFB25.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Laos, 4) Myanmar, 5) Nepal (south and central), 6) Taiwan, 7) Thailand, 8) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Nepal (north and central) (Hoogstraal et al. 1973 a, Tanskul et al. 1983, Robbins 2005, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Takano et al. 2014, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF89E5B70EFB25.taxon	discussion	Several records of Ixodes ovatus have been published under the name Ixodes japonensis, a tick described by Neumann (1904) but treated as a synonym of Ixodes ovatus in Camicas et al. (1998), being the most commonly cited of the several synonyms of Ixodes ovatus listed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Additionally, the first description of the male of Ixodes ovatus is in Nuttall (1916) under the name Ixodes japonensis because the male of Ixodes ovatus in Neumann (1899) does not belong to this species, as discussed in Neumann (1911 a), Morel (1963 c) and others. Li et al. (2018) listed a Japanese sequence of Ixodes ovatus as having been obtained from a USA specimen. Hoogstraal et al. (1973 a) stated that morphological differences among populations of Ixodes ovatus indicate that more than one species may exist under this name, and Li et al. (2018) and Regilme et al. (2021) provided molecular data supporting the view of Hoogstraal et al. (1973 a). Kang et al. (2022) found a specimen of Ixodes ovatus in South Korea, but this record is considered insufficient to support the presence of this tick there.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8E25B637FA0D.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8E25B637FA0D.taxon	discussion	Doss et al. (1974 b) listed Ixodes pacificus as present in French Guiana (Neotropical), but these authors misinterpreted the information in Floch et al. (1955), while Khattak et al. (2012) erroneously listed this tick as occurring in the Palearctic portion of Pakistan (Guglielmone et al. 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8EDDB4D6F9E1.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil (Luz et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8D69B7A7F875.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina (Saracho-Bottero et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F71C771BABF8D69B7A7F875.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2003) included Argentina, Uruguay and Peru within the geographic distribution of Ixodes pararicinus, while Nava et al. (2017), Guglielmone & Robbins (2018), Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. (2020) and Quintero et al. (2021 a) added Colombia to the range of this tick. However, populations of Ixodes pararicinus from Uruguay were re-identified first as Ixodes aragaoi and later as Ixodes fuscipes (Labruna et al. 2020 b). Additionally, Saracho-Bottero et al. (2020) found that bona fide populations of Ixodes pararicinus are restricted to northwestern Argentina because populations of this tick from northeastern Argentina are Ixodes affinis or a species close to it. Therefore, the presence of Ixodes pararicinus in Colombia and Peru requires confirmation, and both countries are provisionally excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8BA5B40AFDD5.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Kazakhstan, 4) Kyrgyzstan, 5) Russia (Takada et al. 1998, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2012, Guo et al. 2016, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8BA5B40AFDD5.taxon	discussion	Takada et al. (1998) recorded Ixodes pavlovskyi from the Palearctic portion of China, but its presence there was not recognized by Kolonin (2009) and Chen et al. (2010). Thereafter, Guo et al. (2016) added specimens of Ixodes pavlovskyi from Palearctic localities in China, and its occurrence there is recognized in Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019), Zhao et al. (2021) and here. Filippova & Panova (1998) divided Russian populations of this tick into two subspecies (Ixodes pavlovskyi pavlovskyi and Ixodes pavlovskyi occidentalis Filippova & Panova, 1998) based on morphological differences between eastern and western specimens, which may indicate the presence of species rather than subspecies under the name Ixodes pavlovskyi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8975B7DEFC05.taxon	distribution	Remote islands: 1) Atlantic Ocean Islands (south) of Inaccessible, Nightingale and Tristan da Cunha Islands, 2) Indian Ocean Islands of Kerguelen (Paulian 1953, Anastos 1954, Guglielmone et al. 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8975B7DEFC05.taxon	discussion	Wilson (1970 b) examined a female tick collected in the Kerguelen Islands (Indian Ocean) and identified as Ixodes percavatus by André (1947), concluding that the specimen was probably Ixodes kerguelenesis and stating that the presence of Ixodes percavatus on Indian Ocean islands is based on misidentifications. However, Paulian (1953) reported several additional records of Ixodes percavatus from the Kerguelen Islands, and the presence of this tick there is considered provisionally valid here, pending additional evaluations. Labruna et al. (2020 a) recorded several specimens of Ixodes percavatus sensu lato collected in the Neotropics (Brazil) from pelagic birds that breed in the Afrotropical Region. These ticks are considered to be natural invaders but are not part of the Neotropical ixodid fauna.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF88C5B42DFBF9.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8F51B7ADF955.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Taiwan; Palearctic: 1) Belarus, 2) China (north), 3) Estonia, 4) Finland, 5) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 6) Kazakhstan, 7) Kyrgyzstan, 8) Latvia, 9) Lithuania, 10) Mongolia, 11) North Korea, 12) Poland, 13) Russia, 14) South Korea, 15) Sweden, 16) Ukraine, 17) Uzbekistan (Filippova 1985, Jaenson et al. 1994, Robbins 2005, Uspensky 2008, 2016, Chen et al. 2010, Kiefer et al. 2010, Kim et al. 2011 a, Fedorova 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Akramova et al. 2016, Jaenson et al. 2016, Capligina et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Li et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8F51B7ADF955.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1985) cautioned that Ixodes persulcatus can be confused with the related species Ixodes kashmiricus, Ixodes kazakstani, Ixodes nipponensis, Ixodes pavlovskyi and Ixodes ricinus, while Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) noted that specimens of Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ricinus from northwestern Europe may also be confused with one another because these species are known to occur in the same localities and parasitize the same hosts. Petney et al. (2012) discussed the limited records of Ixodes persulcatus from Germany, concluding that this species is not established in that country. Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) listed Hungary as being within the range of Ixodes persulcatus, but Hornok et al. (2020 a) found that this tick is not established there. Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) listed Turkey within the geographic distribution of Ixodes persulcatus, based on Bursali et al. (2010), but its presence in Turkey was not confirmed in Bursali et al. (2012). We do not include Germany, Hungary and Turkey within the geographic distribution of Ixodes persulcatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8DF5B02EF8E5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Sri Lanka (Kolonin 2009, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8DF5B02EF8E5.taxon	discussion	A few records of Ixodes petauristae have been published under the name of its synonym, Ixodes kerri.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F70C770BABF8C65B58EF859.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Takahasi et al. 2005).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8BA5B433FDD5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Eswatini, 3) Mozambique, 4) South Africa, 5) Zimbabwe (Norval et al. 1987, Santos Dias 1993 a, Walker A. R. et al. 2003, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8BA5B433FDD5.taxon	discussion	For many years it has been accepted that Ixodes pilosus represents a species complex, but the situation remains unresolved (Horak et al. 2018), as is the geographic distribution of ticks bearing this name. Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) accepted the opinion of Burridge (2011), who believed that bona fide Ixodes pilosus is restricted to Eswatini and South Africa, but Walker (1991) argued that this tick is also present in Zimbabwe, and Santos Dias (1993 a) implied that Ixodes pilosus is found in Mozambique, while stating that most records are not based on bona fide Ixodes pilosus. For these reasons, the above range of Ixodes pilosus must be considered provisional. Phan Trong (1977) listed Ixodes pilosus as occurring in Vietnam, but this tick is not found there (Kolonin 2009). Adil et al. (2021) allegedly found Ixodes pilosus in Pakistan (east), but this record is treated here as a probable misidentification.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8975B733FD49.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Papua New Guinea (Apanaskevich & Schenk 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8981B1B5FD3D.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) South Korea, 3) Russia (Filippova 1977, Robbins & Keirans 1992, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Kim et al. 2011 a, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF882DB40DFC69.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador, 2) Guatemala, 3) Panama, 4) Peru (Fairchild et al. 1966, Keirans 1985 b, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF882DB40DFC69.taxon	discussion	Keirans (1985 b) explained that Ixodes pomerantzi was confused with Ixodes dentatus prior to its description by Kohls (1956 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF88E1B76CFBDD.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 2) Papua New Guinea (Apanaskevich & Lemon 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8F0DB7FAFB24.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burundi, 2) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3) Kenya, 4) Rwanda, 5) South Africa (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Walker 1974, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8F0DB7FAFB24.taxon	discussion	Ixodes ugandanus djaronensis from Ethiopia in Nuttall & Warburton (1911) was treated as a new species, Ixodes brumpti, in Morel (1965 a) and as Ixodes procaviae in Keirans (1985 b). Ethiopia is therefore provisionally excluded from the range of Ixodes procaviae.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8E25B079FA51.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Mongolia, 2) Russia (Emel’yanova 1979, Kiefer et al. 2010, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8E25B079FA51.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) did not recognize Ixodes prokopjevi as valid. This tick was not listed as part of the ixodid fauna of Mongolia by Černý, J. et al. (2019), but it was recognized as occurring there by Kiefer et al. (2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8EF9B46AF9C5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Thailand (Tanskul et al. 1983, Kolonin 2009, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8D05B1CCF955.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Gabon, 4) Rwanda (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Kolonin 2009, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8D05B1CCF955.taxon	discussion	Ixodes rageaui was described from specimens originally described as Ixodes schillingsi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C777BABF8DF5B42DF8C9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C776BABF8C01B639FC68.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Congo, 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Equatorial Guinea, 6) Gabon, 7) Ghana, 8) Guinea, 9) Ivory Coast, 10) Malawi, 11) Nigeria, 12) Rwanda, 13) Senegal, 14) South Sudan, 15) Togo, 16) Uganda, 17) Zambia, 18) Zimbabwe (Rousselot 1951, Arthur & Burrow 1957, Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Aeschlimann 1967, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F77C776BABF8C01B639FC68.taxon	discussion	Keirans (1985 b) found that several specimens of Ixodes rasus in the Nuttall Tick Collection were, in fact, Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus. Kolonin (2009) vaguely discussed the geographic distribution of Ixodes rasus, stating that it is found from Senegal eastward to Kenya and southward to Zimbabwe. Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) maintained that the geographic distribution of Ixodes rasus is not well defined, and these authors did not include Malawi, Senegal, Togo, Zambia and Zimbabwe within the range of this tick. Specimens of Ixodes rasus from southern Africa, including Zimbabwe (as southern Rhodesia) in Nuttall (1916) and Cooley (1934) were found to belong to another species (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Arthur & Burrow 1957). However, Norval et al. (1987) stated that Ixodes rasus was collected in Zimbabwe after 1957, although specimens were unavailable for further evaluation, while Arthur & Burrow (1957) stated that Ixodes rasus has been found in Zambia (as northern Rhodesia). Nevertheless, Morel (2003) doubted the presence of this tick in Zimbabwe and Zambia, and Colbo (1973) and Tandon (1991) did not list Ixodes rasus from Zambia. Zimbabwe and Zambia as well as Malawi and Senegal, countries that are also named by Arthur & Burrow (1957), are provisionally included within the range of Ixodes rasus, pending further morphological and molecular studies of this problematic species. Nuttall (1916) diagnosed as Ixodes rasus a specimen collected in Ethiopia, but Keirans (1985 b) reexamined the specimen and identified it as Ixodes sp. Elbl & Anastos (1966 b) listed as valid a record of Ixodes rasus from Kenya, but Walker (1974) stated that the presence of this tick in that country requires confirmation. Ethiopia and Kenya are therefore excluded from the range of Ixodes rasus. D’Amico et al. (2018) redescribed the male and female of Ixodes rasus and obtained sequences of the 16 S rDNA gene from specimens collected in the Central African Republic, but Guglielmone et al. (2020) doubted that the specimens used by those authors represent bona fide Ixodes rasus because of morphological differences between the redescriptions of other authors and the original description.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F76C776BABF88E1B4FBF9B9.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Armenia, 3) Azerbaijan, 4) Bulgaria, 5) China (north), 6) Egypt, 7) Georgia, 8) Greece, 9) Hungary, 10) Iran, 11) Israel, 12) Kazakhstan, 13) Kyrgyzstan, 14) Nepal (north and central), 15) Pakistan (west), 16) Romania, 17) Russia, 18) Tajikistan, 19) Turkey, 20) Turkmenistan, 21) Ukraine, 22) Uzbekistan (Warburton 1927, Feider 1965, Cwilich et al. 1967, Begum et al. 1970, Hoogstraal 1973 a, Clifford et al. 1975 a, Filippova 1977, Yu et al. 1997, Coipan et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Fedorova 2012, Mihalca et al. 2012, Akramova et al. 2016, Dilbaryan & Hovhannisyan 2016, Tsapko 2017, Perfilyeva et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F76C776BABF88E1B4FBF9B9.taxon	discussion	As stated under Ixodes acuminatus, several authors have treated Ixodes redikorzevi as a synonym of Ixodes acuminatus, but both species are considered provisionally valid here. There are some records of Ixodes redikorzevi published under the names Ixodes diversicoxalis, Ixodes theodori, Ixodes transcaucasicus and Ixodes transcaucasicus hystrix, all synonyms of Ixodes redikorzevi in Guglielmone & Nava (2014), but Camicas et al. (1998) listed those three names as synonyms of Ixodes acuminatus. The geographic distribution of Ixodes redikorzevi is vast and unclear (Guglielmone & Robbins 2018) and mainly based on a study by Filippova (1977). The presence of Ixodes redikorzevi in China is based on Yu et al. (1997). Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) listed this tick as found in Iran but cautioned that its presence in that country needs to be reviewed, while Hornok et al. (2020 a) considered Ixodes redikorzevi a synonym of Ixodes acuminatus and did not recognize Hungary as being within the range of Ixodes redikorzevi. Clifford et al. (1975 a) classified larvae and nymphs collected in Nepal as Ixodes redikorzevi or a species morphologically close to it. In broad terms, Ixodes redikorzevi is treated as present in the eastern Palearctic, while Ixodes acuminatus is considered to occur in the western Palearctic.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F76C776BABF8D91B6FAF8E5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa, 2) Zambia (Colbo & MacLeod 1976, Tandon 1991, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F76C776BABF8D91B6FAF8E5.taxon	discussion	Horak et al. (2018) ignored the presence of Ixodes rhabdomysae in South Africa, but we argue for its occurrence there because the holotype and paratype are of South African origin.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F76C775BABF8C65B69CFC68.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Albania, 2) Algeria, 3) Andorra, 4) Armenia, 5) Austria, 6) Azerbaijan, 7) Belarus, 8) Belgium, 9) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 10) Bulgaria, 11) Croatia, 12) Czechia, 13) Denmark, 14) Estonia, 15) Finland, 16) France, 17) Georgia, 18) Germany, 19) Great Britain, 20) Greece, 21) Hungary, 22) Iceland, 23) Iran, 24) Ireland, 25) Israel, 26) Italy, 27) Kazakhstan, 28) Kosovo, 29) Latvia, 30) Liechtenstein, 31) Lithuania, 32) Luxembourg, 33) Malta, 34) Moldova, 35) Montenegro, 36) Morocco, 37) Netherlands, 38) North Macedonia, 39) Norway, 40) Poland, 41) Portugal, 42) Romania, 43) Russia, 44) San Marino, 45) Serbia, 46) Slovakia, 47) Slovenia, 48) Spain, 49) Sweden, 50) Switzerland, 51) Tunisia, 52) Turkey, 53) Turkmenistan, 54) Ukraine (Filippova 1977, Hoogstraal 1979, Jaenson et al. 1994, Kolonin 2009, Paulauskas et al. 2010, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Erster et al. 2013, Richter et al. 2013, Salvatore et al. 2014, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Kadriaj et al. 2018, Sherifi et al. 2018, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Knap et al. 2019, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Pavlović et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F76C775BABF8C65B69CFC68.taxon	discussion	The name Ixodes ricinus was erroneously applied to specimens found in different regions of the world prior to 1950 (Guglielmone et al. 2014). Even today, this name is incorrectly applied, as in the recent studies of Nshimiyimana & Mutandwa (2010) in Rwanda, and Aziz et al. (2018) and Adil et al. (2021) in Pakistan, among others. The broad distribution of Ixodes ricinus in the Palearctic Region is supported by a great number of studies, although misidentifications causing confusion with related species may be found in some of them, as discussed in Filippova (1977) and Estrada-Peña et al. (2017). Other records from northern Africa may in fact represent the morphologically related Ixodes inopinatus, as shown by Poli et al. (2020), who found no evidence of the presence of Ixodes ricinus in northern Africa, and no Ixodes inopinatus in Europe. However, Petney et al. (2015) provided evidence of European populations of Ixodes inopinatus, while Fares et al. (2021) argued for the presence of Ixodes ricinus in Tunisia. Further studies are needed to resolve this matter. Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) included Egypt and Libya within the geographic distribution of Ixodes ricinus (see their figure 67), but no bona fide data have been found to support the presence of stable populations of this species there. We do not include Egypt and Libya within the range of Ixodes ricinus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF88E1B5A7FB25.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) France, 2) Great Britain, 3) Ireland (Pérez & Pasquet 1983, under the name Scaphixodes rothschildi, Hillyard 1996).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF88E1B5A7FB25.taxon	discussion	Zumpt (1952) and Hänel & Heyne (2008) listed the presence of Ixodes rothschildi on a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, but the only specimen of this tick found there was reclassified as Ixodes diomedeae by Arthur (1958 d). Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) presented a map (figure 41) where Sweden is included within the geographic distribution of Ixodes rothschildi, but no records have been found for Sweden, which is excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF8E25B1DBFA99.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Kenya, 3) Uganda (Theiler 1962, Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF8EB1B6D6F9C5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF8EB1B6D6F9C5.taxon	discussion	Bibi et al. (2020) stated that Ixodes rubicundus was found in Pakistan, while Ekanem et al. (2011) listed this tick as found in Nigeria, under the name Ixodes ribicundus, a lapsus. These records are treated here as doubtful, and both Pakistan and Nigeria are not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF8D05B6FBF971.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north); Neotropical: 1) Guatemala, 2) Mexico (south), 3) Panama (Fairchild et al. 1966, Keirans 1985 b, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Guglielmone et al. 2021)	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF8D05B6FBF971.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1973) regarded Ixodes rubidus as a Nearctic species, while Camicas et al. (1998) listed this tick as Neotropical, but it has been found in both zoogeographic regions.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF8DD9B1CDF875.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Austria, 2) France, 3) Germany, 4) Poland, 5) Romania, 6) Switzerland (Feider 1965, Visser et al. 2011, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Petney et al. 2012, EstradaPeña et al. 2017, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F75C775BABF8DD9B1CDF875.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1973) treated Ixodes rugicollis as a doubtful species, but it is valid. Hornok et al. (2017 c) found Ixodes rugicollis in Hungary, but this tick is not listed as present there in Hornok et al. (2020 a), and Hungary is therefore considered outside the geographic range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8BA5B4B9FF19.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8A31B491FEA9.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Russia (Filippova 1977, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8A31B491FEA9.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) and Kolonin (2009) treated the only known female of Ixodes sachalinensis as an aberrant specimen of Ixodes persulcatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8AA1B4FFFD49.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA; Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Keirans et al. 1996 a, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Lindquist et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8AA1B4FFFD49.taxon	discussion	Several records of Ixodes scapularis have been published under the name Ixodes dammini, a synonym of Ixodes scapularis (Camicas et al. 1998, Keirans & Robbins 1999), but Ixodes dammini is still treated as valid in Kassiri & Nasirian (2021) and Nasirian & Zahirnia (2021), among others. Records of Ixodes scapularis from the Neotropical portion of Mexico are treated as provisionally valid in Guglielmone et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8981B6EBFC05.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) Mozambique, 3) South Sudan, 4) Tanzania, 5) Zimbabwe (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Norval et al. 1987, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8981B6EBFC05.taxon	discussion	Burridge (2011) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) listed Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Rwanda as being within the range of Ixodes schillingsi, but Morel & Mouchet (1965), who dealt with ticks from Cameroon, Uilenberg et al. (2013), who worked with ticks from the Central African Republic, and Elbl & Anastos (1966 b), who studied ticks from Central Africa, including Rwanda, accepted the presence of Ixodes rageaui in those countries, but not Ixodes schillingsi. However, Ixodes rageaui and Ixodes schillingsi are morphologically similar species, and confusion may occur when attempting to identify some specimens.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF88C5B02CFB95.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Brazil (Onofrio et al. 2013, Lamattina et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF88C5B02CFB95.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1973) doubted the validity of Ixodes schulzei but provided no reasons for their opinion.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8FB5B00EFB25.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8FB5B00EFB25.taxon	discussion	Anstead & Chilton (2014) suggested that more than one taxon may exist under the name Ixodes sculptus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8E25B48DFA51.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Kyrgyzstan (Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8E25B48DFA51.taxon	discussion	Zhao et al. (2021) did not list Ixodes semenovi as occurring in China, while Fedorova (2012) did not regard this tick as present in Kyrgyzstan.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8EF9B64AF9C5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Nepal (south and central); Palearctic: 1) Nepal (north and central) (Clifford et al. 1975 a, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8D05B6F6F92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Thailand (Kitaoka & Suzuki 1983).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8D05B6F6F92D.taxon	discussion	Ixodes siamensis is not listed as a valid name in Keirans (1992), while Camicas et al. (1998) and Kolonin (2009) regarded Ixodes siamensis as a synonym of Ixodes ovatus, without providing evidence for this claim. On the other hand, Horak et al. (2002) listed this tick as valid, while Guglielmone et al. (2009, 2010 a, 2014, 2020) and Guglielmone & Nava (2014) regard Ixodes siamensis as provisionally valid.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8C3DB0FAF875.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 1) Chile (González-Acuña & Guglielmone 2005, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F74C774BABF8C3DB0FAF875.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) and Muñoz-Leal et al. (2019 a) considered it possible that Ixodes sigelos is a synonym of Ixodes abrocomae, a species validated in Guglielmone et al. (2010 a). Sánchez et al. (2010) and Muñoz-Leal et al. (2019 b) found molecular evidence indicating that more than one species may exist under the name Ixodes sigelos.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8BA5B456FF35.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA;	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8BA5B456FF35.taxon	discussion	Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 2) Russia, 3) South Korea (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Lindquist et al. 2016, Kim et al. 2017, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8A15B489FE61.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina (Saracho-Bottero et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8A15B489FE61.taxon	discussion	The female of Ixodes silvanus was identified as Ixodes brunneus by Boero (1957) prior to its description by Saracho-Bottero et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8AE9B7F0FAFD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Kenya, 3) South Africa, 4) South Sudan, 5) Zimbabwe; Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Papua New Guinea; Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Malaysia, 3) Taiwan, 4) Thailand, 5) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Azerbaijan, 3) Bulgaria, 4) China (north), 5) Czechia, 6) France, 7) Germany, 8) Greece, 9) Hungary, 10) Iran, 11) Israel, 12) Italy, 13) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 14) Lebanon, 15) Montenegro, 16) Palestine, 17) Poland, 18) Portugal, 19) Romania, 20) Russia, 21) Serbia, 22) South Korea, 23) Spain, 24) Slovakia, 25) Switzerland, 26) Turkey, 27) Ukraine (Arthur 1956 a, Hoogstraal 1973 a, Walker 1974, Filippova 1977, Norval et al. 1987, Kolonin 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Robbins 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Kim et al. 2011, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Bush & Robbins 2012, Petney et al. 2012, 2019, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Burazerovic et al. 2015, Benda et al. 2016, Malek-Hosseini et al. 2016, Horak et al. 2018, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8AE9B7F0FAFD.taxon	discussion	Ixodes simplex was described by Neumann (1906) from four specimens: one female of unknown origin, one female and one nymph from China, and one female from Gabon. Arthur (1956 a) stated that the tick from Gabon was in fact collected in “ Kashmir or a neighboring country, ” but in his figures 26 and 28, Arthur (1956 a) asserted that Kashmir was the source of this tick, which he proposed “ to be elected as the type specimen. ” Kolonin (2009) listed “ India (Kashmir) ” within the range of Ixodes simplex, and India was also included within the geographic distribution of this tick by Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) and others. However, the Kashmir region encompasses territories in China, India and Pakistan. No additional information has been found affirming the alleged presence of Ixodes simplex in India (or Pakistan), countries that are provisionally excluded from the range of this tick. Walker (1974) listed Ixodes africanus and Ixodes simplex as species found in Kenya, but the former name is a synonym of the latter (Guglielmone & Nava 2014). Iran is included within the geographic distribution of Ixodes simplex based on Malek-Hosseini et al. (2016), although Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) did not include this species in their list of Iranian ticks, and Iran is therefore provisionally included within the range of this tick. Hornok et al. (2015) and Evans et al. (2019) presented molecular evidence suggesting that more than one species may exist under the name Ixodes simplex.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8E6DB7ABF9C5.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north); Neotropical: 1) Costa Rica, 2) Mexico (south), 3) Nicaragua (Keirans & Jones 1972, McCain et al. 2007, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Light et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8E6DB7ABF9C5.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Ixodes sinaloa as a Neotropical species, but this tick was described from specimens collected in the Nearctic portion of Mexico.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8D05B015F99D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south) (Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8D4DB44BF971.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Apanaskevich & Goodman 2020 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8DD9B4C8F8BD.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Robbins & Keirans 1992, Lindquist et al. 2016, Acosta et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74BBABF8DD9B4C8F8BD.taxon	discussion	Ondrejicka et al. (2016) presented molecular evidence suggesting that more than one species may exist under the name Ixodes soricis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4BC74ABABF8CADB191FF19.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Theiler 1962, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018). Elbl & Anastos (1966 b) tentatively reported the presence of Ixodes spinae in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This view was apparently supported by Kolonin (2009), but we believe that the record in Elbl & Anastos (1966 b) requires confirmation, and that country is provisionally excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8A31B4D9FE45.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Laos, 3) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 4) Thailand (Wilson 1970 a, Tanskul et al. 1983, Chen et al. 2010, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8A31B4D9FE45.taxon	discussion	A Palearctic record of Ixodes spinicoxalis from the beginning of the 20 th century was regarded as a misidentification by Anastos (1950).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8A85B615FCD9.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA; Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Lindquist et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8A85B615FCD9.taxon	discussion	Several records of Ixodes spinipalpis have been reported under the name Ixodes neotomae, a species described by Cooley (1944 b) but reduced to a synonym of Ixodes spinipalpis by Norris et al. (1997). Controversy attends the relationship between Ixodes spinipalpis and Ixodes diversifossus. Authors such as Gregson (1956), Keirans & Clifford (1978) and Camicas et al. (1998) treated Ixodes diversifossus described in Neumann (1899) as valid but regarded the redescription of Ixodes diversifossus in Neumann (1911 a) as a synonym of Ixodes spinipalpis, although Neumann defined the same species in both cases. Guglielmone et al. (2021) suggested that Ixodes spinipalpis may be a synonym of Ixodes diversifossus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8871B663FC05.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) Peru (Labruna et al. 2020 b, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8871B663FC05.taxon	discussion	Ixodes spinosus was reinstated by Labruna et al. (2020 b) based on specimens identified as Ixodes fuscipes for more than a century, as explained under Ixodes fuscipes.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF88C5B58EFBF9.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line) (Apanaskevich & Schenk 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8F51B4B4FB6D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Papua New Guinea (Apanaskevich & Schenk 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8FFDB1CAFAFD.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Chile (González-Acuña et al. 2005, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8FFDB1CAFAFD.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1973) regarded Ixodes stilesi as a doubtful species, but it is a valid taxon.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8E6DB76CF9C5.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Kazakhstan, 2) Kyrgyzstan, 3) Pakistan (west), 4) Russia, 5) Tajikistan (Filippova 1977, Robbins & Keirans 1987, 1992, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2017, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8E6DB76CF9C5.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1977) explained that Ixodes stromi had been partly confused with Ixodes trianguliceps prior to its description by Filippova (1957).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8D05B1B2F955.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Kazakhstan, 2) Kyrgyzstan, 3) Russia, 4) Tajikistan, 5) Turkmenistan (Filippova 1977, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8D05B1B2F955.taxon	discussion	Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not recognize the presence of Ixodes subterraneus in Kazakhstan.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8DF3B66EF917.taxon	discussion	A fossil species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8C36B58EF88E.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Chile (González-Acuña & Guglielmone 2005, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8C42B4BDF83A.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north) (Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4AC74ABABF8C42B4BDF83A.taxon	discussion	Clifford et al. (1973) and Camicas et al. (1998) listed Ixodes tamaulipas as a Neotropical species, but Guglielmone et al. (2003, 2014, 2020) pointed out that the only known record of this tick is from a Nearctic locality, an observation confirmed here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8BA5B018FED1.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north); Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8BA5B018FED1.taxon	discussion	Ixodes tancitarius was treated as a Neotropical species by Camicas et al. (1998) and as a Nearctic tick by Guglielmone et al. (2003), but it is found in both zoogeographic regions, as explained in Guglielmone et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8A79B711FE61.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Nepal (south and central), 2) Thailand; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Nepal (north and central), 4) South Korea (Clifford et al. 1975 a, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8AE9B4D6FDD5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Colombia, 2) Costa Rica, 3) Panama (Apanaskevich et al. 2017, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8975B140FD65.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Barker & Walker 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8975B140FD65.taxon	discussion	Roberts (1970) hypothesized that more than one species may be included under the name Ixodes tasmani. Kwak (2017) and Evans et al. (2019) presented molecular evidence sustaining that view.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF89E5B1C9FD3D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Guatemala (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF882DB4E6FC04.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA; Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010, Durden et al. 2016, Lindquist et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF882DB4E6FC04.taxon	discussion	Ondrejicka et al. (2016) presented molecular evidence to argue that more than one species may exist under the name Ixodes texanus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF88C5B721FBF9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Namibia, 2) South Africa (Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8F51B596FA99.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Ethiopia, 3) Kenya, 4) Tanzania, 5) Uganda (Elbl & Anastos 1966 b, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Morel 1980, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8F51B596FA99.taxon	discussion	Colbo & McLeod (1976) re-identified as Ixodes near thomasae ticks recognized as Ixodes thomasae in Zambia by Colbo (1973). Norval et al. (1987) stated that Ixodes thomasae had been collected in Zimbabwe, but specimens were unavailable for further evaluation. Here, Zambia and Zimbabwe are provisionally excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8EB1B58EFA0D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Panama (Fairchild et al. 1966, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8EDDB48EF9B9.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Durden & Keirans 1996, Kolonin 2009, Guzmán-Cornejo & Robbins 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8EDDB48EF9B9.taxon	discussion	Ixodes tovari is listed as a Nearctic and Neotropical species in Camicas et al. (1998), but no Neotropical records have been found for this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8D91B60DF8E5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Walker 1991, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C749BABF8D91B60DF8E5.taxon	discussion	Horak et al. (2018) did not include Ixodes transvaalensis in their list of South African ticks, but this species is known from just two specimens, both collected in South Africa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C748BABF8C65B62EFE1D.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Armenia, 2) Austria, 3) Azerbaijan, 4) Belarus, 5) Belgium, 6) Bulgaria, 7) Croatia, 8) Czechia, 9) Denmark, 10) Estonia, 11) Finland, 12) France, 13) Georgia, 14) Germany, 15) Great Britain, 16) Hungary, 17) Ireland, 18) Italy, 19) Latvia, 20) Lithuania, 21) Netherlands, 22) Norway, 23) Poland, 24) Romania, 25) Russia, 26) Slovakia, 27) Slovenia, 28) Spain, 29) Sweden, 30) Switzerland, 31) Turkey, 32) Ukraine (Feider 1965, Gilot et al. 1976, Filippova 1977, Martyn 1988, Jaenson et al. 1994, Trilar 2004, Kolonin 2009, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Paulaskas et al. 2010, Krčmar 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Obsomer et al. 2013, Dilbaryan & Hovhannisyan 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Tsapko 2020, Fedorov & Leonovich 2021, Keskin & Selçuk 2021, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F49C748BABF8C65B62EFE1D.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone & Nava (2014) listed five synonyms for Ixodes trianguliceps, but Ixodes tenuirostris is the most common and was used instead of Ixodes trianguliceps in the first description of the male in Neumann (1902), as well as in the first accounts of the nymph and larva, published by Nuttall & Warburton (1911). The presence of Ixodes trianguliceps in Iran, as noted by Moravvej et al. (2015), requires confirmation, and that country is provisionally excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8ACDB4CFFD65.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8ACDB4CFFD65.taxon	discussion	Owen (2011) published an uncertain record as “ Ixodes? trichosuri ” from Papua New Guinea, and this country is therefore not included within the geographic distribution of Ixodes trichosuri. McCann et al. (2019) presented molecular evidence suggesting that more than one species may exist under the name Ixodes trichosuri.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF89E5B775FCD9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Colombia, 2) Peru (Trapido & Sanmartín 1971, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Quintero et al. 2021 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8871B43AFB09.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Taiwan; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 2) Nepal (north and central), 3) South Korea (Rao et al. 1973, Clifford et al. 1975 a, Miyamoto et al. 2000, Sames et al. 2008, Kuo et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8871B43AFB09.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) listed Taiwan (Oriental) within the geographic distribution of Ixodes turdus but regarded this species as found only in the Palearctic Region. These authors also excluded India from this species’ range, but its presence in India is based on Rao et al. (1973). Specimens of Ixodes turdus from Nepal and Japan are close morphologically (Clifford et al. 1975 a), but also molecularly (Xu et al. 2003, Takano et al. 2014), and Nepal is therefore included within the range of Ixodes turdus, a tick described from specimens collected in Japan. Bolotin & Kolonin (1979) found Ixodes turdus on migratory birds in the Russian Far East but believe that this tick is not established there, an opinion also shared by Tsapko (2020), and that territory is excluded from the range of Ixodes turdus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8FC1B133FA99.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Kenya, 3) Mozambique, 4) Nigeria, 5) South Africa, 6) Tanzania, 7) Uganda, 8) Zimbabwe (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Keirans & Brewster 1981, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Norval et al. 1987, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8EB1B44BFA0D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Apanaskevich & Goodman 2020 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8EDDB580F9E1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Apanaskevich & Goodman 2020 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8D69B1B1F859.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) France, 2) Great Britain, 3) Ireland, 4) Netherlands, 5) Sweden, 6) Ukraine (Filippova 1977, Guiguen & Beaucournu 1984, Martyn 1988, Jaenson et al. 1994, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C748BABF8D69B1B1F859.taxon	discussion	Some records of Ixodes unicavatus have been published under the name Ixodes tauricus, a tick described by Vshivkov & Filippova (1957) but found to be a synonym of Ixodes unicavatus by Filippova (1977). Gothe et al. (1977) found a female Ixodes on a dog in Germany with one porose area on the basis capituli. These authors treated this specimen as an aberrant individual of Ixodes canisuga but left open the possibility that the tick may represent Ixodes unicavatus, a species characterized as having one porose area on the basis capituli. Petney et al. (2012) regarded this specimen as Ixodes unicavatus, a statement considered unconfirmed here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F48C74FBABF8CF1B46AFC91.taxon	discussion	Circumpolar: Ixodes uriae represents a special zoogeographic case because most populations are confined to several remote islands in the north and south Atlantic Ocean, near the Arctic and Antarctic zones, respectively, and are also found on remote islands in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans close to the Antarctic, as well as on the Antarctic Peninsula itself. Additionally, islands near continental mainlands in the northernmost and southernmost portions of the world, as well as seashores in the northernmost portion of the Northern Hemisphere have been found infested with Ixodes uriae. This peculiar range is related to the breeding sites of the sea birds that are hosts of this tick. The geographic distribution of Ixodes uriae is peculiar and unrelated to the zoogeographic divisions followed in this study. Heath et al. (2011) also noted that several records of Ixodes uriae in New Zealand are from sea birds examined outside their breeding localities, a situation that surely applies to some collections of this tick from other countries, implicitly distorting the actual range of Ixodes uriae. In the Southern Hemisphere, Ixodes uriae has been found in: 1) Argentina, 2) Australia, 3) Chile, 4) New Zealand and 5) South Africa; in the Northern Hemisphere it has been collected in: 1) Canada, 2) Denmark, 3) Finland, 4) France, 5) Germany, 6) Great Britain, 7) Greenland, 8) Iceland, 9) Ireland, 10) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 11) Norway, 12) Russia, 13) South Korea, 14) Sweden and 15) USA (Filippova 1977, Keirans & Clifford 1978, Martyn 1988, Jaenson et al. 1994, Kolonin 2009, Heath et al. 2011, Petney et al. 2012, Muñoz-Leal & González-Acuña 2015, Kim et al. 2017, Horak et al. 2018, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Sormunen et al. 2022). Several records of Ixodes uriae have been published under the names Ceratixodes uriae and Ixodes putus, which are the most common of the several synonyms of Ixodes uriae listed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Ixodes uriae has been treated historically as a name that may include more than one species (Guglielmone et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4FC74FBABF88B9B14FFC05.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3) Ghana, 4) Mozambique (Keirans et al. 1982, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4FC74FBABF88C5B637FBF9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Colombia, 2) Costa Rica, 3) Panama, 4) Venezuela (Jones et al. 1972, Durden & Keirans 1994, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4FC74FBABF8F51B58EFA0D.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Cyprus, 2) France, 3) Great Britain, 4) Italy, 5) Morocco, 6) Portugal, 7) Spain, 8) Tunisia (Bailly-Choumara et al. 1974, Cringoli et al. 2005, Tsatsaris et al. 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2018, Santos & Santos-Silva 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4FC74FBABF8F51B58EFA0D.taxon	discussion	Ixodes ventalloi has been confused with Ixodes festai (see Ixodes festai, above), and Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) suspected that it has also been confused with Ixodes inopinatus. Ixodes ventalloi has been found in Great Britain, but Estrada-Peña et al. (2018) and Santos & Santos-Silva (2019) suggested that this tick is not established there. However, Martyn (1988) provided several records of Ixodes ventalloi from common domestic and wild hosts of this tick in Great Britain. Petney et al. (1996) found a specimen of Ixodes ventalloi in Germany, but this tick is not considered to be established in that country (Estrada-Peña et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4FC74EBABF8EDDB6EBFD65.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) South Africa, 3) South Sudan, 4) Uganda; Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Laos, 3) Taiwan, 4) Thailand; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Algeria, 3) Armenia, 4) Austria, 5) Azerbaijan, 6) Belgium, 7) Bulgaria, 8) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 9) China (north), 10) Croatia, 11) Czechia, 12) France, 13) Germany, 14) Great Britain, 15) Greece, 16) Hungary, 17) Iran, 18) Ireland, 19) Israel, 20) Italy, 21) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 22) Kazakhstan, 23) Kyrgyzstan, 24) Lebanon, 25) Moldova, 26) Montenegro, 27) Morocco, 28) Netherlands, 29) North Macedonia, 30) Palestine, 31) Poland, 32) Portugal, 33) Romania, 34) Russia, 35) Serbia, 36) Slovakia, 37) Slovenia, 38) South Korea, 39) Spain, 40) Switzerland, 41) Tajikistan, 42) Turkey, 43) Turkmenistan, 44) Ukraine (Feider 1965, Hoogstraal 1973 a, Filippova 1977, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Cringoli et al. 2005, Robbins 2005, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Siuda et al. 2009, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Kim et al. 2011 b, Bursali et al. 2012, Bush & Robbins 2012, Fedorova 2012, Krčmar 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Burazerovic et al. 2015, Benda et al. 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Vongphayloth et al. 2018 a, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Petney et al. 2019, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Tsapko 2020, Rubel et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4FC74EBABF8EDDB6EBFD65.taxon	discussion	Zhao et al. (2021) excluded Taiwan from the range of Ixodes vespertilionis, but it is included here. Ixodes vespertilionis has long been regarded as occurring in the Australasian Zoogeographic Region. Nuttall & Warburton (1911) listed South Australia as being within the range of this tick, but they confused a South African locality with a South Australian one. Later, Roberts (1960) maintained that Ixodes vespertilionis was an Australian tick, a view subsequently refuted in Roberts (1970). No bona fide specimens of Ixodes vespertilionis have been recorded from Australia or other countries and territories within the Australasian Region. Even so, Martyn (1988), Hillyard (1996) and Chalada et al. (2016) have continued to regard this tick as present in Australia. The Albanian record of Ixodes vespertilionis “ circa 1906 ” probably resulted from collections made in localities that are now part of the nation of Serbia (Vrenozi & Dunlop 2013). The record of Ixodes vespertilionis in Nigeria by Okeke et al. (2020) requires confirmation. Therefore, all these countries are tentatively excluded from the range of Ixodes vespertilionis Hornok et al. (2015) found molecular evidence supporting the argument that more than one species exists under the name Ixodes vespertilionis, a hypothesis confirmed with the description of the morphologically related species Ixodes collaris. Perhaps as yet undescribed new species await discovery in tick collections bearing the name Ixodes vespertilionis, but that will require examination of the type specimens of the more than ten names currently regarded as synonyms of Ixodes vespertilionis (Guglielmone & Nava 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8DD9B70FF875.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ghana (Kolonin 2003, 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8DD9B70FF875.taxon	discussion	Africaniella orlovi may be a synonym of Africaniella transversale (Guglielmone et al. 2015 and updates). Africaniella orlovi was described by Kolonin (1992 a), under the name Aponomma orlovi, from two females allegedly collected in Vietnam (Oriental Region), a record repeated in Kolonin (1995 b). Subsequently, Kolonin (2003) rectified his position, stating that this species had been collected in Ghana. Hornok et al. (2020 c) still consider Africaniella orlovi an Oriental tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF89E5B1A5FD3D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF882DB171FCF5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Weaver 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8855B7DEFC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) Zimbabwe (Walker 1974, Norval et al. 1987).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8855B7DEFC21.taxon	discussion	Norval et al. (1987) found specimens from Zimbabwe “ resembling ” Ixodes walkerae, and that country is provisionally included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8F29B603FB95.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Philippines, 4) Vietnam (Keirans et al. 1970, Kolonin 2003, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8FB5B1BCFB09.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Keirans & Clifford 1978, Robbins & Keirans 1992, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2007, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8FC1B795FAFD.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Ash et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8E6DB58EFA51.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace´s Line) (Apanaskevich & Schenk 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4EC74EBABF8EF9B41EF9C5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kolonin 2009, adapted).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8BA5B41BFE61.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burkina Faso, 2) Cameroon, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Guinea-Bissau, 5) Ivory Coast, 6) Mali (south), 7) Mozambique, 8) Senegal, 9) South Africa, 10) Tanzania, 11) Togo, 12) Uganda, 13) Zambia, 14) Zimbabwe (Lamontellerie 1960, Morel & Mouchet 1965, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Colbo 1973, Morel 1978, Norval 1985 a, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Terenius et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Burridge 2011, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8BA5B41BFE61.taxon	discussion	Most records of Africaniella transversale have been published under the name Aponomma tranversale or Amblyomma transversale, but Hornok et al. (2020 c) placed this species in the genus Africaniella, as proposed by Santos Dias (1996).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8975B58EFD49.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Smyth 1973, Egan et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8981B785FB09.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Bahamas, 2) Costa Rica, 3) Cuba, 4) Dominica, 5) Dominican Republic, 6) Honduras (Clifford & Kohls 1962, Morel 1967, Barros-Battesti et al. 2009, Durden et al. 2015, Alvarez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8981B785FB09.taxon	discussion	Neumann (1899) redescribed and provided a new name for this tick, which was originally named Ixodes variegatus (preoccupied) by Lucas (1852). Neumann (1899) also included Brazil within this species’ range; however, its presence in that country has not been confirmed. Schulze (1941) stated that Amblyomma albopictum is found in Haiti but provided a locality record from the Dominican Republic. Floch & Fauran (1959) stated that Neumann (1899) redescribed Amblyomma albopictum from a French Guiana specimen, but such a record is not confirmed in Neumann (1899, 1911 a). The presence of this tick in all three of these countries was accepted in Floch & Fauran (1958), Guglielmone et al. (2003), Burridge (2011) and others, but Brazil and Haiti are here excluded from the geographic distribution of Amblyomma albopictum. Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021) listed morphological differences in the redescriptions of Amblyomma albopictum by several authors, and perhaps more than one species has been described under this name. Therefore, the morphological diagnosis of Amblyomma albopictum remains uncertain, and this is also reflected in its geographic distribution, which should be considered provisional.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8FC1B4D0F99C.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Lado et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8FC1B4D0F99C.taxon	discussion	Although Camicas et al. (1998) treated Amblyomma americanum as a Nearctic and Neotropical species, Guglielmone et al. (2003, 2014, 2021) listed and discussed several records of this tick from Neotropical countries and a few from other zoogeographic regions, including Russia (Palearctic), arguing that Amblyomma americanum is a Nearctic species. However, Lindquist et al. (2016) analyzed the several records of Amblyomma americanum from Canada, concluding that there are no stable populations of this tick in that country. There are also several records of Amblyomma americanum from northern Mexico, but there is no evidence that natural, permanent populations exist in that country. García-Rejón et al. (2021) reported specimens from Mexico (south) but this species’ presence there needs verification. Consequently, Canada, Mexico (north) and Mexico (south) are not included within the range of Amblyomma americanum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8D4DB40DF971.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Philippines (Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74DBABF8DD9B627F8E5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Dominica, 2) Turks and Caicos Islands, 3) Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) (Keirans 1985 c, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74CBABF8C65B03FFE61.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Cameroon, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Congo, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Equatorial Guinea, 7) Gabon, 8) Ghana, 9) Ivory Coast, 10) S ã o Tomé and Príncipe (Santos Dias 1993 b, Morel 2003, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4DC74CBABF8C65B03FFE61.taxon	discussion	Most records of Amblyomma arcanum have been published under the name Aponomma arcanum, a name considered by Theiler (1945), Kaufman (1972), Kolonin (2009) and others to be a synonym of Amblyomma exornatum, another name generally published as Aponomma exornatum. Santos Dias (1993 b), Camicas et al. (1998) and Horak et al. (2002) defended the validity of Amblyomma arcanum, and Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2017, 2020) treat this name as provisionally valid, pending type comparison with the morphologically related species Amblyomma exornatum and Amblyomma flavomaculatum. Here Amblyomma arcanum is also treated as provisionally valid, as is its range. The geographic distribution of this tick is chiefly based on Santos Dias (1993 b) supported by the opinion of Morel & Mouchet (1965), who believed that Amblyomma arcanum is a tick chiefly found in western Africa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4CC74CBABF8AE9B0F3FD65.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina (Guglielmone et al. 2001, 2021, Guglielmone & Nava 2006).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4CC74CBABF8AE9B0F3FD65.taxon	discussion	There are records of Amblyomma argentinae, several of them published under the name Amblyomma testudinis (Conil, 1877, a preoccupied name), from Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela, all resulting either from the introduction of infested Argentinean tortoises, the preferred host of this tick, or misidentifications, as discussed in Nava et al. (2017), but there are no bona fide populations of Amblyomma argentinae outside Argentina.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4CC74CBABF89E5B7D7FBDD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Congo, 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) S ã o Tomé and Príncipe (Walker & Olwage 1987, Kolonin 2009, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4CC74CBABF89E5B7D7FBDD.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal (1956 a) stated that the morphological separation of Amblyomma astrion from Amblyomma cohaerens and Amblyomma splendidum is sometimes difficult. Morel (2003) listed many records of Amblyomma astrion that had been confused with Amblyomma cohaerens. See also Amblyomma cohaerens for the provisional status of information on this species. Matthysse & Colbo (1987) regarded records of Amblyomma astrion from Uganda as unconfirmed, and that country is provisionally excluded from its range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4CC74CBABF8F0DB432F9E1.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Brazil, 3) French Guiana, 4) Paraguay, 5) Uruguay (Floch & Fauran 1958, Aragâo & Fonseca 1961, Nava et al. 2007, Martins et al. 2014, Colombo et al. 2016 b, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4CC74CBABF8F0DB432F9E1.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma aureolatum and its synonym Amblyomma striatum, as well as Amblyomma ovale and its synonym Amblyomma fossum, were widely confused with each other until Arag ã o & Fonseca (1961) carefully defined both Amblyomma aureolatum and Amblyomma ovale. However, Guglielmone et al. (2021) regard the geographic distribution of Amblyomma aureolatum as unclear. The presence of Amblyomma aureolatum in French Guiana is based on Floch & Fauran (1958), who published poor figures in support of their diagnosis, but who clearly separated this tick from Amblyomma ovale (under the name Amblyomma fossum). However, Binetruy et al. (2019) were unable to confirm the presence of this tick in French Guiana, which is provisionally included within its range. Guglielmone et al. (2021) stated that records of Amblyomma aureolatum from Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Panama, Suriname and Venezuela require confirmation, and these countries are provisionally excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4CC743BABF8D69B7DDFF35.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) French Guiana, 8) Guyana, 9) Honduras, 10) Mexico (south), 11) Nicaragua, 12) Panama, 13) Paraguay, 14) Suriname, 15) Trinidad and Tobago, 16) Uruguay, 17) Venezuela (Fairchild et al. 1966, Jones et al. 1972, Varma 1973, Guimar ã es et al. 2001, Alvarez et al. 2005, Guglielmone & Nava 2006, Nava et al. 2007, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Martins et al. 2014, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Mertins et al. 2017, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F4CC743BABF8D69B7DDFF35.taxon	discussion	Significant problems attend the morphological identification of Amblyomma auricularium, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021). Some supposed redescriptions of Amblyomma auricularium reveal that different species have been included under this name, a situation that is difficult to resolve because there is no type material with which to compare bona fide specimens of Amblyomma auricularium and doubtful or misidentified ticks. Therefore, all information concerning the geographic distribution Amblyomma auricularium should be considered uncertain. Guglielmone et al. (2021) included El Salvador within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma auricularium, but Romero et al. (2021) found that this species had been confused with Amblyomma parvum. Consequently, El Salvador is excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF8A15B046FE8D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF8A5DB143FDAD.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east to Wallace’s Line) (Keirans & Robbins 1987, Durden et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF8A5DB143FDAD.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Amblyomma babirussae as an Australasian and Oriental species, but all bona fide specimens of this tick have been collected in the Australasian Zoogeographic Region (Guglielmone et al. 2014, 2020). Petney et al. (2019) stated that the record of Amblyomma babirussae from Thailand in Cornet et al. (2009) requires verification, and that country is not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF89BDB7A5FC91.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Venezuela (Guglielmone et al. 2003, 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF89BDB7A5FC91.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Amblyomma beaurepairei as a synonym of Amblyomma curruca, a tick generally recognized as a synonym of Amblyomma auricularium, and Kolonin (2009) listed Amblyomma beaurepairei as a synonym of Amblyomma auricularium. Guglielmone et al. (2003, 2014, 2021) treated Amblyomma beaurepairei as provisionally valid, an opinion also accepted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF88B9B000FC69.taxon	discussion	A fossil species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF88E1B688FBDD.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Paraguay (Mastropaolo et al. 2012, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF8F0DB06AFB95.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF8FB5B067FB09.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Paraguay (Labruna et al. 2005 a, Nava et al. 2007, Welschen et al. 2012, Rodríguez et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF8FC1B0F3F811.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) East Timor, 3) Fiji, 4) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 5) Papua New Guinea, 6) Solomon Islands, 7) Vanuatu; Oriental: 1) Philippines, 2) Thailand; remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Islands (central) of Guam, Marianas and Pohnpei (Silva 1960, Wilson 1969, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Kemp & Wilson 1979, Durden et al. 2008, Owen 2011, Petney et al. 2019, Weaver et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F43C743BABF8FC1B0F3F811.taxon	discussion	Most records of Amblyomma breviscutatum have been published under the name Amblyomma cyprium, a synonym proposed by Santos Dias (1956 a), as discussed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Guglielmone et al. (2021) listed several instances where Amblyomma breviscutatum had been confused with congeners. The geographic distribution of Amblyomma breviscutatum is complicated and rather uncertain. Neumann (1899) described the female of Amblyomma breviscutatum from a tick collected in Congo, but this Afrotropical record is thought to have resulted from a labeling error. This tick has also been confused with Amblyomma geoemydae and Amblyomma testudinarium, and records from China in Chang (1958) and Japan in Keegan & Toshioka (1957) are considered misidentifications. Phan Trong (1977) listed this species under the name Amblyomma dammermani, a synonym of Amblyomma breviscutatum, claiming that it occurs in Vietnam, but its presence there is not recognized by other authors. Petney et al. (2019) doubted the validity of a record of Amblyomma breviscutatum from Malaysia listed in Neumann (1911 a). Taiwan is included in the geographic distribution of Amblyomma breviscutatum by Durden et al. (2008), Kolonin (2009) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018), but not included here, following Robbins (2005). Finally, Robinson (1926) described Amblyomma quasicyprium from a female tick collected in the Neotropical portion of Mexico, but Keirans (1985 b) found this name to be a synonym of Amblyomma breviscutatum (under the name Amblyomma cyprium) and considered the Mexican locality incorrect. Consequently, Congo, China, Japan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan and Mexico are excluded from the geographic distribution of Amblyomma breviscutatum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF8BA5B026FDD4.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) French Guiana, 3) Guyana, 4) Suriname, 5) Venezuela (Nava et al. 2014 a, Martins et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF8BA5B026FDD4.taxon	discussion	The geographic distribution of Amblyomma cajennense has historically been accepted as extending over a vast area from the southern USA to northern Argentina in both the Nearctic and Neotropical Zoogeographic Regions. Tonelli Rondelli (1937) argued that several species were included under the name Amblyomma cajennense, but her opinion was ignored. Several decades later, Beati et al. (2013) and Nava et al. (2014 a) demonstrated that Amblyomma cajennense represents a complex of six species, with Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto restricted so far to the countries listed above, but this species has been widely confused with related members of the Amblyomma cajennense complex. Records of Amblyomma cajennense from anuran hosts in Trinidad and Tobago by Kamilar et al. (2020) are considered misidentifications, and this country is not included within the range of Amblyomma cajennense.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF8975B187FDAD.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF89BDB042FB6D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) Ecuador, 8) French Guiana, 9) Mexico (south), 10) Panama, 11) Paraguay, 12) Peru, 13) Suriname, 14) Trinidad and Tobago, 15) Venezuela (Tonelli Rondelli 1931, Floch & Fauran 1958, Fairchild et al. 1966, Jones et al. 1972, Keirans 1985 b, Alvarez et al. 2005, Labruna et al. 2005 c, Guglielmone & Nava 2006, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Ogrzewalska et al. 2014, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF89BDB042FB6D.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021) stated that authors redescribing Amblyomma calcaratum disagree about the ornamentation and shape of the female scutum. Amblyomma calcaratum and Amblyomma nodosum are morphologically close and share Neotropical territories and hosts. Fairchild et al. (1966) had previously cautioned that adults of Amblyomma calcaratum and Amblyomma nodosum can be confused with one another; consequently, uncertainty prevails concerning their precise geographic distributions. Amblyomma calcaris was described by Nakatsudi (1942 b) from a specimen collected at a Palearctic locality and is treated as a synonym of Amblyomma calcaratum in Camicas et al. (1998), a view apparently accepted by Yamauchi (2010). However, Guglielmone et al. (2021) doubted whether Amblyomma calcaris is even a member of the genus Amblyomma and followed Guglielmone & Nava (2014) in treating this name as incertae sedis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF8FFDB0FDFB25.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Ehlers et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF8E25B606FA99.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Myanmar, 3) Sri Lanka (Robbins & Platt 2000, Burridge 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF8EB1B131F859.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north); Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) French Guiana, 8) Guatemala, 9) Guyana, 10) Honduras, 11) Mexico (south), 12) Nicaragua, 13) Panama, 14) Paraguay, 15) Peru, 16) Suriname, 17) Venezuela (Tonelli Rondelli 1939, Fairchild et al. 1966, Jones et al. 1972, Keirans 1985 b, Monroy Lefebre & Cajas González 1988, Need et al. 1991, Labruna et al. 2005 a, Nava et al. 2007, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Lamattina et al. 2014, Ogrzewalska et al. 2015, Lopes et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F42C742BABF8EB1B131F859.taxon	discussion	Some records of Amblyomma coelebs have been published under the name Amblyomma bispinosum, a tick regarded as valid in Keirans & Hillyard (2001), but it is actually a synonym of Amblyomma coelebs, as discussed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2021), among others, a position also accepted here. Camicas et al. (1998) listed Amblyomma coelebs as occurring only in the Neotropics, but there are records of this tick from the Nearctic portion of Mexico (Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011). Records of Amblyomma coelebs from northwestern Argentina are, in fact, Amblyomma hadanii, but this species is present in northeastern Argentina, as discussed in Nava et al. (2014 b) and Guglielmone et al. (2021). Enríquez et al. (2020) reported Amblyomma coelebs from Ecuador, but the figures accompanying the paper do not represent bona fide specimens of this tick, and Ecuador is excluded from its range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C741BABF8BA5B077FD48.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Ethiopia, 5) Kenya, 6) Rwanda, 7) South Sudan, 8) Tanzania, 9) Uganda (Theiler 1962, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Pegram et al. 1981, Keirans 1985 b, Walker & Olwage 1987, Kolonin 2009, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C741BABF8BA5B077FD48.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) discussed the problems associated with the identification of Amblyomma cohaerens, stressing morphological discrepancies among authors who have redescribed this tick, which has been widely confused with several other species of African Amblyomma. Hoogstraal (1956 a) and Matthysse & Colbo (1987) stated that the females of Amblyomma cohaerens and Amblyomma splendidum are morphologically indistinguishable, noting also that this tick has been confused with Amblyomma astrion and Amblyomma hebraeum. Morel (2003) separated Amblyomma astrion, Amblyomma cohaerens and Amblyomma splendidum based on ecological considerations rather than morphological characters. Consequently, collection data concerning Amblyomma cohaerens, Amblyomma astrion and Amblyomma splendidum should be considered provisional. The presence of Amblyomma cohaerens in Angola is based on Keirans (1985 b), who re-identified as Amblyomma cohaerens a male tick collected in that country and previously classified as Amblyomma astrion.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C741BABF8981B7F6FB24.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Congo, 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Equatorial Guinea, 8) Gabon, 9) Ghana, 10) Guinea, 11) Ivory Coast, 12) Liberia, 13) Nigeria, 14) Rwanda, 15) Togo, 16) Uganda (Santos Dias 1957, Aeschlimann 1963, Morel 1963 b, Morel & Mouchet 1965, Doss et al. 1974 a, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Konstantinov 1990, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Mediannikov et al. 2012 a, b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C741BABF8981B7F6FB24.taxon	discussion	Several records of Amblyomma compressum have been published under the name Amblyomma cuneatum. The geographic distribution of Amblyomma compressum is controversial. Voltzit & Keirans (2003), Kolonin (2009), Burridge (2011) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) included Botswana, Gambia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal and South Africa within the geographic distribution of this species. However, Walker (1991) and Horak et al. (2018) did not recognize the presence of Amblyomma compressum in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, while Cumming (1999) stated that this tick is not found in southern Africa. Amblyomma compressum is not listed as found in Kenya by Walker (1974), and no records of this tick have been found for Gambia, Mozambique and Senegal. The labeling of a female of Amblyomma compressum, under the name Amblyomma cuneatum, as found in the Seychelles appears to be in error (Robinson 1926). None of the countries named in this paragraph are included within the range of Amblyomma compressum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C741BABF8E25B076FA51.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Singapore, 4) Taiwan, 5) Thailand; remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Island (central) of Upolu (Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Robbins 2005, Durden et al. 2008, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Kwak et al. 2019, Petney et al. 2019, Zhang, G. et al. 2019, Zhang, Y. K. et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C741BABF8EF9B041F92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Laos, 3) Thailand, 4) Vietnam (Kaufman 1972, Phan Trong 1977, Kolonin 1995 b, Chen et al. 2010, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C741BABF8EF9B041F92D.taxon	discussion	Most records of this tick have been published under the name Aponomma crassipes, a name considered to be a synonym of Amblyomma fuscolineatum (under the genus Aponomma) in Camicas et al. (1998) and Kolonin (2009). Nevertheless, Kaufman (1972), Horak et al. (2002), Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2020), Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Petney et al. (2019) have treated Amblyomma crassipes as a valid species, a view also accepted here. Burridge & Simmons (2003), Santos Dias (1993 b) and Burridge (2011) included Cambodia within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma crassipes, but no bona fide records for that country have been found.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C740BABF8C3DB19CFDD5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Colombia, 2) Panama. 3) Peru, 4) Venezuela (Robinson 1926, Méndez Arocha & Ortiz 1957, Fairchild et al. 1966, Need et al. 1991, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F41C740BABF8C3DB19CFDD5.taxon	discussion	The only known stage of Amblyomma crassum is the female because the male described as belonging to this species in Méndez Arocha & Ortiz (1957) is treated as the male of Amblyomma sabanerae by Fairchild et al. (1966), who also addressed the difficulties involved in morphologically separating Amblyomma crassum from Amblyomma humerale and Amblyomma sabanerae. Robinson (1926) described the female of Amblyomma crassum, which was redescribed in Méndez Arocha & Ortiz (1957) and Voltzit (2007), but there are discrepancies in the morphological accounts among these authors (Guglielmone et al. 2021). Therefore, any information concerning Amblyomma crassum should be treated as provisional. Bermúdez et al. (2018) did not recognize the presence of Amblyomma crassum in Panama, while Ortíz-Giraldo et al. (2021) excluded this tick from the ixodid fauna of Colombia. Robinson (1926) described this species from a female collected at an uncertain locality (“ Darien County, Colombia ”) that, in the opinion of Fairchild et al. (1966), may lie within Panama’s territory. Panama and Colombia are provisionally included within the range Amblyomma crassum. The Brazilian records of Amblyomma crassum in Sauter et al. (1999) and Amorim et al. (2013) lack taxonomic support and are not treated as bona fide Amblyomma crassum in Guglielmone et al. (2021). Mollericona et al. (2021) reported the presence of Amblyomma crassum in Bolivia, but this record is in need of confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F40C740BABF8975B01BFD01.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line) and Malaysia (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F40C740BABF8975B01BFD01.taxon	discussion	Due to a labeling error, Neumann (1899) described Amblyomma crenatum from a female tick allegedly collected in South Africa, but this species is not present in Africa (Theiler & Salisbury 1959, Petney & Keirans 1995).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F40C740BABF89C9B4FEFBF9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Haiti, 2) Puerto Rico (Bequaert 1932 b, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F40C740BABF89C9B4FEFBF9.taxon	discussion	Voltzit (2007) listed a Puerto Rican locality for Amblyomma cruciferum as being Brazilian, a lapsus. Morel (1967) treated Amblyomma torrei as a synonym of Amblyomma cruciferum. There are morphological discrepancies in the descriptions and redescriptions of Amblyomma cruciferum, and Guglielmone et al. (2003) have suggested that a comparison of type specimens of Amblyomma cruciferum and Amblyomma torrei would help in characterizing these species, while Barros-Battesti et al. (2009) stated that the two species are morphologically similar but differ in scutal ornamentation. For these reasons, data concerning Amblyomma cruciferum should be considered cautiously.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F40C740BABF8F51B58EFB6D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Gadsen & Guerra 1991, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F40C740BABF8FFDB43DF859.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Antigua and Barbuda, 2) Argentina, 3) Bahamas, 4) Barbados, 5) Belize, 6) Brazil, 7) Colombia, 8) Costa Rica, 9) Cuba, 10) Curaç ã o, 11) Dominican Republic, 12) Ecuador, 13) French Guiana, 14) Grenada, 15) Guadeloupe, 16) Guatemala, 17) Guyana, 18) Haiti, 19) Honduras, 20) Jamaica, 21) Mexico (south), 22) Nicaragua, 23) Panama, 24) Paraguay, 25) Peru, 26) Puerto Rico, 27) Saint Lucia, 28) Suriname, 29) Trinidad and Tobago, 30) Venezuela (Bequaert 1932 a, Cooley & Kohls 1944, Fairchild et al. 1966, Morel 1967, Kohls 1969 c, Keirans 1985 b, Keirans & Durden 1998, Rainwater et al. 2001, Alvarez et al. 2005, Durden & Knapp 2005, Guglielmone & Nava 2006, Clavijo et al. 2009, GuzmánCornejo et al. 2011, Charruau et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Mendoza-Roldán et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Polo et al. 2021, Romero et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F40C740BABF8FFDB43DF859.taxon	discussion	The morphological diagnosis of Amblyomma dissimile can be difficult, and this tick has been confused with several other species of Amblyomma, especially Amblyomma rotundatum, while some authors, such Camicas et al. (1998), have not recognized Amblyomma dissimile as a valid name (Guglielmone et al. 2021). Guglielmone & Nava (2014) listed 11 synonyms of Amblyomma dissimile, one of which, Amblyomma trinitatis, is treated as valid in Camicas et al. (1998). Neumann (1911 a) erroneously considered Amblyomma dissimile a synonym of Amblyomma cooperi, which in fact is a synonym of Amblyomma dubitatum. Capriles & Gaud (1977) stated that Amblyomma dissimile appears to be extinct in Puerto Rico. Keirans (1985 b) noted that records of this tick from India in the Nuttall Collection are incorrect, and the same can be said for records of Amblyomma dissimile from the Philippines in Neumann (1899, 1911 a). Scott & Durden (2015) allegedly found a nymph of Amblyomma dissimile on a bird in Canada, but this diagnosis is treated as doubtful in Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C747BABF8BA5B17CFE1D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Paraguay, 5) Uruguay (Nava et al. 2010 a, Martins et al. 2014, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Gruhn et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C747BABF8BA5B17CFE1D.taxon	discussion	Several records of Amblyomma dubitatum have been published under the name Amblyomma cooperi, as noted by Camicas et al. (1998) and Estrada-Peña et al. (2002). Neumann (1899) described Amblyomma dubitatum from a female tick collected in Spain, but he was not convinced about the origin of this specimen. Amblyomma dubitatum was treated as an African or Oriental species by various authors until Camicas et al. (1998) listed it as a Neotropical species, a view supported by Estrada-Peña et al. (2002), who redescribed this tick, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2003).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C747BABF8ACDB167FBF9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Congo, 2) Eritrea, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Kenya, 5) Mozambique, 6) Rwanda, 7) Somalia, 8) Tanzania, 9) Zimbabwe (Theiler 1962, Elbl & Anastos 1966 a, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Bergeon & Balis 1974, Walker 1974, Kariuki et al. 2019, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C747BABF8ACDB167FBF9.taxon	discussion	Matthysse & Colbo (1987) and others stated that adults of Amblyomma eburneum can be confused with those of Amblyomma gemma, and the females of Amblyomma eburneum and Amblyomma lepidum are not readily separable morphologically. Morel (1980) doubted the presence of Amblyomma eburneum in Ethiopia, and this country is provisionally included within the range of this tick. Matthysse & Colbo (1987) asserted that Amblyomma eburneum has not been found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are two records of this tick from that country in Elbl & Anastos (1966 a), although these authors state that they may be “ accidental, ” while Tandon (1991) listed a record of Amblyomma eburenum from Zambia but believed that this tick is not established there. We have provisionally excluded the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia from the range of this tick. Okely et al. (2022) listed a record from Egypt but stated that this species is not established in that country. Kolonin (2009) stated that his understanding of the geographic distribution of Amblyomma eburneum was based on Voltzit & Keirans (2003), but there are discordances between these studies. Data concerning Amblyomma eburneum should be considered provisional.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C747BABF8F6FB484FACB.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C747BABF8F6FB484FACB.taxon	discussion	Roberts (1970) stated that Amblyomma echidnae may be a subspecies of Amblyomma australiensis, and Camicas et al. (1998) listed Amblyomma echidnae as a synonym of Amblyomma australiensis, while Kolonin (2009) did not include this name as valid. Amblyomma echidnae is regarded as provisionally valid in Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2014, 2020) and here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C747BABF8E07B1A8F933.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Botswana, 3) Burundi, 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Eritrea, 6) Ethiopia, 7) Kenya, 8) Malawi, 9) Mozambique, 10) Namibia, 11) Rwanda, 12) Somalia, 13) South Africa, 14) South Sudan, 15) Sudan, 16) Tanzania, 17) Uganda, 18) Zambia, 19) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Santos Dias 1993 b, Morel 2003, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C747BABF8E07B1A8F933.taxon	discussion	Most records of Amblyomma exornatum have been published under the name Aponomma exornatum, whose geographic distribution is here largely based on Santos Dias (1993 b), who regarded Amblyomma exornatum, Amblyomma arcanum and Amblyomma flavomaculatum as different species that are difficult to separate morphologically (see also Amblyomma arcanum). Burridge (2011) recognized Amblyomma arcanum and Amblyomma exornatum as valid, but his geographic distribution of Amblyomma exornatum appears to include countries where only Amblyomma arcanum has been found. Clearly, the difficulties involved in identifying these species call for caution when interpreting range data. Ali et al. (2019) recorded Amblyomma exornatum from Pakistan, but Abid Ali, in personal communication to Alberto A. Guglielmone, stated that the ticks had been imported from Africa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C746BABF8C1AB4FCFEA9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Singapore (Neumann 1899, Barros-Battesti et al. 2007).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F47C746BABF8C1AB4FCFEA9.taxon	discussion	Barros-Battesti et al. (2007) explained that Amblyomma romitii, a Neotropical species, was thought to be a synonym of Amblyomma extraoculatum, but their study demonstrated that both species are valid. Amblyomma extraoculatum had been labelled as collected in Singapore, which was considered an incorrect locality when Amblyomma romitii was synonymized with Amblyomma extraoculatum. Barros-Battesti et al. (2007) support the validity of the original label of Amblyomma extraoculatum and treat Singapore as its type locality, but its presence there is not recognized in Kwak (2018 c). Kolonin (2009) cited Amblyomma extraoculatum as a synonym of Amblyomma romitii, and Voltzit (2007) treated Amblyomma extraoculatum as a Neotropical species under the authority of Tonelli Rondelli (1939). There is a Peruvian record of Amblyomma extraoculatum in Serra-Freire et al. (2012), but the figures presented are of another species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F46C746BABF8ABFB450FD27.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ethiopia, 2) Kenya, 3) Somalia, 4) Tanzania (Theiler 1962, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Pegram 1976, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Morel 2003, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F46C746BABF8ABFB450FD27.taxon	discussion	Burridge (2011) listed Uganda within the range of Amblyomma falsomarmoreum, a record repeated in Guglielmone & Robbins (2018), but its presence there is doubtful according to Matthysse & Colbo (1987), and no subsequent bona fide records have been found. Amblyomma falsomarmoreum belongs to the Amblyomma marmoreum complex, which Guglielmone et al. (2017) believe probably comprises more species than currently recognized. Some specimens of Amblyomma falsomarmoreum may have been confused with Amblyomma marmoreum, Amblyomma nuttalli or Amblyomma sparsum, and vice versa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F46C746BABF8826B14CFBBE.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 3) Papua New Guinea, 4) Solomon Islands; Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Philippines (Kohls 1950 b, Wilson 1969, Kaufman 1972, Santos Dias 1993 b, Durden et al. 2008, Owen 2011, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F46C746BABF8826B14CFBBE.taxon	discussion	Records of Amblyomma fimbriatum have been published under the names Aponomma ecinctum and Aponomma simplex, which are synonyms of Amblyomma fimbriatum (Guglielmone & Nava 2014), as well as Aponomma fimbriatum. Robinson (1926) and Anastos (1950) stated that Amblyomma fimbriatum is a synonym of Amblyomma helvolum, an opinion rejected by Kohls (1957 c). Voltzit & Keirans (2002) also listed Amblyomma fimbriatum as a synonym of Amblyomma helvolum, a clearly refutable statement considering the morphological differences between these species, as discussed in Petney et al. (2019) and Guglielmone et al. (2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F46C746BABF8FA9B03BF91D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Chad (south), 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Ethiopia, 8) Ghana, 9) Guinea, 10) Guinea-Bissau, 11) Ivory Coast, 12) Kenya, 13) Mali (south), 14) Mauritania (south), 15) Niger (south), 16) Nigeria, 17) Senegal, 18) Sierra Leone, 19) South Sudan, 20) Sudan, 21) Tanzania, 22) Togo, 23) Uganda, 24) Yemen (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Saratsiotis 1972, Keirans 1985 b, Jongejan et al. 1987, Santos Dias 1993 b, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Burridge 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F46C746BABF8FA9B03BF91D.taxon	discussion	Most records of Amblyomma flavomaculatum have been published under the name Aponomma flavomaculatum. The geographic distribution of Amblyomma flavomaculatum is mostly based on Santos Dias (1993 b) and Morel (2003), who regarded Amblyomma exornatum, Amblyomma arcanum and Amblyomma flavomaculatum (under the genus Aponomma) as different species that are difficult to separate morphologically (see also Amblyomma arcanum and Amblyomma exornatum) and treat records of Amblyomma exornatum from northern sub-Saharan countries as Amblyomma flavomaculatum. The presence of Amblyomma flavomaculatum in Yemen is based on B ö hme et al. (1989) and Wassef et al. (1997), records that are treated as provisionally valid here. Several records of Amblyomma flavomaculatum collected outside the Afrotropical Zoogeographic Region are from imported hosts, but there is no indication that this species has established itself outside the Afrotropics.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F46C746BABF8DCBB614F827.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) northern South America (Keirans 1972, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F46C746BABF8DCBB614F827.taxon	discussion	Keirans (1972) redescribed the male holotype, the only known specimen of this tick, but the text and figures are in disagreement, and Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021) state that a new redescription is needed. Amblyomma fulvum was collected at an uncertain locality in northern South America, which Neumann (1899) listed as “ Brésil? ” The alleged records of Amblyomma fulvum from Brazil and French Guiana in Figueiredo et al. (1999) and in Kelehear et al. (2017 a) are not treated as valid here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F45C745BABF8BA5B68FFDAD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Schulze 1936, Kaufman 1972).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F45C745BABF8BA5B68FFDAD.taxon	discussion	Santos Dias (1993 b) treated Amblyomma varanense as a synonym of Amblyomma fuscolineatum, while Camicas et al. (1998) considered Amblyomma crassipes a synonym of Amblyomma fuscolineatum, and Kolonin (2009) regarded both Amblyomma crassipes and Amblyomma varanense as synonyms of Amblyomma fuscolineatum. However, Kaufman (1972) maintained that all three names represent valid species (all these authors classified these ticks under the former genus Aponomma). Burridge (2011) also treats Amblyomma crassipes, Amblyomma fuscolineatum and Amblyomma varanense as valid. When discussing Amblyomma fuscolineatum, Burridge (2011) cites only Kaufman (1972), but his geographic range is broader, while Kaufman (1972) listed Amblyomma fuscolineatum as a species that has only been found in India. Guglielmone et al. (2014) accepted Kaufman’s (1972) opinion concerning the three species named here and considered Amblyomma fuscolineatum tentatively valid, an opinion that has not changed. Thus, India is provisionally treated as the only country where this tick has to date been found. Kenny et al. (2004) listed specimens of Amblyomma fuscolineatum (under the genus Aponomma) as having been collected in “ New Guinea, ” but this record is treated as doubtful here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F45C745BABF89BDB4F3FCD9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil (Barros-Battesti et al. 2005, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F45C745BABF89BDB4F3FCD9.taxon	discussion	Keirans (1992) and Horak et al. (2002) did not include Amblyomma fuscum in their lists of ticks of the world, but it is a valid species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F45C745BABF8871B13DFB95.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) Colombia, 3) Costa Rica, 4) French Guiana, 5) Guyana, 6) Panama, 7) Peru, 8) Suriname, 9) Venezuela (Floch & Fauran 1958, Fairchild et al. 1966, Keirans 1985 b, Clavijo et al. 2009, Labruna et al. 2009, Miller et al. 2016, Dolz et al. 2019, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F45C745BABF8871B13DFB95.taxon	discussion	In Brazil, adults of Amblyomma geayi and Amblyomma parkeri have sometimes been confused with those of Amblyomma longirostre, and some specimens classified as Amblyomma geayi were later identified as Amblyomma parkeri (Labruna et al. 2009). The nymphs of these species are also morphologically similar (Martins et al. 2010, 2013); therefore, additional confusion of nymphs (and larvae) has probably occurred.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F45C745BABF8FB5B19FF858.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Djibouti, 2) Eritrea, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Kenya, 5) Saudi Arabia (south), 6) Somalia, 7) Tanzania, 8) Uganda, 9) Yemen (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Pegram 1976, Hoogstraal et al. 1981, Walker & Olwage 1987, Lynen et al. 2007, Kolonin 2009, Burridge 2011, Abdally et al. 2020, Peter et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F45C745BABF8FB5B19FF858.taxon	discussion	Yeoman & Walker (1967) and Walker & Olwage (1987) cautioned that the female of Amblyomma gemma is morphologically indistinguishable from that of Amblyomma hebraeum. Yeoman & Walker (1967) and Walker (1974) added that females of Amblyomma gemma and Amblyomma eburneum are easily confused with one another. Morel (2003) cited many records of confusion between females of Amblyomma gemma, Amblyomma eburneum and Amblyomma hebraeum, and stated that literature diagnoses of Amblyomma gemma appear to be more often based on ecological considerations than on morphological characters. Therefore, the geographic distribution of Amblyomma gemma includes an element of uncertainty. Hoogstraal et al. (1981) believed that several records of Amblyomma gemma from Saudi Arabia were the result of introductions, implying that this species is not established there, but there is evidence to the contrary (Abdally et al. 2020). Kolonin (2009) included Yemen within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma gemma, but the only specimen found in that country by 1987 was thought to have been imported from Africa (Walker & Olwage 1987). However, Hoogstraal et al. (1981) reported several specimens of Amblyomma gemma in Saudi Arabia that had been collected from camels imported from Yemen, and both countries are included here within the range of Amblyomma gemma. Thus, the geographical distribution of Amblyomma gemma includes the Arabian Peninsula. Even so, Wassef et al. (1997) did not recognize the presence of local populations of Amblyomma gemma on the Arabian Peninsula. It is uncertain whether Amblyomma gemma is established in the United Arab Emirates (Khan et al. 1997). This tick has been found in Egypt, but it is not established in that country, according to Okely et al. (2021, 2022). The United Arab Emirates and Egypt are provisionally excluded from the range of Amblyomma gemma.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8BA5B132FED1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Durden et al. 2002).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8BA5B132FED1.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma geochelone may be a synonym of Amblyomma chabaudi. Both species feed on tortoises in Madagascar, are morphologically similar, and share a gene sequence that is also found in Amblyomma loculosum, a parasite of marine birds, an unexpected finding (Kushimo 2013, Guglielmone et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8A79B146FC69.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) China (south), 3) India, 4) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 5) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 6) Malaysia, 7) Myanmar, 9) Philippines, 10) Singapore, 11) Sri Lanka, 12) Taiwan, 13) Thailand, 14) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Tanskul et al. 1983, Kolonin 1995 b, Yabe & Hayashi 1998, Robbins 2005, Robbins et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2010, Burridge 2011, Petney et al. 2019, Chao et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8A79B146FC69.taxon	discussion	Several records of Amblyomma geoemydae have been published under the names Amblyomma caelaturum, Amblyomma formosanum and Amblyomma malayanum, all synonyms of Amblyomma geoemydae, as discussed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Kwak (2018 c) treated the record of Amblyomma geoemydae from Singapore as unsubstantiated, but Neumann (1908 a) described Amblyomma malayanum, a synonym of Amblyomma geoemydae, as discussed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014), from ticks collected in Singapore. Chen et al. (2010) listed Amblyomma geoemydae as present in China, but Zhao et al. (2021) do not include this tick in their list of Chinese ticks. Both Singapore and China are included here within the range Amblyomma geoemydae. Qiu et al. (2021) included Australia within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma geoemydae, but this tick has not been found there. Takano et al. (2014) found molecular differences between populations of Amblyomma geoemydae from the Ryukyu Islands, indicating that more than one species may exist under this name.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF88E1B13FFA99.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Yemen; Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) India, 3) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s line), 4) Nepal (south and central), 5) Pakistan (east), 6) Sri Lanka, 7) Thailand, 8) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan (Kaufman 1972, Hoogstraal 1973 a, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Rahman & Mondal 1985, Kolonin 2009, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 b, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF88E1B13FFA99.taxon	discussion	Most records of Amblyomma gervaisi have been published under the name Aponomma gervaisi, but Santos Dias (1993 b) applied the name Aponomma ophiophilum to this tick. Amblyomma gervaisi has been widely confused with Amblyomma varanense (Keirans 1985 b). Camicas et al. (1998) treated this tick as an Oriental species, while Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) regarded Amblyomma gervaisi as an Afrotropical and Oriental tick. Kaufman (1972) validated records from Yemen (Afrotropical), and Hoogstraal (1973) found Amblyomma gervaisi in Afghanistan (Palearctic), records that are treated as valid here. Nevertheless, Wassef et al. (1997) did not include Yemen within the range of Amblyomma gervaisi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8EB1B7FDFA29.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8EB1B7FDFA29.taxon	discussion	Keirans et al. (1996 c) stated that morphological separation of the larvae of Amblyomma glauerti, Amblyomma limbatum and Amblyomma vikirri is difficult.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8D21B1EFF8E5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) French Guiana, 3) Suriname (Floch & Fauran 1958, Voltzit 2007, Martins et al. 2015, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8D21B1EFF8E5.taxon	discussion	Early records of Amblyomma goeldii are confusing because Neumann (1899) described a female of Amblyomma rotundatum instead of the female of Amblyomma goeldii, which was first described by Floch & Abonnenc (1941) using the name Amblyomma ininii. Records of Amblyomma goeldii from Colombia and Guyana in Robinson (1926) are not considered bona fide, while the Jamaican specimens recorded by Thompson (1950) were in fact Amblyomma rotundatum (Kohls 1969 c). All three of these countries are therefore excluded from the range of Amblyomma goeldii.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8C65B011F875.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina (Nava et al. 2017, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F44C744BABF8C65B011F875.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma hadanii was confused with Amblyomma coelebs prior to its description by Nava et al. (2014 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5BC75BBABF8BA4B0F3FEAD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south) (Teng & Jiang 1991).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5BC75BBABF8BA4B0F3FEAD.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma hainanense was treated as a synonym of Amblyomma helvolum in Kolonin (2009). This opinion was accepted by Sun et al. (2016) and probably by Chen et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2019), Zhang Y. K. et al. (2019) and other Chinese workers, who listed Amblyomma helvolum but not Amblyomma hainanense in their studies of ticks present in China. No type comparisons were provided to support this synonymy; consequently, Amblyomma hainanense is treated as provisionally valid in Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2020) and here, pending that comparison.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5BC75BBABF8ABFB59EFB21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Eswatini, 3) Kenya, 4) Mozambique, 5) South Africa, 6) Zambia, 7) Zimbabwe (Colbo 1973, Tandon 1991, Morel 2003, Wanzala & Okanga 2006, Burridge 2011, Horak et al. 2018, Ledger et al. 2021, Shekede et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5BC75BBABF8ABFB59EFB21.taxon	discussion	Most authors treat Amblyomma hebraeum as confined to southern Africa, although Horak et al. (2018) stated that records of this tick from Namibia are not from established populations. Males of Amblyomma hebraeum have been collected in Tanzania (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Lynen et al. 2007), but these authors stated that Amblyomma hebraeum is not established in that country. Theiler (1962) and Walker (1974) treated the few records of this tick from Kenya as resulting from confusion with Amblyomma gemma, but Wanzala & Okango (2006) found evidence supporting the presence of Amblyomma hebraeum in Kenya. The northern limit to the geographical distribution of Amblyomma hebraeum within the Afrotropical Region is thought here to be uncertain, and the range of this tick is provisional. Females of Amblyomma gemma are morphologically indistinguishable from those of Amblyomma hebraeum (Walker & Olwage 1987), but males of the latter species have been found in material collected in Kenya and Tanzania. Therefore, Amblyomma hebraeum specimens collected in these two countries may represent either introductions that failed to establish permanent populations or permanent populations that have been overlooked. The study by Wanzala & Okango (2006) in Kenya supports the latter conclusion, which should be confirmed through additional research, and Kenya is provisionally included within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma hebraeum. Wahedi et al. (2020) and Roméo et al. (2021) reported Amblyomma hebraeum as found in Nigeria and Cameroon, respectively, but its presence in those countries requires confirmation. Ghosh et al. (2007) and others list Amblyomma hebraeum as an Indian tick, but no established populations of this species have been confirmed in India. Consequently, Nigeria, Cameroon and India are here excluded from the range of Amblyomma hebraeum. This tick has been introduced to many territories around the world (Burridge 2011, Guglielmone et al. 2014, Okely et al. 2022), including unconfirmed records from local domestic animals in the Palearctic portion of Pakistan (Bibi et al. 2020). However, there is no evidence that Amblyomma hebraeum has become established outside the Afrotropical Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5BC75BBABF8E2BB4D9F83F.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace´s Line); Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 4) Laos, 5) Malaysia, 6) Philippines, 7) Singapore, 8) Taiwan, 9) Thailand, 10) Vietnam (Kohls 1950 b, 1957 c, Wilson 1969, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Robbins 2005, Durden et al. 2008, Kolonin 2009, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Petney et al. 2019, Kim 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5BC75BBABF8E2BB4D9F83F.taxon	discussion	Several records of Amblyomma helvolum have been published under seven names listed as synonyms of this tick in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). See also Amblyomma fimbriatum for its alleged synonymy with Amblyomma helvolum. Indian records of Amblyomma helvolum refer to the Nicobar Islands, which are closer to Southeast Asia than to the Indian subcontinent. The Indian record of Amblyomma helvolum from West Bengal in Ghosh et al. (2018) is considered doubtful in Guglielmone et al. (2020), and other records from that territory are from hosts in captivity; therefore, West Bengal is not included within the range of this tick. A southern Chinese record is in Kolonin (2009), who referenced specimens unlike the ticks used by Teng (1981) to describe Amblyomma hainanense, a synonym of Amblyomma helvolum in the opinion of Kolonin (2009) and others. Kwak (2018 c) treated the presence of Amblyomma helvolum in Singapore as unsubstantiated, but Kohls (1957 c) collected this tick in Singapore, and Kwak et al. (2021) later confirmed its presence there. Kolonin (2009) and Burridge (2011) also stated that Amblyomma helvolum has been found in Sri Lanka, but its presence there is not recognized by Liyanaarachchi et al. (2015 a, b), and the Sri Lankan records of Kolonin (2009) and Burridge (2011) require confirmation. Simmons et al. (2002) and Burridge (2011) included Australia and Papua New Guinea within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma helvolum, but there are no confirmed records of this tick from those countries. Consequently, Sri Lanka, Australia and Papua New Guinea are excluded from the range of Amblyomma helvolum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC75ABABF8BA5B1F7FE1D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC75ABABF8BA5B1F7FE1D.taxon	discussion	Keirans (1992) did not include Amblyomma hirtum in his list of ticks of the world, but that author endorsed the validity of this species in Guglielmone et al. (2003). Amblyomma hirtum was described by Neumann (1906) from specimens collected in the Galápagos Islands and “ l’île St. Paul, ” an island that has been associated with Saint Paul´s Rocks, near the northeast coast of Brazil, by Guglielmone et al. (2003), but its presence there has not been confirmed. Dantas-Torres et al. (2009) doubt the presence of Amblyomma hirtum in Brazil. Hooker (1909) and Thompson (1950) listed Amblyomma hirtum as part of the ixodid fauna of the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe, but that island is another doubtful locality for this species. Therefore, Brazil and Guadeloupe are not included within the range of Amblyomma hirtum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC75ABABF8ACDB1C3FC05.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Bolivia, 2) Brazil, 3) Colombia, 4) Ecuador, 5) French Guiana, 6) Guyana, 7) Peru, 8) Suriname, 9) Trinidad and Tobago, 10) Venezuela (Keirans 1985 b, Guerrero 1996, Robbins et al. 2003, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Binetruy et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC75ABABF8ACDB1C3FC05.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma crassum, Amblyomma humerale and Amblyomma sabanerae are morphologically similar taxa, and their separation is sometimes difficult (Guglielmone et al. 2021). See also Amblyomma crassum. The Paraguayan record of Amblyomma humerale in Berlese (1888) represents, in fact, Amblyomma dissimile, as discussed in Tonelli Rondelli (1939). Neumann (1899) described Amblyomma gypsatum, a synonym of Amblyomma humerale, from specimens allegedly collected in Uruguay but cited a locality that is not found there (Guglielmone et al. 2021). Evans (1947) recorded Amblyomma humerale (as Amblyomma humerli, a lapsus) from Panama, but Fairchild et al. (1966) treated this record as erroneous. Vargas (1955) listed Amblyomma humerale from Mexico, but its presence in that country was not confirmed by Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2011). Consequently, Paraguay, Uruguay, Panama and Mexico are excluded from the geographic distribution of Amblyomma humerale.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC75ABABF88C5B69FFAB5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Paraguay, 5) Peru (Labruna et al. 2005 b, Nava et al. 2007, Lamattina et al. 2014, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC75ABABF88C5B69FFAB5.taxon	discussion	Labruna et al. (2005 b) demonstrated that many records of Amblyomma incisum correspond, in fact, to Amblyomma latepunctatum. Thus, all records of Amblyomma incisum from Guyana and Venezuela reviewed by Labruna et al. (2005 b) were re-identified as Amblyomma latepunctatum, and both of these countries are excluded from the geographic distribution of Amblyomma incisum, while records from Ecuador, French Guiana and Peru (Departments of Huánuco and Loreto) require confirmation and are provisionally excluded from the range of this tick. The Colombian records of Amblyomma incisum in Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. (2020) also require verification. Labruna et al. (2005 b) found morphological and molecular differences between populations of Amblyomma incisum from the northern portion of its range (Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon) and those from Argentina, southern Brazil, and Paraguay. These tick populations may represent separate species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC75ABABF8E95B48DF9E1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Santos Dias 1989).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC75ABABF8E95B48DF9E1.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma inopinatum was treated as a synonym of Amblyomma flavomaculatum by Kolonin (2009), under the former genus Aponomma.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC759BABF8D69B71FFF18.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Costa Rica, 2) Guatemala, 3) Mexico (south) (Cooley & Kohls 1944, Eads & Borom 1975, Alvarez et al. 2005, Voltzit 2007, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5AC759BABF8D69B71FFF18.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2003) suggested that specimens of Amblyomma inornatum collected in Costa Rica and Guatemala may have been confused with morphologically related species, while Guglielmone et al. (2021) stated that Neotropical data concerning this tick should be considered provisional. Kolonin (2009) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) included Panama within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma inornatum. It is true that Fairchild (1943) listed this tick as found in Panama, but Fairchild et al. (1966) and Bermúdez et al. (2018) did not regard Amblyomma inornatum as a Panamanian tick. French Guiana and Guyana are included within the range of Amblyomma inornatum by Delabra-Vaca et al. (1996), but this tick has yet to be collected there, while Muñoz & Casanueva (2001) misinterpreted Jones et al. (1972) when stating that Amblyomma inornatum has been found in Venezuela. Therefore, Panama, French Guiana, Guyana and Venezuela are excluded from the range of Amblyomma inornatum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF8A31B74AFE60.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Sri Lanka (Apanaskevich et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF8A31B74AFE60.taxon	discussion	Malaisri et al. (2015) listed two females of Amblyomma integrum collected in Thailand, basing their morphological diagnosis on keys by Tanskul & Inlao (1989) and Walker et al. (2000), but neither of these studies provide information for morphologically identifying Amblyomma integrum. Consequently, Thailand is not included within the range of Amblyomma integrum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF8AE9B5B0FDAC.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Peru (Nava et al. 2014 a, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF8AE9B5B0FDAC.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma interandinum is a member of the Amblyomma cajennense species group. See Amblyomma cajennense.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF89BDB4F3FC91.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) China (south), 3) India, 4) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 5) Malaysia, 6) Myanmar, 7) Pakistan (east), 8) Philippines, 9) Singapore, 10) Sri Lanka, 11) Thailand, 12) Vietnam (Kohls 1950 b, Phan Trong 1977, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Burridge 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Kwak et al. 2018 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF89BDB4F3FC91.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone & Nava (2014) listed 11 synonyms for Amblyomma javanense, but Amblyomma sublaeve is the most common of these.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF88B9B641FB95.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line) (Kaufman 1972, Guglielmone et al. 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF88B9B641FB95.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Amblyomma komodoense (under the name Aponomma komodoense) as an Oriental and Australasian species, but records from the Oriental portion of Indonesia are from ticks introduced from the Australasian Region to zoological gardens in Jakarta (western Indonesia) (Kaufman 1972), and there is no evidence that this tick is established there (Guglielmone et al. 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF8FB5B1ABFA99.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line) (Kaufman 1972, Santos Dias 1993 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF8FB5B1ABFA99.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Amblyomma kraneveldi (under the name Aponomma kraneveldi) as an Oriental and Australasian species, but no Oriental records of this tick had been found before the year 2018, when Kumar et al. (2018) collected three adults of Amblyomma kraneveldi in southern India, a record that requires verification. India is therefore provisionally excluded from the geographic distribution of Amblyomma kraneveldi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF8EB1B177F9C5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) Ecuador, 3) French Guiana, 4) Guyana, 5) Peru, 6) Venezuela (Labruna et al. 2005 b, Binetruy et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C759BABF8EB1B177F9C5.taxon	discussion	Labruna et al. (2005 b) reinstated Amblyomma latepunctatum and demonstrated that this tick had previously been widely confused with Amblyomma incisum and Amblyomma scalpturatum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C758BABF8D05B6C4FD3D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Botswana, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Burundi, 6) Cameroon, 7) Central African Republic, 8) Chad (south), 10) Congo, 11) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 12) Eswatini, 13) Ethiopia, 14) Ghana, 15) Guinea, 16) Guinea-Bissau, 17) Ivory Coast, 18) Kenya, 19) Liberia, 20) Malawi, 21) Mali (south), 22) Mozambique, 23) Namibia, 24) Niger (south), 25) Nigeria, 26) Rwanda, 27) Saudi Arabia (south), 28) Senegal, 29) Sierra Leone, 30) South Africa, 31) South Sudan, 32) Sudan, 33) Tanzania, 34) Togo, 35) Uganda, 36) Yemen, 37) Zambia, 38) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Morel & Magimel 1959, Lamontellerie 1960, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Kaufman 1972, Walker 1974, Hoogstraal et al. 1981, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Tandon 1991, Santos Dias 1993 b, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Al-Khalifa et al. 2006, Burridge 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F59C758BABF8D05B6C4FD3D.taxon	discussion	Most records of Amblyomma latum have been published under the name Aponomma latum, and to a lesser extent Aponomma ochraceum. The presence of this tick in Egypt, as discussed by Kaufman (1972), is based on a larva collected in Cairo, and Afghanistan is also included within the range of Amblyomma latum, based on two larvae collected in that country (Santos Dias 1961 b, under the former genus Aponomma), while Carvalho et al. (2016) field collected an alleged adult of Amblyomma latum in Spain. However, we feel that these records require confirmation before Egypt, Afghanistan and Spain can be included within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma latum. Ali et al. (2019) recorded Amblyomma latum from Pakistan, but the senior author of the paper, Abid Ali, in a personal communication to Alberto A. Guglielmone, stated that the ticks were imported from Africa. Aponomma laeve, a name treated as incertae sedis in Guglielmone & Nava (2014), was described by Neumann (1899) from ticks allegedly collected in southern South America, but Lahille (1905) stated that the geographic data for this collection were incorrect. Kaufman (1972) and Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Aponomma laeve as a synonym of Aponomma latum. Sharif (1928) and Ghosh et al. (2007) treated Aponomma laeve as established in India. This may indicate the presence of Amblyomma latum in the Oriental Region, but all these records are regarded here as doubtful. Guglielmone et al. (2014) stated that Amblyomma latum is probably the tick most commonly introduced to many countries via the international reptile trade, as demonstrated by the large number of papers from different parts of the world describing this situation. Eventually, these numerous introductions may result in Amblyomma latum becoming established outside the Afrotropical Zoogeographic Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F58C758BABF882DB16EF875.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Central African Republic, 2) Chad (south), 3) Eritrea, 4) Ethiopia, 5) Kenya, 6) Malawi, 7) Somalia, 8) South Sudan, 9) Sudan, 10) Tanzania, 11) Uganda, 12) Zambia; Palearctic: undefined whether there are established populations in Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel or Syria (Theiler 1962, K ö hler et al. 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Colbo 1973, Walker 1974, Pegram 1976, Jongejan et al. 1987, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker & Olwage 1987, Saliba et al. 1990, Tandon 1991, Yeruham et al. 1996, Morel 2003, Voltzit & Keirans 2003, Adham et al. 2009, Kolonin 2009, Burridge 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F58C758BABF882DB16EF875.taxon	discussion	Yeoman & Walker (1967) stated that morphological separation of the female of Amblyomma lepidum from that of Amblyomma variegatum is difficult, casting doubt on the identification of specimens of these species in several published studies. Uilenberg et al. (2013) stated that it is uncertain whether natural populations of Amblyomma lepidum are established in the Central African Republic, and its presence in that country is treated here as provisional. Colbo (1973) and Tandon (1991) listed this tick as found in Zambia, a country that is also provisionally included within the geographical distribution of Amblyomma lepidum. There are also records of this species from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (Perveen et al. 2021), but it is unknown whether Amblyomma lepidum is established in those countries, while Horton et al. (2016) collected Amblyomma lepidum from imported cattle in Djibouti. All three of these countries are provisionally excluded from the range of this tick. Camicas et al. (1998) and Guglielmone et al. (2014) treat Amblyomma lepidum as an Afrotropical and Palearctic species, and Guglielmone et al. (2020) catalogued this tick as chiefly Afrotropical, with Palearctic records from Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Palestine and Syria. Records of Amblyomma lepidum in such geographically close countries appear to indicate the presence of natural populations of this tick in the area. Voltzit & Keirans (2003) suggested that Amblyomma lepidum is established in Cyprus, Israel and Syria, and Kolonin (2009) supported this view. However, Tsatsaris et al. (2016) conducted a three-year survey of ticks on Cyprus, and no Amblyomma lepidum were reported. In Israel, Amblyomma lepidum has been found in different parts of the country, but always in low numbers, and we are unaware of frequent reports of this tick from Iraq and Syria. Adham et al. (2009) collected more than one hundred Amblyomma lepidum from cattle during a two-year study in Egypt, Giza Governorate, while Hassan et al. (2017) recovered ticks in an Egyptian camel market and found Amblyomma lepidum during eight of the 12 months of their study, although they were unable to specify the origin of the infested camels, the market having sold both local and imported animals, mainly from Sudan and Somalia. We postulate that Amblyomma lepidum is established in this portion of the Palearctic Region, probably including Egypt, although Okely et al. (2021, 2022) state that this tick is not endemic there. Additional research is needed to determine the distribution of Amblyomma lepidum in the Palearctic, where this species is provisionally thought to occur.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF8BA4B7FDFED0.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Smyth 1973, Guglielmone & Robbins 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF8BA4B7FDFED0.taxon	discussion	Keirans et al. (1996 c) stated that morphological separation of the larvae of Amblyomma glauerti, Amblyomma limbatum and Amblyomma vikirri is difficult.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF8A78B447FD3C.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar, 2) Mauritius, 3) Réunion, 4) Seychelles, 5) Tanzania; Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) New Caledonia; remote islands: 1) Indian Ocean Islands of Cocos, 2) Pacific Ocean Island (central) of Caroline (Hoogstraal et al. 1976, Barré & Morel 1983, Pérez & Fontenille 1984, Dietrich et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF8A78B447FD3C.taxon	discussion	Identical sequences of the 12 S rDNA gene have been obtained from Amblyomma chabaudi and Amblyomma geochelone, parasites of tortoises in Madagascar, but also, surprisingly, from Amblyomma loculosum, a tick usually collected from marine birds (Kushimo 2013, Guglielmone et al. 2020). Camicas et al. (1998), Guglielmone et al. (2014) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) included the Oriental Region within the range of Amblyomma loculosum because remote islands were regarded as belonging to that region. Barré & Morel (1983) do not include Mauritius within the range of Amblyomma loculosum, but type specimens of this tick were collected there (Hoogstraal et al. 1976), and Amblyomma loculosum is still considered to be present in Mauritius.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF882CB1C0FB24.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) Ecuador, 8) French Guiana, 9) Honduras, 10) Mexico (south), 11) Panama, 12) Paraguay, 13) Peru, 14) Trinidad and Tobago, 15) Uruguay, 16) Venezuela (Fairchild et al. 1966, Jones et al. 1972, Guimar ã es et al. 2001, Alvarez et al. 2005, Nava et al. 2010 b, 2017, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Binetruy et al. 2019, CardonaRomero et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF882CB1C0FB24.taxon	discussion	In Brazil, adults of Amblyomma geayi and Amblyomma parkeri have sometimes been confused with those of Amblyomma longirostre (Labruna et al. 2009). The nymphs of these species are also morphologically similar (Martins et al. 2010, 2013); therefore, additional instances of confusion between nymphs (and larvae) have probably occurred. Nymphs and larvae of Amblyomma longirostre have been collected in the Nearctic Region on birds migrating from the Neotropics, and one field-collected male was found in the USA (Noden et al. 2015), although this species is not thought to be established there. Rawlins et al. (1993) included Guyana and Jamaica within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma longirostre, but no records from those countries have been found.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF8E24B656FA50.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Keirans et al. 1973).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF8E24B656FA50.taxon	discussion	The specimen used by Robinson (1926) to redescribe the female of Amblyomma pilosum is, in fact, the type specimen of Amblyomma macfarlandi (Keirans et al. 1973).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75FBABF8EF8B189FA28.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75EBABF8D20B458FD48.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Colombia, 3) Costa Rica, 4) Ecuador, 5) Guatemala, 6) Honduras, 7) Mexico (south), 8) Nicaragua, 9) Peru, 10) Venezuela (Cooley & Kohls 1944, Jones et al. 1972, Mendoza-Uribe & Chávez-Chorocco 2004, Alvarez et al. 2005, GuzmánCornejo et al. 2011, Polsomboon et al. 2017, Lado et al. 2018, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Allerdice et al. 2020, Maya-Delgado et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5FC75EBABF8D20B458FD48.taxon	discussion	Determining the geographic distribution of Amblyomma maculatum is difficult because literature records of this species may include the morphologically related Amblyomma triste, or both names may be treated as different species. Lado et al. (2018) found molecular evidence suggesting that Amblyomma triste is a synonym of Amblyomma maculatum, but support for this opinion should also include cross-breeding studies. Allerdice et al. (2020) partly addressed this issue by cross-breeding populations of Amblyomma maculatum from the southeastern and southwestern USA, finding reproductive incompatibility between these tick populations. Cuervo et al. (2021) did not confer specific status on two morphotypes included in the study of Lado et al. (2018), one from South America and another from North America. Amblyomma triste is treated here as a valid species, while acknowledging the difficulties attending morphological diagnosis of adults of this tick when compared with those of Amblyomma maculatum, as shown in Mendoza-Uribe & Chávez-Chorocco (2004), Lado et al. (2018) and Cuervo et al. (2021), among others. Estrada-Peña et al. (2005) stressed the problems involved in determining the immature stages of these two species, as well as those of Amblyomma tigrinum, a third species in this group that only complicates efforts to define the geographic distribution of Amblyomma maculatum. Need et al. (1991), Muñoz & Casanueva (2001) and others set the southern limit of the range of Amblyomma maculatum in Argentina, but records from this country, as well as Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay, are provisionally regarded here as having resulted from confusion with Amblyomma tigrinum or Amblyomma triste. Keirans (1982) listed records of Amblyomma maculatum from Argentina, but the specimens involved were in fact Amblyomma tigrinum, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2003). Newstead (1909), Thompson (1950) and Walker & Olwage (1987) included Jamaica within the range of Amblyomma maculatum, but Morel (1966) found no evidence of the presence of this tick in Jamaica, which is excluded from its range. Khattak et al. (2012) and Eyo et al. (2014) stated that Amblyomma maculatum is established in Pakistan and Nigeria, respectively, but these countries are not included here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5EC75EBABF8981B135FB25.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Eswatini, 3) Lesotho, 4) Mozambique, 5) Namibia, 6) South Africa, 7) Zambia, 8) Zimbabwe (Colbo 1973, Tandon 1991, Walker & Olwage 1987, Burridge 2011, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5EC75EBABF8981B135FB25.taxon	discussion	The geographic distribution of Amblyomma marmoreum is chiefly based on Walker & Olwage (1987) and Horak et al. (2018), and many records published prior to these studies are not included in this analysis. Kwak et al. (2014) identified several Tanzanian specimens as Amblyomma marmoreum, based on Walker et al. (2003), a publication that does not include information for morphologically identifying this species. Mohammed et al. (2020) found Amblyomma marmoreum in Nigeria, a record that requires confirmation, and that country is not included within the range of this tick. Okely et al. (2022) state that Amblyomma marmoreum has been found in Egypt but maintain that it is not established in that country. Amblyomma marmoreum is the principal member of a species complex that is thought by Guglielmone et al. (2017) to probably include more species than currently recognized. Some specimens of Amblyomma marmoreum may have been confused with Amblyomma sparsum, Amblyomma nuttalli or Amblyomma falsomarmoreum, and vice versa. Additionally, in Theiler & Salisbury (1959) there are disagreements between the text descriptions of the nymphs of three species from the Amblyomma marmoreum complex (Amblyomma marmoreum, Amblyomma nuttalli and Amblyomma sparsum) and the corresponding figures (Tarragona et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5EC75EBABF8E25B72DF9C4.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Bermuda, 3) Colombia, 4) Costa Rica, 5) Cuba, 6) Ecuador, 7) El Salvador, 8) Guatemala, 9) Honduras, 10) Jamaica, 11) Mexico (south), 12) Nicaragua, 13) Panama, 14) Trinidad and Tobago (Nava et al. 2014 a, Novakova et al. 2015, D ̧ ttmann et al. 2016, Polsomboon et al. 2017, Rivera-Páez et al. 2018, Encinosa et al. 2021, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5EC75EBABF8E25B72DF9C4.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma mixtum is a member of the Amblyomma cajennense species group, and many records of Amblyomma mixtum were published under the name Amblyomma cajennense prior to its reinstatement by Nava et al. (2014 a). See Amblyomma cajennense.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5EC75EBABF8D05B1B7F99D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Burridge 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5EC75EBABF8D4DB1AEF955.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5EC75DBABF8DF5B191FDAD.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Colombia, 2) Ecuador, 3) Venezuela (Neumann 1911 a, Labruna et al. 2013, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5EC75DBABF8DF5B191FDAD.taxon	discussion	Problems may be encountered when attempting to correctly identify Amblyomma multipunctum. According to Labruna et al. (2013), the description of the male in Boero & Prosen (1959) actually refers to Ambyomma scalpturatum. Moreover, the key of Jones et al. (1972) for the species of Amblyomma in the Western Hemisphere is not useful when attempting to identify Amblyomma multipunctum, and there are differences among the authors who have redescribed this tick (Guglielmone et al. 2020, 2021). Therefore, data concerning Amblyomma multipunctum should be regarded with scepticism. Neumann (1899) described Amblyomma multipunctum from two male ticks allegedly collected in North America, one from Antilocapra americana (named as Dicranocerus furcatus), a Nearctic artiodactyl, and the other from a species of Tapirus. Neumann (1911 a) added Venezuela to the geographic distribution of Amblyomma multipunctum but, strangely, did not alter the number of specimens discussed in Neumann (1899). All bona fide records of this tick published after Neumann (1911 a) are from Tapirus pinchaque, and the record from Antilocapra in the Nearctic Region has not been confirmed; consequently, Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2021) excluded this region from the range of Amblyomma multipunctum. Vargas (1955) included Mexico within the geographic distribution of Amblyommma multipunctum, but Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2011) state that there are neither host records nor locality data confirming this species’ presence in Mexico. There is a Bolivian record of Amblyomma multipunctum in Boero & Prosen (1959) but, as noted above, it is treated as a misidentification in Labruna et al. (2013). Teixeira et al. (2013) listed “ armadillos ” as hosts of unknown stages of Amblyomma multipunctum in Brazil, but Dantas-Torres et al. (2019) exclude this tick from the list of Brazilian Amblyomma. Accordingly, we do not include Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma multipunctum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5DC75DBABF89BDB4C0FBF9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Bolivia, 2) Brazil, 3) Colombia, 4) Costa Rica, 5) Ecuador, 6) French Guiana, 7) Guatemala, 8) Guyana, 9) Honduras, 10) Panama, 11) Peru, 12) Suriname, 13) Venezuela (Fairchild et al. 1966, Jones et al. 1972, Keirans 1985 b, Monroy Lefebre & Cajas González 1988, MendozaUribe & Chávez-Chorocco 2004, Labruna et al. 2005 c, Miller et al. 2016, Rodríguez et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5DC75DBABF89BDB4C0FBF9.taxon	discussion	Several records of Amblyomma naponense have been published under the name Amblyomma mantiquirense described by Arag ã o (1908 b), a synonym of Amblyomma naponense, as discussed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Kolonin (2009) did not include Guatemala and Honduras within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma naponense, but its presence in those countries was supported by Monroy Lefebre & Cajas González (1988) and Keirans (1985 b), respectively. Kassiri & Nasirian (2021) and Nasirian & Zahirnia (2021) erroneously list Amblyomma naponense as having been found in Argentina.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5DC75DBABF8F51B197FA29.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Colombia (López & Parra 1985, Guglielmone & Nava 2006, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5DC75DBABF8F51B197FA29.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2021) listed keys and descriptions for adults of Amblyomma neumanni that are not useful when attempting to identify this species. Reliable descriptions of the male and female of Amblyomma neumanni can be found in López & Parra (1985), Estrada-Peña et al. (2005) and Nava et al. (2017). Guglielmone et al. (2003), Voltzit (2007) and Kolonin (2009) included Uruguay within the range of Amblyomma neumanni, but Venzal et al. (2003) stated that its presence there has not been confirmed, and Uruguay is excluded from the geographic distribution of this species. French Guiana was listed by Doss et al. (1978) as being within the geographic range of Amblyomma neumanni (under the name Amblyomma furcula), based on Sénevet (1940), who used the description of Amblyomma furcula for comparative purposes when describing Amblyomma bouthieri, a synonym of Amblyomma tigrinum, and did not state that it was found in French Guiana.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5DC75DBABF8D21B015F811.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 2) New Caledonia, 3) Papua New Guinea, 4) Solomon Islands; Oriental: 1) India, 2) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Singapore, 4) Taiwan (Sharif 1928, Audy et al. 1960, Wilson 1970 a, Yamaguti et al. 1971, Kolonin 2009, Owen 2011, Kwak et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5DC75DBABF8D21B015F811.taxon	discussion	Several records of Amblyomma nitidum have been published under the name Amblyomma laticaudae, described by Warburton (1933) and Rageau & Vervent (1959) under the same name, but found to be a synonym of Amblyomma nitidum, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2020). Indian records of Amblyomma nitidum refer to the Andaman Islands (Sharif 1928), which are closer to the coast of Myanmar than to the Indian subcontinent. Voltzit & Keirans (2002) listed Amblyomma nitidum as also found in the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region, but no records of this tick from that region were found during this analysis. Doss et al. (1974 a) listed Amblyomma nitidum as a tick found in the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador), based on Vercammen-Grandjean (1966), but the latter author simply hypothesized that Amblyomma nitidum might be able to reach the Galápagos along with its hosts.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5CC75CBABF8BA5B797FDD5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) Guatemala, 8) Honduras, 9) Mexico (south), 10) Nicaragua, 11) Panama, 12) Paraguay, 13) Trinidad and Tobago, 14) Venezuela (Jones et al. 1972, Alvarez et al. 2005, Labruna et al. 2005 c, Debárbora et al. 2012, Novakova et al. 2015, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Petters et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5CC75CBABF8BA5B797FDD5.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma nodosum and Amblyomma calcaratum have been confused with each other, as discussed in the entry for the latter name. The record of Amblyomma nodosum from Belize is based on Garnham & Lewis (1959) and is treated as provisionally valid in Guglielmone et al. (2021) and here because the specimens were found on an unusual host for this tick. Mazioli et al. (2012) listed Guyana as being within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma nodosum, but no records of this tick have been found from that country.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5CC75CBABF8975B67CFB08.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Burkina Faso, 4) Burundi, 5) Cameroon, 6) Central African Republic, 7) Chad (south), 8) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 9) Eswatini, 10) Ethiopia, 11) Ghana, 12) Guinea, 13) Guinea-Bissau, 14) Ivory Coast, 15) Kenya, 16) Malawi, 17) Mozambique, 18) Niger (south), 19) Nigeria, 20) Rwanda, 21) Senegal, 22) Sierra Leone, 23) Somalia, 24) South Africa, 25) South Sudan, 26) Tanzania, 27) Togo, 28) Uganda, 29) Zambia, 30) Zimbabwe (Theiler & Salisbury 1959, Morel 1961, Morel & Mouchet 1965, Elbl & Anastos 1966 a, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Hoffmann & Landau 1971, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Burridge 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2011, Horak et al. 2018, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5CC75CBABF8975B67CFB08.taxon	discussion	Burridge (2011) listed Botswana, Namibia and Sudan as lying within the geographic range of Amblyomma nuttalli, but Horak et al. (2018) did not recognize its presence in Botswana and Namibia, and no bona fide records of this tick within the current limits of Sudan have been found, while ElGhali & Hassan (2012) stated that Amblyomma nuttalli has been collected in South Sudan. Therefore, Botswana, Namibia and Sudan, which were reported as lying within the range of Amblyomma nuttalli in Guglielmone & Robbins (2018), are not included here, while South Sudan is considered to be within the range of this tick. Amblyomma nuttalli belongs to the Amblyomma marmoreum complex, which is thought by Guglielmone et al. (2017) to probably contain more species than currently recognized. Some specimens identified as Amblyomma nuttalli may have been confused with Amblyomma marmoreum, Amblyomma sparsum or Amblyomma falsomarmoreum, and vice versa. See also Amblyomma marmoreum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5CC75CBABF8FC1B002F8C9.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north); Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Colombia, 5) Costa Rica, 6) French Guiana, 7) Guatemala, 8) Guyana, 9) Mexico (south), 10) Nicaragua, 11) Panama, 12) Peru, 13) Suriname, 14) Venezuela (Jones et al. 1972, Keirans 1985 b, Monroy Lefebre & Cajas González 1988, Mendoza-Uribe & Chávez-Chorocco 2004, Alvarez et al. 2005, Labruna et al. 2005 b, Polsomboon et al. 2017, Binetruy et al. 2019, Rodríguez et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5CC75CBABF8FC1B002F8C9.taxon	discussion	Some records of Amblyomma oblongoguttatum have been published under the names Amblyomma darlingi and Amblyomma vittatum, synonyms of Amblyomma oblongoguttatum in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Camicas et al. (1998) stated that Amblyomma oblongoguttatum is a Neotropical species. But while most records of this tick are from the Neotropics, Amblyomma oblongoguttatum has also been recorded from the Nearctic portion of Mexico (Hoffmann 1962, Keirans & Brewster 1981). Kassiri & Nasirian (2021) and Nasirian & Zahirnia (2021) erroneously listed Amblyomma oblongoguttatum as having been found in Argentina. More than one species may exist under the name Amblyomma oblongoguttatum because Lopes et al. (2016) found important molecular differences between populations from Belize and Brazil, while Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2020) observed molecular differences between a Mexican population and ticks collected in Brazil and Belize.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5CC753BABF8C01B016FCD9.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) Ecuador, 8) El Salvador, 9) French Guiana, 10) Guatemala, 11) Guyana, 12) Mexico (south), 13) Nicaragua, 14) Panama, 15) Paraguay, 16) Peru, 17) Suriname, 18) Trinidad and Tobago, 19) Venezuela (Eddy & Joyce 1942, Keirans 1985 b, Jones et al. 1972, Durden & Kollars 1992, Guglielmone et al. 2003, 2021, Zerpa et al. 2003, Mendoza-Uribe & Chávez-Chorocco 2004, Alvarez et al. 2005, Labruna et al. 2005 c, Nava et al. 2007, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Tarragona et al. 2012, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Lopes et al. 2016, Miller et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F5CC753BABF8C01B016FCD9.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma aureolatum and Amblyomma ovale were widely confused with each other, under these names and some synonyms, prior to the study of Arag ã o & Fonseca (1961), who carefully defined both Amblyomma aureolatum and Amblyomma ovale. Camicas et al. (1998) treated Amblyomma ovale as a Neotropical species. While it is true that most records of Amblyomma ovale are from the Neotropics, specimens of this tick collected from local hosts in the USA (Eddy & Joyce 1942, Cooley & Kohls 1944, Durden & Kollars 1992) and northern Mexico (Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011) are considered evidence of established populations of Amblyomma ovale within the Nearctic Region. Nevertheless, Burridge (2011) stated that Amblyomma ovale is exotic in the USA. Hoffmann (1962) included Uruguay within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma ovale, but this tick has not been found in that country (Martins et al. 2014). Arag ã o & Fonseca (1961) found that specimens of Amblyomma ovale from northern and west-central Brazil were conspicuously larger than ticks collected in southern Brazil. Later, Fournier et al. (2019) reported that Amblyomma ovale from southern and northern Brazil showed significant molecular differences, implying that these tick populations may, in fact, represent different species, while Miller et al. (2016) presented genomic information indicating that a species close to Amblyomma ovale is present in Panama. Most probably the name Amblyomma ovale represents more than one species, and the current range of Amblyomma ovale should be considered provisional.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C753BABF8871B6D3FBF9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Brazil, 3) Colombia, 4) Costa Rica, 5) French Guiana, 6) Guyana, 7) Mexico (south), 8) Panama, 9) Paraguay, 10) Peru, 11) Suriname, 12) Venezuela (Tonelli Rondelli 1939, Fairchild et al. 1966, Jones et al. 1972, Alvarez et al. 2005, Labruna et al. 2005 c, Nava et al. 2007, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Lopes et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C753BABF8871B6D3FBF9.taxon	discussion	The presence of Amblyomma pacae in Guyana is based on Tonelli Rondelli (1939) under the name Amblyomma nigrum, a synonym of Amblyomma pacae (Guglielmone & Nava 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C753BABF8F51B699FB6D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 3) Papua New Guinea (Hirst 1914, Roberts 1970, Robbins & Bush 2006, Owen 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C753BABF8FFDB1F7F9C5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil (Labruna et al. 2009, Reck et al. 2018, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C753BABF8FFDB1F7F9C5.taxon	discussion	Jones et al. (1972), Keirans (1992), Horak et al. (2002) and Voltzit (2007) did not recognize Amblyomma parkeri as a valid species. Kolonin (2009) doubted its validity, but Camicas et al. (1998) treated Amblyomma parkeri as valid, and Guglielmone et al. (2003) considered this tick provisionally valid. Amblyomma parkeri has since been confirmed as a valid species, as demonstrated in Labruna et al. (2009). Adults of Amblyomma geayi and Amblyomma parkeri have sometimes been confused with those of Amblyomma longirostre (Labruna et al. 2009). The nymphs of these species are morphologically similar (Martins et al. 2010, 2013); therefore, additional confusion of nymphs (and larvae) has probably occurred.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C753BABF8D05B66DF92D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Chile, 4) Peru (Muñoz-Leal et al. 2014, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C753BABF8D05B66DF92D.taxon	discussion	The description of Amblyomma parvitarsum in Voltzit (2007) is not helpful in diagnosing this species. Becker et al. (1997) collected an Amblyomma parvitarsum female from a penguin caught in southern Brazil, but this tick is not thought to be established in that country.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C752BABF8C3DB769FE61.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Colombia, 5) Costa Rica, 6) El Salvador, 7) Guatemala, 8) Mexico (south), 9) Nicaragua, 10) Panama, 11) Paraguay, 12) Venezuela (Nava et al. 2008, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, D ̧ ttmann et al. 2016, Santodomingo et al. 2019, Costa et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Romero et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F53C752BABF8C3DB769FE61.taxon	discussion	French Guiana was included within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma parvum in Guglielmone et al. (2003), Nava et al. (2017) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018). The supposed presence of this species in French Guiana was based on a nymph collected from a rodent, as reported in Floch & Fauran (1958). However, Binetruy et al. (2019) were unable to confirm the presence of Amblyomma parvum in French Guiana, and that territory is excluded from the range of this tick. Lado et al. (2016) found that specimens of Amblyomma parvum from Costa Rica, El Salvador, southern Mexico and Panama differ molecularly from specimens collected in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Consequently, Bermúdez et al. (2018) named ticks found in Panama Amblyomma near parvum. Further studies will probably confirm that more than one species exists under the name Amblyomma parvum, and the geographic distribution of this tick will need to be modified accordingly.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF8AE9B0E2FDF0.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Colombia (Nava et al. 2014 a, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Quintero et al. 2021 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF8AE9B0E2FDF0.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma patinoi is a member of the Amblyomma cajennense species group. See Amblyomma cajennense.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF8959B135FC69.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Laos, 4) Myanmar, 5) Sri Lanka, 6) Thailand, 7) Vietnam (Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Kolonin 1995 b, Chen et al. 2010, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 b, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Petney et al. 2019, Zhang, G. et al. 2019, Zhang, Y. K. et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF8959B135FC69.taxon	discussion	Most records of Amblyomma pattoni have been published under the name Aponomma pattoni, and a few have appeared under the names Aponomma pseudolaeve or Amblyomma pseudolaeve, synonyms of Amblyomma pattoni (Kaufman 1972, Camicas et al. 1998, Guglielmone & Nava 2014, Guglielmone et al. 2020). Authors such as Teng & Jiang (1991), Santos Dias (1993 b) and Sun et al. (2016) treated Aponomma pseudolaeve or Amblyomma pseudolaeve as valid. Zhao et al. (2021) do not recognize the presence of Amblyomma pattoni in China.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF88E1B171FB09.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Congo, 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Gabon, 8) Ghana, 9) Guinea, 10) Guinea-Bissau, 11) Ivory Coast, 12) Liberia, 13) Rwanda, 14) Sierra Leone, 15) Uganda (Tendeiro 1952, Morel 1963 b, Morel & Mouchet 1965, Elbl & Anastos 1966 a, Aeschlimann 1967, Keirans 1985 a, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF88E1B171FB09.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) found conflicting statements related to the morphological identification of Amblyomma paulopunctatum, as well as discrepancies in redescriptions of this species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF8FC1B1FFFA50.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Bolivia, 3) Colombia, 4) Costa Rica, 5) Mexico (south), 6) Panama, 7) Peru (Fairchild et al. 1966, Alvarez et al. 2005, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF8FC1B1FFFA50.taxon	discussion	Sauter et al. (1999) allegedly field collected specimens of Amblyomma pecarium in Brazil, a record that requires confirmation, and this country is excluded from the range of Amblyomma pecarium.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF8EF9B48BF8C9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Gabon, 2) Kenya, 3) Tanzania (Neumann 1901, Theiler 1962, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C752BABF8EF9B48BF8C9.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) listed only Kenya and Tanzania as being within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma personatum, while Neumann (1901) described this species from adult ticks collected in Gabon and Kenya. However, no additional records of Amblyomma personatum from Gabon have been found, including during the study of Pourrut et al. (2011), who investigated the ticks occurring there. Amblyomma personatum has chiefly been collected from highly endangered rhinoceros, so perhaps this tick is no longer present in Gabon, a country provisionally considered within the range of Amblyomma personatum. This situation may also apply to Kenya and Tanzania.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C751BABF8C01B047FE61.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) French Guiana, 3) Guyana, 4) Panama (Fairchild et al. 1966, Keirans 1985 b, Guimar ã es et al. 2001, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F52C751BABF8C01B047FE61.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2021) stated that authors differ in their morphological descriptions of Amblyomma pictum, and a redescription of this species’ types is needed to precisely define its taxonomy. It would also be useful to add a description of Amblyomma conspicuum, the only synonym of Amblyomma pictum (Guglielmone & Nava 2014), when attempting a redescription. The geographical distribution of Amblyomma pictum is treated here as provisional. Bermúdez et al. (2018) and Dantas-Torres et al. (2019) doubt the presence of Amblyomma pictum in Panama and Brazil, respectively. There is an alleged record of this tick in French Guiana reported by Floch & Fauran (1958), but its presence there was not confirmed during the tick survey conducted by Binetruy et al. (2019). Therefore, Brazil, French Guiana, Panama and also Guyana are provisionally included within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma pictum. Argentinean records of Amblyomma pictum in Dios & Knopoff (1930, 1934) were regarded as misidentifications by Guglielmone et al. (2003), and that country is excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8AE9B73FFD49.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Keirans et al. 1973, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8AE9B73FFD49.taxon	discussion	Keirans et al. (1973) provided reliable characters to morphologically identify Amblyomma pilosum, cautioning that this tick had previously been confused with similar species, such as Amblyomma boulengeri and Amblyomma macfarlandi (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8981B7C7FB6D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Kenya, 5) Mozambique, 6) Rwanda, 7) South Sudan, 8) Tanzania, 9) Uganda, 10) Zambia, 11) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Elbl & Anastos 1966 a, Keirans & Brewster 1981, Keirans 1985 b, Walker & Olwage 1987, Tandon 1991, Morel 2003, Voltzit & Keirans 2003, Burridge 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8981B7C7FB6D.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma pomposum lacks a thorough morphological definition (Guglielmone et al. 2020); consequently, the geographic distribution presented here is simply a list of the countries where this tick has allegedly been found, and disagreements persist among authors concerning this species’ diagnosis and range, as already noted by Guglielmone & Robbins (2018). Walker et al. (2003) reduced the range of Amblyomma pomposum to Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, and Kolonin (2009) excluded Tanzania from the range of this tick. Walker (1974) and Matthysse & Colbo (1987) did not recognize the presence of Amblyomma pomposum in Kenya and Uganda, but we are provisionally including these countries within the geographic distribution of this tick. Farooqui et al. (2017) and Ramzan et al. (2020 b) listed Amblyomma pomposum as present in Pakistan, but their statements are considered here to be erroneous.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8FFDB029FB25.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8E25B596F92D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) French Guiana, 5) Paraguay, 6) Suriname, 7) Uruguay (Floch & Fauran 1958, Arzua et al. 2005, Guglielmone & Nava 2006, Nava et al. 2007, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Martins et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8E25B596F92D.taxon	discussion	Difficulties can be encountered when attempting to morphologically separate Amblyomma pseudoconcolor from Amblyomma auricularium, a problem that remains unresolved because there is no type material for Amblyomma auricularium that would enable a comparison of these species. A degree of uncertainty therefore attends published diagnoses of Amblyomma pseudoconcolor (Guglielmone et al. 2020, 2021). See also Amblyomma auricularium. Floch & Fauran (1958) collected adults of Amblyomma pseudoconcolor in French Guiana, but its presence there was not confirmed by Binetruy et al. (2019), and French Guiana is provisionally included within the geographic distribution of this tick, both in Guglielmone et al. (2021) and here. Romero-Castañón et al. (2008) allegedly found Amblyomma pseudoconcolor in southern Mexico, a record regarded as a diagnostic error by Guglielmone et al. (2021). Consequently, Mexico is excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8C3DB432F875.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina (Guglielmone & Nava 2006, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F51C751BABF8C3DB432F875.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2003) included Brazil within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma pseudoparvum, but its presence there was not confirmed by Dantas-Torres et al. (2009); consequently, Brazil is excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8BA5B7A6FEA9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Cuba, 2) Haiti, 3) Jamaica, 4) Puerto Rico (Černý 1969 b, Keirans & Garris 1986, Keirans & Klompen 1996, Alvarez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8BA5B7A6FEA9.taxon	discussion	Several records of Amblyomma quadricavum have been published under the name Aponomma quadricavum or Amblyomma arianae, a synonym of Amblyomma quadricavum described by Keirans & Garris (1986). Nowak (2010) listed Amblyomma quadricavum from a captive reptile imported from El Salvador, but the country of infestation is regarded here as unconfirmed.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8AA1B110FC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Central African Republic, 2) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Kenya, 5) Malawi, 6) Mozambique, 7) Somalia, 8) South Africa, 9) South Sudan, 10) Tanzania, 11) Uganda, 12) Zambia, 13) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Theiler 1962, Elbl & Anastos 1966 a, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Morel 1980, Norval 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8AA1B110FC21.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma rhinocerotis has been confused with Dermacentor rhinocerinus and vice versa (Guglielmone & Nava 2014). Several records of Amblyomma rhinocerotis have been published under the name Amblyomma petersi and, to a lesser extent, Amblyomma aureum. The current geographic distribution of Amblyomma rhinocerotis is most probably narrower than depicted above because its chief hosts, rhinoceros, have been exterminated in several African territories (Uilenberg et al. 2013). Neumann (1899) described Amblyomma aureum, a synonym of Amblyomma rhinocerotis, and associated it with a tick found in Indonesia, but this claim was not repeated in his subsequent papers. Neumann (1911) listed Liberia and Madagascar as lying within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma petersi, another synonym of Amblyomma rhinocerotis, but these countries were considered outside the range of this tick by Hoogstraal (1956 a). However, Elbl & Anastos (1966 a) listed the presence of Amblyomma rhinocerotis in Liberia as valid. We do not include Indonesia, Liberia and Madagascar within the range of Amblyomma rhinocerotis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8F29B0E1FB09.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line) (Anastos 1950, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8F29B0E1FB09.taxon	discussion	Anastos (1950) stated that the record of Amblyomma robinsoni from a probable Vietnamese location (Toumanoff 1944) is erroneous, and the same can be said about the supposed presence of this tick in Vietnam (Phan Trong 1977). Consequently, Vietnam is not included within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma robinsoni.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8FC1B77CFA51.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil (Martins et al. 2019 b, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8FC1B77CFA51.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma romarioi is morphologically similar to Amblyomma geayi, Amblyomma longirostre and Amblyomma parkeri. See also Amblyomma longirostre for a discussion of the taxonomic confusion that prevails among ticks constituting this species complex.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8EF9B78BF92D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) French Guiana, 3) Guyana, 4) Suriname, 5) Venezuela (Jones et al. 1972, Barros-Battesti et al. 2007, Witter et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C750BABF8EF9B78BF92D.taxon	discussion	A few records of Amblyomma romitii have been published under the name Amblyomma tasquei, as explained in Barros-Battesti et al. (2007). As noted under Amblyomma extraoculatum above, Amblyomma romitii was long treated as a synonym of the Oriental Amblyomma extraoculatum, but Barros-Battesti et al. (2007) validated both names. See Amblyomma extraoculatum for additional discussion of this confusion.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C757BABF8C3AB778FE1D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Colombia, 5) Costa Rica, 6) Dominica, 7) French Guiana, 8) Grenada, 9) Guadeloupe, 10) Guatemala, 11) Jamaica, 12) Martinique, 13) Mexico (south), 14) Montserrat, 15) Panama, 16) Paraguay, 17) Peru, 18) Suriname, 19) Trinidad and Tobago, 20) Venezuela; remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Islands (north) (Bequaert 1938, Morel 1967, Kohls 1969 c, Jones et al. 1972, Keirans 1985 b, Need et al. 1991, Oliver et al. 1993, Nava et al. 2007, Guglielmone & Nava 2010, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Durden et al. 2015, Kelehear et al. 2017 b, Benavides-Montaño et al. 2018, Binetruy et al. 2019, Ogrzewalska & Bermúdez 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F50C757BABF8C3AB778FE1D.taxon	discussion	Several records of Amblyomma rotundatum have been published under the synonym Amblyomma agamum (Guglielmone & Nava 2014). Pietzsch et al. (2006) recorded 25 males, nine females and four nymphs of Amblyomma rotundatum from Honduran toads (the only record found for this tick in that country). However, because Amblyomma rotundatum is a parthenogenetic species, the number of male ticks collected is difficult to justify, and the diagnosis of Pietzsch et al. (2006) is treated here as a misidentification. We therefore exclude Honduras from the geographic distribution of Amblyomma rotundatum. The record of Amblyomma rotundatum, under the name Amblyomma agamum, in Uruguay by Vogelsang (1928) has not been confirmed; therefore, Venzal et al. (2003) excluded Amblyomma rotundatum from their list of Uruguayan ticks.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F57C757BABF8ACDB71EFCF5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Colombia, 3) Costa Rica, 4) El Salvador, 5) Guatemala, 6) Honduras, 7) Mexico (south), 8) Nicaragua, 9) Panama, 10) Suriname (Ernst & Ernst 1977, Robbins et al. 2001, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Miller et al. 2016, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Romero et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F57C757BABF8ACDB71EFCF5.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma crassum, Amblyomma humerale and Amblyomma sabanerae are morphologically similar taxa, and their separation is sometimes difficult (Guglielmone et al. 2021). See also Amblyomma crassum. Kelehear et al. (2017 a) included French Guiana within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma sabanerae but provided no information supporting its presence there; consequently, French Guiana is provisionally excluded from the range of Amblyomma sabanerae.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F57C757BABF8855B6C9FB95.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Bolivia, 2) Brazil, 3) Colombia, 4) Ecuador, 5) French Guiana, 6) Guyana, 7) Peru, 8) Suriname, 9) Venezuela (Schulze 1933 c, Labruna et al. 2005 b, c, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Valle-Mendoza et al. 2018, Binetruy et al. 2019, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F57C757BABF8855B6C9FB95.taxon	discussion	The only specimens of Amblyomma scalpturatum known from Suriname were reported by Schulze (1933 c) under the synonym Amblyomma myrmecophagae. Some specimens collected in Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela and classified as Amblyomma scalpturatum were re-identified as Amblyomma latepunctatum by Labruna et al. (2005 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F57C757BABF8FB5B037FAC0.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Paraguay (Nava et al. 2014 a, Martins et al. 2016, Tarragona et al. 2018, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F57C757BABF8FB5B037FAC0.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma sculptum is a member of the Amblyomma cajennense species group and was treated as a synonym of Amblyomma cajennense before its redescription by Nava et al. (2014 a). See also Amblyomma cajennense.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F57C757BABF8E09B4F9F874.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north); Neotropical: 1) Costa Rica, 2) El Salvador, 3) Guatemala, 4) Honduras, 5) Mexico (south), 6) Nicaragua (Maes et al. 1989 as Amblyomma scutalum, a lapsus, Alvarez et al. 2005, Voltzit 2007, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Romero et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F57C757BABF8E09B4F9F874.taxon	discussion	The larva and nymph of Amblyomma scutatum were described under the name Amblyomma boneti, a provisional synonym of Amblyomma scutatum in Guglielmone et al. (2021). Authors differ in their morphological definition of Amblyomma scutatum (Guglielmone et al. 2020), which also renders range statements uncertain. Camicas et al. (1998) and Guglielmone et al. (2003, 2014) regarded this tick as Neotropical, but Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2011) reported Amblyomma scutatum based on specimens collected in the Nearctic portion of Mexico. Neumann (1899) described the male and female of Amblyomma scutatum from specimens collected in Guatemala. The nymph of this tick was not described in Neumann (1899) or in subsequent studies, but Neumann (1899) classified as Amblyomma scutatum nymphs from Brazil and Paraguay, although these specimens were treated as doubtful from Robinson (1926) to Nava et al. (2017), and Guglielmone et al. (2015) deemed unreliable the Venezuelan records of Amblyomma scutatum in Fiasson (1949) and Díaz Ungría (1957). Kelehear et al. (2017 a) included French Guiana within the range of Amblyomma scutatum but provided no information to support their claim. Oliveira et al. (2014) allegedly found Amblyomma scutatum in Brazil, but these records were treated as doubtful in Guglielmone et al. (2021). Consequently, South America is considered to be outside the geographic range of Amblyomma scutatum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F56C756BABF8BA5B199FF19.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line) (Kaufman 1972, King & Keirans 1997, Kolonin 2009, under the former genus Aponomma in all these studies).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F56C756BABF8BCFB63FFAE7.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Chad (south), 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Eritrea, 6) Ethiopia, 7) Kenya, 8) Malawi, 9) Mozambique, 10) Namibia, 11) Rwanda, 12) Senegal, 13) Somalia, 14) South Sudan, 15) Tanzania, 16) Uganda, 17) Yemen, 18) Zambia, 19) Zimbabwe (Theiler & Salisbury 1959, Theiler 1962, Morel & Graber 1961, Elbl & Anastos 1966 a, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Pegram 1976, Norval 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker & Olwage 1987, Tandon 1991, Morel 2003, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F56C756BABF8BCFB63FFAE7.taxon	discussion	The geographic distribution of Amblyomma sparsum is rather confusing and its presence in several countries should be regarded as provisional. This tick belongs to the Amblyomma marmoreum complex, which is considered by Guglielmone et al. (2017) to probably contain more species than currently recognized. Some published specimens of Amblyomma sparsum may have been confused with Amblyomma marmoreum, Amblyomma nuttalli or Amblyomma falsomarmoreum, and vice versa. Morel (2003) reported more than ten different names used for Amblyomma sparsum, and Guglielmone & Nava (2014) listed seven synonyms for this species. B ö hme et al. (1989) reported the presence of Amblyomma sparsum in Yemen, and Wassef et al. (1997) supported this decision; therefore, that country is provisionally considered within the range of this tick. ElGhali & Hassan (2012) do not recognize the presence of Amblyomma sparsum in South Sudan, but Theiler & Salisbury (1959) and Morel (2003) recorded this tick in localities that are currently within South Sudan. Theiler (1962) believed that specimens collected in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia and identified as Amblyomma sparsum were, in fact, Amblyomma falsomarmoreum, and these countries are provisionally included within the range of Amblyomma sparsum. Theiler (1962) stated that specimens of Amblyomma sparsum collected in Sudan (Khartoum) had been introduced, and that country is excluded from this tick’s range. Walker & Olwage (1987) depicted a record of Amblyomma sparsum that appears to be located in Gambia, but this is not addressed in the text of their paper. We do not include Gambia within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma sparsum. Burridge (2011) included South Africa within the range of Amblyomma sparsum, but Horak et al. (2018) stated that there are no bona fide South African records of this tick, while regarding its presence in Namibia as “ historical. ” Burridge (2011) also included Cameroon within the range of Amblyomma sparsum, although its presence there is questionable, as discussed in Morel (2003). Here, both South Africa and Cameroon are excluded from this species’ range. Uilenberg et al. (2013) considered the presence of Amblyomma sparsum in the Central African Republic to be unconfirmed. The peculiar host utilization of adults of Amblyomma sparsum (large mammals and tortoises), and the disjunct distribution of this species were thought by Matthysse & Colbo (1987) to be indications that more than one species may exist under this name. See also Amblyomma marmoreum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F56C756BABF8E66B6FBF83A.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Congo, 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Gabon, 8) Ghana, 9) Guinea, 10) Guinea-Bissau, 11) Ivory Coast, 12) Kenya, 13) Liberia, 14) Nigeria, 15) Rwanda, 16) S ã o Tomé and Príncipe, 17) Sierra Leone, 18) Togo (Tendeiro 1957, Theiler 1962, Morel & Mouchet 1965, Elbl & Anastos 1966 a, Aeschlimann 1967, Keirans 1985 b, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Terenius et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Burridge 2011, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F56C756BABF8E66B6FBF83A.taxon	discussion	Elbl & Anastos (1966 a) stated that the scutal ornamentation of adults of Amblyomma splendidum is quite variable, and this tick, relatively rare in collections, may sometimes be confused with Amblyomma cohaerens, Amblyomma eburneum, Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum. Hoogstraal (1956 a) and Matthysse & Colbo (1987) stated that the females of Amblyomma cohaerens and Amblyomma splendidum are indistinguishable morphologically. Morel (2003) separated Amblyomma astrion, Amblyomma cohaerens and Amblyomma splendidum based on ecological considerations rather than morphological characters. Therefore, published data on Amblyomma splendidum should be considered provisional. Theiler (1962) doubted the presence of Amblyomma splendidum in Kenya, and Walker (1974) stated that there are no bona fide records of this species from that country, but its presence is supported here by the diagnosis of Kenyan material in Keirans (1985 b). Kolonin (2009) included Uganda within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma splendidum, but its presence there was not recognized by Matthysse & Colbo (1987), or by Balinandi et al. (2020), who studied Ugandan ticks, and we tentatively exclude Uganda from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF8BA5B028FE8D.taxon	distribution	Remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Island (central) of Guam (Vander Velde & Vander Velde 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF8BA5B028FE8D.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma squamosum had been treated as an Oriental species in Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) but is now regarded as a species confined to remote Pacific islands. The only known specimens of this tick are those collected in 1945 on Guam and used by Kohls (1953 a) to describe this species (Vander Velde & Vander Velde 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF8A5DB77CFDAD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Myanmar, 3) Thailand, 4) Vietnam (Shariff 1928, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Kolonin 1995 b, Robbins & Platt 2001, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF8A5DB77CFDAD.taxon	discussion	Voltzit & Keirans (2002) and Kolonin (2009) included Bangladesh within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma supinoi, while India was excluded from its range. However, no bona fide records of this species from Bangladesh have been found. These authors may have confused records from “ Bengal ” in Sharif (1928) as referring to the current territory of Bangladesh, but the records in Sharif (1928) actually pertain to Barandigui (Keirans 1985 b) in the state of West Bengal, India.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF89BDB479FCD9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Walker 1991, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF89BDB479FCD9.taxon	discussion	Bequaert (1932 b) stated that authors such as D ö nitz (1909) and Robinson (1926) used the name Amblyomma latum (Koch, 1844 a) for Hyalomma latum Koch, 1844 a, but, in fact, these authors were describing Amblyomma sylvaticum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF8871B4EBFB95.taxon	discussion	Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Colombia, 3) Costa Rica, 4) Nicaragua, 5) Panama (Fairchild et al. 1966, Varma 1973, Jiménez et al. 2015, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF8871B4EBFB95.taxon	distribution	Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021) stated that redescription of the type specimens of Amblyomma tapirellum would be helpful in better understanding the morphological definition of this species. Fairchild et al. (1966) included Venezuela within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma tapirellum, but its presence there was not confirmed by Jones et al. (1972), and Guglielmone et al. (2003) excluded Venezuela from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF8FB5B6E1F9E1.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Costa Rica, 2) Guatemala, 3) Honduras, 4) Mexico (south); 5) Nicaragua (Becklund 1959, Instituto Intermaericano para la Cooperación en Agricultura 1988, Alvarez et al. 2005, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Nava et al. 2014 c, Corn et al. 2016, D ̧ ttmann et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C755BABF8FB5B6E1F9E1.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma tenellum was long treated as a synonym of Amblyomma cajennense. This changed when Nava et al. (2014 c) compared the types of Amblyomma tenellum and Amblyomma imitator, described by Kohls (1958), and found them to be identical. Therefore, Amblyomma tenellum was reinstated as a valid species and Amblyomma imitator became its synonym. Most records of Amblyomma tenellum have been published under the name Amblyomma imitator. Serra-Freire & Mello (2006) stated that Amblyomma tenellum (under the name Amblyomma imitator) has been found in Brazil. However, this statement was considered unconfirmed by Dantas-Torres et al. (2009), and Brazil is excluded from the geographic distribution of Amblyomma tenellum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C754BABF8D69B04FFF19.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) Bhutan (south), 3) Cambodia, 4) China (south), 5) India, 6) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 7) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 8) Laos, 9) Malaysia, 10) Myanmar, 11) Nepal (south and central), 12) Philippines, 13) Sri Lanka, 14) Taiwan, 15) Thailand, 16) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 2) South Korea (Anastos 1950, Kohls 1950 b, Yamaguti et al. 1971, Phan Trong 1977, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Kolonin 1995 b, Robbins 2005, Islam et al. 2006, Durden et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Burridge 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Chae et al. 2019, Petney et al. 2019, Azama et al. 2021, Namgyal et al. 2021, Seo et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F55C754BABF8D69B04FFF19.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Amblyomma testudinarium as an Oriental and Palearctic species, but this tick was also collected on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, within the Australasian Region, by Anastos (1950). Guglielmone et al. (2017) believe that more than one species may exist under the name Amblyomma testudinarium. Molecular analyses in Chao et al. (2017) and, especially, in Nakao et al. (2021) demonstrated significant genomic differences among populations of Amblyomma testudinarium from China, Japan and Thailand.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F54C754BABF882DB446FAFD.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Chile, 5) French Guiana, 6) Paraguay, 7) Peru, 8) Uruguay, 9) Venezuela (Floch & Fauran 1958, Jones et al. 1972, Mendoza-Uribe & Chávez-Chorocco 2004, Labruna et al. 2005 c, Guglielmone & Nava 2006, Nava et al. 2007, Martins et al. 2014, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Abarca et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F54C754BABF882DB446FAFD.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma tigrinum, Amblyomma maculatum and Amblyomma triste are morphologically similar species, but adults of Amblyomma tigrinum are relatively easy to separate from those of its relatives (Nava et al. 2017), although morphologically differentiating the larvae and nymphs of these three species is extremely difficult (Estrada-Peña et al. 2005). Mexico was included within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma tigrinum by Graham et al. (1975), but no bona fide specimens of this tick have been collected in Mexico (Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011). Kolonin (2009) listed Guyana within the range of Amblyomma tigrinum, but no Guyanan records of this tick have been found. The Colombian records of Amblyomma tigrinum in Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. (2020) require confirmation (Guglielmone et al. 2021), and Colombia is provisionally excluded from the range of this tick. Keirans (1982) listed four records of Amblyomma maculatum from Argentina, but these are, in fact, Amblyomma tigrinum, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2003).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F54C754BABF8A31B65FFD3D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Burundi, 4) Cameroon, 5) Central African Republic, 6) Chad (south), 7) Congo, 8) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 9) Equatorial Guinea, 10) Gabon, 11) Ghana, 12) Ivory Coast, 13) Kenya, 14) Liberia, 15) Malawi, 16) Mali (south), 17) Mozambique, 18) Nigeria, 19) Rwanda, 20) Sierra Leone, 21) Somalia, 22) South Africa, 23) South Sudan, 24) Tanzania, 25) Uganda, 26) Zambia, 27) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Santos Dias 1958 a, Morel & Magimel 1959, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker & Olwage 1987, Tandon 1991, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Burridge 2011, Pourrut et al. 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F54C754BABF8A31B65FFD3D.taxon	discussion	The presence of Amblyomma tholloni in Mali is based on data provided by Santos Dias (1958 a). Keirans (1985 b) tentatively classified as Amblyomma tholloni a female specimen collected in Ethiopia, and that country is not included within the geographic distribution of this tick. Burridge (2011) and Kariuki et al. (2019) included Sudan within the range of Amblyomma tholloni, but no bona fide records of this tick have been found within the current territory of Sudan. Walker & Olwage (1987) stated that Amblyomma tholloni is no longer found where its principal host, the African elephant, has been extirpated.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F54C754BABF8E6BB065FA13.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Paraguay (Nava et al. 2014 a, Tarragona et al. 2015, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F54C754BABF8E6BB065FA13.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma tonelliae, a member of the Amblyomma cajennense species group, was widely confused with Amblyomma cajennense prior to its description by Nava et al. (2014 a). See also Amblyomma cajennense.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F54C72BBABF8D3AB1D2FF35.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Bahamas, 2) Cayman Islands, 3) Cuba, 4) Puerto Rico (Whittick 1939, Černý 1969 b, Durden & Knapp 2005, Voltzit 2007, Barros-Battesti et al. 2009, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F54C72BBABF8D3AB1D2FF35.taxon	discussion	Data concerning Amblyomma torrei are here considered provisional because the morphological definition of this tick is imprecise. Morel (1967) regarded Amblyomma torrei as a synonym of Amblyomma cruciferum. Later, Camicas et al. (1998) treated this tick as valid but recognized only the male as having been described, tacitly rejecting the description of the female in Whittick (1939) and its redescription in Černý (1966 b), along with the description of the nymph in Whittick (1939) and the larva in Černý (1969 b). Thereafter, Voltzit (2007) and Barros-Battesti et al. (2009) redescribed the male and female of Amblyomma torrei. However, there are significant morphological differences among all redescriptions of the adult ticks. In the case of Whittick (1939), there are important morphological discrepancies between the figures used to describe the female (Guglielmone et al. 2021). Guglielmone et al. (2003) had previously stressed the difficulties involved in morphologically separating Amblyomma torrei and Amblyomma cruciferum and recommended a comparison of their types in order to refine the morphological definitions of these ticks. Camicas et al. (1998) and Guglielmone et al. (2003) treated Amblyomma torrei as a Neotropical species, but Guglielmone et al. (2014) listed it as both Nearctic and Neotropical. Later, Guglielmone et al. (2020, 2021) reviewed the range of Amblyomma torrei, finding that all records of this species are Neotropical.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2BC72BBABF8A15B05DFE39.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Papua New Guinea (Roberts 1970, Burridge 2011, Owen 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2BC72BBABF8A15B05DFE39.taxon	discussion	Roberts (1962 a) divided Amblyomma triguttatum into four subspecies, which may indicate that more than one species exists under the name Amblyomma triguttatum. The presence of Amblyomma triguttatum in Papua New Guinea is based on Owen (2011), a record that is considered provisionally valid here, although Hoogstraal (1982) does not recognize its presence that country.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2BC72BBABF8911B40DFBDC.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 3) Papua New Guinea, 4) Solomon Islands; Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Philippines, 3) Sri Lanka, 4) Thailand (Warburton, 1925, Anastos 1950, Roberts 1970, Keirans 1985 b, Durden et al. 2008, Burridge 2011, Owen 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2BC72BBABF8911B40DFBDC.taxon	discussion	Most records of Amblyomma trimaculatum have been published under the name Aponomma trimaculatum. The morphological definition of this species is somewhat unclear (Wilson 1969, Kolonin 2009, Guglielmone et al. 2020), and morphological identification of Amblyomma trimaculatum is therefore difficult. As a result, the geographic distribution of Amblyomma trimaculatum should be considered cautiously. Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Amblyomma trimaculatum (under the former genus Aponomma) as an Australasian species, but Guglielmone et al. (2014) also accepted as valid records from the Oriental Region. Anastos (1950) doubted records of this tick from Australia and Sri Lanka, but the presence of Amblyomma trimaculatum in those countries is supported by records published after 1950. Nevertheless, morphological and molecular comparisons of specimens from different populations of Amblyomma trimaculatum might be expected to shed light on the systematics of this species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2BC72BBABF8F0DB771F8C9.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Bolivia, 3) Brazil, 4) Chile, 5) Colombia, 6) Ecuador, 7) Paraguay, 8) Peru, 9) Uruguay, 10) Venezuela (Kohls 1956 b, Keirans 1985 b, Labruna et al. 2005 a, Nava et al. 2007, Forlano et al. 2008, Mertins et al. 2010, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011, Abarca et al. 2012, Martins et al. 2014, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Colombo et al. 2016 a, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Ossa-López et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2BC72BBABF8F0DB771F8C9.taxon	discussion	As discussed under Amblyomma maculatum, difficulties attend the morphological separation of Amblyomma triste from Amblyomma maculatum. Nava et al. (2017) indicated that both names may represent the same species, and Lado et al. (2018) provided evidence to justify the synonymization of Amblyomma maculatum with Amblyomma triste, while dividing ticks from the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions into four morphotypes. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis of Lado et al. (2018), and Amblyomma triste is treated here as a valid taxon, with a provisional geographic distribution encompassing the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. We consider the geographic distribution of Amblyomma triste to be disjunct, no bona fide specimens having been collected from Central America, because a record from Nicaragua in Vogel et al. (2018) requires confirmation (Guglielmone et al. 2021). The same applies to the alleged records of Amblyomma triste from the Neotropical portion of Mexico in Graham et al. (1975) and Woodham et al. (1983), which were not validated by Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2011). Amblyomma triste was described by Koch (1844 a) from female ticks collected in Uruguay, and populations from that country, as well as Argentina and Brazil, are morphologically and molecularly similar, constituting morphotype I in Lado et al. (2018). It is hypothesized that specimens of Amblyomma triste from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay represent a valid species, but populations of Amblyomma triste from other countries may belong to novel taxa or to Amblyomma maculatum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2BC72BBABF8C01B6A2F811.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) USA (Cooley & Kohls 1944, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2BC72BBABF8C01B6A2F811.taxon	discussion	Amblyomma tuberculatum was treated as a Nearctic and Neotropical species in Camicas et al. (1998), but Guglielmone et al. (2003) stated that there are no bona fide natural populations of this tick in the Neotropical Region, a situation that remains unchanged according to Guglielmone et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2AC72ABABF8BA5B4D6FF19.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Keirans et al. 1973, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2AC72ABABF8A31B7DAFC91.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 2) Papua New Guinea; Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) Cambodia, 3) China (south), 4) India, 5) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 6) Laos, 7) Malaysia, 8) Myanmar, 9) Nepal (south and central), 10) Philippines, 11) Singapore, 12) Sri Lanka, 13) Taiwan, 14) Thailand, 15) Vietnam (Kaufman 1972, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Kolonin 1995 b, Robbins 2005, Durden et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Burridge 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 b, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Kwak 2018 c, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2AC72ABABF8A31B7DAFC91.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) regarded this tick as an Oriental species, but Amblyomma varanense has also been found in the Australasian Region, while Santos Dias (1993 b) and Kolonin (2009) did not treat Amblyomma varanense (under the genus Aponomma) as valid. Most records of Amblyomma varanense have been published under the names Aponomma varanensis, Aponomma lucasi or Aponomma gervais lucasi, all synonyms of Amblyomma varanense, and three of the seven synonyms of Amblyomma varanense listed in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Kaufman (1972) cautioned that many specimens of this tick have been confused with Amblyomma gervaisi. That author treated Aponomma quadratum from Australia as a synonym of Amblyomma varanense (under the former genus Aponomma in both cases), but Guglielmone & Nava (2014) considered Aponomma quadratum a name incertae sedis, an opinion maintained here. Consequently, Australia is not included within the range of Amblyomma varanense. See also Amblyomma fuscolineatum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2AC72ABABF88B9B620F8BD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Botswana, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Burundi, 6) Cameroon, 7) Cape Verde, 8) Central African Republic, 9) Chad (south), 10) Comoros, 11) Congo, 12) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 13) Djibouti, 14) Equatorial Guinea, 15) Eritrea, 16) Ethiopia, 17) Gabon, 18) Gambia, 19) Ghana, 20) Guinea, 21) Guinea-Bissau, 22) Ivory Coast, 23) Kenya, 24) Liberia, 25) Madagascar, 26) Malawi, 27) Mali (south), 28) Mauritania (south), 29) Mauritius, 30) Mayotte, 31) Mozambique, 32) Namibia, 33) Niger (south), 34) Nigeria, 35) Oman, 36) Réunion, 37) Rwanda, 38) S ã o Tomé and Príncipe, 39) Saudi Arabia (south), 40) Senegal, 41) Sierra Leone, 42) Somalia, 43) South Sudan, 44) Sudan, 45) Tanzania, 46) Togo, 47) Uganda, 48) Yemen, 49) Zambia, 50) Zimbabwe; Neotropical: 1) Anguilla, 2) Antigua and Barbuda, 3) Barbados, 4) Dominica, 5) Guadeloupe, 6) Martinique, 7) Montserrat, 8) Puerto Rico, 9) Saba, 10) Saint Eustatius, 11) Saint Kitts and Nevis, 12) Saint Lucia, 13) Saint Martin, 14) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 15) USA Virgin Islands (Neumann 1911 a, Barré & Morel 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Jongejan et al. 1987, Walker & Olwage 1987, Tandon 1991, Barré et al. 1995, Idris et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Lynen et al. 2007, Kelly et al. 2010, Burridge 2011, Pourrut et al. 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Mediannikov et al. 2012 a, Stachurski et al. 2013, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Diarra et al. 2017, Horak et al. 2018, Abdally et al. 2020, Hsi et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Shekede et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2AC72ABABF88B9B620F8BD.taxon	discussion	Yeoman & Walker (1967) stated that “ typical ” specimens of Amblyomma variegatum can be diagnosed with the naked eye, but thereafter they noted great variation in scutal color and punctations among specimens of this tick. Additionally, Yeoman & Walker (1967) encountered difficulties in morphologically separating females of Amblyomma variegatum from those of Amblyomma gemma and Amblyomma lepidum, casting doubt on some diagnoses of Amblyomma variegatum. The exotic Neotropical range of Amblyomma variegatum, introduced from Africa to the Caribbean, is historical because some islands named here are now probably free of this tick following extensive eradication campaigns. Over time, several authors have listed Amblyomma variegatum from a number of Neotropical countries and territories (Colombia, French Guiana, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom Virgin Islands and Venezuela), but without confirmation (Uilenberg et al. 1984, Guglielmone et al. 2021), and all these countries and territories are excluded from the range of this tick. Additionally, there have been numerous confirmed and unconfirmed records of Amblyomma variegatum outside the Afrotropical and Neotropical Zoogeographic Regions, but solid evidence of permanent populations is lacking.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2AC729BABF8CADB128FEA9.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil, 2) Colombia, 3) Costa Rica, 4) Ecuador, 5) French Guiana, 6) Guatemala, 7) Guyana, 8) Nicaragua, 9) Panama, 10) Peru, 11) Suriname, 12) Venezuela (Robinson 1926, Jones et al. 1972, Need et al. 1991, Alvarez et al. 2005, Miller et al. 2016, Witter et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Enríquez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2AC729BABF8CADB128FEA9.taxon	discussion	Neumann (1899, 1901) allegedly found Amblyomma varium in Chile and Argentina, records that were later repeated by several authors, but those countries are outside the range of this tick, as discussed in Onofrio et al. (2008) and Nava et al. (2017). Vargas (1955) included Mexico within the geographic distribution of Amblyomma varium, but its presence in that country was not supported by Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8AA1B7FDFE39.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8AA1B7FDFE39.taxon	discussion	Keirans et al. (1996 c) stated that morphological separation of the larvae of Amblyomma glauerti, Amblyomma limbatum and Amblyomma vikirri is difficult.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8911B1DEFDF1.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Ecuador (Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8959B6E7FD65.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Brazil (Lamattina et al. 2018, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8871B14AFBDD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Kyrgyzstan, 3) Tajikistan (Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2017, Zhang, Y. K. et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8871B14AFBDD.taxon	discussion	Chen et al. (2010) excluded China from the geographic distribution of Anomalohimalaya cricetuli, probably following Deng et al. (1999), who treated this name as a synonym of Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi. This synonymy was not accepted in Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2014) because no type comparisons were advanced to support the proposal. See also Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8F0DB15CFB09.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central) (Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8F0DB15CFB09.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) and Guglielmone et al. (2020) listed Anomalohimalaya lamai as an Oriental and Palearctic species, but no Oriental localities have been found within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8FC1B016F9E1.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Kyrgyzstan, 2) Tajikistan, 3) Uzbekistan (Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8FC1B016F9E1.taxon	discussion	The presence of Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi in Kyrgyzstan is based on Fedorova (2012). Chen et al. (2010) included China within the geographic distribution of Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi, probably because they accepted Deng et al. (1999), who considered Anomalohimalaya cricetuli, a tick found in China, a synonym of Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi. Zhang Y. K. et al. (2019) did not list Anomalohimalya lotozkyi as a Chinese tick, while Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) treated Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi and Anomalohimalaya cricetuli as Chinese ticks that are found in Xinjiang. Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi and Anomalohimalaya cricetuli are treated as different species here, and Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi is not regarded as a species occurring in China.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8DF5B063F881.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) New Zealand (Heath et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F29C729BABF8DF5B063F881.taxon	discussion	Most reports of Archaeocroton sphenodonti were published under the name Aponomma sphenodonti or Amblyomma sphenodonti, but a new genus was erected for this species by Barker & Burger (2018), and Archaeocroton sphenodonti may prove to be of importance in understanding the evolutionary history of the Ixodidae.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8BEDB036FE8D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Kaufman 1972, Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8BEDB036FE8D.taxon	discussion	Most records of Bothriocroton auruginans have been published under the name Aponomma auruginans.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8A5DB6A4FD65.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Beati et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8A5DB6A4FD65.taxon	discussion	Several records of Bothriocroton concolor have been published under the name Aponomma concolor. Kaufman (1972) listed Bothriocroton oudemansi as a synonym of Bothriocroton concolor (under the former genus Aponomma in both cases), and treated the latter species as present in the Australasian portion of Indonesia, but the representative of this genus there is Bothriocroton oudemansi (Keirans 1985 b, page 1199). Still, Santos Dias (1993 b, under Aponomma) and Burridge (2011) included Indonesia within the geographic range of Bothriocroton concolor, although there are no bona fide records of this tick from that country. Owen (2011) stated that Bothriocroton concolor or possibly Bothriocroton oudemansi is established in Papua New Guinea; in fact, Bothriocroton oudemansi is the species found in Papua New Guinea (Beati et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF89E5B015FCD9.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Beati et al. 2008). Several reports on Bothriocroton glebopalma have been published under the name Aponomma glebopalma.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8871B4AFFC69.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Beati et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8871B4AFFC69.taxon	discussion	Most records of Bothriocroton hydrosauri have been published under the name Aponomma hydrosauri. See also Bothriocroton tachyglossi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF88E1B654FB6D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 2) Papua New Guinea (Beati et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF88E1B654FB6D.taxon	discussion	Several records of Bothriocroton oudemansi have been published under the name Aponomma oudemansi, and this tick has been confused with Bothriocroton concolor (Beati et al. 2008). Camicas et al. (1998) treated Bothriocroton oudemansi as a synonym of Bothriocroton concolor (under the former genus Aponomma). See also Bothriocroton concolor.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8FFDB411FAB5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8FFDB411FAB5.taxon	discussion	Andrews et al. (2006) reinstated this species under the original name Aponomma tachyglossi, emphasizing that it had been extensively confused with Bothriocroton hydrosauri (under the former genus Aponomma). Beati et al. (2008) are not totally convinced that Bothriocroton tachyglossi differs from Bothriocroton hydrosauri, but it is treated as valid here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8E95B15AF881.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Beati et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F28C728BABF8E95B15AF881.taxon	discussion	Most records of Bothriocroton undatum have been published under the name Aponomma decorosum, and authors such as Kaufman (1972), Camicas et al. (1998) and Kolonin (2009) have regarded the latter name as valid, an opinion that is not shared here. Kaufman (1972) treated Acarus undatus (the original name for Bothriocroton undatum) in Fabricius (1775) as invalid. Neumann (1899) described the nymph of Aponomma decorosum under the heading “ Nymphe (Ixodes varani L. Koch), ” which is a synonym of Bothriocroton undatum in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Neumann (1899) listed one nymph of this tick found on an unknown host, collected on a Fiji island, a record treated as valid in Santos Dias (1993 b) but that requires confirmation. Schulze (1933 a) listed Aponomma undatum as having been collected from that part of Indonesia belonging to the Oriental Zoogeographic Region; however, Guglielmone et al. (2017) are unconvinced that the specimens described in Schulze (1933 a) correspond with bona fide Bothriocroton undatum. Consequently, Oriental Indonesia is not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF8BEDB6DCFF35.taxon	distribution	A fossil species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF8AA1B6BEFE61.taxon	discussion	A fossil species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF8975B403FC91.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Botswana, 3) Kenya, 4) Namibia, 5) South Africa (Apanaskevich et al. 2013 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF8975B403FC91.taxon	discussion	Several records of Cosmiomma hippopotamensis have been published under the genus names Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Hyalomma and Ixodes by various authors (Guglielmone & Nava 2014). Horak et al. (2018) stated that Cosmiomma hippopotamensis was described from specimens collected in South Africa in 1841, but this tick was never again collected in that country. These authors also believe that Cosmiomma hippopotamensis is now extinct in South Africa, and in other countries where it was once collected from rhinoceros and hippopotamus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF88C5B699FA0D.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA; Neotropical: 1) Guatemala, 2) Mexico (south) (Cooley 1938, Yunker et al. 1986, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura 1988, Guzmán Cornejo et al. 2016, Lindquist et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF88C5B699FA0D.taxon	discussion	Several records of Dermacentor albipictus have been published under the name Dermacentor nigrolineatus, a synonym of Dermacentor albipictus (Guglielmone & Nava 2014), but a name treated as valid by Camicas et al. (1998). Records of Dermacentor albipictus on the Korean Peninsula listed in Kishida (1936, under the name Dermacentor variegatus) and Nepal (Chhetri & Shrestha 2011) are treated here as misidentifications. Dermacentor albipictus has been introduced into different countries outside the Americas (Guglielmone et al. 2014), but this tick has not become established outside the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. Crosbie et al. (1998) published molecular evidence suggesting that more than one species may exist under the name Dermacentor albipictus, but Leo et al. (2010) found this evidence insufficient to support such an hypothesis. Even so, Montiel-Armendáriz et al. (2021) agreed with Crosbie et al. (1998).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF8ED8B15BF884.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Cooley 1938, Yunker et al. 1986, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF8ED8B15BF884.taxon	discussion	As in the case of the previous species, Dermacentor andersoni has been introduced into various countries outside the Nearctic Region (Guglielmone et al. 2014), but this tick has failed to establish itself elsewhere. Records of Dermacentor andersoni in Brazil (Barroso 1922, under the name Dermacentor venustus), Pakistan (Rafique et al. 2015, Ramzan et al. 2020 b, and others) and Nigeria (Ekanem et al. 2012, Yakubu et al. 2015) are treated here as misidentifications. There are also several reports of Dermacentor andersoni from the Nearctic and Neotropical parts of Mexico in Gordillo-Pérez et al. (2009) and Sosa-Gutiérrez et al. (2016), among others, but no bona fide evidence of the presence of this species in Mexico has been provided (Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021). Consequently, Mexico is not included within the range of Dermacentor andersoni.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF8C42B590F83A.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Keirans 1985 b)	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2FC72FBABF8C42B590F83A.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor asper is treated as a synonym of Dermacentor sinicus by Teng & Jiang (1991), Kolonin (2009) and others working with Chinese ticks, but it is regarded as a valid species in Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2015, 2020) and here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8BA5B71DFD49.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) Cambodia, 3) China (south), 4) India, 5) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 6) Laos, 7) Malaysia, 8) Myanmar, 9) Nepal (south and central), 10) Singapore, 11) Sri Lanka, 12) Thailand, 13) Vietnam (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1985 b, Kolonin 1995 b, Chen et al. 2010, Burridge 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Pun et al. 2018, Vongphayloth et al. 2018 b, Petney et al. 2019, Erieenor et al. 2021, Kwak et al. 2021)	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8BA5B71DFD49.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) noted that there are many confusing descriptions of Dermacentor auratus, but the description by Arthur (1960 a) is especially misleading because the specimens used by that author are of unknown origin. Additionally, Arthur’s (1960 a) study is unreliable because he treated all morphologically related taxa as synonyms of Dermacentor auratus. Dermacentor atrosignatus, described by Neumann (1906), was relegated to the synonymy of Dermacentor auratus following the study by Apanaskevich et al. (2021). Neumann (1906) was uncertain of the origin of the specimen used to describe Dermacentor atrosignatus but stated that it probably came from Australia, which is insufficient evidence to list this tick as Australasian. Yen et al. (2021) recorded Dermacentor auratus in Taiwan, a record that is treated here as needing verification.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8981B484FC69.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Laos, 4) Nepal (south and central), 5) Taiwan, 6) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich 2015 b, Kwak 2018, Vongphayloth et al. 2018 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8981B484FC69.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor bellulus was reinstated by Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2015 b); prior to this study, it was confused with Dermacentor taiwanensis. The presence of Dermacentor bellulus in China is not recognized by Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF88E1B41EFA99.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Chad (south), 4) Congo, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Equatorial Guinea, 7) Gabon, 8) Ghana, 9) Ivory Coast, 10) Liberia, 11) Mozambique, 12) Nigeria, 13) Sierra Leone, 14) South Sudan, 15) Tanzania, 16) Uganda (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Aeschlimann 1967, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Kolonin 2009, Pourrout et al. 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Kariuki et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF88E1B41EFA99.taxon	discussion	The above geographic distribution of Dermacentor circumguttatus is historical. The current range of this tick has surely been reduced because its principal hosts, elephants, have been exterminated in several African territories. The presence of Dermacentor circumguttatus in Chad is supported by data in Morel (2003), who used the name Amblyocentor circumguttatus, while the record from Equatorial Guinea is based on Keirans (1985 b). Ramzan et al. (2020 b) listed Dermacentor circumguttatus as a tick found in Pakistan, but this is almost certainly a misidentification.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8EB1B6EBF9C5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 3) Laos, 4) Malaysia, 5) Thailand, 6) Vietnam (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1984, Kolonin 1995 b, Sun & Xu 2013, Apanaskevich 2016, Vongphayloth et al. 2018 b, Erieenor et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8EB1B6EBF9C5.taxon	discussion	See also Dermacentor falsosteini and Dermacentor filippovae.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8D05B471F92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line) (Schulze 1933 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8D05B471F92D.taxon	discussion	The name Dermacentor confragus is treated as invalid in Keirans (1992), Horak et al. (2002) and Kolonin (2009), while Camicas et al. (1998) accepted this name under the spelling Dermacentor confractus, but the correct name for this species is, in fact, Dermacentor confragus, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2009), who reinstated this species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8C3DB4D6F881.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Belize, 2) Guatemala (Bequaert 1938, Yunker et al. 1986, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2EC72EBABF8C49B15DF811.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north); Neotropical: 1) El Salvador, 2) Guatemala, 3) Mexico (south), 5) Nicaragua (Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura 1988, D ̧ ttmann et al. 2016, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Romero et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8D05B746F8E5.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA; Palearctic: 1) Russia (Apanaskevich 2013 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8D05B746F8E5.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor kamshadalus was reinstated by Apanaskevich (2013), but Lindquist et al. (2016) and Schachat et al. (2018) treat this name as a synonym of Dermacentor albipictus, although Apanaskevich & Barker (2021) continue to strongly support the validity of Dermacentor kamshadalus. Tsapko (2020) suggested that the specimen of Dermacentor kamshadalus found in Russia is not part of an established population of this species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8BA5B05EFE61.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central) (Apanaskevich et al. 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8BA5B05EFE61.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor birulai was treated as a valid species in Filippova (1997, 2008) and Kolonin (2009) but regarded as a synonym of Dermacentor everestianus in Camicas et al. (1998), Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2014). Apanaskevich et al. (2014) confirmed that Dermacentor birulai is a synonym of Dermacentor everestianus. Another species, Dermacentor abaensis, was regarded as valid by most tick workers, but Apanaskevich et al. (2014) found that it too is a synonym of Dermacentor everestianus. However, Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) have continued to accept Dermacentor abaensis as a valid tick name.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8AE9B6B0FDAD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Thailand (Apanaskevich et al. 2021, Erieenor et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8AE9B6B0FDAD.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor falsosteini was confused with Dermacentor steini, but also with Dermacentor auratus and Dermacentor compactus prior to its description by Apanaskevich et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF89BDB691FCD9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Laos, 2) Thailand, 3) Vietnam (Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich 2015 c, Vongphayloth et al. 2018 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF89BDB691FCD9.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor filippovae was confused with Dermacentor auratus, Dermacentor compactus and Dermacentor limbooliati prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2015 c).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8871B428FB95.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Mexico (south) (Apanaskevich & Bermúdez 2013, Guzmán Cornejo et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8871B428FB95.taxon	discussion	Apanaskevich & Bermúdez (2013) stated that the figures of Dermacentor halli in Yunker et al. (1986) correspond to Dermacentor panamensis. Records of Dermacentor halli from Costa Rica, Guatemala and Panama were all reclassified as Dermacentor panamensis by Apanaskevich & Bermúdez (2013), confirming the view of Fairchild et al. (1966), who found morphological differences between Dermacentor halli specimens collected in Central America and those found in North America.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8FB5B7A4FAC1.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA (Yunker et al. 1986, Guzmán Cornejo et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8FB5B7A4FAC1.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Dermacentor hunteri as a tick found in the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, but no records from the latter region have been found.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8E09B587F9C5.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Colombia, 2) Costa Rica, 3) Guatemala, 4) Mexico (south), 5) Panama, 6) Venezuela (Fairchild et al. 1966, Crosbie et al. 1988, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2016, AcevedoGutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8E09B587F9C5.taxon	discussion	Bentley & Rodríguez (2001) listed a taxonomically suspect record of Dermacentor imitans from Honduras, and that country is therefore not included within this tick’s geographic distribution, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2DC72DBABF8C65B612F859.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Laos, 2) Thailand (Apanaskevich et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC72CBABF8BA5B5A7FE8D.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Costa Rica, 2) Panama (Fairchild et al. 1966, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC72CBABF8BA5B5A7FE8D.taxon	discussion	Cruz-Aldán et al. (2006) listed Dermacentor latus from southern Mexico, but Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2016) stated that the presence of this tick there needs confirmation, and Mexico (south) is excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC72CBABF8A5DB69AFE39.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Malaysia, 2) Vietnam (Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich 2015 a, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC72CBABF8A5DB69AFE39.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor limbooliati was confused with Dermacentor auratus, Dermacentor compactus and Dermacentor filippovae prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2015 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC72CBABF8911B017F9C5.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Albania, 3) Algeria, 4) Armenia, 5) Austria, 6) Azerbaijan, 7) Belarus, 8) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 9) Bulgaria, 10) China (north), 11) Croatia, 12) Czechia, 13) France, 14) Georgia, 15) Germany, 16) Greece, 17) Hungary, 18) Iran, 19) Italy, 20) Kazakhstan, 21) Kosovo, 22) Kyrgyzstan, 23) Lebanon, 24) Moldova, 25) Mongolia, 26) Montenegro, 27) Morocco, 28) North Macedonia, 29) Portugal, 30) Romania, 31) Russia, 32) Serbia, 33) Slovakia, 34) Slovenia, 35) Spain, 36) Switzerland, 37) Syria, 38) Tajikistan, 39) Tunisia, 40) Turkey, 41) Ukraine, 42) Uzbekistan (Feider 1965, Hoogstraal 1979, BaillyChoumara et al. 1980, Voltzit & L’vov 1986, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Filippova 1997, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Akimov & Nebogatkin 2011 a, Omeragic 2011, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Gheorghitsa et al. 2013, Sherifi et al. 2014, Hovhannisyan & Dilbaryan 2016, Rubel et al. 2016, 2021, Dabaja et al. 2017, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Fedorova 2017, Sherifi et al. 2017, Kadriaj et al. 2018, Nader et al. 2018, Černý, J. et al. 2019, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Pavlović et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Zhao et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC72CBABF8911B017F9C5.taxon	discussion	The Dermacentor marginatus species complex includes Dermacentor marginatus, Dermacentor niveus, Dermacentor nuttalli, Dermacentor silvarum and Dermacentor ushakovae. Filippova & Plaksina (2005) discussed the difficulties involved in morphologically separating the species in this complex, and Guglielmone et al. (2020) asserted that as yet undetermined species may be conspecific with Dermacentor marginatus, but the lack of type material for this tick conspires against resolving this problem. Morel (2003) presented an extensive list of records of Dermacentor marginatus, but many of these are thought to be the result of confusion with related species. As a consequence, the geographic limits of the distribution of Dermacentor marginatus are sometimes uncertain, especially in Palearctic Asia. Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) did not include northern Africa in their text description of the range of Dermacentor marginatus (page 281), but this tick’s presence there is shown in an accompanying figure. Jaenson et al. (1994) listed Lithuania within the range of Dermacentor marginatus, but no evidence of a permanent population of this tick was found during this analysis. Additionally, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda (2012) stated that Dermacentor marginatus is not established in Poland. We have therefore excluded both Lithuania and Poland from this species’ range. Records of Dermacentor marginatus from the Oriental Zoogeographic Region have been reported for Thailand by Temmamm et al. (2019) and for Pakistan by Ghosh et al. (2007) and Ramzan et al. (2020 a, b), but these require confirmation, and both countries are excluded from the geographic distribution of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC72CBABF8D05B462F970.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Kyrgyzstan, 3) Tajikistan (Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Fedorova 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC72CBABF8D05B462F970.taxon	discussion	Gao et al. (2022) found several specimens of Dermacentor pavlovskyi that had been identified as Dermacentor montanus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC723BABF8DD9B4C3FE44.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north) and USA; Neotropical: 1) Antigua and Barbuda, 2) Argentina, 3) Bahamas, 4) Barbados, 5) Belize, 6) Bolivia, 7) Brazil, 8) Colombia, 9) Costa Rica, 10) Cuba, 11) Dominica, 12) Dominican Republic, 13) Ecuador, 14) El Salvador, 15) French Guiana, 16) Grenada, 17) Guadeloupe, 18) Guatemala, 19) Guyana, 20) Haiti, 21) Honduras, 22) Jamaica, 23) Martinique, 24) Mexico (south), 25) Montserrat, 26) Nicaragua, 27) Panama, 28) Paraguay, 29) Peru, 30) Puerto Rico, 31) Saint Kitts and Nevis, 32) Saint Lucia, 33) Saint Martin, 34) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 35) Trinidad and Tobago, 36) United Kingdom Virgin Islands, 37) USA Virgin Islands, 38) Venezuela (Bishopp & Trembley 1945, Vergani 1956, Floch & Fauran 1958, Clarkson & Owen 1959, Fairchild et al. 1966, Morel 1966, Drummond et al. 1981, Garris & Scotland 1985, Keirans 1985 b, Yunker et al. 1986, Instituto Interamericano para la Cooperación en Agricultura 1988, Need et al. 1991, Alvarez et al. 2005, Guglielmone & Nava 2005, Labruna et al. 2005 c, Nava et al. 2007, Barros-Battesti et al. 2014, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, D ̧ ttmann et al. 2016, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2016, Nelson et al. 2017, Polsomboon et al. 2017, Binetruy et al. 2019. Guglielmone et al. 2021, Romero et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F2CC723BABF8DD9B4C3FE44.taxon	discussion	Several records of Dermacentor nitens have been published under the name Anocentor nitens and, to a lesser extent, Otocentor nitens.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F23C723BABF8A85B588F9C4.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) China (north), 3) Iran, 4) Kazakhstan, 5) Kyrgyzstan, 6) Mongolia, 7) Russia, 8) Tajikistan, 9) Turkey, 10) Turkmenistan, 11) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal 1973 a, Filippova 1997, Morel 2003, Filippova & Plaskina 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Fedorova 2012, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F23C723BABF8A85B588F9C4.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor niveus is a member of the Dermacentor marginatus species complex, and its validity has been the subject of controversy. Pomerantzev (1950) treated Dermacentor niveus as a synonym of Dermacentor daghestanicus, a view followed by other authors. However, Kolonin (2009) considered some redescriptions of Dermacentor niveus synonyms of Dermacentor daghestanicus, and regarded the original description of Dermacentor niveus as a synonym of Dermacentor marginatus, an opinion that Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) and several other authors have accepted. According to Camicas et al. (1998), Tekin et al. (2012) and some other workers, both Dermacentor daghestanicus and Dermacentor niveus are valid, while Keirans (1992) and Horak et al. (2002) listed Dermacentor niveus but not Dermacentor daghestanicus as a valid species. Filippova (1997) and Tsapko (2020) stated that Dermacentor daghestanicus is a synonym of Dermacentor niveus, a position accepted by Guglielmone & Nava (2014), Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) and here, although only provisionally. This rather chaotic situation extends to all species in the Dermacentor marginatus complex and largely exists because there is no comparative type material for Dermacentor marginatus. Until an acceptable neotype for Dermacentor marginatus is selected, and the tick population at the type locality is morphologically and molecularly defined, the validity of Dermacentor niveus and its congeners will remain a matter of speculation. Concerns about the validity of Dermacentor niveus have complicated efforts to determine this species’ geographic distribution. Thus, in Iran Moshaverinia et al. (2009) supported the conspecificity of Dermacentor niveus with Dermacentor marginatus, while Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) listed both species as valid but recommended further studies to determine the status of Dermacentor niveus. Kiefer et al. (2010) listed Dermacentor daghestanicus, with Dermacentor niveus as its synonym, as present in Mongolia along with Dermacentor marginatus, but Černý, J. et al. (2019), working in the same country, considered Dermacentor niveus a synonym of Dermacentor marginatus. In China, Zhao et al. (2021) used the name Dermacentor daghestanicus instead of Dermacentor niveus, while Chen et al. (2010) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) treated both Dermacentor niveus and Dermacentor marginatus as separate entities, but Zhang, G. et al. (2019) regarded Dermacentor niveus as a synonym of Dermacentor marginatus. A similar situation is seen in Kazakhstan, where Perfilyeva et al. (2020) treated Dermacentor niveus as a valid species, but Abdiyeva et al. (2020) listed that name as a synonym of Dermacentor marginatus. We have elected to provisionally include China (north), Iran, Kazakhstan and Mongolia within the range of Dermacentor niveus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F23C723BABF8D05B65DF859.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Mongolia, 3) Russia (Filippova 1997, Chen et al. 2010, Kiefer et al. 2010, Kulakova et al. 2014, Černý, J. et al. 2019, Tsapko 2020, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F23C723BABF8D05B65DF859.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor nuttalli is a member of the Dermacentor marginatus species complex and very close to another member of the complex, Dermacentor silvarum, with the result that morphological differentiation of these species is difficult. Authors such as Khasnatinov et al. (2016) and Bolotova et al. (2017) have referred to this tick as Dermacentor silvarum / Dermacentor nuttalli. Kolonin (2009), Burridge (2011) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) included Kazakhstan within the geographic distribution of Dermacentor nuttalli, but this was not recognized by Kulakova et al. (2014). Additionally, Abdiyeva et al. (2020) and Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not list Dermacentor nuttalli as present in Kazakhstan, and we have therefore provisionally excluded that country here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8BA5B68CFF19.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA (Furman & Loomis 1984, Yunker et al. 1986, Kolonin 2009, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8A31B688FE1C.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Costa Rica, 2) Guatemala, 3) Honduras, 4) Nicaragua, 5) Panama (Apanaskevich & Bermúdez 2013, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8A31B688FE1C.taxon	discussion	Fairchild et al. (1966) hypothesized that more than one species may exist under the name Dermacentor halli. This view was confirmed by Apanaskevich & Bermúdez (2013), who found that all records of Dermacentor halli from Central America correspond to a new species named Dermacentor panamensis, and that the figures of Dermacentor halli in Yunker et al. (1986) in fact depict Dermacentor panamensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8ACDB112FCF5.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA (Furman & Loomis 1984, Yunker et al. 1986, Kolonin 2009, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8ACDB112FCF5.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Dermacentor parumapertus as a Nearctic and Neotropical tick, but Guglielmone et al. (2003, 2014) and Guzmán-Cornejo et al. (2016) doubted the presence of this species in the Neotropics, since it is based on an unconfirmed record from Chiapas (southern Mexico). Moraru et al. (2018) listed the Chiapas record as valid, an opinion that is not shared here. Portugal et al. (2019) included Canada within the geographic distribution of Dermacentor parumapertus, but no records from Canada have been found to confirm this. Moraru et al. (2018) presented evidence that more than one species may exist under the name Dermacentor parumapertus, but this was not confirmed in a study conducted by Portugal et al. (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8855B6BCFC69.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Laos, 2) Thailand (Apanaskevich et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF88E1B434FB94.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Kazakhstan, 3) Kyrgyzstan, 4) Uzbekistan (Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Akramova et al. 2016, Fedorova 2017, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF88E1B434FB94.taxon	discussion	Gao et al. (2022) reclassified as Dermacentor pavlovskyi some specimens that had been identified as Dermacentor montanus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8FB5B17CFB25.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Russia (Filippova 1997).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8FB5B17CFB25.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) regarded the only known specimen of Dermacentor pomerantzevi, a female, as an aberrant form of Dermacentor, and Tsapko (2020) doubted the presence of this tick in Russia.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8E25B73EFA99.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Nepal (south and central) (Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8EB1B749F92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Armenia, 3) China (north), 4) Iran, 5) Pakistan (west), 6) Syria, 7) Tajikistan, 8) Turkey, 9) Turkmenistan (Dhanda et al. 1971, Hoogstraal 1973 a, Hoogstraal & Valdez 1980, Filippova 1983, Voltzit & L’vov 1986, Kolonin 2006, Apanaskevich 2013 b, Zhang, Y. K. et al. 2019, Orkun & Vatansever 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C722BABF8EB1B749F92D.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1983) stated that the holotype of Dermacentor raskemensis was collected in China. However, Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) did not recognize the presence of Dermacentor raskemensis in that country, although Zhang, Y. K. (2019) listed this tick as found there. Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) included Dermacentor raskemensis in their list of Iranian ticks, although they stated that additional studies are needed to confirm its presence in Iran. In our analysis, China (north) and Iran are provisionally included within the range of Dermacentor raskemensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C721BABF8C3DB4E0FDD5.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Armenia, 2) Austria, 3) Azerbaijan, 4) Belarus, 5) Belgium, 6) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7) Bulgaria, 8) China (north), 9) Croatia, 10) Czechia, 11) France, 12) Georgia, 13) Germany, 14) Great Britain, 15) Hungary, 16) Italy, 17) Kazakhstan, 18) Kosovo, 19) Latvia, 20) Lithuania, 21) Moldova, 22) Netherlands, 23) Poland, 24) Portugal, 25) Romania, 26) Russia, 27) Serbia, 28) Slovakia, 29) Slovenia, 30) Spain, 31) Switzerland, 32) Turkey, 33) Ukraine (Feider 1965, Filippova 1997, Martyn 1988, Cringoli et al. 2005, Nijhoj et al. 2007, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Akimov & Nebogatkin 2011 a, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Nowak-Chmura et al. 2012, Petney et al. 2012, F ö ldvári et al. 2016, Rubel et al. 2016, 2020, 2021, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Knap et al. 2019, Capligina et al. 2020, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Karbowiak et al. 2020, Pavlović et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Dwuznik-Szarek et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F22C721BABF8C3DB4E0FDD5.taxon	discussion	Many records of Dermacentor reticulatus have been published under the name Dermacentor pictus. Kjaer et al. (2019) investigated the supposed presence of Dermacentor reticulatus in Sweden, concluding that this tick is not established there. Later, Kjaer et al. (2021) considered it probable that this tick is established in Denmark, but its presence there has yet to be confirmed. We therefore provisionally exclude Sweden and Denmark from the geographic distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus. Usman et al. (2022) recorded this tick in Pakistan, but their diagnosis is based on studies that do not include Dermacentor reticulatus, and Pakistan is therefore excluded from this tick’s range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F21C721BABF8975B005FB94.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Chad (south), 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Eritrea, 6) Ethiopia, 7) Kenya, 8) Malawi, 9) Mozambique, 10) Namibia, 11) Somalia, 12) South Africa, 13) South Sudan, 14) Tanzania, 15) Uganda, 16) Zambia, 17) Zimbabwe (Morel & Graber 1961, Theiler 1962, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Morel 1980, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Keirans 1993, Kolonin 2009, Burridge 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F21C721BABF8975B005FB94.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor rhinocerinus has been confused with Amblyomma rhinocerotis and vice versa (Guglielmone & Nava 2014). The above geographic distribution of Dermacentor rhinocerinus is historical. The current range of this tick has surely been reduced because its principal hosts, rhinoceroses, have been exterminated in several African territories. The records of Dermacentor rhinocerinus from Chad and Ethiopia are based on Morel & Graber (1961) and Morel (1980), who referred to this tick as Amblycentor (lapsus for Amblyocentor) rhinocerinus. Burridge (2011) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) listed Cameroon within the geographic distribution of Dermacentor rhinocerinus, but during the present analysis no records from that country were found. Elbl & Anastos (1966 d) stated that records of Dermacentor rhinocerinus from Rwanda are unconfirmed, while the records of this species in Pakistan by Farooqi et al. (2017) and Ramzan et al. (2020 b) are regarded here as misidentifications.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F21C721BABF8FB5B12BF92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Kazakhstan, 3) Mongolia, 4) North Korea, 5) Russia (Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Kiefer et al. 2010, Černý, J. et al. 2019, Zhang G. 2019, Rubel et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Guo et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F21C721BABF8FB5B12BF92D.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor silvarum is a member of the Dermacentor marginatus species complex and is very similar to another member of the complex, Dermacentor nuttalli, rendering morphological differentiation of these species difficult. Authors such as Khasnatinov et al. (2016) and Bolotova et al. (2017) have referred to this tick as Dermacentor silvarum / Dermacentor nuttalli. Rubel et al. (2020) recognized the presence of Dermacentor silvarum in China (north), Mongolia and Russia, while Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not list this tick as found in Kazakhstan. Records of Dermacentor silvarum from Kazakhstan and also from North Korea are based on Filippova (1997) and Kolonin (2009) and are treated as provisionally valid here. The presence of this tick in the portion of southern China belonging to the Oriental Zoogeographic Region is based on Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al (2019), Guo et al. (2021) and Zhao et al. (2021), who listed Fujian and other southern provinces as being within the range of Dermacentor silvarum. These southernmost records are also considered provisionally valid here. However, additional studies are clearly needed to precisely determine the geographic distribution of Dermacentor silvarum. Hanafi-Bojd et al. (2021) and Ullah et al. (2022) listed Dermacentor silvarum as having been found in Iran and Pakistan (west), respectively, but its presence in those countries needs confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F21C721BABF8C3DB0E3F881.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: USA (Lado et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F21C721BABF8C3DB0E3F881.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor similis was confused with Dermacentor variabilis prior to its description by Lado et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F21C721BABF8C49B057F874.taxon	distribution	See also Dermacentor asper, which is treated by some authors as a synonym of Dermacentor sinicus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C720BABF8BA5B187FE38.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east to Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west to Wallace’s Line), 2) Laos, 3) Malaysia, 4) Philippines, 5) Thailand, 6) Vietnam (Wassef & Hoogstraal 1988, Kolonin 1995 b, Durden et al. 2008, Vongphayloth et al. 2018 b, Petney et al. 2019, Erieenor et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C720BABF8BA5B187FE38.taxon	discussion	Sun & Xu (2013) allegedly found Dermacentor steini in the portion of China belonging to the Oriental Zoogeographic Region, as well as in Vietnam, but Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2016) stated that the specimens analyzed by Sun & Xu (2013) are in fact Dermacentor tamokensis, and subsequent records of Dermacentor steini from southern China by Yuan et al. (2021) require confirmation. Neither Dermacentor steini nor Dermacentor tamokensis are listed as Chinese ticks in Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019), who ignored the papers by Sun & Xu (2013) and Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2016), but Dermacentor steini is listed as found in China in Zhao et al. (2021). In this analysis, China, but not Vietnam, is excluded from the range of Dermacentor steini.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C720BABF8911B0E4FC05.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Taiwan, 3) Vietnam (Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich 2015 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C720BABF8911B0E4FC05.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor taiwanensis was regarded as an Oriental and Palearctic species in Guglielmone et al. (2014), but this changed following the study of Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2015 b), who found that Dermacentor taiwanensis has been extensively confused with the reinstated species Dermacentor bellulus, and that several redescriptions under the former name depicted specimens of Dermacentor bellulus. Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2015 b) stated that adults of Dermacentor sp. from Japan in Keegan & Toshioka (1957) and Yamaguti et al. (1971) represent Dermacentor bellulus, and the nymph and larva of this species were described in Kitaoka & Suzuki (1981) under the name Dermacentor taiwanensis. Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2015 b) treated Japan as outside the range of Dermacentor taiwanensis, but Kwak (2018 b) continues to list this tick as present in Japan. The opinions of Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2015 b) are provisionally accepted here, pending reanalysis of Japanese ticks held in museums and molecular studies of new material collected in that country.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C720BABF88C5B619FBB1.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Laos, 4) Malaysia, 5) Vietnam (Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich 2016, Vongphayloth et al. 2018 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C720BABF88C5B619FBB1.taxon	discussion	Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2016) stated that specimens of Dermacentor steini from China and Vietnam, reported in Sun & Xu (2013), represent Dermacentor tamokensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C720BABF8F99B1B8F9B9.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east to Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west to Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Philippines, 4) Thailand (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1985 c, Parola et al. 2003, Durden et al. 2008, Petney et al. 2019, Apanaskevich et al. 2021, Erieenor et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C720BABF8F99B1B8F9B9.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor tricuspis was originally named Indocentor compactus tricuspis by Schulze (1933 b) and treated as a name incertae sedis in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). This name was reinstated by Apanaskevich et al. (2021) and currently refers to the species described by Wassef & Hoogstraal (1984) under the name Dermacentor atrosignatus, the former authors having found that the holotype of Dermacentor atrosignatus described by Neumann (1906) is a synonym of Dermacentor auratus. The specimens in Wassef & Hoogstraal (1984) are thus now treated as Dermacentor tricuspis by Apanaskevich et al. (2021), and studies concerning Dermacentor tricuspis also encompass prior research on Dermacentor atrosignatus carried out between 1985 and 2021, such as the works of Hoogstraal & Wassef (1985 c), Parola et al. (2003), Durden et al. (2008) and Petney et al. (2019). Ghosh et al. (2007) and others listed Dermacentor atrosignatus as an Indian tick, but its presence in India is apparently based on Rao et al. (1973). India is provisionally excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C727BABF8D91B1D4FF35.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Iran, 2) Kazakhstan, 3) Kyrgyzstan, 4) Mongolia, 5) Tajikistan, 6) Turkmenistan (Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F20C727BABF8D91B1D4FF35.taxon	discussion	Dermacentor ushakovae is another member of the Dermacentor marginatus species complex and its validity is not universally accepted. Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Dermacentor ushakovae as a synonym of Dermacentor niveus, while other workers have treated it as a synonym of Dermacentor marginatus. The geographic distribution of Dermacentor ushakovae is also disputed by several workers, such as Kiefer et al. (2010) and Černý, J. et al. (2019), who did not recognize its presence in Mongolia. Additionally, Dermacentor ushakovae is not listed by Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) as a tick found in Iran. The holotype of Dermacentor ushakovae was collected in Kazakhstan, but Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not include this tick in the ixodid fauna of that country. We provisionally include Iran, Kazakhstan and Mongolia within the range of Dermacentor ushakovae, but our analysis of this species’ geographic distribution should be considered tentative and subject to reassessment when the relationships among members of the Dermacentor marginatus complex are clarified.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F27C727BABF8A15B4D3FDD5.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA; Neotropical: Mexico (south) (Furman & Loomis 1984, Yunker et al. 1986, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2016, Lindquist et al. 2016, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F27C727BABF8A15B4D3FDD5.taxon	discussion	A record of Dermacentor variabilis from Guatemala in Alvarez-Robles et al. (2018) is excluded from the list above because it was based on references that do not contain information about this tick. Records of Dermacentor variabilis from Nigeria and Pakistan in Opara & Ezeh (2011) and Cheema et al. (1992), among others, are treated here as misidentifications.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F27C727BABF8981B13EFC69.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) China (south), 3) India, 4) Laos, 5) Myanmar, 6) Nepal (south and central), 7) Thailand, 8) Vietnam (Hoogstraal et al. 1971 c, Phan Trong 1977, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F27C727BABF8981B13EFC69.taxon	discussion	The presence of Haemaphysalis aborensis in Laos is based on Vongphayloth et al. (2016), who stated that specimens found in Laos are Haemaphysalis aborensis or a species close to it. Kim et al. (2016) found Haemaphysalis aborensis on migratory birds in South Korea; consequently, it is unclear whether this species is established there, and South Korea is excluded from its range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F27C727BABF88E1B002F9B9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Cameroon, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Eswatini, 5) Ethiopia, 6) Kenya, 7) South Africa, 8) South Sudan, 9) Tanzania, 10) Uganda, 11) Zambia, 12) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal & El Kammah 1972, Colbo 1973, Norval 1985 c, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F27C727BABF88E1B002F9B9.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal & El Kammah (1972) redescribed Haemaphysalis aciculifer and noted that it can be confused with Haemaphysalis rugosa. Morel (2003), whose research was based on information largely collected and referenced before Hoogstraal & El Kammah (1972), and Theiler (1962) included most of the countries named above but also Benin, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone (not in Theiler (1962 )) within the range of Haemaphysalis aciculifer, yet most of this information was ignored in Hoogstraal & El Kammah (1972). Perhaps the range of this tick is broader than currently recognized, but in the cases of Ghana and Senegal, Haemaphysalis aciculifer has been confused with Haemaphysalis rugosa (Hoogstraal & El Kammah 1972, Sylla et al. 2018), and those countries named by Morel (2003) and Theiler (1962) but not included in Hoogstraal & El Kammah (1972) are here provisionally excluded from the range of Haemaphysalis aciculifer. Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. (2004) listed the presence of Haemaphysalis aciculifer but not Haemaphysalis rugosa in Ghana, but this is treated here as an error, considering that the type locality for the latter name is in Ghana. Uilenberg et al. (2013) stated that no bona fide specimens of Haemaphysalis aciculifer have been collected in the Central African Republic. Nyabogo et al. (2021) included Burundi within the range of this tick, based on Kaiser et al. (1988), but the latter authors did not mention its presence there. Farooqi et al. (2017) and Ramzan et al. (2020 b) listed Haemaphysalis aciculifer as occurring in Pakistan, but its presence in that country is not supported here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F27C727BABF8D91B591F811.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Sri Lanka (Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F27C727BABF8D91B591F811.taxon	discussion	Keirans (1985 b) included Indonesia within the range of Haemaphysalis aculeata, noting that the lectotype of this species had been collected in “ Bodd, Indonesia (locality not verified). ” However, Lavarra (1904) stated that Haemaphysalis aculeata had been collected from “ Tragulus meminna Bodd. delle Indie orientali. ” In this case “ Bodd. ” is not an Indonesian locality but an abbreviation for “ Boddaert, ” probably referring to the description of Tragulus meminna on page 131 of Boddaert (1784); additionally, “ Indie orientali ” embraced a wider area than Indonesia at the beginning of the 20 th century. Indonesia is therefore not included within the range of Haemaphysalis aculeata.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8BA5B6A5FE8D.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Iraq, 2) Israel, 3) Lebanon, 4) Palestine (Saliba et al. 1990, Morel 2003, Keysary et al. 2011, Shubber et al. 2014, Ereqat et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8BA5B6A5FE8D.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) included Oman (Afrotropical Zoogeographic Region) within the distribution of Haemaphysalis adleri, based on Hoogstraal & Kim (1985), but its presence there was not confirmed in Papadopoulos et al. (1991). Oman is provisionally excluded from the range of Haemaphysalis adleri.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8A5DB1A0FDF1.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) India, 3) Nepal (south and central), 4) Sri Lanka, 5) Thailand, 6) Vietnam (Seneviratna 1965, Hoogstraal et al. 1967 b, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8A5DB1A0FDF1.taxon	discussion	The presence of Haemaphysalis anomala in Sri Lanka is based on a record from Seneviratna (1965), who referred to this tick as Haemaphysalis cornigera anomala. However, Haemaphysalis anomala is not included as a Sri Lankan species in Liyanaarachchi et al. (2015 a), and we provisionally include this country here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8959B12BFC4D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south) (Chen et al. 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8959B12BFC4D.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea as a synonym of Haemaphysalis shimoga, while Kolonin (2009) treated these names as synonyms of Haemaphysalis taiwana. Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2014) considered Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea valid, pending a decision concerning the positions of Camicas et al. (1998) and Kolonin (2009). However, the situation remains unchanged and Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea is treated as valid here. Zhao et al. (2021) did not list Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea as a Chinese tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF889DB4E7FC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8F29B492FA0D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Nepal (south and central); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central) (Hoogstraal & Mitchell 1971, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8F29B492FA0D.taxon	discussion	Phan Trong (1977) included Vietnam within the range of Haemaphysalis aponommoides, but this is not supported by other workers. Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) included Iran, Taiwan and Japan within the geographic range of Haemaphysalis aponommoides, based on Hoogstraal (1962 a). The presence of this tick in Iran is supported by a female specimen listed in Delpy (1938), but Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) excluded Haemaphysalis aponommoides from the Iranian tick fauna, while Robbins (2005) explained that supposed Taiwanese Haemaphysalis aponommoides were in fact Haemaphysalis kitaokai. Yamaguti et al. (1971) also noted that the alleged occurrence of Haemaphysais aponommoides in Japan (under the name Haemaphysalis inermis aponommoides) is not based on bona fide specimens. Therefore, Vietnam, Iran, Taiwan and Japan are not included within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis aponommoides.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8EDDB1CAF8C9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 3) Laos, 4) Malaysia, 5) Myanmar, 6) Taiwan, 7) Thailand, 8) Vietnam (Hoogstraal & Trapido 1966, Phan Trong 1977, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 1995 b, Robbins et al. 1997, Chen et al. 2010, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Petney et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8EDDB1CAF8C9.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal & Trapido (1966) redescribed the male and female of Haemaphysalis asiatica and described the alleged nymph and larva, but Saito et al. (1971) stated that the described preimagines belong to a different species. Phan Trong (1977) included Haemaphysalis asiatica and Haemaphysalis dentipalpis in his list of ticks from Vietnam, but the latter name is a synonym of the former name (Hoogstraal & Trapido 1966).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8C01B032F811.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Laos, 2) Malaysia, 3) Thailand, 4) Vietnam (Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F26C726BABF8C01B032F811.taxon	discussion	Petney et al. (2019) included Laos and Myanmar within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis atheruri, but while there are no records of this tick from Myanmar, two bona fide collections of this species were recently made in Laos (Khamsing Vongphayloth, Institut Pasteur du Laos, personal communication to R. G. Robbins).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF8BA5B7D4FE1D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace´s Line), 3) Papua New Guinea; Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line) (Roberts 1970, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Owen 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF8BA5B7D4FE1D.taxon	discussion	The presence of Haemaphysalis bancrofti in the Australasian portion of Indonesia is based on Krijgsman & Ponto (1932), who referred to this tick as Haemaphysalis novaeguineae, a preoccupied name that was renamed Haemaphysalis meraukensis by Taylor (1944) and Haemaphysalis krijgsmani by Kohls (1948 b). Haemaphysalis bancrofti, under the name Haemaphysalis novaeguineae Krijgsman & Ponto, 1932, was listed as a Vietnamese tick by Phan Trong (1977), but its presence there was not recognized by Kolonin (2009) and Petney et al. (2019), and this view is also accepted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF8ACDB02AFDF1.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Myanmar, 2) Taiwan, 3) Thailand, 4) Vietnam (Hoogstraal & Kohls 1965 b, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 2003, Robbins 2005, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF8959B4B5FD3D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace´s Line) (Hoogstraal et al. 1972 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF8959B4B5FD3D.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis bartelsi was treated as a small form of Haemaphysalis koningsbergeri prior to its redescription by Hoogstraal et al. (1972 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF882DB4B2FBF9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ethiopia, 2) Kenya, 3) South Sudan, 4) Uganda (Hoogstraal 1956 b, Theiler 1962, Walker 1974, Morel 1980, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Morel 2003, ElGhali & Hassan 2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF882DB4B2FBF9.taxon	discussion	Matthysse & Colbo (1987) included Tanzania within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis bequaerti, based on Yeoman & Walker (1967), but the latter authors did not cite this species as occurring in Tanzania. Cornet (1995) listed Haemaphysalis bequaerti as present in the Central African Republic, but Uilenberg et al. (2013) did not confirm its presence there. Accordingly, we exclude Tanzania and the Central African Republic from the range of Haemaphysalis bequaerti.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF8F51B621F9E1.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Myanmar, 4) Nepal (south and central), 5) Taiwan (Hoogstrral 1970 b, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Petney et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C725BABF8F51B621F9E1.taxon	discussion	Robbins (2005) doubted the occurrence of Haemaphysalis birmaniae in Taiwan because of the difficulties involved in correctly identifying this tick prior to the study of Hoogstraal (1970 b). However, Chen et al. (2010) and Zhao et al. (2021) included Taiwan within the range of Haemaphysalis birmaniae, and this species is provisionally considered to be present there. Phan Trong (1977) included Vietnam within the range of Haemaphysalis birmaniae, but its presence in Vietnam was not recognized in Kolonin (2009) and Petney et al. (2019). Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) and Petney et al. (2019) included Malaysia within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis birmaniae. Hoogstraal et al. (1965 a) stated that specimens of Haemaphysalis birmaniae from Malaysia listed in Kohls (1957 c) and Audy et al. (1960) correspond, in fact, to Haemaphysalis atheruri (as Haemaphysalis atherurus), and no subsequent bona fide records of Haemaphysalis birmaniae from Malaysia have been found.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C724BABF8D69B479FCF5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) Bhutan (south), 3) China (south), 4) India, 5) Malaysia, 6) Myanmar, 7) Nepal (south and central), 8) Pakistan (east), 9) Singapore, 10) Sri Lanka, 11) Thailand (Hoogstraal et al. 1968 b, Rahman & Mondal 1985, Keirans 1985 b, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Islam et al. 2006, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Karim et al. 2017, Pun et al. 2018, Namgyal et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F25C724BABF8D69B479FCF5.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis bispinosa as an Australasian and Oriental species, but Hoogstraal et al. (1968 b) found that Haemaphysalis bispinosa has been extensively confused with the reinstated Haemaphysalis longicornis in Australasia. Since then, Haemaphysalis bispinosa has been considered by most workers to be an Oriental species, where it has also been confused with Haemaphysalis intermedia and other Oriental ticks (Keirans 1985 b). Consequently, the limits of the range of this species are unclear. There are records of Haemaphysalis bispinosa from Singapore in Keirans (1985 b) and Tanskul & Inlao (1989), but Kwak (2018 c) did not recognize this tick as occurring in Singapore, which is provisionally included within its range. The situation in China is difficult to evaluate. Chen et al. (2010) and Zhang, Y. K. (2019) treated Haemaphysalis bispinosa as an Oriental tick found in southern China, but Zhang, G. et al. (2019) recorded its presence in both northern and southern China. However, Chen et al. (2015) evaluated alleged Haemaphysalis bispinosa collections made in 18 Chinese provinces, and all of them were reclassified as Haemaphysalis longicornis, leading Chen et al. (2015) to hypothesize that Haemaphysalis bispinosa is not present in China. Thereafter, Wang et al. (2020) found specimens of this tick in southern China, although their morphological and molecular support for a diagnosis of Haemaphysalis bispinosa is rather weak. Zhao et al. (2021) did not list Haemaphysalis bispinosa as a Chinese tick. We provisionally include southern China within the range of Haemaphysalis bispinosa. Keirans (1985 b) described several records of Haemaphysalis bispinosa collected on the island of Zanzibar, Tanzania (Afrotropical), mostly from cattle, during the beginning of the 20 th century, and at least one of these records was associated with cattle imported from India. No bona fide African records of Haemaphysalis bispinosa, apart from those in Keirans (1985 b), have subsequently been found, and this tick is not considered to be present in the Afrotropical Zoogeographic Region. Petney et al. (2019) included Japan within the range of this tick, but its presence in that country was not supported by Yamaguti et al. (1971) and Kwak (2018 b). Phan Trong (1977) listed Haemaphysalis bispinosa as a Vietnamese species, but its occurrence there was not recognized by Kolonin (2009) and Petney et al. (2019). Kamran et al. (2021) allegedly found Haemaphysalis bispinosa on horses in the Palearctic portion of Pakistan, but their records are treated here as unconfirmed and Pakistan is not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8855B4EAFC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ivory Coast, 2) Liberia (Apanaskevich & Tomlinson 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8855B4EAFC21.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis bochkovi was confused with Haemaphysalis spinulosa prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Tomlinson (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8F29B17FFBB0.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Malaysia (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8F29B17FFBB0.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis borneata was originally identified as Haemaphysalis aculeata, according to Hoogstraal (1971 d), but Keirans (1985 b) stated that it was confused with Haemaphysalis cornigera.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8F99B071FB09.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8FC1B4EAFAB5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burkina Faso (Apanaskevich & Tomlinson 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8FC1B4EAFAB5.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis burkinae was confused with Haemaphysalis spinulosa prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Tomlinson (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8E95B17FF9E1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Djibouti, 2) Ethiopia, 3) Kenya, 4) Somalia (Hoogstraal 1955, Theiler 1962, Pegram 1976, Walker 1974, Morel 2003, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8E95B17FF9E1.taxon	discussion	Nuttall & Warburton (1915) included Egypt within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis calcarata, but this was treated as an error by Hoogstraal (1955), a position also accepted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8D69B071F971.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Thailand (Hoogstraal et al. 1972 a, Hoogstraal & Wassef 1981 a, Tanskul & Inlao 1983, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8D69B071F971.taxon	discussion	Some records of Haemaphysalis calva have been published under the name Haemaphysalis calvus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8DD9B4E1F859.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Chad (south), 5) Ivory Coast, 6) Nigeria, 7) Senegal, 8) South Sudan (Tomlinson & Apanaskevich 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F24C724BABF8DD9B4E1F859.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis camicasi was confused with Haemaphysalis spinulosa prior to its description by Tomlinson & Apanaskevich (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8BA4B666FD48.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Mongolia, 4) North Korea, 5) South Korea (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Keirans & Brewster 1981, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8BA4B666FD48.taxon	discussion	Kiefer et al. (2010) and Černý, J. et al. (2019) did not list Haemaphysalis campanulata as a Mongolian tick, but this species was described by Warburton (1908) from specimens collected in Mongolia on “ Chinese dogs. ” Mongolia is tentatively included within the range of Haemaphysalis campanulata, because it is unclear whether the “ Chinese dogs ” carried “ Chinese ticks ” or were infested in Mongolia. Hoogstraal & Kim (1985) included an unidentified territory in the former Soviet Union within the distribution of Haemaphysalis campanulata, while Phan Trong (1977) listed this tick as present in Vietnam, a statement that requires confirmation. Tsai et al. (2012) claimed that Chen et al. (2010) included Taiwan within the range of Haemaphysalis campanulata, but Chen et al. (2010) did not list this tick as found in Taiwan. Additionally, Tsai et al. (2012) allegedly found Haemaphysalis campanulata on a bird in Taiwan, but their Table 2 shows this collection as having been made from a bat. We do not include Taiwan within the range of this tick. Kuo et al. (2017) also excluded Taiwan from the range of Haemaphysalis campanulata.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8980B741FBDC.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) China (south), 3) India, 4) Myanmar, 5) Nepal (south and central), 6) Pakistan (east), 7) Taiwan, 8) Thailand, 9) Vietnam (Hoogstraal 1971 a, Rahman & Mondal 1985, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 1995 b, Robbins 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8980B741FBDC.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis canestrinii as an Oriental species, but Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) considered some Chinese records of this tick to have been from the Palearctic Region. However, the presence of Haemaphysalis canestrinii in the Palearctic portion of China was not confirmed by Chen et al. (2010) or in subsequent studies by Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021), as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2015 and updates). Consequently, Haemaphysalis canestrinii is provisionally treated here as found outside the Palearctic Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8F0CB598FB6C.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Thailand (Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8F0CB598FB6C.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis capricornis was confused with Haemaphysalis hystricis prior to its description by Hoogstraal (1966 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8FFCB7E2FAFC.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Azerbaijan, 2) Georgia, 3) Iran, 4) Kyrgyzstan, 5) Russia, 6) Tajikistan, 7) Ukraine, 8) Uzbekistan (Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2012, Akramova et al. 2016, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8E6CB7B2FA50.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line) (Hoogstraal et al. 1973 b, Durden et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8EF1B460F889.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) USA (Cooley 1946, Kohls 1960 b, Lindquist et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73BBABF8EF1B460F889.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) stated that several records of Haemaphysalis chordeilis have been published under the name Haemaphysalis cinnabarina or Haemaphysalis cinnabarina punctata. Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis chordeilis as a Nearctic and Neotropical tick. There is an alleged Neotropical record of Haemaphysalis chordeilis (as chordeiles, a lapsus) in Beatty (1944), but in the opinion of Hoogstraal (1973 b) and Keirans & Restifo (1993), no bona fide specimens of this tick have been collected outside the Nearctic Region, a view that is endorsed here. Kolonin (2009) included Mexico within the range of Haemaphysalis chordeilis. There is a record of this tick from the Nearctic portion of Mexico in Hoffmann (1962), but it has not been confirmed; therefore, Mexico is provisionally excluded from the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis chordeilis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73ABABF8C5DB78FFE61.taxon	distribution	Neotropical: 1) Brazil (Hoogstraal 1973 b, Barros-Battesti et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3BC73ABABF8C5DB78FFE61.taxon	discussion	This tick is known from two specimens collected in Brazil about 175 years ago and described by Koch (1844 a); one specimen was named Haemaphysalis sanguinolenta, a synonym of Haemaphysalis cinnabarina, as discussed in Hoogstraal (1973 b). The name Haemaphysalis cinnabarina has been considered invalid by most tick workers, although some records of Haemaphysalis chordeilis have been published as Haemaphysalis cinnabarina. Hoogstraal (1973 b) reinstated this tick as a Neotropical species, an opinion supported by Barros-Battesti et al. (2008), but Keirans & Restifo (1993) and Kolonin (2009) continued to treat Haemaphysalis cinnabarina as a synonym of Haemaphysalis punctata. The position of Hoogstraal (1973 b) is provisionally supported in Guglielmone et al. (2021) and here. Reyne (1932) listed Haemaphysalis cinnabarina as present in Suriname, but this diagnosis is treated as a misidentification in Guglielmone et al. (2021) and here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC73ABABF8AE9B1DEFDAD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Laos, 3) Vietnam (Kolonin 1995 b, Chen et al. 2010, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Petney et al. 2019, Zhang, G. et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC73ABABF8AE9B1DEFDAD.taxon	discussion	Several reports of Haemaphysalis colasbelcouri have been published under the name Haemaphysalis vietnamensis, a synonym of Haemaphysalis colasbelcouri, as explained in Guglielmone et al. (2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC73ABABF89BDB763FCF5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC73ABABF89BDB763FCF5.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis colesbergensis was confused with Haemaphysalis leachi prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 c), and Horak et al. (2018) stated that both of these species as well as Haemaphysalis elliptica are very similar morphologically.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC73ABABF8855B6B3FAB5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south); Palearctic: 1) Armenia, 2) Austria, 3) Azerbaijan, 4) Belarus, 5) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6) Bulgaria, 7) China (north), 8) Croatia, 9) Czechia, 10) France, 11) Georgia, 12) Germany, 13) Greece, 14) Hungary, 15) Iran, 16) Italy, 17) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 18) Kazakhstan, 19) Kyrgyzstan, 20) Lithuania, 21) Moldova, 22) Mongolia, 23) North Korea, 24) Poland, 25) Romania, 26) Russia, 27) Serbia, 28) Slovakia, 29) South Korea, 30) Spain, 31) Turkey, 32) Ukraine, 33) Uzbekistan (Feider 1965, Nosek 1971, Yamaguti et al. 1971, Filippova 1997, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Rasulov 2007, Kiefer et al. 2010, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Fedorova 2017, Rubel et al. 2018, 2021, Černý, J. et al. 2019, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Zheng, G. et al. 2019, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Karbowiak et al. 2020, Paulauskas et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Li et al. 2022, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC73ABABF8855B6B3FAB5.taxon	discussion	Chen et al. (2010) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) did not include southern China within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis concinna, but such records are recognized in Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021), and China (south) is provisionally included within the range of this tick. The presence of this tick in North and South Korea is based on Yamaguti et al. (1971), while records from Uzbekistan appear in Rasulov (2007). Haemaphysalis concinna is provisionally considered present in all three of these countries.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC73ABABF8E95B675F9E1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa, 2) Zimbabwe (Norval 1985 c, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC73ABABF8E95B675F9E1.taxon	discussion	Several South African records of Haemaphysalis cooleyi in Theiler (1962) have been re-identified as Haemaphysalis hyracophila, as discussed in Horak et al. (2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC739BABF8D69B175FE39.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 3) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 4) Malaysia, 5) Myanmar, 6) Singapore, 7) Taiwan; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Keirans 1985 b, Durden et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Takano et al. 2014, Yamauchi & Hoshina 2018, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3AC739BABF8D69B175FE39.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) stated that difficulties attend the morphological identification of Haemaphysalis cornigera. Some records of Haemaphysalis cornigera from Japan have been published under the name Haemaphysalis ias, a species considered valid in Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2014), but Takada (1990) found that Haemaphysalis ias is in fact a synonym of Haemaphysalis cornigera. Camicas et al. (1998) excluded the Australasian Zoogeographic Region from the range of Haemaphysalis cornigera, but records from this region are treated as valid in Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) and here. The presence of this tick in Singapore is based on Neumann (1897), who described the female of Haemaphysalis cornigera from a specimen collected in Singapore; however, Kwak (2018 c) did not regard this tick as present there. Zhao et al. (2021) did not list Haemaphysalis cornigera as occurring in China, but that country is included within this species´ range here. Authors such as Kolonin (2009) restricted the geographic distribution of this tick to Indonesia and Malaysia, while other authors, e. g., Durden et al. (2008) and Petney et al. (2019), have included India within the range of Haemaphysalis cornigera. However, Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) did not list this species as an Indian tick, a view accepted here, and the Indian records of Haemaphysalis cornigera in Tilak et al. (2017) require confirmation. Phan Trong (1977) stated that Haemaphysalis cornigera occurs in Vietnam, but its presence there was not confirmed by Kolonin (1995 b). Tanskul et al. (1983) included Haemaphysalis cornigera as a tick found in Thailand, but Tanskul & Inlao (1989) stated that their specimens were in fact Haemaphysalis shimoga.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF8911B019FCD9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central), 3) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan (Hoogstraal 1973 a, Hoogstraal & Kim, 1985, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Karim et al. 2017, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF8911B019FCD9.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis cornupunctata as an Oriental tick, but it is also found in the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region. Hoogstraal & Kim (1985) included Nepal within the range of Haemaphysalis cornupunctata without providing the localities where this tick was found; therefore, its inclusion here as an Oriental species in Nepal is tentative.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF8871B714FC4D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Sri Lanka (Kolonin 2009, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF889DB155FC05.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Vietnam (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF88C5B4B1FA51.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) China (north) (Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Chen et al. 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF88C5B4B1FA51.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis danieli as an Oriental species, but this tick is also found in the Palearctic (Guglielmone et al. 2014). Some records of Haemaphysalis danieli have been published under the name Haemaphysalis xinjiangensis, described by Teng (1980 a), a synonym of Haemaphysalis danieli, as explained in Teng & Jiang (1991). However, Kolonin (2009) treated Haemaphysalis xinjiangensis and Haemaphysalis danieli as synonyms of Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae, while Camicas et al. (1998) and others have continued to treat these three names as valid, a view not supported here. Apparently, Zhao et al. (2021) support the opinion of Kolonin (2009) because both Haemaphysalis danieli and Haemaphysalis xinjiangensis are ignored in their list of Chinese ticks, while Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae is included as a Chinese species. Nevertheless, Haemaphysalis danieli is treated here as a species found in northern China.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF8EF9B119F8C9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Laos, 3) Myanmar, 4) Thailand (Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF8EF9B119F8C9.taxon	discussion	The holotype of Haemaphysalis darjeeling was originally identified as Haemaphysalis birmaniae. Kolonin (2009) treated the morphological redescription of Haemaphysalis darjeeling in Tanskul & Inlao (1989) as closer to that of Haemaphysalis quadriaculeata than to Haemaphysalis darjeeling. Vongphayloth et al. (2016) listed specimens found in Laos as Haemaphysalis darjeeling or a species close to it; therefore, Laos is provisionally considered to be within the range of this tick. Vongphayloth et al. (2016) included Nepal and Malaysia within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis darjeeling, but its presence in those countries could not be confirmed during this review.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF8C01B763F8BD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Myanmar (Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF8CADB1B0F811.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Mongolia (Kolonin 2009, Kiefer et al. 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F39C739BABF8CADB1B0F811.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis demidovae is not listed as a tick found in Mongolia by Černý, J. et al. (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F38C738BABF8BA5B64DFAC1.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Papua New Guinea; Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Laos, 4) Malaysia, 5) Myanmar, 6) Nepal (south and central), 7) Philippines, 8) Singapore, 9) Sri Lanka, 10) Taiwan, 11) Thailand, 12) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1973, Doube & Kemp 1979, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Kuo et al. 2017, Kwak 2018 c, Pun et al. 2018, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F38C738BABF8BA5B64DFAC1.taxon	discussion	Several records of Haemaphysalis doenitzi have been published under the name Haemaphysalis centropi, a synonym (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1973). The redescription of Haemaphysalis doenitzi by Hoogstraal & Wassef (1973) is entirely based on ticks from Singapore (type locality) and the Malay Peninsula, while specimens from other territories are treated under the subheading “ structural variation, ” implying that more than one species may exist under the name Haemaphysalis doenitzi. This hypothesis appeared to be confirmed after the description of Haemaphysalis phasiana by Saito et al. (1974), a species whose morphological separation from Haemaphysalis doenitzi is difficult. Both Haemaphysalis doenitzi and Haemaphysalis phasiana are treated here as valid, but authors such as Kolonin (2009) regarded Haemaphysalis phasiana as a synonym of Haemaphysalis doenitzi. The uncertainties involved in identifying these two species are clearly demonstrated on page 208 of Saito et al. ’ s (1974) original description of Haemaphysalis phasiana, where these authors state “ The taxon phasiana may possibly be a subspecies of doenitzi. ” A different opinion was expressed by Sames et al. (2008) when discussing the problem of separating Haemaphysalis doenitzi and Haemaphysalis phasiana, because these authors suspect that both species may be polymorphic, concluding “ We do not exclude the possibility that, within our current concept of species, both may be representatives of a complex or complexes of several closely related species. Consequently, a detailed taxonomic study of H. (O.) phasiana and H. (O.) doenitzi needs to be undertaken. ” The study proposed by Sames et al. (2008) has yet to be undertaken, and our picture of the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis doenitzi should be treated as provisional. The presence of Haemaphysalis doenitzi in Papua New Guinea is based on Hoogstraal & Wassef (1973), but Owen (2011) did not recognize this tick as occurring there, and Papua New Guinea is only tentatively included within its range. Kolonin (2009), Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) and Petney et al. (2019) described a broader range for Haemaphysalis doenitzi than that presented here. The presence of this tick in Tajikistan is based on Kolonin (2009), who treated Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi, a tick from Tajikistan, and the Japanese Haemaphysalis phasiana as synonyms of Haemaphysalis doenitzi, while this tick’s presence in South Korea is based on collections from migrating birds (Kim et al. 2016). Because the task of identifying Haemaphysalis doenitzi is difficult, the decision to exclude Japan, South Korea and Tajikistan from this species’ distribution should be considered tentative. Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) stated that the presence of Haemaphysalis doenitzi in Iran requires confirmation, and that country is not included within this species’ range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F38C738BABF8E09B6E6F971.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Eswatini, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Kenya, 5) Lesotho, 6) Malawi, 7) Mozambique, 8) Rwanda, 9) South Africa, 10) Tanzania, 11) Uganda, 12) Zambia, 13) Zimbabwe (Apanaskevich et al. 2007, Horak et al. 2018, Ledger et al. 2021, Mahlobo & Zishiri 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F38C738BABF8E09B6E6F971.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis elliptica has been widely confused with Haemaphysalis leachi, as discussed in Apanaskevich et al. (2007), who carefully studied the morphology and distribution of both Haemaphysalis elliptica and Haemaphysalis leachi. Horak et al. (2018) stated that Haemaphysalis colesbergensis is also very similar morphologically to Haemaphysalis elliptica and Haemaphysalis leachi. Horak et al. (2018) classified ticks collected in Botswana and Namibia as Haemaphysalis leachi / elliptica, and these countries are provisionally excluded from the range of Haemaphysalis elliptica. The presence of this tick in Nigeria and Ghana (Heylen et. al. 2021) also requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F38C738BABF8DD9B6E4F859.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Hoogstraal et al. 1974, Uilenberg et al. 1979, Burridge 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F38C738BABF8DD9B6E4F859.taxon	discussion	The female of Haemaphysalis elongata in Nuttall & Warburton (1915) represents, in fact, the first description of the female of Haemaphysalis tiptoni, and the male of Haemaphysalis elongata redescribed in the same publication does not belong to this species, as explained in Hoogstraal (1953 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8BA5B413FC4D.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Algeria, 3) Armenia, 4) Azerbaijan, 5) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6) Bulgaria, 7) China (north), 8) Croatia, 9) Egypt, 10) Georgia, 11) Greece, 12) Iran, 13) Iraq, 14) Israel, 15) Italy, 16) Jordan, 17) Kazakhstan, 18) Kyrgyzstan, 19) Libya, 20) Morocco, 21) North Macedonia, 22) Pakistan (west), 23) Palestine, 24) Romania, 25) Russia, 26) Saudi Arabia (north), 27) Syria, 28) Tajikistan, 29) Tunisia, 30) Turkey, 31) Turkmenistan, 32) Ukraine, 33) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1958 a, Hoogstraal 1973 a, Tovornik & Černý 1974, Saliba et al. 1990, Filippova 1997, Wassef et al. 1997, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Qablan et al. 2012, Hornok et al. 2016 c, Fedorova 2017, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Perveen et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8BA5B413FC4D.taxon	discussion	Some workers regard Haemaphysalis erinacei as a complex of several subspecies (Feldman-Muhsam 1956, Filippova et al. 1993), and a number of records of this species have been published under the name Haemaphysalis numidiana, which is one of the several synonyms of Haemaphysalis erinacei in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). The geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis erinacei should be considered provisional. The presence of Haemaphysalis erinacei in Bosnia and Herzegovina is based on Tovornik & Černý (1974), while records of this tick from Libya and North Macedonia are based on Morel (2003). Morel (2003) included Spain within the range of Haemaphysalis erinacei, but Spain is excluded here. Zhang et al. (2021) listed Haemaphysalis erinacei as found in Hainan in southern China (Oriental Region), a decision not supported by Zhao et al. (2021). The presence of Haemaphysalis erinacei in the Oriental Zoogeographic Region requires confirmation, and China (south) is not included within the range of this tick. Guglielmone et al. (2014) believe that more than one species exists under the name Haemaphysalis erinacei, and Hornok et al. (2016 c) found important molecular differences between populations of this tick from northern China and Romania.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF889DB6A2FC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Hoogstraal & Camicas 1977, Uilenberg et al. 1979, Apanaskevich & Goodman 2020 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8F29B030FB95.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Russia (Filippova 1997, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8F29B030FB95.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis filippovae is treated as an abnormal form of Haemaphysalis concinna in Kolonin (2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8FB5B799FA0D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Taiwan; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Russia, 4) South Korea (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Kitaoka & Suzuki 1974, Filippova 1997, Robbins 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Kim et al. 2011 a, Takano et al. 2014, Kuo et al. 2017, Tsapko 2020, Seo et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8FB5B799FA0D.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis flava is not found in India (Geevarghese & Mishra 2011). This tick has been confused with the Indian species Haemaphysalis indoflava, described by Dhanda & Bhat (1968 b). Nevertheless, Estrada-Peña & Jongejan (1999), Kassiri & Nasirian (2021) and Nasirian & Zahirnia (2021) listed Haemaphysalis flava as an Indian tick. Iqbal & Nawaz (2007) and Razman et al. (2020 b) allegedly found Haemaphysalis flava in Pakistan, but its presence there is probably based on a diagnostic error.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8EDDB015F8C9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Philippines, 4) Taiwan, 5) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Phan Trong 1977, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Yamauchi & Funakoshi 2000, Robbins 2005, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Kuo et al. 2017, Yamauchi & Hoshina 2018, Yamauchi et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8EDDB015F8C9.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis formosensis has mostly been recorded from migratory birds in South Korea (Kim et al. 2014, Chong et al. 2018), but it is uncertain whether this tick is established there, and South Korea is not included within the range of Haemaphysalis formosensis. Dhanda & Rao (1964) allegedly found Haemaphysalis formosensis in India, but Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) stated that this tick is not present in that country, a view accepted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8C01B411F8BD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Apanaskevich & Goodman 2020 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3FC73FBABF8CADB42DF811.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8BA5B40CFF19.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Apanaskevich & Goodman 2020 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8A31B1E7FE45.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central) (Dhanda et al. 1977, Chen et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018, Zhang, G. et al. 2019, Zhang, Y. K. et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8A31B1E7FE45.taxon	discussion	Zhao et al. (2021) did not list Haemaphysalis garhwalensis as being present in China.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8A85B7A5FDD5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south) (Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8A85B7A5FDD5.taxon	discussion	The holotype of Haemaphysalis goral was first described under the name Haemaphysalis neumanni, a synonym of Haemaphysalis longicornis in Keirans (1985 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8975B000FDAD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Vietnam (Kolonin 1995 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF89BDB4ABFC05.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Laos, 4) Myanmar, 5) Thailand, 6) Vietnam (Hoogstraal & Kohls 1968, Wilson 1970 a, Phan Trong 1977, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 2009, Sun & Xu 2016, Vongphayloth et al. 2016).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF89BDB4ABFC05.taxon	discussion	Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) did not recognize the presence of Haemaphysalis heinrichi in China, but Chinese records are based on Hoogstraal & Kim (1985), Sun & Xu (2016) and Zhao et al. (2021). India was not considered to be within the range of Haemaphysalis heinrichi by Geevarghese & Mishra (2011), but its presence in that country is based on Hoogstraal & Kim (1985). Hoogstraal & Kim (1985) defined Haemaphysalis heinrichi as a polytypic species, and more than one species may exist under this name.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF88C5B580FB25.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line) (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF88C5B580FB25.taxon	discussion	The type female of Haemaphysalis hirsuta was identified as Haemaphysalis papuana prior to its description by Hoogstraal et al. (1966 a). Kolonin (1995 b) stated that Vietnamese records of Haemaphysalis hirsuta in Phan Trong (1977) correspond, in fact, to Haemaphysalis obesa. Consequently, Vietnam is excluded from the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis hirsuta.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8E25B676FA99.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) France, 2) Portugal, 3) Spain (Hoogstrral & Morel 1970, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8EB1B70EF8BD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Botswana, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Cameroon, 6) Central African Republic, 7) Chad (south), 8) Congo, 9) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10) Ethiopia, 11) Gabon, 12) Gambia, 13) Ghana, 14) Guinea, 15) Guinea-Bissau, 16) Ivory Coast, 17) Kenya, 18) Liberia, 19) Malawi, 20) Mali (south), 21) Mozambique, 22) Nigeria, 23) Senegal, 24) Sierra Leone, 25) South Africa, 26) South Sudan, 27) Tanzania, 28) Uganda, 29) Zambia, 30) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Theiler 1962, Elbl & Anastos 1966 d, Aeschlimann 1967, Norval 1985 c, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Tandon 1991, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Burridge 2011, Pourrut et al. 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018, Sylla et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8EB1B70EF8BD.taxon	discussion	Santos Dias (1958 a) listed alleged specimens of Haemaphysalis hoodi from Madagascar, and Burridge (2011) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) included Madagascar within the range of this tick. However, Uilenberg et al. (1979) found the tick identification in Santos Dias (1958 a) to be erroneous. Burridge (2011) and Bailly-Choumara et al. (1980) listed a record of Haemaphysalis hoodi from Morocco (Palearctic Zoogeographic Region), but it is uncertain whether this tick is established there. Consequently, Madagascar and Morocco are not included within the range of this tick, a provisional decision.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3EC73EBABF8CADB105F875.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Philippines (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8BA5B406FED1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Apanaskevich & Tomlinson 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8BA5B406FED1.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis horaki was confused with Haemaphysalis spinulosa prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Tomlinson (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8A79B62FFD3D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burkina Faso, 2) Cameroon, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Chad (south), 5) Ethiopia, 6) Ghana, 7) Guinea, 8) Ivory Coast, 9) Kenya, 10) Mali (south), 11) Senegal, 12) South Sudan, 13) Uganda (Hoogstraal 1955, Morel & Magimel 1959, Walker 1974, Morel 1978, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Kolonin 2009, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sylla et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8A79B62FFD3D.taxon	discussion	The range of Haemaphysalis houyi may be broader than currently recognized because Morel (2003) included Benin, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Niger and Nigeria within the geographic distribution of this species. However, none of these countries are included in the range of this tick as defined by Kolonin (2009) and Sylla et al. (2018), and all are here provisionally excluded from the distribution of Haemaphysalis houyi. Theiler (1962) listed unconfirmed records of Haemaphysalis houyi from South Africa that were never reexamined, and Horak et al. (2018) did not list this tick as present in South Africa. Farooqi et al. (2017) and Ramzan et al. (2020 b) listed Haemaphysalis houyi from Pakistan, but these are most probably diagnostic errors.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF882DB02FFC91.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central), 3) Pakistan (east), 4) Vietnam (Dhanda 1964 a, Kolonin 2009, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF88B9B00EFB95.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Papua New Guinea (Roberts 1970, Owen 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF88B9B00EFB95.taxon	discussion	Ernieenor et al. (2017) allegedly found this tick in Malaysia, but molecular differences with bona fide specimens of Haemaphysalis humerosa indicate that the Malaysian specimens represent another species (Petney et al. 2019), and this country is excluded from its range. Egan et al. (2020) found that more than one species may exist under the name Haemaphysalis humerosa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8FB5B687FB09.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west), 2) Malaysia (Anastos 1950, Audy et al. 1960, Hoogstraal et al. 1972 a, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8FC1B49CFAB5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa, 2) Zimbabwe (Norval 1985 c, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8FC1B49CFAB5.taxon	discussion	Horak et al. (2018) found that several records of Haemaphysalis hyracophila in Theiler (1962) in fact represented Haemaphysalis cooleyi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8E95B466F859.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) East Timor, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 4) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 5) Laos, 6) Malaysia, 7) Myanmar, 8) Sri Lanka, 9) Taiwan, 10) Thailand 11) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Hoogstraal et al. 1965 c, Keirans 1985 b, Santos Dias 1988, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 1995 b, Robbins 2005, Durden et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Yamauchi et al. 2013, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Kuo et al. 2017, Petney et al. 2019, Azama et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3DC73DBABF8E95B466F859.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal et al. (1965 c) discussed the problems involved in morphologically identifying Haemaphysalis hystricis, including several descriptions of different species under this name (Guglielmone et al. 2020). Consequently, records published before 1965 were not included in our analysis. Camicas et al. (1998) treated Haemaphysalis hystricis as an Oriental and Palearctic species, but this tick has also been found in the Australasian Zoogeographic Region. The presence of Haemaphysalis hystricis in northern China is based on Keirans (1985 b), who recorded two female specimens collected in Shandong Province.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3CC73CBABF8BA4B14AFCF4.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Oman; Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central), 3) Pakistan (east), 4) Sri Lanka; Palearctic: 1) Iran (Hoogstraal 1970 a, 1980, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3CC73CBABF8BA4B14AFCF4.taxon	discussion	The geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis indica should be considered provisional, and records published prior to the redescription of this tick by Hoogstraal (1970 a) are not included in this analysis. However, Hoogstraal & Kim (1985) regarded Haemaphysalis indica as polytypic and treated its range as unusual. Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) did not regard localities outside India as being within the range of Haemaphysalis indica. Camicas et al. (1998) considered Haemaphysalis indica an exclusively Oriental species, but the Afrotropical and Palearctic Regions are here provisionally included within its range. Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) did not include Haemaphysalis indica in their list of Iranian ticks, and that country is only provisionally considered within this species’ range. Hoogstraal (1970 a) argued that all African records of Haemaphysalis indica are erroneous; nevertheless, Keirans (1985 b) reexamined six African specimens identified as Haemaphysalis leachi, five from Malawi and one from Sierra Leone, and in his opinion all of them corresponded to Haemaphysalis indica. These specimens should be further evaluated, but at this time Malawi and Sierra Leone are not included within the range of Haemaphysalis indica. Kolonin (2009) listed Haemaphysalis indica as found in Afghanistan, but its presence there is treated here as unconfirmed. Heath & Palma (2016) discovered that an alleged male of Haemaphysalis leachi found on an extinct New Zealand bird was in fact Haemaphysalis indica, although the specimen was not of New Zealand origin, having been contaminated in Europe when the bird skin was sent there for an exhibition.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3CC73CBABF8854B45EFBF8.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Kolonin 2009, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3CC73CBABF8854B45EFBF8.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis indoflava was confused with Haemaphysalis flava prior to its description by Dhanda & Bhat (1968 b). Phan Trong (1977) listed Haemaphysalis indoflava as a Vietnamese species, but its presence in Vietnam requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3CC73CBABF8F50B430F954.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Albania, 2) Armenia, 3) Austria, 4) Azerbaijan, 5) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6) Bulgaria, 7) Croatia, 8) Czechia, 9) France, 10) Georgia, 11) Greece, 12) Hungary, 13) Iran, 14) Italy, 15) Kosovo, 16) Moldova, 17) Montenegro, 18) North Macedonia, 19) Portugal, 20) Romania, 21) Russia, 22) Serbia, 23) Slovakia, 24) Spain, 25) Turkey, 26) Ukraine (Oswald 1939, Feider 1965, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Filippova 1997, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Sherifi et al. 2014, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3CC73CBABF8F50B430F954.taxon	discussion	The presence of Haemaphysalis inermis in Austria is based on Kolonin (2009) and Estrada-Peña et al. (2017). Haemaphysalis ambigua was described by Neumann (1906) and is considered to be a synonym of Haemaphysalis inermis; however, specimens of Haemaphysalis ambigua from Japan were later recognized to be Haemaphysalis kitaokai, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2020). Kolonin (2009) and Nowak-Chmura & Siuda (2012) did not recognize the presence of Haemaphysalis inermis in Poland, while Hillyard (1996) and Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) listed this tick as found there. We provisionally exclude Poland from the range of Haemaphysalis inermis. Several reports reference the presence of Haemaphysalis inermis in Taiwan (Oriental Region), but this tick is not thought to occur there by Robbins (2005), whose opinion is supported here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3CC73CBABF8D8DB020F835.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central), 3) Pakistan (east), 4) Sri Lanka (Hoogstraal 1971 b, Keirans 1985 b, Kolonin 2009, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F3CC73CBABF8D8DB020F835.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis intermedia was originally named Haemaphysalis parva in Neumann (1908 c), but this name was preoccupied by Haemaphysalis parva (Neumann, 1897), under the genus Dermacentor, and was later found to belong to Haemaphysalis by Morel (1963 a). Consequently, Haemaphysalis parva of Neumann (1908 c) was renamed Haemaphysalis intermedia, as explained in Hoogstraal & Trapido (1963 c). Hoogstraal (1971 b) included Nepal within the range of Haemaphysalis intermedia without providing the localities where this tick was found; therefore, its inclusion here as an Oriental species in Nepal is tentative.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8BA5B06CFDF1.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) North Korea, 4) Russia, 5) South Korea (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Kim et al. 2011 a, Takano et al. 2014, Tsapko 2020, Seo et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8BA5B06CFDF1.taxon	discussion	Several records of Haemaphysalis japonica have been published under the name Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi. The presence of this tick in North Korea is based on Yamaguti et al. (1971). Keirans (1985 b, page 1404) recorded a male of Haemaphysalis japonica allegedly collected in Myanmar, but this appears to be a typographical error because the specimen was apparently sent by a person working in Africa. Krishnamoorthy et al. (2021) recorded this tick in southern India, a record that requires verification. Myanmar and India are not included within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis japonica. Takano et al. (2014) found that sequences of the 16 S rDNA gene from Japanese populations of Haemaphysalis megaspinosa and Haemaphysalis japonica were similar and not suitable for separating these species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8959B4A9FB6D.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Belize, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) Ecuador, 8) French Guiana, 9) Guyana, 10) Mexico (south), 11) Panama, 12) Paraguay, 13) Peru, 14) Suriname, 15) Trinidad and Tobago, 16) Uruguay, 17) Venezuela (Kohls 1960 b, Fairchild et al. 1966, Jones et al. 1972, Varma 1973, Keirans 1985 b, Keirans & Restifo 1993, Venzal et al. 2003, Alvarez et al. 2005, Guglielmone & Nava 2005, Labruna et al. 2005 c, Nava et al. 2007, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Rodríguez-Vivas et al. 2016, Binetruy et al. 2019, Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8959B4A9FB6D.taxon	discussion	Several records of Haemaphysalis juxtakochi have been published under the name Haemaphysalis kochi Arag ã o, 1908 c, a preoccupied name, or Haemaphysalis kohlsi, a name proposed by Arag ã o & Fonseca (1951) but considered a synonym of Haemaphysalis juxtakochi. Camicas et al. (1998) treated Haemaphysalis juxtakochi as a Neotropical tick. In fact, the great majority of records are from specimens collected in the Neotropical Region, and its presence in northern Mexico (Kohls 1960 b) and the USA (Keirans & Restifo 1993) is based on a record from deer in each country. Consequently, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi is provisionally treated here as a Nearctic species. Molecular evidence in Thompson et al. (2020) indicates that more than one species may exist under the name Haemaphysalis juxtakochi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8FFDB17FFA99.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line) (Durden et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8FFDB17FFA99.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis kadarsani as an Oriental tick, but it has been found only in the Australasian Zoogeographic Region, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8EB1B7E4F971.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Pakistan (east) (Hoogstraal & McCarthy 1965, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Karim et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8EB1B7E4F971.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal and co-workers presented a confused picture of the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis kashmirensis. Hoogstraal & Kim (1985) included Afghanistan within the range of this tick based on Hoogstraal & McCarthy (1965), but that country was not listed in the cited paper. Later, Hoogstraal & Valdez (1980) recorded this tick from Iran, but the presence of Haemaphysalis kashmirensis there was ignored in Hoogstraal & Kim (1985). Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) listed Haemaphysalis kashmirensis as occurring in Iran but stated that additional studies are needed to confirm its presence there. Here, Afghanistan and Iran are not included within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis kashmirensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8DD9B0E9F875.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) India (Rahman & Mondal 1985, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F33C733BABF8DD9B0E9F875.taxon	discussion	Several records of Haemaphysalis kinneari have been published under the name Haemaphysalis papuana kinneari. Keirans (1985 b, page 1404) recorded a male of Haemaphysalis kinneari allegedly collected in Myanmar, but this appears to be a typographical error because the specimen was apparently sent by a person working in Africa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8BA5B773FE39.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Taiwan; Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Robbins 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Takano et al. 2014, Li et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8BA5B773FE39.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis kitaokai as a Palearctic species, but there are several records of this tick from the Oriental Zoogeographic Region. Haemaphysalis kitaokai was originally classified as Haemaphysalis ambigua by Neumann (1906), and there are additional records of this tick published under the names Haemaphysalis ambigua, Haemaphysalis inermis and Haemaphysalis inermis aponommoides, as explained in Yamaguti et al. (1971). Molecular analyses of populations of Haemaphysalis kitaokai by Li et al. (2018) indicate that more than one species may exist under this name.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8911B10CFD49.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Geevarghese & Mishra 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8911B10CFD49.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis knobigera lacks a sound morphological description and has been treated as provisionally valid in several studies, as explained in Guglielmone et al. (2020), a view also adopted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8981B02EFD3D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south) (Zhang, G. et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8981B02EFD3D.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis kolonini was not listed as a Chinese tick in Zhang, Y. K. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF882DB58EFC4D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Thailand, 4) Vietnam (Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Keirans 1985 b, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF889DB58EFBDD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Iran, 2) Tajikistan, 3) Turkey, 4) Turkmenistan (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1979, Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2007, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Orkun & Vatansever 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8F0DB0F3FB6D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Geevarghese & Mishra, 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8F0DB0F3FB6D.taxon	discussion	Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) described Haemaphysalis kumaonensis without following the rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and this species is therefore treated as provisionally valid here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8FFDB782F9E1.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Tajikistan (Filippova & Mukhammadkulov 1981, Hoogstraal & Wassef 1985 a, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8FFDB782F9E1.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis kutchensis as an Oriental species, and most records of established populations are Oriental. However, Filippova & Mukhammadkulov (1981) found this tick on an owl in Tajikistan, a collection that may have come from a local tick population or that may have been introduced by a migrating bird. If migrations were involved, then the route may have been intra-Palearctic, and we therefore provisionally treat Haemaphysalis kutchensis as a Palearctic species, but its permanent presence in Tajikistan is only tentatively accepted. Another record of Haemaphysalis kutchensis outside the Oriental Region is in Hoogstraal & Wassef (1985 a), based on specimens collected in Oman from a warbler that is not known to breed in the Afrotropical Region: Oman is therefore not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8D69B13BF955.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Sri Lanka (Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8DF5B059F92D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Roberts 1970, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8C3DB7F5F811.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) China (south), 3) Laos, 4) Malaysia, 5) Taiwan, 6) Thailand, 7) Vietnam (Hoogstraal et al. 1973 c, Phan Trong 1977, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 1995 b, Chen et al. 2010, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Chao et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F32C732BABF8C3DB7F5F811.taxon	discussion	Vongphayloth et al. (2016) recorded the presence of Haemaphysalis lagrangei or a species morphologically close to it in Laos, while Chao et al. (2019) found this tick in Taiwan. These countries are provisionally included within the range of Haemaphysalis lagrangei.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8BA5B119FF7D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Vietnam (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8BEDB761FE45.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Ethiopia, 5) Ghana, 6) Ivory Coast, 7) Kenya, 8) Nigeria, 9) South Sudan, 10) Uganda.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8BEDB761FE45.taxon	discussion	According to Apanaskevich & Tomlinson (2020), prior to its description, Haemaphysalis latitudinis was identified as Haemaphysalis spinulosa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8A85B6B0FC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Ethiopia, 7) Gabon, 8) Guinea, 9) Kenya, 10) Liberia, 11) Mali (south), 12) Nigeria, 13) Senegal, 14) South Sudan, 15) Tanzania, 16) Uganda, 17) Zambia, 18) Zimbabwe; Palearctic: 1) Egypt (Apanaskevich et al. 2007, Pourrout et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sylla et al. 2018, Kamani et al. 2019, Kartashov et al. 2021, Shekede et al. 2021, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8A85B6B0FC21.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis leachi is a species that is difficult to identify using morphological characters, and it has been confused with several related species since its description in 1826 (Apanaskevich et al. 2007, Horak et al. 2018, Guglielmone et al. 2020). The geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis leachi is mostly based on Apanaskevich et al. (2007), who studied this species and Haemaphysalis elliptica, a tick long confused with Haemaphysalis leachi. Apanaskevich et al. (2007) found that Haemaphysalis leachi is not established in South Africa, but Kassiri & Nasirian (2021) and Nasirian & Zahirnia (2021) have continued to list Haemaphysalis leachi as a South African tick. Horak et al. (2018) classified ticks collected in Botswana and Namibia as Haemaphysalis leachi / elliptica, and both of these countries are provisionally excluded from the range of Haemaphysalis leachi. Edouard et al. (2022) listed this tick as present in the Ivory Coast but based on a reference published prior to the study of Apanaskevich et al. (2007), and that country is provisionally excluded from the range of Haemaphysalis leachi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8F29B58EFB95.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Durden et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8FB5B594FA28.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Canada, 2) Mexico (north), 3) USA; Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Aruba, 3) Bolivia, 4) Brazil, 5) Colombia, 6) Costa Rica, 7) Curaç ã o, 8) Guatemala, 9) Mexico (south), 10) Panama. 11) Paraguay, 12) Peru, 13) Saint Martin, 14) Venezuela (Fairchild et al. 1966, Kohls 1960 b, 1969 c, Jones et al. 1972, Alvarez et al. 2005, Guglielmone & Nava 2005, Nava et al. 2007, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Lindquist et al. 2016, Rodríguez et al. 2020, Guglielmone et al. 2021, Ramírez et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8FB5B594FA28.taxon	discussion	Records of Haemaphysalis leporispalustris from South Korea (Han et al. 2009, Sutor et al. 2014), Pakistan (Khattak et al. 2012) and Nigeria (Isaac et al. 2019) are regarded here as misidentifications. Miller et al. (2016) and Thompson et al. (2020) found molecular evidence suggesting that more than one species may exist under the name Haemaphysalis leporispalustris in the Neotropical and Nearctic Zoogeographic Regions.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C731BABF8D21B113F9E1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ethiopia (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C730BABF8D69B1F7FDAD.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Fiji, 3) New Caledonia, 4) New Zealand, 5) Papua New Guinea, 6) Vanuatu; Nearctic: 1) USA; Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 3) North Korea, 4) Russia, 5) South Korea; remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Islands (central) in Samoa and Tonga (Hoogstraal et al. 1968 b, Yamaguti et al. 1971, Filippova 1997, Burridge 2011, Heath et al. 2011, Kim et al. 2011 a, Matsumoto et al. 2011, Owen 2011, Chen et al. 2015, Kang et al. 2016, Rainey et al. 2018, Egizi et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Seo et al. 2021 ,, Li et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F31C730BABF8D69B1F7FDAD.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis longicornis has been confused with several congeners, but confusion with Haemaphysalis bispinosa is of special relevance. Hoogstraal et al. (1968 b) reviewed this problem, redescribed Haemaphysalis longicornis, and recorded its hosts and geographic distribution. Consequently, papers published prior to Hoogstraal et al. (1968 b) have not been evaluated here. Yamaguti et al. (1971) reported a reference citing the presence of Haemaphysalis longicornis in the Japanese Ryukyu Islands (Oriental Region) but treated that record as unsound. The presence of Haemaphysalis longicornis in the Ryukyu Islands is based here on Matsumoto et al. (2011). Haemaphysalis longicornis is treated as a Taiwanese tick by Chen et al. (2010) and Zhang, K. Y. et al. 2019, but Taiwan is not included within the range of this tick by Chen et al. (2015), who studied 18 populations from northern and southern China. Takhampunya et al. (2021) allegedly found Haemaphysalis longicornis in Thailand, but references cited by these authors to identify tick species are not useful for the diagnosis of this tick, and the same conditions apply to the South African records of Haemaphysalis longicornis published by Iweriebor et al. (2022). Here, Taiwan, Thailand and South Africa are provisionally excluded from the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis longicornis. Keirans (1985 b, page 883) stated that a female of Haemaphysalis hystricis collected in Malaysia was in fact a specimen of Haemaphysalis longicornis, a statement that requires additional evaluation. Nevertheless, the unconfirmed records here may indicate that Haemaphysalis longicornis is more common in the Oriental Zoogeographic Region than currently realized. Ali et al. (2019) and Elom et al. (2020) recorded the presence of Haemaphysalis longicornis in Pakistan and Nigeria, respectively, but these records need confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF89BDB4FFFD3D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Philippines (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF89BDB4FFFD3D.taxon	discussion	Phan Trong (1977) listed Haemaphysalis luzonensis as a tick found in Vietnam, but its presence in that country requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF882DB4C3FC91.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF88B9B787FBF9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Taiwan, 4) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Hoogstraal & Santana 1974, Phan Trong 1977, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Kolonin 1995 b, Robbins 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Takano et al. 2014, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF88B9B787FBF9.taxon	discussion	Phan Trong (1977) collected this species in Vietnam under the name Haemaphysalis bamunensis, a synonym of Haemaphysalis mageshimaensis in Kolonin (1995 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF8F51B7D2FAFD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 3) Thailand (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1973, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Kwak 2018 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF8F51B7D2FAFD.taxon	discussion	Sun et al. (2012) recorded Haemaphysalis megalaimae in China, but Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) did not recognize its presence there, and China is provisionally excluded from the range of this tick until this discordance is settled.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF8E6DB025F9E1.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Takada et al. 1998, Chen et al. 2010, Iwakami et al. 2014, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF8E6DB025F9E1.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis megaspinosa as an Oriental and Palearctic species, but no Oriental localities have been found for this species. Takano et al. (2014) found that sequences of the 16 S rDNA gene from Japanese populations of Haemaphysalis megaspinosa and Haemaphysalis japonica are similar and therefore unsuitable for separating these species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF8D69B7A5F92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south) (Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF8D69B7A5F92D.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) did not include Haemaphysalis menglaensis in their lists of ticks of the world and ticks of China, respectively.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF8C3DB01EF881.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central), 3) Sri Lanka (Seneviratna 1965, Hoogstraal & Wassef 1973, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Kolonin 2009, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F30C730BABF8C49B4E7F875.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west), 2) Malaysia (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1982, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8BA5B425FE8D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Nepal (south and central), 4) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Pakistan (west) (Hoogstraal et al. 1966 a, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Karim et al. 2017, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8BA5B425FE8D.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) did not recognize the presence of Haemaphysalis montgomeryi in the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8A5DB58EFDD5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burkina Faso, 2) Cameroon, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Ethiopia, 6) Gabon, 7) Ivory Coast, 8) Kenya, 9) Liberia, 10) Mali (south), 11) Senegal, 12) South Sudan, 13) Tanzania, 14) Uganda, 15) Zambia (Camicas et al. 1972, Morel 1980, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Kolonin 2009, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sylla et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8975B64BFD01.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south); Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8975B64BFD01.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis moschisuga as a Palearctic species, but there are records of this tick from southern China, which is within the Oriental Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF89C9B7DBFBB1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Kenya, 3) Mozambique, 4) South Africa, 5) Tanzania, 6) Zimbabwe (Tomlinson et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF89C9B7DBFBB1.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis muhsamae has proved to be an elusive species, difficult to identify with certainty and considered provisionally valid in Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2014). Our review of Haemaphysalis muhsamae is based on Tomlinson et al. (2018), who validated this species, redescribed the male and female, and designated a neotype. These authors stated that redescriptions of Haemaphysalis muhsamae, most of them under the name Haemaphysalis leachi muhsami, in Hoogstraal (1956 a) and others, are based on doubtful material. Tomlinson et al. (2018) also found that many specimens of Haemaphysalis muhsamae in collections were catalogued as Haemaphysalis spinulosa. Ngoy et al. (2021) found an alleged specimen of Haemaphysalis muhsamae in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but this diagnosis requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8F99B607F9C5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west), 2) Malaysia, 3) Philippines, 4) Singapore, 5) Thailand (Hoogstraal et al. 1965 b, 1972 a, Wilson 1969, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kwak 2018 c).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8F99B607F9C5.taxon	discussion	Many records of Haemaphysalis nadchatrami have been published under the name Haemaphysalis papuana nadchatrami, a tick that was confused with Haemaphysalis hystricis and Haemaphysalis semermis prior to its description by Hoogstraal et al. (1965 b). The presence of Haemaphysalis nadchatrami in Singapore was overlooked in Kolonin (2009) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018). According to Hoogstraal et al. (1965 b), a record of this species from Myanmar is questionable, and this country is not included within the range of Haemaphysalis nadchatrami.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8D05B5BEF8C9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Nepal (south and central); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central) (Dhanda 1964 b, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8D05B5BEF8C9.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Haemaphysalis nepalensis as found only in the Oriental Zoogeographic Region, although Zhao et al. (2021) did not recognize its presence in southern China, which lies within the Oriental Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8C01B4E7F8BD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F37C737BABF8CADB58EF811.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Zimbabwe (Norval 1985 c, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8BA4B168FE8C.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Papua New Guinea (Hoogstraal 1982, Kolonin 2009, Owen 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8BA4B168FE8C.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Haemaphysalis novaeguineae as an Australasian and Oriental species, while Hoogstraal & Kim (1985) hypothesized that this tick might occur in the Oriental Zoogeographic Region, although no records of Haemaphysalis novaeguineae from that region have been found.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8A5CB4D9FE1C.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) India, 3) Malaysia, 4) Thailand, 5) Vietnam (Hoogstraal et al. 1971 a, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 1995 b, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8ACCB64EFCD9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar, 2) Réunion (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8ACCB64EFCD9.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis obtusa was described from several males collected on Réunion. Uilenberg et al. (1979) stated that Haemaphysalis obtusa is found on that island, but Barré & Morel (1983) maintained that its presence there is a consequence of importation from Madagascar and that this tick is not established there. We include Réunion within the range of Haemaphysalis obtusa. Uilenberg et al. (1979) found morphological differences among specimens of Haemaphysalis obtusa, suggesting that more than one species may exist under this name.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8870B48DFC04.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Sudan (Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 c).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8870B48DFC04.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis oliveri was included within the Haemaphysalis leachi group prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 c).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF88C4B74DFBB0.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Malawi, 2) Mozambique, 3) Tanzania, 4) Uganda, 5) Zambia (Hoogstraal 1956 b, Theiler 1962, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Tandon 1991).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF88C4B74DFBB0.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) included Zimbabwe within the range of Haemaphysalis orientalis, but no records of this tick from that country have been found.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8F98B755F9E0.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Laos, 4) Myanmar, 5) Nepal (south and central), 6) Philippines, 7) Taiwan, 8) Thailand, 9) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1973, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Robbins 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Kuo et al. 2017, Petney et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8F98B755F9E0.taxon	discussion	The presence of Haemaphysalis ornithophila in Vietnam is based on Phan Trong (1977), who discussed this tick under the name Haemaphysalis bacthaiensis, a synonym (Kolonin 1995 b). Hoogstraal & Kim (1985) included Nepal within the range of Haemaphysalis ornithophila without providing the localities where this tick was found; therefore, its inclusion here as an Oriental species in Nepal is tentative. The presence of Haemaphysalis ornithophila in Russia and South Korea is based on records from migrating birds infested elsewhere (Tsapko 2020, Kim et al 2009, Chong et al. 2018); consequently, these countries are not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8D67B1FEF9A3.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Philippines (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8DAFB182F837.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 2) Papua New Guinea; Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 3) Malaysia, 4) Thailand, 5) Vietnam (Trapido et al. 1964 a, Phan Trong 1977, Hoogstraal 1982, Keirans 1985 b, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 2009, Owen 2011, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F36C736BABF8DAFB182F837.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis papuana was difficult to identify prior to its redescription by Trapido et al. (1964 a), and records published before 1964 are not analyzed here. Records of Haemaphysalis papuana from Australia, “ Caucasia, ” North Korea and India are erroneous (Trapido et al. 1964 a, Yamaguti et al. 1971). The Philippines is included within the range of Haemaphysalis papuana by Durden et al. (2008), based on Trapido et al. (1964 a), but all supposed Philippines records of this tick in the latter paper were subsequently identified as Haemaphysalis susphilippensis by Hoogstraal et al. (1968 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8BA5B0F8FE61.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Burundi, 4) Cameroon, 5) Central African Republic, 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Ethiopia, 8) Gabon, 9) Guinea, 10) Ivory Coast, 11) Kenya, 12) Liberia, 13) Mali (south), 14) Nigeria, 15) Rwanda, 16) Sierra Leone, 17) South Sudan, 18) Tanzania, 19) Uganda, 20) Zambia (Matthysse & Colbo 1987, El Kammah et al. 1992, Pourrut et al. 2011, Mediannikov et al. 2012 a, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Kamani et al. 2019, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8BA5B0F8FE61.taxon	discussion	Most specimens of Haemaphysalis paraleachi were identified as belonging to the Haemaphysalis leachi group prior to its description by Camicas et al. (1983), as discussed in El Kammah et al. (1992). The presence of Haemaphysalis paraleachi in South Sudan was not recognized by ElGhali & Hassam (2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8AE9B458FD49.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Geevarghese & Mishra 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8AE9B458FD49.taxon	discussion	Several records of Haemaphysalis paraturturis were published as Haemaphysalis bispinosa intermedia, a synonym of Haemaphysalis intermedia, in Nuttall & Warburton (1915) and Sharif (1928), as discussed in Hoogstraal et al. (1963 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8981B070FC69.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Cameroon, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Congo, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Equatorial Guinea, 7) Ethiopia, 8) Gabon, 9) Ghana, 10) Guinea, 11) Ivory Coast, 12) Kenya, 13) Liberia, 14) Mozambique, 15) Nigeria, 16) Rwanda, 17) Sierra Leone, 18) South Africa, 19) South Sudan, 20) Tanzania, 21) Uganda (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Theiler 1962, Elbl & Anastos 1966 d, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Morel 2003, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8981B070FC69.taxon	discussion	The record of Haemaphysalis parmata in Pakistan (Farooqi et al. 2017) is not treated as valid here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF88E1B587FAB5.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Armenia, 2) Azerbaijan, 3) Bulgaria, 4) Croatia, 5) Egypt, 6) Georgia, 7) Greece, 8) Hungary, 9) Iran, 10) Iraq, 11) Israel, 12) Italy, 13) Jordan, 14) Lebanon, 15) Libya, 16) Moldova, 17) North Macedonia, 18) Palestine, 19) Romania, 20) Russia, 21) Serbia, 22) Slovenia, 23) Syria, 24) Tajikistan, 25) Turkmenistan, 26) Turkey, 27) Ukraine (Feider 1965, K ö hler et al. 1967, Saliba et al. 1990, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Filippova 1997, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Keysary et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Mihalca et al. 2012, Ereqat et al. 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF88E1B587FAB5.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis parva was described under the name Dermacentor parvus by Neumann (1897), but Morel (1963 a) found that this species belongs to the genus Haemaphysalis. Many records of Haemaphysalis parva were published under the name Haemaphysalis otophila, described by Schulze (1919), a name considered to be a synonym of Haemaphysalis parva by Morel (1963 a), although this synonymy was questioned by Guglielmone et al. (2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8E95B7E0F8C9.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Kyrgyzstan, 2) Tajikistan (Filippova 1997, Fedorova 2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8E95B7E0F8C9.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal & Wassef (1973) considered it probable that Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi is a synonym of Haemaphysalis doenitzi, while Camicas et al. (1998) and Kolonin (2009) listed Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi as a synonym of Haemaphysalis doenitzi. Nevertheless, Hoogstraal & Kim (1985), Filippova (1997) and Guglielmone et al. (2009, 2014, 2020) treated Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi as valid, a view also accepted here. Fedorova (2012) listed Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi as being found in Kyrgyzstan, and this country is provisionally included within the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi. Hoogstraal et al. (1963 a) collected Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi on migrating birds captured in Egypt, but this tick is not considered to be established there.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8C01B0FFF875.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa, 2) Zimbabwe (Norval 1985 c, Horak et al. 2018)	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F35C735BABF8C01B0FFF875.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis pedetes was first described as Haemaphysalis cooleyi, and later as Haemaphysalis numidiana, a synonym of Haemaphysalis erinacei, as explained in Hoogstraal (1972) when describing Haemaphysalis pedetes.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8BA5B79BFED1.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands) (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Takano et al. 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8BA5B79BFED1.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) regarded Haemaphysalis pentalagi as an Oriental and Palearctic species, but no records of this tick have been found for the Palearctic Region.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8A79B58EFE45.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia (Hoogstraal & Wassef 1973, Barker et al. 2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8A85B4BAFC91.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Taiwan; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryuku Islands), 2) Russia, 3) South Korea, 4) Turkmenistan (Saito et al. 1974, Bolotin 1982, Sames et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Zhang, G. et al. 2019, Zhang K. Y. et al. 2019, Tsapko et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8A85B4BAFC91.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) treated Haemaphysalis phasiana as a synonym of Haemaphysalis doenitzi, but other workers have regarded this tick as valid, although recognizing that morphological separation of both species is difficult, while Sames et al. (2008) hypothesized that more than one taxon may exist under the name Haemaphysalis phasiana. See also Haemaphysalis doenitzi, where this problem is further discussed. Saito et al. (1974) regarded their diagnosis of a specimen of Haemaphysalis phasiana from Turkmenistan as tentative, while the presence of this tick in Taiwan is uncertain (Saito et al. 1974, Robbins 2005, Kuo et al. 2017); consequently, both Taiwan and Turkmenistan are provisionally included within the range of Haemaphysalis phasiana. Zhao et al. (2021) did not list Haemaphysalis phasiana as present in China, but we include that country within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF88B9B64FFAFD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Georgia, 3) Kyrgyzstan, 4) Mongolia, 5) Russia, 6) Tajikistan, 7) Turkey (Hoogstraal 1966 b, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Voltzit & L’vov 1986, Kiefer et al. 2010, Bursali et al. 2012, Fedorova 2017, Černý, J. et al. 2019, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF88B9B64FFAFD.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae has been widely confused with Haemaphysalis warburtoni, as discussed in Hoogstraal (1966 b). Kolonin (2009) treated Haemaphysalis danieli as a synonym of Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae, an opinion not shared here. Chen et al. (2011), Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) did not list Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae as occurring in China, contrary to Sun et al. (2011) and Zhao et al. (2021), who included it within that country, the last-named authors citing many records from northern China, which is tentatively included within the range of this tick. The presence of Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae in Turkey is provisional and based on Bursali et al. (2012), who listed Haemaphysalis aksarensis, a name treated as a synonym of Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae in Guglielmone et al. (2014), as a Turkish species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8E6DB03CFAB5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south) (Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8E95B4E1F99D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Chad (south), 5) Ghana, 6) Ivory Coast, 7) Mali (south), 8) Nigeria, 9) Senegal, 10) South Sudan, 11) Sudan (Tomlinson & Apanaskevich 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8E95B4E1F99D.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis princeps was confused with Haemaphysalis spinulosa prior to its description by Tomlinson & Apanaskevich (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8D4DB70AF8C9.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Philippines (Durden et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8D4DB70AF8C9.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Haemaphysalis psalistos as an Oriental species, but it was later found in the Australasian Region by Durden et al. (2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F34C734BABF8C01B4A7F875.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Equatorial Guinea, 5) Gabon, 6) Guinea, 7) Ivory Coast, 8) Liberia, 9) Rwanda, 10) Uganda (Camicas et al. 1973, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Pourrut et al. 2011, Mediannikov et al. 2012 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF8BA5B1E2FCD9.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Albania, 2) Algeria, 3) Armenia, 4) Austria, 5) Azerbaijan, 6) Belarus, 7) Belgium, 8) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 9) Bulgaria, 10) China (north), 11) Croatia, 12) Cyprus, 13) Czechia, 14) Denmark, 15) Egypt, 16) Estonia, 17) France, 18) Georgia, 19) Germany, 20) Great Britain, 21) Greece, 22) Hungary, 23) Iran, 24) Iraq, 25) Israel, 26) Italy, 27) Jordan, 28) Kazakhstan, 29) Kosovo, 30) Kyrgyzstan, 31) Lebanon, 32) Libya, 33) Moldova, 34) Montenegro, 35) Morocco, 36) Netherlands, 37) North Macedonia, 38) Poland, 39) Portugal, 40) Romania, 41) Russia, 42) Serbia, 43) Slovakia, 44) Slovenia, 45) Spain, 46) Sweden, 47) Switzerland, 48) Syria, 49) Tajikistan, 50) Tunisia, 51) Turkey, 52) Turkmenistan, 53) Ukraine, 54) Uzbekistan (Feider 1965, Hoogstraal 1979, Keirans 1985 b, Martyn 1988, Jaenson et al. 1994, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Filippova 1997, Morel 2003, Trilar 2004, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Burridge 2011, Omeragic 2011, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Petney et al. 2012, Tstasaris et al. 2016, Dabaja et al. 2017, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Fedorova 2017, Nader et al. 2018, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Knap et al. 2019, Hornok et al. 2020 a, Pavlovič et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Rubel et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021, Rubel & Brugger 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF8BA5B1E2FCD9.taxon	discussion	Ramzan et al. (2020 a), Parveen et al. (2021) and others listed Haemaphysalis punctata as occurring in Pakistan, but the presence of this tick there needs confirmation. Tufts & Diuk-Wasser (2021) reported an established population of this tick in the USA (Nearctic), but such records are also regarded here as in need of verification. Ekanem et al. (2012) allegedly found this tick in Nigeria, while Gargili et al. (2017) included Kenya and South Africa within the range of Haemaphysalis punctata, using references that do not support their statement.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF8871B799FC05.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south); Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Teng & Jiang 1991, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF8871B799FC05.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis as an Oriental species, but most specimens of this tick have been collected in the Palearctic portion of China.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF88C5B63CFAB5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Vietnam (Kolonin 1995 b, Keirans & Robbins 1999, Xu & Sun 2016, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF88C5B63CFAB5.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) and Kolonin (2003, 2009) believed that Haemaphysalis darjeeling in Tanskul & Inlao (1989) is in fact Haemaphysalis quadriaculeata, and Thailand is included within the range of this tick in Kolonin (2009), and also in Xu & Sun (2016) and Petney et al. (2019). The decision by Xu & Sun (2016) to support the view that Haemaphysalis darjeeling in Tanskul & Inlao (1989) is equivalent to Haemaphysalis quadriaculeata was unexpected because Xu & Sun (2016) described a male of Haemaphysalis quadriaculeata from China that is morphologically unlike the male of Haemaphysalis darjeeling from Thailand in Tanskul & Inlao (1989). Guglielmone et al. (2020) stated that the description of Haemaphysalis darjeeling in Tanskul & Inlao (1989) closely matches its original description, and Thailand is provisionally excluded from the range of Haemaphysalis quadriaculeata. Redescriptions of both species would be a useful contribution.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF8E95B6E6FA29.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central) (Kolonin 2009, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF8D21B401F99D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Papua New Guinea (Roberts 1970, Hoogstral 1982, Owen 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF8D4DB183F859.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line) (Hoogstraal & Anastos 1968, Durden et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0BC70BBABF8D4DB183F859.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis renschi was regarded as a synonym of Haemaphysalis bispinosa prior to its reinstatement by Hoogstraal & Anastos (1968). Camicas et al. (1998) treated Haemaphysalis renschi as an Oriental species, but it was later found in the Australasian Zoogeographic Region by Durden et al. (2008). Haemaphysalis renschi was listed as a Vietnamese tick by Phan Trong (1977), but there has been no confirmation of its presence in Vietnam, and that country is provisionally excluded from this species´ range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8BA5B1F1FF35.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Vietnam (Hoogstraal et al. 1966 a, Kolonin 1995 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8BA5B1F1FF35.taxon	discussion	Phan Trong (1977) did not include Haemaphysalis roubaudi as a tick found in Vietnam.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8A15B6F6FD01.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Ghana, 6) Ivory Coast, 7) Senegal, 8) South Sudan, 9) Uganda (Hoogstraal & El Kammah 1972, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Kolonin 2009, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sylla et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8A15B6F6FD01.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis rugosa was originally identified as Haemaphysalis aciculifer by Nuttall & Warburton (1915). Later, Santos Dias (1956 b) gave subspecific status to a specimen of Haemaphysalis aciculifer that he called Haemaphysalis aciculifer rugosa, which was, in turn, given specific status by Hoogstraal & El Kammah (1972). The latter authors emphasized that Haemaphysalis rugosa had been extensively confused with Haemaphysalis aciculifer, and the range of Haemaphysalis rugosa is based on Hoogstraal & El Kammah (1972) and subsequent publications. Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. (2004) recognized the presence of Haemaphysalis aciculifer but not Haemaphysalis rugosa in Ghana, but this would constitute an error because the holotype of Haemaphysalis rugosa was collected in Ghana (Keirans 1985 b). ElGhali & Hassan (2012) did not recognize the presence of Haemaphysalis rugosa in South Sudan, but that country is here included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF89C9B02EFC4D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Papua New Guinea; Oriental: 1) Philippines (Hoogstraal 1982, Hoogstraal & Wassef 1983 a, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF89C9B02EFC4D.taxon	discussion	Owen (2011) did not recognize Haemaphysalis rusae as occurring in Papua New Guinea. He may have overlooked its presence there because the Hoogstraal & Wassef (1983 a) paper is not included in his references.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF889DB748FBDD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Kolonin 2009, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF889DB748FBDD.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis sambar is known from a male collected in 1911 and identified as Haemaphysalis campanulata, as discussed in Hoogstraal (1971 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8F0DB156FB95.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Philippines (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8FB5B72EFAFD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Singapore, 4) Thailand (Hoogstraal et al. 1965 b, 1972 a, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kwak 2018 c, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8FB5B72EFAFD.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal et al. (1965 b) stated that Haemaphysalis semermis has been widely confused with Haemaphysalis hystricis and Haemaphysalis nadchatrami. For that reason, data on Haemaphysalis semermis published prior to 1965 are not included in this analysis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8E6DB406FA29.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya (Apanaskevich & Tomlinson 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC70ABABF8E6DB406FA29.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis setosa was confused with Haemaphysalis spinulosa prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Tomlinson (2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC709BABF8D21B05AFE39.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) China (south), 3) India, 4) Myanmar, 5) Thailand, 6) Vietnam (Phan Trong 1977, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Li et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0AC709BABF8D21B05AFE39.taxon	discussion	Several records of Haemaphysalis shimoga have been published under the name Haemaphysalis cornigera shimoga. Kolonin (2009) treated Haemaphysalis shimoga as a synonym of Haemaphysalis taiwana, but both species are considered valid in Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) and here. See also Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea for its proposed synonymy with Haemaphysalis shimoga. The geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis shimoga is uncertain. Tanskul & Inlao (1989) stated that Haemaphysalis shimoga can be difficult to identify morphologically, adding that specimens from Thailand listed as Haemaphysalis cornigera in Tanskul et al. (1983) are in fact Haemaphysalis shimoga. The presence of Haemaphysalis shimoga in Vietnam is partly based on Phan Trong (1977), who named this tick Haemaphysalis cornigera vietnama, a synonym of Haemaphysalis shimoga in Camicas et al. (1998), who followed Kolonin (1995 b), who stated that the tick described by Phan Trong (1977) closely resembles Haemaphysalis shimoga, but later changed his opinion concerning this species (see above). Hoogstraal & El Kammah (1972) and Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) recognized Haemaphysalis shimoga as being present only in India. Records of Haemaphysalis shimoga from Cambodia and Myanmar are based on Tanskul & Inlao (1989), who used ticks from these countries but also from India, Thailand and Vietnam in their redescription of this species. Li et al. (2018) found Haemaphysalis shimoga in southern China but left open the possibility that Chinese specimens represent a species other than Haemaphysalis shimoga from India and Thailand due to molecular differences between the tick populations. However, Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) did not recognize the presence of Haemaphysalis shimoga in China, which we tentatively include within the range of this tick. Additional studies are needed to better define the range of Haemaphysalis shimoga.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF8911B45EFD49.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Walker 1991, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF8911B45EFD49.taxon	discussion	Lynen et al. (2007) reported the presence of Haemaphysalis silacea in Tanzania, but this diagnosis requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF8981B000FD01.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Geevarghese & Mishra 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF89C9B58EFCF5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Durden et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF8855B71FFC69.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF88E1B195FBDD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF88E1B195FBDD.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis sinensis is not included in the list of ticks of the world by Camicas et al. (1998).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF8F0DB4FCFAFD.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Bhutan (south), 2) China (south), 3) India, 4) Nepal (south and central), 5) Sri Lanka, 6) Vietnam (Hoogstraal & El Kammah 1972, Phan Trong 1977, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Isaac et al. 2019, Petney et al. 2019, Namgyal et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF8F0DB4FCFAFD.taxon	discussion	The presence of Haemaphysalis spinigera in southern Nepal is based on Hoogstraal & El Kammah (1972). Isaac et al. (2019) allegedly found Haemaphysalis spinigera in Nigeria, but this result is treated here as a probable misidentification.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF8E6DB786F875.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Uganda (Hoogstraal 1964 b, Tomlinson et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F09C709BABF8E6DB786F875.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis spinulosa is a difficult species to identify. Hoogstraal (1964 b) redescribed the female and designated a lectotype, and he later supported the description of Haemaphysalis sipinulosa by Hussein & Mustafa (1983, see page 411). However, Horak et al. (2018) noted that Hoogstraal (1964) and Hussein & Mustafa (1983) depicted different species; consequently, Horak et al. (2018) did not treat Haemaphysalis spinulosa as a South African species and named specimens from that country as Haemaphysalis spinulosa- like. The taxonomic status of Haemaphysalis spinulosa was further complicated by the study of Tomlinson et al. (2018), who morphologically analyzed thousands of specimens identified as Haemaphysalis spinulosa that had been deposited in the United States National Tick Collection, concluding that no bona fide Haemaphysalis spinulosa were in that collection, and specimens under this name had been misidentified or represented new species overlooked in the past. Thereafter, Apanaskevich & Tomlinson (2019, 2020) and Tomlinson & Apanaskevich (2019) described eight new species of Haemaphysalis from specimens previously classified as Haemaphysalis spinulosa. Considering this situation, the range of Haemaphysalis spinulosa here includes only Uganda, where the two type specimens were collected. Therefore, records of Haemaphysalis spinulosa from Tanzania in Heylen et al. (2021) and from Pakistan (west) in Ullah et al. (2022), which ignore the study of Apanaskevich & Tomlinson (2018), are not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8BA5B58EFF19.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8A31B62DFDF1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ethiopia, 2) Kenya (Tomlinson et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8A31B62DFDF1.taxon	discussion	The range of Haemaphysalis subterra in Hoogstraal et al. (1992) includes the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. However, Tomlinson et al. (2018) studied the material used to describe Haemaphysalis subterra, concluding that the original description was based on bona fide Haemaphysalis subterra, Haemaphysalis muhsamae and as yet undescribed new species of Haemaphysalis, while also stating that the descriptions of the larva and nymph of Haemaphysalis subterra need confirmation. Tomlinson et al. (2018) reduced the geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis subterra to Ethiopia and Kenya, a range accepted here, pending additional studies of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8959B11DFAB5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Saudi Arabia (south), 2) Yemen; Oriental: 1) India, 2) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Albania, 3) Algeria, 4) Armenia, 5) Azerbaijan, 6) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7) Bulgaria, 8) China (north), 9) Croatia, 10) Cyprus, 11) Egypt, 12) France, 13) Georgia, 14) Greece, 15) Iran, 16) Iraq, 17) Israel, 18) Italy, 19) Jordan, 20) Kazakhstan, 21) Kuwait, 22) Kyrgyzstan, 23) Lebanon, 24) Libya, 25) Moldova, 26) Montenegro, 27) Morocco, 28) Palestine, 29) Romania, 30) Russia, 31) Saudi Arabia (north), 32) Serbia, 33) Spain, 34) Switzerland, 35) Syria, 36) Tajikistan, 37) Tunisia, 38) Turkey, 39) Turkmenistan, 40) Ukraine, 41) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1958 a, Feider 1965, K ö hler et al. 1967, Hoogstraal 1973 a, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Filippova 1997, Hoogstraal et al. 1981, Hoogstraal & Kim 1985, Saliba et al. 1990, Yeruham et al. 1996, Wassef et al. 1997, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Al-Khalifa et al. 2006, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Shubber et al. 2014, Tsatsaris et al. 2016, Fedorova 2012, Karim et al. 2017, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Abdally et al. 2020, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8959B11DFAB5.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) stated that Haemaphysalis sulcata has not been properly defined morphologically because redescriptions of this tick by several authors show obvious differences, and more than one species is probably included under this name. Many records of Haemaphysalis sulcata have been published under such names as Haemaphysalis cholodkovskyi, Haemaphysalis cinnabarina cretica, Haemaphysalis cretica, Haemaphysalis nicollei, Haemaphysalis punctata cretica and Haemaphysalis sewelli, among others (Guglielmone & Nava 2014). Morel (2003) listed numerous instances where Haemaphysalis sulcata had been confused with Haemaphysalis punctata. The geographic distribution of Haemaphysalis sulcata should therefore be considered tentative. Camicas et al. (1998) treated Haemaphysalis sulcata as an Oriental and Palearctic species, but Afrotropical records from southern Saudi Arabia and Yemen are regarded here as provisionally valid.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8E95B70AFA29.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line) (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8D21B636F92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central) (Hoogstraal & El Kammah 1970, Dhanda & Bhat 1971, Kolonin 2009, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8D21B636F92D.taxon	discussion	Several records of Haemaphysalis sundrai have been published under the name Haemaphysalis himalaya, described by Hoogstraal (1966 c), which is a synonym of Haemaphysalis sundrai, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2009). Nevertheless, authors such as Ghosh et al. (2007) and Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) have treated both Haemaphysalis sundrai and Haemaphysalis himalaya as valid.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8C3DB048F8E5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Vietnam (Kolonin 1995 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8C65B7AEF811.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Philippines (Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F08C708BABF8C65B7AEF811.taxon	discussion	Records of Haemaphysalis papuana from the Philippines in Kohls (1950 b) and Trapido et al. (1964 a) correspond, in fact, to Haemaphysalis susphilippensis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8BA5B6B3FE39.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Taiwan (Robbins 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8BA5B6B3FE39.taxon	discussion	Some reports of Haemaphysalis taiwana have been published under the name Haemaphysalis cornigera taiwana. Kolonin (2009) accepted a broader range for this tick than presented here because he regarded Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea and Haemaphysalis shimoga as synonyms of Haemaphysalis taiwana, but these three species are valid in Guglielmone et al. (2010 b, 2014, 2020) and here. Teng & Jiang (1991) treated Haemaphysalis taiwana as a synonym of Haemaphysalis cornigera, but Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019), among others, have considered Haemaphysalis taiwana valid, and southern China is included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8911B4B8FD3D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Congo, 3) Ethiopia (Morel 1980).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8911B4B8FD3D.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal & Wassef (1973) and Kolonin (2009) included South Africa within the range of Haemaphysalis tauffliebi. However, Walker (1991) stated that this tick is not found in South Africa, and specimens alleged to have been collected there are no longer available for study. Horak et al. (2018) recognized this by ignoring Haemaphysalis tauffliebi when analyzing the ticks of South Africa, and we have therefore excluded South Africa from the range of Haemaphysalis tauffliebi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF882DB58EFC91.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF88B9B587FC21.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF88B9B587FC21.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis tibetensis was originally identified as Haemaphysalis warburtoni, as explained in Hoogstraal (1965).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8F29B624FB6C.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Madagascar (Uilenberg et al. 1979, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8F29B624FB6C.taxon	discussion	The first description of the female of Haemaphysalis tiptoni is in Nuttall & Warburton (1915), under the name Haemaphysalis elongata, as explained in Hoogstraal (1953 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8FFDB6ECF9C5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace´s Line) (Durden et al. 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8FFDB6ECF9C5.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis toxopei is a difficult tick to identify, and its validity may be in question. In the original description of Haemaphysalis toxopei by Warburton (1927), there is a confusing statement, where the female of this tick appears to be the same as that of Haemaphysalis kinneari. Thus, Anastos (1950) treated Haemaphysalis toxopei as a probable synonym of Haemaphysalis kinneari, but Trapido et al. (1964 a) considered the statement in Warburton (1927) to be a lapsus. Hoogstraal (1964 a) regarded Haemaphysalis toxopei as a subspecies of Haemaphysalis papuana, and Kolonin (2009) did not include Haemaphysalis toxopei in his list of ticks of the world, but it is valid in Camicas et al. (1998), Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020) and others.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8D05B0FBF9B9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 2) Malaysia, 3) Myanmar, 4) Thailand, 5) Vietnam (Hoogstraal 1964 a, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 1995 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8D91B49FF92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Malaysia, 2) Vietnam (Hoogstraal & El Kammah 1971, Kolonin 1995 b, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8C3DB663F881.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Sri Lanka (Trapido et al. 1963, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0FC70FBABF8C49B780F875.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) China (north) (Emel’yanova & Hoogstraal 1973, Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8C49B0FEF811.taxon	discussion	A fossil species thought to be a member of the genus Haemaphysalis by Chitimia-Dobler et al. (2018), but morphological characters of the authors’ specimens indicate that it belongs to a different, as yet undetermined genus, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2015, 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8BA5B46AFF19.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Malaysia (Hoogstraal 1962 b, 1964 a, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8A31B4EAFE45.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya (Apanaskevich & Tomlinson 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8A31B4EAFE45.taxon	discussion	Haemaphysalis walkerae was confused with Haemaphysalis spinulosa prior to its description by Apanaskevich & Tomlinson (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8A85B181FC4D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) Nepal (south and central); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Nepal (north and central) (Hoogstraal 1971 c, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8A85B181FC4D.taxon	discussion	The range of Haemaphysalis warburtoni is unclear. Hoogstraal (1966 b), Robbins (2005) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) listed it as present in China, India and Nepal. However, Hoogstraal (1971 c) stated that Indian specimens do not belong to Haemaphysalis warburtoni, and India is not included within this species’ range in Hoogstraal & Kim (1985). Geevarghese & Mishra (2011) have continued to regard this tick as found in India, but their opinion is based on references published before the study of Hoogstraal (1971 c); therefore, we exclude India from the range of Haemaphysalis warburtoni. A Taiwanese record of one specimen of alleged Haemaphysalis warburtoni corresponds in fact to Haemaphysalis formosensis, as explained in Robbins (2005). The morphology of Haemaphysalis warburtoni is variable, as discussed in Hoogstraal (1971 c), and more than one species may exist under this name. See also Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae for its confusion with Haemaphysalis warburtoni.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF889DB701FAB5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Indonesia (west of Wallace´s Line), 4) Malaysia, 5) Myanmar, 6) Nepal (south and central), 7) Sri Lanka, 8) Taiwan, 9) Thailand, 10) Vietnam (Anastos 1950, Hoogstraal et al. 1972 a, Tanskul & Inlao 1989, Kolonin 1995 b, Durden et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Geevarghese & Mishra 2011, Kuo et al. 2017, Petney et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF889DB701FAB5.taxon	discussion	Hoogstraal et al. (1972 a) stated that records of Haemaphysalis wellingtoni from New Guinea are incorrect, but later Hoogstraal (1982) listed this tick as having been introduced into New Guinea, where all parasitic stages have been found. Owen (2011) did not list Haemaphysalis wellingtoni as present in Papua New Guinea, and Hoogstraal (1982) was probably referring to the portion of New Guinea belonging to Indonesia, which is provisionally included within the range of this tick. Haemaphysalis wellingtoni is chiefly a parasite of bird species that have also been reported in the Palearctic Region (Yamaguti et al. 1971, Tsapko 2020) and on remote islands (Joyce 1965), but no permanent populations of this tick have been found in these regions.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8E95B676F9B9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) China (south), 3) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 4) Taiwan, 5) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands) (Saito & Hoogstraal 1972, Phan Trong 1977, Robbins 2005, Kolonin 2009, Inokuma et al. 2002, Chen et al. 2010, Petney et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8E95B676F9B9.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Haemaphysalis yeni as an Oriental tick, but this species was later found on the Japanese mainland (Palearctic) by Inokuma et al. (2002).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0EC70EBABF8D91B154F92D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Malawi, 3) South Africa, 4) Zambia (Hoogstraal & El Kammah 1974, Tandon 1991, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0DC70DBABF8AE9B17CFB95.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Albania, 3) Algeria, 4) Armenia, 5) Azerbaijan, 6) Bulgaria, 7) Croatia, 8) Georgia, 9) Greece, 10) Iran, 11) Iraq, 12) Israel, 13) Italy, 14) Jordan, 15) Kazakhstan, 16) Kyrgyzstan, 17) Lebanon, 18) Morocco, 19) North Macedonia, 20) Pakistan (west), 21) Palestine, 22) Romania, 23) Russia, 24) Serbia, 25) Syria, 26) Tajikistan, 27) Tunisia, 28) Turkey, 29) Turkmenistan, 30) Ukraine, 31) Uzbekistan (Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1963, 1964, Feider 1965, K ö hler et al. 1967, Saliba et al. 1990, Apanaskevich 2003 a, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Široký et al. 2006, Apanaskevich & Filippova 2007, Bursali et al. 2012, Fedorova 2012, Ereqat et al. 2016, Nader et al. 2018, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Roth et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0DC70DBABF8AE9B17CFB95.taxon	discussion	Hyalomma aegyptium has frequently been confused with other species of Hyalomma and, sometimes, with non- Hyalomma ticks (Feldman-Muhsam 1948, Keirans 1985 b). Apanaskevich (2003 a) included Kazakhstan within the geographic distribution of Hyalomma aegyptium, an opinion accepted here, but the presence of this species in Kazakhstan is not recognized by Perfilyeva et al. (2020). The presence of Hyalomma aegyptium in Croatia is based on Morel (2003). Arthur (1963) and Camicas et al. (1998) considered Hyalomma aegyptium to also be present in the Afrotropical and Oriental Zoogeographic Regions, respectively, but we regard this tick as exclusively Palearctic. Nevertheless, Hyalomma aegyptium has been found in localities outside its natural range, having been exported together with its tortoise host (Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Loporto et al. 2018, Barradas et al. 2021, among others). Hoogstraal (1956 a) stated that this species was described from specimens collected in Egypt, but Hyalomma aegyptium was probably extinct by the time that his study on African Ixodoidea was published.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0DC70DBABF8FB5B4ABFA0D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) Tanzania (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 a, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0DC70DBABF8FB5B4ABFA0D.taxon	discussion	Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 a) emphasized the difficulties involved in morphologically separating adults of Hyalomma albiparmatum, Hyalomma nitidum and Hyalomma truncatum, adding that it is not possible to differentiate their larvae and nymphs on the basis of morphology. Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 a) regarded records of Hyalomma albiparmatum from Togo, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Somalia as unconfirmed or the result of misidentifications, and those countries are excluded from the geographic distribution of this tick. Allam et al. (2018) stated that Hyalomma albiparmatum is found in Egypt, but this record needs confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0DC70DBABF8BA5B0EAFE61.taxon	discussion	The genus Hyalomma is particularly difficult to evaluate in historical terms because the definitions of several species are confusing, as are the unusual number of subspecies that have been proposed. However, Apanaskevich and co-workers greatly clarified the taxonomic status of Hyalomma in a series of papers published from 2000 to 2010. The geographic distribution of Hyalomma species is largely based on these papers, together with several studies cited by these authors, and new data published after 2010. Most, but not all, of the papers cited here that were published before the studies of Apanaskevich and colleagues are recognized as containing authoritative information.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0DC70CBABF8EDDB6BEFD65.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Djibouti, 2) Eritrea, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Oman, 5) Saudi Arabia (south), 6) Somalia, 7) Sudan, 8) United Arab Emirates, 9) Yemen; Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) India, 3) Nepal (south and central), 4) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Algeria, 3) Armenia, 4) Azerbaijan, 5) Bahrain, 6) China (north), 7) Cyprus, 8) Egypt, 9) Iran, 10) Iraq, 11) Israel, 12) Jordan, 13) Kazakhstan, 14) Kuwait, 15) Kyrgyzstan, 16) Lebanon, 17) Libya, 18) Morocco, 19) Pakistan (west), 20) Russia, 21) Saudi Arabia (north), 22) Syria, 23) Tajikistan, 24) Turkey, 25) Turkmenistan, 26) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1959 a, Hoogstraal 1980, Hoogstraal et al. 1981, Rahman & Mondal 1985, Wassef et al. 1997, Apanaskevich 2003 b, Apanaskevich & Horak 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Fedorova 2012, Bursali et al. 2012, Shubber et al. 2014, Dabaja et al. 2017, Karim et al. 2017, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Pun et al. 2018, Alanazi et al. 2019, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Springer et al. 2020, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0DC70CBABF8EDDB6BEFD65.taxon	discussion	Hyalomma anatolicum and Hyalomma excavatum have been confused with each other for decades, generally under the names Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, respectively. This situation was clarified through the studies of Apanaskevich (2003 b), Apanaskevich & Horak (2005) and Apanaskevich & Filippova (2007). Camicas et al. (1998) did not recognize the presence of Hyalomma anatolicum in the Afrotropical Region, but this zoogeographic region is included within the range of this tick here. The presence of Hyalomma anatolicum in Eritrea is based on Hoogstraal (1956 a), who discussed this species under the name Hyalomma excavatum. Hyalomma anatolicum was not listed as occurring in China by Apanaskevich (2003 b) and Apanaskevich & Horak (2005), although they recognized that it might be found there. Chinese workers agree that Hyalomma anatolicum is present in northwestern China (Chen et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2021, among others), and China is here considered to be within the range of Hyalomma anatolicum. Apanaskevich & Horak (2005) stated that Hyalomma anatolicum may be found in Cyprus, while Camicas et al. (1998) treated Hyalomma savignyi exsul, described by Schulze & Schlottke (2029 a) from specimens collected in Cyprus, as a synonym of Hyalomma anatolicum. Therefore, this tick is provisionally regarded as present in Cyprus. Contrary to Apanaskevich & Horak (2005) and Estrada-Peña et al. (2017), Kolonin (2009) cited Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy and ex-Yugoslavian countries as within the range of Hyalomma anatolicum, but no information has been found to support this claim. Although Nader et al. (2018) reported the presence of Hyalomma anatolicum in Bulgaria, we feel that that its presence there requires confirmation. Adjogoua et al. (2021) reported Hyalomma anatolicum from the Ivory Coast, but this record also needs confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0CC70CBABF89E5B779FC91.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Oman, 2) Saudi Arabia (south), 3) Yemen (Al-Khalifa et al. 1986, Papadopoulos et al. 1991, Wassef et al. 1997).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0CC70CBABF89E5B779FC91.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) did not include Oman within the geographical distribution of Hyalomma arabica, but no reasons were given for this omission.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0CC70CBABF88B9B4BEFB25.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Armenia, 3) Azerbaijan, 4) China (north), 5) Georgia, 6) Iran, 7) Iraq, 8) Kazakhstan, 9) Kyrgyzstan, 10) Mongolia, 11) Pakistan (west), 12) Russia, 13) Syria, 14) Tajikistan, 15) Turkey, 16) Turkmenistan, 17) Uzbekistan (Kolonin 2009, Apanaskevich & Horak 2010, Chen et al. 2010, Kiefer et al. 2010, Bursali et al. 2012, Fedorova 2012, Černý, J. et al. 2019, HosseiniChegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0CC70CBABF88B9B4BEFB25.taxon	discussion	Many records of Hyalomma asiaticum have been published under the names Hyalomma asiaticum caucasicum and Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi, and this species has occasionally been treated as a synonym of Hyalomma dromedarii (Apanaskevich & Horak 2010). Hou et al. (2019) reported Hyalomma asiaticum from the Oriental Region in southern China, but its presence there requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0CC70CBABF8E25B716F9C5.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Myanmar, 3) Nepal (south and central), 4) Pakistan (east), 5) Sri Lanka (Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1964, Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987, Apanaskevich et al. 2009, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0CC70CBABF8E25B716F9C5.taxon	discussion	Mitchell (1979) included Nepal within the range of Hyalomma brevipunctatum but without providing collection localities; therefore, its inclusion here within the Oriental portion of Nepal is tentative. The presence of Hyalomma brevipunctatum in Myanmar is based on Apanaskevich et al. (2009), who found specimens of this tick collected there but identified as Hyalomma hussaini.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0CC703BABF8D05B17EFE39.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burkina Faso, 2) Chad (south), 3) Djibouti, 4) Eritrea, 5) Ethiopia, 6) Kenya, 7) Mali (south), 8) Mauritania (south), 9) Namibia, 10) Niger (south), 11) Nigeria, 12) Oman, 13) Saudi Arabia (south), 14) Senegal, 15) Somalia, 16) Sudan, 17) Uganda, 18) United Arab Emirates, 19) Yemen; Oriental: 1) India, 2) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Algeria, 3) Azerbaijan, 4) Bahrain, 5) Chad (north), 6) China (north), 7) Egypt, 8) Iran, 9) Iraq, 10) Israel, 11) Jordan, 12) Kazakhstan, 13) Kuwait, 14) Kyrgyzstan, 15) Lebanon, 16) Libya, 17) Mali (north), 18) Mauritania (north), 19) Mongolia, 20) Morocco, 21) Niger (north), 22) Pakistan (west), 23) Palestine, 24) Qatar, 25) Saudi Arabia (north), 26) Spain, 27) Syria, 28) Tajikistan, 29) Tunisia, 30) Turkey, 31) Turkmenistan, 32) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal 1956 a, 1980, K ö hler et al. 1967, Keirans 1985 b, Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987, Saliba et al. 1990, Wassef et al. 1997, Morel 2003, Apanaskevich et al. 2008 b, Sylla et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Bursali et al. 2012, Fedorova 2012, Kleinerman et al. 2013, Shubber et al. 2014, Ereqat et al. 2016, EstradaPeña et al. 2017, Karim et al. 2017, Horak et al. 2018, Alanazi et al. 2019, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Okely et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021, Perveen et al. 2021, Schulz et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F0CC703BABF8D05B17EFE39.taxon	discussion	Males and females of Hyalomma dromedarii have been confused with the corresponding stages of some congeners, and with females of Hyalomma schulzei, as discussed in Apanaskevich et al. (2008 b), who also stated that there are more than 10 synonyms for Hyalomma dromedarii. Spain is included within the geographic distribution of Hyalomma dromedarii because this tick has been found in the Canary Islands. Kiefer et al. (2010) doubted the presence of Hyalomma dromedarii in Mongolia, but Černý, J. et al. (2019) listed this tick as found there. Mongolia is therefore provisionally included within the range of Hyalomma dromedarii. Uilenberg et al. (2013) stated that specimens of Hyalomma dromedarii found in the Central African Republic were introduced with foreign livestock, concluding that this tick may not be established there, and we provisionally exclude the Central African Republic from the range of Hyalomma dromedarii.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F03C703BABF8911B10FF99D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Djibouti, 2) Eritrea, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Oman, 5) Saudi Arabia (south), 6) Somalia, 7) Sudan, 8) United Arab Emirates, 9) Yemen; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Albania, 3) Algeria, 4) Cyprus, 5) Egypt, 6) Greece, 7) Iran, 8) Iraq, 9) Israel, 10) Italy, 11) Jordan, 12) Kazakhstan, 13) Kuwait, 14) Lebanon, 15) Libya, 16) Mauritania (north), 17) Morocco, 18) Saudi Arabia (north), 19) Syria, 20) Tajikistan, 21) Tunisia, 22) Turkey, 23) Turkmenistan 24) Uzbekistan, 25) Western Sahara (Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1959 a, K ö hler et al. 1967, Hoogstraal 1980, Hoogstraal et al. 1981, Saliba et al. 1990, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Wassef et al. 1997, Williams et al. 2000, Apanaskevich 2003 b, Apanaskevich & Horak 2005, Cringoli et al. 2005, Bursali et al. 2012, Kleinerman et al. 2013, Shubber et al. 2014, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Alanazi et al. 2019, Abdally et al. 2021, Okely et al. 2021, Perveen et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F03C703BABF8911B10FF99D.taxon	discussion	Hyalomma anatolicum and Hyalomma excavatum have been confused with each other for decades, generally under the names Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, respectively. This situation was clarified through the studies of Apanaskevich (2003 b), Apanaskevich & Horak (2005) and Apanaskevich & Filippova (2007). The presence of Hyalomma excavatum in Eritrea is based on Tonelli Rondelli (1932), who described the Eritrean Hyalomma tunesianicum ganorai, a synonym of Hyalomma excavatum (Camicas et al. 1998). Hoogstraal (1980) reported a tentative diagnosis of Hyalomma excavatum from Oman, and Williams et al. (2000) stated that Australian sheep free from ectoparasites become infested with Hyalomma excavatum in Oman, a country provisionally included within the range of this tick. Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) did not include Italy within the range of this tick, but Cringoli et al. (2005) listed Hyalomma excavatum as an Italian species. Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) mentioned the presence of Hyalomma excavatum in Iran, but these authors do not believe that this name represents a valid species. Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not include Kazakhstan in their list of ticks from that country. Nevertheless, Iran and Kazakhstan are here included within the range of Hyalomma excavatum. Whether Hyalomma excavatum occurs in Pakistan is uncertain. As an example, Karim et al. (2017) identified thousands of ticks collected from livestock all over Pakistan and found no Hyalomma excavatum, but Kasi et al. (2020) identified hundreds of tick specimens, also from livestock, in the Balochistan area of Pakistan (Palearctic), concluding that the most abundant species there was Hyalomma excavatum. Because of such contradictory results, Pakistan is provisionally excluded from the range of Hyalomma excavatum, although we expect that this matter will be resolved soon. The presence of this tick in Bulgaria and Spain, reported by Nader et al. (2018) and Sánchez-Seco et al. (2021), respectively, needs confirmation. Sylla et al. (2008) recorded Hyalomma excavatum from Senegal and southern Mauritania, but the endemicity of this species in those territories is uncertain.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F03C703BABF8D4DB79FF8E5.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Egypt, 2) Israel, 3) Libya, 4) Tunisia (Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1958 a, Cwilich & Hadani 1962, Bouattour et al. 1999, Apanaskevich et al. 2008 a, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F03C703BABF8D4DB79FF8E5.taxon	discussion	Bursali et al. (2011) allegedly found Hyalomma franchinii in Turkey, but this diagnosis was rectified to a “ variant ” of Hyalomma excavatum in Bursali et al. (2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F03C702BABF8C65B6BDFF19.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Apanaskevich & Horak 2006, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F03C702BABF8C65B6BDFF19.taxon	discussion	Hyalomma glabrum (under the name Hyalomma rufipes glabrum) was treated for decades as a synonym of Hyalomma turanicum (under the name Hyalomma marginatum turanicum), which had supposedly been introduced into South Africa with imported sheep (Hoogstraal 1956 a). However, Apanaskevich & Horak (2006) reinstated Hyalomma glabrum as a valid Afrotropical tick restricted to South Africa.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C702BABF8A31B691FE45.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Myanmar, 3) Pakistan (east) (Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1964, Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987, Robbins et al. 2002, Apanaskevich et al. 2009, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C702BABF8A31B691FE45.taxon	discussion	Records of Hyalomma hussaini from Pakistan (west) (Palearctic Region) and reported by Ullah et al. (2022) require confirmation, and this tick is not included here as a Palearctic species.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C702BABF8A85B58FFE39.taxon	discussion	Oriental: 1) India (Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C702BABF8911B473FA99.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Chad (south), 5) Djibouti, 6) Erithrea, 7) Ethiopia, 8) Ivory Coast, 9) Kenya, 10) Mali (south), 11) Mauritania (south), 12) Niger (south), 13) Nigeria, 14) Oman, 15) Saudi Arabia (south), 16) Senegal, 17) Somalia, 18) Sudan, 19) Tanzania, 20) United Arab Emirates, 21) Yemen; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Algeria, 3) Egypt, 4) Iran, 5) Iraq, 6) Israel, 7) Jordan, 8) Kuwait, 9) Libya, 10) Mali (north), 11) Mauritania (north), 12) Morocco, 13) Niger (north), 14) Pakistan (west), 15) Palestine, 16) Qatar, 17) Saudi Arabia (north), 18) Syria, 19) Tunisia, 20) Turkey, 21) Western Sahara (Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1958 b, Aeschlimann 1967, K ö hler et al. 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Hoogstraal 1980, Hoogstraal et al. 1981, Saliba et al. 1990, Wassef et al. 1997, Morel 2003, Sylla et al. 2008, Apanaskevich & Horak 2009, Bursali et al. 2012, Kleinerman et al. 2013, Shubber et al. 2014, Ereqat et al. 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Alanazi et al. 2019, Springer et al. 2021, Okely et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021, Ouedraogo et al. 2021 a, b, Perveen et al. 2021, Schulz et al. 2021)	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C702BABF8911B473FA99.taxon	discussion	Several records of Hyalomma impeltatum from Djibouti, Eritrea and Somalia were published by Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) under the name Hyalomma erythraeum, a tick described by Tonelli Rondelli (1932). However, Apanaskevich & Horak (2009) found that Hyalomma erythraeum is, in fact, a synonym of Hyalomma impeltatum, and reinstated the name Hyalomma somalicum, a tick described by Tonelli Rondelli (1935) for the specimens treated as Hyalomma erythraeum by Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968). Uilenberg et al. (2013) stated that specimens of Hyalomma impeltatum found in the Central African Republic were introduced with foreign livestock, concluding that this tick may not be established there, as may also be the case in other African countries, such as Gabon. Guglielmone & Robbins (2018) listed Hyalomma impeltatum as being found in South Sudan, but its presence there has not been confirmed. Indian and Pakistani (east) records of this tick in Paikade & Chavan (2019) and Adil et al. (2021), respectively, need confirmation. Consequently, the Central African Republic, Gabon, South Sudan, India and Pakistan are not included within the range of Hyalomma impeltatum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C702BABF8EB1B6BFF8C9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Chad (south), 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Ghana, 8) Ivory Coast, 9) Mali (south), 10) Mauritania (south), 11) Niger (south), 12) Nigeria, 13) Senegal, 14) Sudan (Morel 2003, Apanaskevich & Horak 2007, Kolonin 2009, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Okwounu et al. 2021, Ouedraogo et al. 2021 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C702BABF8EB1B6BFF8C9.taxon	discussion	Apanaskevich & Horak (2007) explained the difficulties involved in correctly identifying Hyalomma impressum, a species whose morphology had been poorly described prior to the study of these authors, and that has been extensively confused with related species. There are records of Hyalomma impressum from Algeria, Egypt and India in Djerbough et al. (2012), AbdelShafy et al. (2011) and Ali et al. (2020), among others, but the presence of established populations of Hyalomma impressum in those countries is here regarded as unconfirmed. Shahid et al. (2021) and others allegedly found Hyalomma impressum in Pakistan, but such diagnoses need confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C701BABF8C01B04FFE61.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south), 2) India, 3) Myanmar, 4) Nepal (south and central), 5) Pakistan (east), 6) Sri Lanka, 7) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Pakistan (west) (Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1963, 1964, Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987, Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 b, Chen et al. 2010, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Karim et al. 2017, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F02C701BABF8C01B04FFE61.taxon	discussion	Several records of Hyalomma isaaci have been published under the name Hyalomma marginatum isaaci. Camicas et al. (1998) did not recognize the presence of Hyalomma isaaci in the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region. Bursali et al. (2010, 2011) listed Hyalomma isaaci as a tick found in Turkey, but it is excluded in the later analysis of Turkish ticks by Bursali et al. (2012); nevertheless, Kassiri & Nasirian (2021) maintained that Hyalomma isaaci is found in Turkey, a statement not supported here. Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) listed Hyalomma isaaci as found in southern China (Oriental Region), but Zhao et al. (2021) reported only one Chinese locality for Hyalomma isaaci, in the Palearctic portion of China, a record that is treated as unconfirmed here. At this time, only southern China is considered to be within the range of Hyalomma isaaci.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F01C701BABF8AE9B000FCD9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central), 3) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Iran, 3) Tajikistan (Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1963, Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987, Kolonin 2007, Apanaskevich et al. 2009, Karim et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F01C701BABF8AE9B000FCD9.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) did not recognize the presence of Hyalomma kumari in the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region. The locality of the only Nepalese specimen of Hyalomma kumari is unspecified (Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1964); therefore, its inclusion here as found in the portion of Nepal belonging to the Oriental Region is tentative. HosseiniChegeni et al. (2019) included Hyalomma kumari in their list of Iranian ticks, although they stated that additional studies are needed to confirm its presence in Iran, which is provisionally included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F01C701BABF8871B7EBFC21.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Algeria, 2) France, 3) Italy, 4) Malta, 5) Morocco, 6) Portugal, 7) Spain (Bailly-Choumara et al. 1980, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Apanaskevich et al. 2009, SantosSilva et al. 2011, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Hornok et al. 2020 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F01C701BABF8871B7EBFC21.taxon	discussion	Chepkwony et al. (2021) reported Hyalomma lusitanicum in Kenya, a record that requires confirmation, and this country is not included within its range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F01C700BABF8F29B00BFE45.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Albania, 2) Algeria, 3) Armenia, 4) Azerbaijan, 5) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6) Bulgaria, 7) Croatia, 8) Cyprus, 9) Egypt, 10) France, 11) Georgia, 12) Greece, 13) Iran, 14) Iraq, 15) Israel, 16) Italy, 17) Jordan, 18) Kazakhstan, 19) Kosovo, 20) Kyrgyzstan, 21) Libya, 22) Malta, 23) Moldova, 24) Montenegro, 25) Morocco, 26) North Macedonia, 27) Palestine, 28) Portugal, 29) Romania, 30) Russia, 31) Serbia, 32) Spain, 33) Syria, 34) Tunisia, 35) Turkey, 36) Turkmenistan, 37) Ukraine (Feider 1965, K ö hler et al. 1967, Hoogstraal 1979, Saliba et al. 1990, Morel 2003, Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 b, Keysary et al. 2011, Akimov & Nebogatkin 2011 b, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Sherifi et al. 2014, Hovhannisyan & Dilbaryan 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Fedorova. 2017, Pflieger et al. 2017, Nader et al. 2018, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F01C700BABF8F29B00BFE45.taxon	discussion	Many records of Hyalomma marginatum were published under the names Hyalomma plumbeum or Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum, and to a lesser extent as Hyalomma savignyi, names treated as incertae sedis in Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Morphological diagnosis of adult Hyalomma marginatum can be difficult due to intraspecific variation, and even more so in the case of the immature stages. Therefore, several published records of Hyalomma marginatum and related species should be considered provisionally valid. Apanaskevich et al. (2008 b) and Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) explained that the northern limit of Hyalomma marginatum is uncertain, but records from central and northern Europe are considered to be a consequence of ticks being introduced with migrating birds, since no permanent populations of Hyalomma marginatum have been detected there, although this species may eventually establish itself in such territories (Estrada-Peña et al. 2021). Jaenson et al. (1994) and Jameson et al. (2012), among others, presented evidence of this situation in northern Europe, as did Trilar et al. (2004) for central Europe. Grandi et al. (2020) described a worrisome scenario for Hyalomma marginatum in northern Europe because several adults of this species have been found on local domestic mammals and humans in Sweden, possibly a result of hotter than usual summers that allowed nymphs brought with migrating birds to develop into adults. Similar reports have come from Germany, the Netherlands and Czechia, as detailed in Rubel et al. (2021), Uiterwijk et al. (2021) and Lesiczka et al. (2022), respectively. Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhang, K. Y. et al. (2019) did not mention the presence of Hyalomma marginatum in China, but Zhao et al. (2021) listed this tick as found in that country, although without providing references more recent than 2018. China is therefore provisionally excluded from the range of Hyalomma marginatum. Livestock infestations with Hyalomma marginatum in countries such as Benin (Chiba China et al. 2016), Ethiopia (Walker et al. 2003, Kebede & Fatene 2012), India (Walker et al. 2003, Anish et al. 2020), Nigeria (Mamman et al. 2021), Pakistan (Ali et al. 2019, Kasi et al. 2020, and others), Somalia (Pegram 1976), Sudan (Walker et al. 2003, Elhaj et al. 2019) and Zambia (Kajihara et al. 2021), among others, require further studies to determine whether the specimens collected were from established populations and to check the accuracy of species diagnoses. At the moment, none of these countries are included within the geographic distribution of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F00C700BABF8A85B6EDFCD9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Chad (south), 6) Equatorial Guinea, 7) Guinea, 8) Ivory Coast, 9) Mali (south), 10) Nigeria, 11) Senegal (Tomassone et al. 2005, Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 a, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Ouedraogo et al. 2021 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F00C700BABF8A85B6EDFCD9.taxon	discussion	Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 a) emphasized the difficulties involved in morphologically separating adults of Hyalomma albiparmatum, Hyalomma nitidum and Hyalomma truncatum, adding that it is not possible to differentiate their larvae and nymphs. Thereafter, Sands et al. (2017 b) stated that Hyalomma nitidum is most probably a synonym of the “ northern lineage ” of Hyalomma truncatum, a view supported by molecular evidence, while Schulz et al. (2020) stated that additional genetic studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis of Sands et al. (2017 b). Perveen et al. (2021) listed Hyalomma nitidum as found in Mauritania, based on Sylla et al. (2008), but the latter authors reported the presence of this tick only in southern Senegal.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F00C700BABF8871B4E7FC4D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ethiopia, 2) Somalia (Pegram et al. 1981, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F00C700BABF889DB600FC21.taxon	discussion	Palearctic: 1) Egypt, 2) Israel, 3) Jordan (Feldman-Muhsam 1957, Hoogstraal et al. 1967 a, Saliba et al. 1990, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F00C707BABF8F29B401FBF9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Botswana, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Cameroon, 6) Central African Republic, 7) Chad (south), 8) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 9) Djibouti, 10) Eritrea, 11) Eswatini, 12) Ethiopia, 13) Gambia, 14) Ghana, 15) Guinea, 16) Guinea-Bissau, 17) Ivory Coast, 18) Kenya, 19) Lesotho, 20) Liberia, 21) Malawi, 22) Mali (south), 23) Mauritania (south), 24) Mozambique, 25) Namibia, 26) Niger (south), 27) Nigeria, 28) Oman, 29) Saudi Arabia (south), 30) Senegal, 31) Sierra Leone, 32) Somalia, 33) South Africa, 34) South Sudan, 35) Sudan, 36) Tanzania, 37) Togo, 38) Uganda, 39) Yemen, 40) Zambia, 41) Zimbabwe; Palearctic: 1) Egypt, 2) Saudi Arabia (north). Note: Hyalomma rufipes has also been found in the following Palearctic territories, and it is hypothesized that this tick is established in some of them, but there are no definitive data for where this may be happening, as discussed below: Palearctic: 1) Algeria, 2) Cyprus, 3) Czechia, 4) Germany, 5) Greece, 6) Hungary, 7) Iran, 8) Israel, 9) Italy, 10) Jordan, 11) Kazakhstan, 12) Libya, 13) Mali (north), 14) Malta, 15) North Macedonia, 16) Palestine, 17) Qatar, 18) Russia, 19) Spain, 20) Sweden, 21) Syria, 22) Tajikistan, 23) Tunisia, 24) Turkey, 25) Turkmenistan, 26) Ukraine, 27) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Hoogstraal & Kaiser 1958 b, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Pegram et al. 1982 b, Keirans 1985 b, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Saliba et al. 1990, Tandon 1991, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Wassef et al. 1997, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Ruiz-Fons et al. 2006, Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 b, Sylla et al. 2008, Hornok & Horváth 2012, Papa et al. 2012, Bursali et al. 2012, Djerbouh et al. 2012, Mediannikov et al. 2012 a, Lorusso et al. 2013, Tsatsaris et al. 2016, Diarra et al. 2017, Horak et al. 2018, Chitimia-Dobler et al. 2019, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Abdally et al. 2020, Grandi et al. 2020, Húbalek et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Okely et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021, Rudolf et al. 2021, Schulz et al. 2021, Sili et al. 2021, Shekede et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F00C707BABF8F29B401FBF9.taxon	discussion	The morphological identification of Hyalomma rufipes is difficult, as demonstrated in the study of Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 b). This species was extensively confused with Hyalomma impressum and other related species until Feldman-Muhsam (1954) carefully redescribed both Hyalomma rufipes and Hyalomma impressum. Nevertheless, nomenclatural problems persisted, with bona fide records of Hyalomma rufipes published under the names Hyalomma impressum, Hyalomma marginatum impressum, Hyalomma plumbeum impressum or Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, and the last name is still used by some workers. Camicas et al. (1998) listed Hyalomma rufipes as an Afrotropical species, treating Palearctic records as importations. Hoogstraal (1956 a), Hoogstraal & Kaiser (1958) and Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 b) regarded Hyalomma rufipes as an Afrotropical tick established in sub-Saharan countries, but also in Egypt (Palearctic), although Hoogstraal & Kaiser (1959 b) and Hoogstraal (1980) recognized Hyalomma rufipes as endemic in Oman and Yemen. Wassef et al. (1997) added Saudi Arabia (Afrotropical and Palearctic) to this list, but the northern limit of Hyalomma rufipes is treated here as uncertain. Asian and European records of Hyalomma rufipes are considered to be a consequence of nymphs introduced with migrating birds that later molted into adults found infesting mammals in Asia and Europe. Rudolf et al. (2020) considered it probable that Hyalomma rufipes adults found on local mammals in central Europe had overwintered, having molted from engorged nymphs introduced by migrating birds, underscoring the possibility that permanently established tick populations might pose a threat to this part of Europe, although Uiterwijk et al. (2021) regarded the likelihood of this occurring in the Netherlands as low. We hypothesize that permanent populations of Hyalomma rufipes are already established in undetermined areas of southern Europe, and / or at equivalent latitudes in central and western Asia. Teng & Jiang (1991) allegedly found Hyalomma rufipes in China, but Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 b) stated that such specimens are in fact Hyalomma turanicum. Chen et al. (2010) and Lang et al. (2022) argued that Hyalomma rufipes is a Chinese tick, but this opinion was not accepted by Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021). China is therefore provisionally excluded from the geographic distribution of this species. McGarry et al. (2001) allegedly found one specimen of Hyalomma rufipes on a traveler returning from Nepal or Tibet, a record that requires confirmation because there is no evidence that Hyalomma rufipes occurs in those countries (Chen et al. 2010, Pun et al. 2018). There is an unclear Indian record of a male and female of Hyalomma rufipes in Keirans (1985 b, page 398), although the original label data refer to nymphs of Hyalomma aegyptium, perhaps indicating that the label was in error or tick specimens representing more than one species had been placed in the same collection vial. Either way, Jadhao et al. (2022) later listed Hyalomma rufipes from India, but the presence of this species in that country requires confirmation, and these specimens are not included in our analysis. Farooqi et al. (2017) and Shahid et al. (2021), among others, claimed to have collected Hyalomma rufipes in Pakistan, but these records require verification. Sands et al. (2017 b) presented molecular evidence to argue that at least two species may exist under the name Hyalomma rufipes.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F07C707BABF8F51B01BFB25.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Egypt, 3) Iran, 4) Iraq, 5) Israel, 6) Jordan, 7) Kuwait, 8) Lebanon, 9) Pakistan (west), 10) Palestine, 11) Saudi Arabia (north), 12) Syria, 13) Turkmenistan (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1963, 1964, K ö hler et al. 1967, Al-Asgah et al. 1985, Saliba et al. 1990, Wassef et al. 1997, Apanaskevich et al. 2008 b, Shubber et al. 2014, Alanazi et al. 2019, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F07C706BABF8E25B446FEA9.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Albania, 3) Algeria, 4) Armenia, 5) Azerbaijan, 6) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7) Bulgaria, 8) China (north), 9) Croatia, 10) Egypt, 11) France, 12) Georgia, 13) Greece, 14) Iran, 15) Iraq, 16) Israel, 17) Italy, 18) Jordan, 19) Kazakhstan, 20) Kyrgyzstan, 21) Libya, 22) Moldova, 23) Montenegro, 24) Morocco, 25) Nepal (north and central), 26) North Macedonia, 27) Pakistan (west), 28) Palestine, 29) Romania, 30) Russia, 31) Serbia, 32) Spain, 33) Syria, 34) Tajikistan, 35) Tunisia, 36) Turkey, 37) Turkmenistan, 38) Ukraine, 39) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal & Keirans 1958 b, Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1963, 1964, Keirans 1985 b, Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987, Saliba et al. 1990, Cringoli et al. 2005, Apanaskevich et al. 2010, Chen et al. 2010, Keysary et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Fedorova 2012, Krčmar 2012, Gharbi et al. 2014, Shubber et al. 2014, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Karim et al. 2017, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F07C706BABF8E25B446FEA9.taxon	discussion	Hyalomma scupense has proved to be a controversial species, with numerous records published under the names Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma detritum scupense and, to a lesser extent, Hyalomma scupense detritum, but there are many other synonyms of this species (Apanaskevich et al. 2010, Guglielmone & Nava 2014). Several authors have treated Hyalomma scupense and Hyalomma detritum as different species, and some workers, such as Wang, Q. et al. (2021) and Kassiri & Nasirian (2021), to cite just two examples, still maintain that both Hyalomma scupense and Hyalomma detritum are valid. Hyalomma scupense is listed as found in Oman by Apanaskevich et al. (2010), Gharbi et al. (2014) and Guglielmone & Robbins (2018), but not by Kolonin (2009) and Burridge (2011, under the name Hyalomma detritum). No records of this tick from Oman were found during this analysis, and we provisionally exclude Oman from the range of this tick. Kolonin (2009) questioned the presence of Hyalomma scupense in Sudan, and Guglielmone et al. (2014) stated that it is uncertain whether the specimens found there, and classified as Hyalomma detritum by Hoogstraal (1956 a), were of local origin. Consequently, Sudan is not included within this species’ range. Gargili et al. (2017) included Hyalomma scupense as a tick found in Kenya based on a reference that does not support this statement, while Chepkwony et al. (2021) also reported Hyalomma scupense from Kenya, a record that requires confirmation, as does the report of this tick (under the name Hyalomma detritum) from the Ivory Coast by Adjogoua et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F06C706BABF8AA1B5B3FD01.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Djibouti, 2) Ethiopia, 3) Somalia (Apanaskevich & Horak 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F06C706BABF8AA1B5B3FD01.taxon	discussion	Hyalomma somalicum was reinstated by Apanaskevich & Hoogstraal (2009), replacing Hyalomma erythraeum, a synonym of Hyalomma impeltatum (see above). Pegram et al. (1982 b) listed Hyalomma somalicum (under the name Hyalomma erythraeum) as a tick found in Yemen, but Apanaskevich & Horak (2009) reported that the specimens were in fact Hyalomma dromedarii. The latter authors doubt the introduction of Hyalomma somalicum into Saudi Arabia, as reported by Hoogstraal et al. (1981). Yemen and Saudi Arabia are therefore not included within the geographic distribution of Hyalomma somalicum.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F06C706BABF89C9B75DF99D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Botswana, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Burundi, 6) Cameroon, 7) Central African Republic, 8) Chad (south), 9) Congo, 10) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11) Djibouti, 12) Eritrea, 13) Eswatini, 14) Ethiopia, 15) Gambia, 16) Ghana, 17) Guinea, 18) Guinea-Bissau, 19) Ivory Coast, 20) Kenya, 21) Lesotho, 22) Malawi, 23) Mali (south), 24) Mauritania (south), 25) Mozambique, 26) Namibia, 27) Niger (south), 28) Nigeria, 29) Rwanda, 30) Senegal, 31) Somalia, 32) South Africa, 33) South Sudan, 34) Sudan, 35) Tanzania, 36) Togo, 37) Uganda, 38) Zambia, 39) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Keirans 1985 b, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Tandon 1991, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Tomassone et al. 2004, Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 a, Sylla et al. 2008, Kolonin 2009, Lorusso et al. 2013, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Diarra et al. 2017, Horak et al. 2018, Balinandi et al. 2020, Mahlobo & Zishiri 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021, Shekede et al. 2021, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F06C706BABF89C9B75DF99D.taxon	discussion	Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 a) emphasized the difficulties involved in morphologically separating adults of Hyalomma albiparmatum, Hyalomma nitidum and Hyalomma truncatum, adding that it is not possible to differentiate their larvae and nymphs. There are several synonyms of Hyalomma truncatum (Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 a), but Hyalomma impressum transiens and Hyalomma transiens have been extensively used instead of Hyalomma truncatum. Hyalomma truncatum was found in Bangladesh by Rahman & Mondal (1985), who believed that this tick was introduced with imported domestic animals but is not established in that country. There are several records of Hyalomma truncatum from Egypt, including Okely et al. (2021, 2022), who treated this tick as endemic in that country, although Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 a) maintained that Egyptian specimens are mostly introduced, and Hyalomma truncatum is provisionally treated here as an Afrotropical species established south of the Sahara Desert. Farooqi et al. (2017), Adil et al. (2021) and other authors allegedly found this tick in Pakistan, but these records are treated here as probable misidentifications. Sands et al. (2017 a, b) presented molecular evidence indicating that more than one species may exist under the name Hyalomma truncatum, but Schulz et al. (2020) discount this, arguing that the former authors’ data are insufficient to sustain such an hypothesis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F06C705BABF8D4DB7A8FD3D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Oman, 2) Saudi Arabia (south), 3) Yemen; Oriental: 1) India, 2) Pakistan (east); Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Bahrain, 3) China (north), 4) Egypt, 5) Iran, 6) Iraq, 7) Israel, 8) Jordan, 9) Kazakhstan, 10) Kuwait, 11) Kyrgyzstan, 12) Nepal (north and central), 13) Pakistan (west), 14) Qatar, 15) Saudi Arabia (north), 16) Syria, 17) Tajikistan, 18) Uzbekistan (Hoogstraal et al. 1970 a, Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987, Saliba et al. 1990, Apanaskevich & Horak 2008 b, Kleinerman et al. 2013, Shubber et al. 2014, Karim et al. 2017, Pun et al. 2018, Alanazi et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F06C705BABF8D4DB7A8FD3D.taxon	discussion	Many records of Hyalomma turanicum have been published under the name Hyalomma marginatum turanicum, a name still used by Alanazi et al. (2019) and others. Hyalomma turanicum is difficult to identify morphologically, as emphasized by Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 b), and its supposed presence in several countries has generated controversy. Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 b) stated that Hyalomma rufipes from China, as recorded in Teng & Jiang (1991), is, in fact, Hyalomma turanicum. Chen et al. (2010) and Zhang G. et al. (2019) maintained that Hyalomma rufipes but not Hyalomma turanicum is present in northern China, while Zhang Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) held the opposite view. Here, China is provisionally treated as being within the geographic range of Hyalomma turanicum. Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019) and Perfilyeva et al. (2020) did not recognize Hyalomma turanicum as occurring in Iran and Kazakhstan, respectively, and these countries are also provisionally included within the distribution of this tick. Apanaskevich & Horak (2008 b) were unable to confirm the presence of Hyalomma turanicum in Cyprus, Libya, and Tunisia because the specimens from these countries that were thought to represent Hyalomma turanicum were in fact Hyalomma marginatum. Bursali et al. (2012) listed Hyalomma turanicum as found in Turkey, but Hekimoglu & Ozer (2017) failed to confirm this statement, and Turkey is provisionally excluded from the geographic distribution of this tick. Tsapko (2020) indicated that records of Hyalomma turanicum from Russia require confirmation, and Russia is also excluded from this species’ range. The records of specimens of Hyalomma turanicum from Somalia and Nigeria by Pegram (1976) and Mamman et al. (2021), respectively, require further studies to determine whether such specimens represent endemic tick populations; in the interim, these countries are not included within the range of this tick. Albania is included within the distribution of Hyalomma turanicum by Gargili et al. (2017) using a reference that does not support such a conclusion.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C705BABF88B9B4DDFC05.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Sudan (Walker & Laurence 1973, Kolonin 2009, ElGhali & Hassan 2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C705BABF88C5B58EFBF9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya (Walker & Laurence 1973, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C705BABF8F51B074FAC1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Lesotho, 2) Namibia, 3) South Africa (Walker & Laurence 1973, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C705BABF8F51B074FAC1.taxon	discussion	The type locality of Margaropus winthemi is “ Valparaíso, ” an incorrect reference to a major Chilean city. Bedford (1920) explained that a common name for this tick in South Africa was “ Argentine tick. ” However, there are no confirmed records of Margaropus winthemi from South America (Neotropical Zoogeographic Region).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C705BABF8E95B73FF9E1.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Prakasan & Ramani 2007).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C705BABF8E95B73FF9E1.taxon	discussion	Nosomma keralensis is a poorly described species that is treated as only provisionally valid in Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020), while other authors, such as Schachat et al. (2018), treat Nosomma keralensis as a name incertae sedis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C705BABF8D69B58EF92D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) India, 3) Laos, 4) Myanmar, 5) Nepal (south and central), 6) Pakistan (east), 7) Sri Lanka, 8) Thailand, 9) Vietnam (Hoogstraal 1970 c, Tanskul et al. 1983, Kolonin 1995 b, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Petney et al. 2019, Aiman et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C704BABF8C49B4ACFF35.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Malawi, 5) Namibia, 6) Rwanda, 7) South Africa, 8) Zambia, 9) Zimbabwe (Theiler 1961, Elbl & Anastos 1966 d, Keirans 1985 b, Kolonin 2009, Morel 2003, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F05C704BABF8C49B4ACFF35.taxon	discussion	Cornet (1995) listed Rhipicentor bicornis as present in the Central African Republic, but Uilenberg et al. (2013) treated the record from that country as unconfirmed, and we provisionally exclude the Central African Republic from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F04C704BABF8A15B15DFEA9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Namibia, 3) South Africa, 4) Zimbabwe (Theiler 1961, Norval & Colborne 1985, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F04C704BABF89C9B45DFB95.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola. 2) Botswana, 3) Cameroon, 4) Malawi, 5) Mozambique, 6) Namibia, 7) Nigeria, 8) Senegal, 9) South Africa, 10) Sudan, 11) Tanzania, 12) Uganda, 13) Zambia, 14) Zimbabwe (Bakkes et al. 2020, Balinandi et al. 2020, Springer et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F04C704BABF89C9B45DFB95.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus afranicus was widely referred to as Rhipicephalus turanicus prior to its description by Bakkes et al. (2020), who found that African specimens of Rhipicephalus turanicus in Pegram et al. (1987) do not represent that species, a situation earlier anticipated by Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2014). The presence of Rhipicephalus afranicus in Mozambique is based on Horak et al. (2018), who use the name Rhipicephalus turanicus for specimens collected there that, in fact, are Rhipicephalus afranicus. However, Esculudis et al. (2022) continue to maintain that Rhipicephalus turanicus but not Rhipicephalus afranicus is present in Mozambique.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F04C704BABF8A84B727FD01.taxon	discussion	Analysis of the geographic distribution of the species of Rhipicephalus is extremely difficult because the diagnoses of several species are, at minimum, controversial, including a number of important species that have not been adequately defined morphologically and molecularly. The seminal study of Walker et al. (2000), who analyzed the genus Rhipicephalus worldwide, has been of great help in understanding the taxonomy of this genus, but inherent difficulties remain, and these continue to cloud our understanding of particular species’ geographic ranges, many of which are here considered provisional.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F04C71BBABF8FB5B649FAFD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Chad (south), 6) Congo, 7) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 8) Eritrea, 9) Ethiopia, 10) Gabon, 11) Ghana, 12) Guinea, 13) Guinea-Bissau, 14) Ivory Coast, 15) Liberia, 16) Mali (south), 17) Niger (south), 18) Nigeria, 19) Oman, 20) Saudi Arabia (south), 21) Senegal, 22) Sierra Leone, 23) South Sudan, 24) Sudan, 25) Togo, 26) Yemen; Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Albania, 3) Algeria, 4) Armenia, 5) Azerbaijan, 6) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7) Bulgaria, 8) Croatia, 9) Cyprus, 10) Egypt, 11) France, 12) Georgia, 13) Greece, 14) Hungary, 15) Iran, 16) Iraq, 17) Israel, 18) Italy, 19) Jordan, 20) Kazakhstan, 21) Kosovo, 22) Kyrgyzstan, 23) Lebanon, 24) Libya, 25) Montenegro, 26) Morocco, 27) North Macedonia, 28) Pakistan (west), 29) Palestine, 30) Portugal, 31) Romania, 32) Russia, 33) Serbia, 34) Spain, 35) Syria, 36) Tajikistan, 37) Tunisia, 38) Turkey, 39) Turkmenistan, 40) Ukraine, 41) Uzbekistan (Morel 1958, Feider 1965, Aeschlimann 1967, Hoogstraal 1979, Hoogstraal et al. 1981, Pegram et al. 1981, 1982 b, Jongejan et al. 1987, Saliba et al. 1990, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Filippova 1997, Wassef et al. 1997, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Tomassone et al. 2004, Cringoli et al. 2005, Lohmeyer et al. 2011, Omeragic 2011, Pourrut et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Krčmar 2012, Lorusso et al. 2013, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sherifi et al. 2014, Shubber et al. 2014, Dabaja et al. 2017, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Karim et al. 2017, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Okely et al. 2021, Perveen et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F04C71BBABF8FB5B649FAFD.taxon	discussion	Many records of Rhipicephalus annulatus have been published under the name Boophilus annulatus and, to a lesser extent, Boophilus calcaratus. Camicas et al. (1998) treated Rhipicephalus annulatus as a species that also occurs in the Australasian and Neotropical Zoogeographic Regions, while Kolonin (2009) recognized this species’ presence in India (Oriental Region), but here these regions are not thought to lie within the range of Rhipicephalus annulatus. Guglielmone et al. (2014) were unable to find Australasian localities for Rhipicephalus annulatus, and this remains the case in the current analysis. Alleged Neotropical records of this tick are discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2021), who concluded that several records represent misidentified Rhipicephalus microplus, others were from cattle imported to the Neotropics, and some records are uncertain but do not imply that endemic populations of Rhipicephalus annulatus exist in the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region. The presence of Rhipicephalus annulatus in Hungary is based on Minning (1934), who identified specimens there as Boophilus calcaratus balcanicus, a synonym of Rhipicephalus annulatus in Camicas et al. (1998), under the genus Boophilus, while records from Senegal are from Morel (1958). However, Hornok et al. (2020 a) and Sylla et al. (2021) failed to record the presence of this tick in Hungary and Senegal, respectively, and this tick may no longer occur in those countries, which are here provisionally included within the range of Rhipicephalus annulatus. Kata (2022) maintained that Rhipicephalus annulatus is not present in Ethiopia, but this country was included within the range of this tick based on Pegram et al. (1981), although these authors emphasized that Rhipicephalus annulatus was only found at one locality near Sudan. Ethiopia is therefore also provisionally included within the range of Rhipicephalus annulatus. Mutai et al. (2022) recorded the presence of Rhipicephalus annulatus in Kenya based on a study that does not provide information for its identification; consequently, Kenya is not included within this tick’s range. Several publications cite the presence of Rhipicephalus annulatus in the Oriental Region, including records from Vietnam in Chien et al. (2016) and from Pakistan (east) in Adil et al. (2021), all of which require confirmation. Sharif (1928) mentioned this tick as recorded from India, under the name Boophilus annulatus calcaratus, and Ghosh et al. (2007) listed Rhipicephalus annulatus as an Indian tick, but these authors also stated that such records require confirmation. Surprisingly, authors such as Ravindran et al. (2011) considered this species the commonest cattle tick in southern India, but there are no convincing morphological descriptions of alleged Rhipicephalus annulatus from India. Ghosh et al. (2020) added to the confusion by presenting a 16 S sequence (Gen Bank KY 945491) allegedly obtained from an Indian specimen of Rhipicephalus annulatus but, in fact, it represents an Egyptian specimen. Robbins (2005) noted that this tick has been mentioned as occurring in Taiwan, but he emphasizes that it is not established there. On the other hand, Ghafar et al. (2020) found one male of Rhipicephalus annulatus in the area of Pakistan that lies within the Oriental Zoogeographic Region and obtained a sequence of the 16 S gene that closely matches (less than 1 % divergence) 16 S sequences in Black & Piesman (1994) and Mangold et al. (1998) for the same species. Diyes & Rajakaruna (2015) found Rhipicephalus annulatus in Sri Lanka, but after analyzing more than 30,000 ticks from the same country, Liyanaarachchi et al. (2015) did not. Perhaps the best summation of this problem was provided by Seneviratna (1965, under the genus Boophilus), who, after evaluating the situation in Sri Lanka, decided to classify the Boophilus ticks from that country as Boophilus sp., stressing the need for critical biological studies and formal morphological descriptions that would define the species found there. We support this approach for Sri Lanka and the entire Oriental Zoogeographic Region, which we have provisionally excluded from the range of Rhipicephalus annulatus, pending morphological and molecular studies. Petney et al. (2019) also recommended that the status of Rhipicephalus annulatus in Southeast Asia be reevaluated.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1BC71ABABF8E6DB77AFE61.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Burundi, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Comoros, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Eswatini, 7) Kenya, 8) Lesotho, 9) Malawi, 10) Mauritius, 11) Mozambique, 12) Namibia, 13) Rwanda, 14) South Africa, 15) South Sudan, 16) Tanzania, 17) Uganda, 18) Zambia, 19) Zimbabwe (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Barré & Morel 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Walker et al. 2000, De Deken et al. 2007, Lynen et al. 2007, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Stachurski et al. 2013, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018, Ledger et al. 2021, Mahlobo & Zishiri 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021, Shekede et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1BC71ABABF8E6DB77AFE61.taxon	discussion	All stages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus are morphologically very similar to those of Rhipicephalus zambeziensis, but Rhipicephalus appendiculatus has also been confused with Rhipicephalus duttoni and Rhipicephalus nitens, as discussed in Walker et al. (2000), while Horak et al. (2018) stated that Rhipicephalus warburtoni has been confused with atypical Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Uilenberg et al. (2013) noted that Rhipicephalus appendiculatus has not been found recently in the Central African Republic, but these authors consider it probable that this species remains present in that country, which is here provisionally included within the geographic distribution of this tick. Ghosh et al. (2007) and Farooqi et al. (2017), among others, recorded Rhipicephalus appendiculatus from Pakistan (Oriental and Palearctic Zoogeographic Regions), but that country is here excluded from the range of this tick. Fakoorziba et al. (2015) allegedly found Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in Iran, a record treated as valid in Nasirian (2022) but that requires confirmation, and Iran is excluded from the range of this tick. Okely et al. (2022) stated that Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was reported in Egypt, while also stating that it is not established there. Ekanem et al. (2011) and Wahedi et al. (2020) listed Rhipicephalus appendiculatus as occurring in Nigeria, but its presence there requires confirmation. Perveen et al. (2021) stated that Rhipicephalus appendiculatus has been recorded from Sudan and the United Arab Emirates, but this statement could not be confirmed using the references provided by these authors. Gargili et al. (2017) included Armenia within the range of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, again citing a reference that does not support its presence there. Clavijo et al. (2009) reported Rhipicephalus appendiculatus sent from England to Venezuela, but Guglielmone et al. (2014) presumed that the specimens were of African origin.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8AE9B746FDD5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Tanzania, 2) Uganda, 3) Zambia (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8975B19CFCD8.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ethiopia, 2) Kenya, 3) Somalia, 4) Tanzania, 5) Uganda (Walker 1974, Pegram 1976, Morel 1980, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8975B19CFCD8.taxon	discussion	Morel (1980) included Eritrea within the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus armatus, but Walker et al. (2000) noted that Morel based his decision on a reference that does not support this statement. Norval (1985 b) reexamined two specimens of Rhipicephalus armatus found in Zimbabwe, but he was not convinced that this tick occurs there; consequently, Zimbabwe is provisionally excluded from the range of Rhipicephalus armatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8871B15BFC21.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa, 2) Zimbabwe (Norval 1985 b, Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8871B15BFC21.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) found that records of Rhipicephalus arnoldi from South Sudan (named as Sudan) in Hoogstraal (1956 a) are incorrect, but these records are still listed in ElGhali & Hassan (2012). Farooqi et al. (2017) allegedly found Rhipicephalus arnoldi in Pakistan, but this is likely a misidentification.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8F29B626FA29.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Central African Republic, 3) Congo, 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Gabon, 6) Guinea, 7) Ivory Coast, 8) Liberia (Morel & Mouchet 1965, Morel 2003, Pourrut et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8F29B626FA29.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) considered Rhipicephalus aurantiacus a valid species, but Walker et al. (2000) treated this tick as a probable synonym of Rhipicephalus ziemanni, and Horak et al. (2002) and Kolonin (2009) did not include Rhipicephalus aurantiacus in their lists of the ticks of the world. Guglielmone et al. (2009) found that the synonymy proposed by Walker et al. (2000) is unproven. Walker et al. (2000, page 483) listed (page 479) Rhipicephalus aurantiacus as a synonym of Rhipicephalus ziemanni, but in their “ Identification notes ” (page 483) they stated “ Further study, including examination of the types of R. aurantiacus, may later prove this decision to have been wrong. ” The validity of Rhipicephalus aurantiacus is accepted in Guglielmone et al. (2009, 2014, 2015, 2020), Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and here, while stressing the need for type comparisons to definitively resolve this problem. Uilenberg et al. (2013) suspected that Rhipicephalus aurantiacus is present in the Central African Republic, and that country is provisionally included within this tick’s range.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8D21B446F859.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) Australia, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line), 3) New Caledonia, 4) Papua New Guinea, 5) Solomon Islands; Oriental: 1) Cambodia, 2) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 3) Malaysia, 4) Philippines; remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Island (central) of Tahiti (Estrada-Peña et al. 2012, Petney et al. 2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1AC71ABABF8D21B446F859.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus australis was widely confused with Rhipicephalus microplus prior to its reinstatement by Estrada-Peña et al. (2012). Barré & Uilenberg (2010) stated that Rhipicephalus microplus was introduced into the Solomon Islands with cattle imported from Australia, but the tick actually involved is here thought to be Rhipicephalus australis. The geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus australis is probably broader than currently recognized, since distributional data are limited, and our understanding of the range of this species is based on Estrada-Peña et al. (2012) and Petney et al. (2019).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C719BABF8BA5B64CFE45.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burundi, 2) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3) Kenya, 4) Rwanda, 5) South Sudan, 6) Tanzania (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Walker et al. 2000, Lynen et al. 2007, Morel 2003, Kolonin 2009, ElGhali & Hassan 2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C719BABF8BA5B64CFE45.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) discussed differences between the morphological definition of Rhipicephalus bequaerti in Elbl & Anastos (1966 c) and that in Walker et al. (2000), as well as morphological details related to other descriptions of this tick, concluding that Rhipicephalus bequaerti is not well defined, which, in turn, casts doubt on our understanding of this species’ geographic distribution.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C719BABF8A85B7BAFE39.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Ethiopia, 2) Sudan (Morel 1980, Jongejan et al. 1987, Walker et al. 2000, ElGhali & Hassan 2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C719BABF8911B165FD49.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Cameroon, 3) Guinea, 4) Senegal (Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Kolonin 2009, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C719BABF8911B165FD49.taxon	discussion	The presence of Rhipicephalus boueti in Guinea is based on Morel (2003).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C719BABF8981B783F9B9.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Albania, 2) Algeria, 3) Armenia, 4) Azerbaijan, 5) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6) Bulgaria, 7) China (north), 8) Croatia, 9) Cyprus, 10) France, 11) Georgia, 12) Greece, 13) Iran, 14) Iraq, 15) Israel, 16) Italy, 17) Jordan, 18) Kazakhstan, 19) Kosovo, 20) Lebanon, 21) Libya, 22) Montenegro, 23) Morocco, 24) North Macedonia, 25) Palestine, 26) Portugal, 27) Romania, 28) Russia, 29) Serbia, 30) Slovenia, 31) Spain, 32) Switzerland, 33) Syria, 34) Tunisia, 35) Turkey, 36) Turkmenistan, 37) Ukraine, 38) Uzbekistan (Feider 1965, K ö hler et al. 1967, Saliba et al. 1990, Papadopoulos et al. 1996, Yeruham et al. 1996, Filippova 1997, Bouattour et al. 1999, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Cringoli et al. 2005, Chen et al. 2010, Omeragic 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Krčmar 2012, Akimov & Nebogatkin 2013, Sherifi et al. 2014, Ereqat et al. 2016, Hovhannisyan & Dilbaryan 2016, Tsatsaris et al. 2016, Dabaja et al. 2017, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C719BABF8981B783F9B9.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) mistakenly quoted Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) as stressing the need for a morphological redescription of Rhipicephalus bursa, but, in fact, Estrada-Peña and co-workers stated that the species in need of revision was Rhipicephalus pusillus, not Rhipicephalus bursa. Walker et al. (2000) treated records of Rhipicephalus bursa from Xinjiang Province in northern China as misidentifications; however, Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019), Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2021) regard records of this tick in that and other provinces of northern China as valid, and China is provisionally included within this tick’s range. According to Okely et al. (2022), only one study reported the presence of Rhipicephalus bursa in Egypt, but this tick is not established there. Many records of Rhipicephalus bursa have been published based on specimens collected outside the Palearctic Zoogeographic Region, e. g., Brazil, Cuba, Curaç ã o, French Guiana, Haiti, Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Timor, Uruguay, Venezuela and several sub-Saharan countries, but these records are thought to have resulted from misidentifications or mixing specimens from a variety of imported hosts, since there are no established populations of Rhipicephalus bursa in these countries (Walker et al. 2000, Guglielmone et al. 2021). Records of Rhipicephalus bursa from Senegal and Ethiopia (Afrotropical Region) in Dahmani et al. (2019) and Tegegen & Amante (2020), respectively, and from India (Oriental Region) in Nataraj et al. (2021) also require confirmation. Gargili et al. (2017) included Oman within the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus bursa based on a paper that does not support this statement.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C718BABF8DAEB6CEFF19.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Djibouti, 2) Ethiopia, 3) Kenya, 4) Oman, 5) Saudi Arabia (south), 6) Somalia, 7) Sudan, 8) Yemen; Palearctic: 1) Egypt, 2) Jordan, 3) Lebanon, 4) Saudi Arabia (north) (Morel 1980, Pegram et al. 1987 c, 1989, Saliba et al. 1990, Wassef et al. 1997, Walker et al. 2000, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Harrison et al. 2015, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Springer et al. 2020, Olivieri et al. 2021, Perveen et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F19C718BABF8DAEB6CEFF19.taxon	discussion	Morel (1980) stressed the difficulties involved in morphologically separating Rhipicephalus camicasi from Rhipicephalus bergeoni, Rhipicephalus guilhoni and Rhipicephalus sulcatus, while Chitimia-Dobler et al. (2017 b) suggested that Rhipicephalus camicasi is a synonym of Rhipicephalus guilhoni. Chandra et al. (2022) emphasized the need for a revision of Rhipicephalus camicasi because more than one species may be included under this name; consequently, the range of this tick should be considered provisional. The supposed presence of Rhipicephalus camicasi in Zambia (Kobayashi et al. 2021) requires confirmation, and that country is provisionally excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C718BABF8A31B6F2FDD5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C718BABF8A31B6F2FDD5.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) stated that many early records of Rhipicephalus capensis are uncertain, and that this species, Rhipicephalis follis and Rhipicephalus gertrudae have been confused with one another, arguing that it is sometimes impossible to morphologically distinguish Rhipicephalus capensis from Rhipicephalus gertrudae. However, Horak et al. (2018) expressed greater confidence in being able to correctly identify Rhipicephalus capensis. The early confusion of Rhipicephalus capensis with related species led authors such as Theiler (1962) and Elbl & Anastos (1966 c) to depict a broader geographic distribution for Rhipicephalus capensis, and Tandon (1991), among others, maintained this broad range for many years thereafter.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C718BABF8975B648FD3C.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) Nigeria, 3) Tanzania, 4) Uganda, 5) Zambia (Walker 1974, Colbo & MacLeod 1976, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C718BABF8975B648FD3C.taxon	discussion	The presence of Rhipicephalus carnivoralis in Nigeria is based on a specimen originally identified as Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, as discussed in Keirans (1985 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C718BABF882DB7B5FAFD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Cameroon, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Congo, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Gabon, 7) Ivory Coast, 8) Liberia, 9) Nigeria, 10) Sierra Leone, 11) South Sudan, 12) Togo, 13) Uganda (Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Morel 2003, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C718BABF882DB7B5FAFD.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus cliffordi was treated as a synonym of Rhipicephalus pseudolongus in Walker et al. (2000) and Kolonin (2009), and it was not included in the list of ticks of the world by Horak et al. (2002). Conversely, Camicas et al. (1998), Pourrut et al. (2011) and Uilenberg et al. (2013) treated Rhipicephalus cliffordi as a valid species. Guglielmone et al. (2009) noted the absence of type comparisons between Rhipicephalus cliffordi and related species, maintaining the validity of this name, a position also supported in Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2020). The confusion that attends the morphological identification of Rhipicephalus cliffordi, Rhipicephalus compositus, Rhipicephalus longus, Rhipicephalus pseudolongus and Rhipicephalus senegalensis was discussed by Walker et al. (2000) and Uilenberg et al. (2013). The geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus cliffordi is chiefly based on Morel (2003), who cited many records of this tick published under the names of related species. As a result, our understanding of the range of Rhipicephalus cliffordi should be considered provisional.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C718BABF8E6DB73AF9E1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Cameroon, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Congo, 5) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6) Gabon, 7) Ghana, 8) Guinea, 9) Ivory Coast, 10) Liberia, 11) Uganda (Elbl & Anastos 1966 c, Aeschlimann 1967, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Pourrut et al. 2011, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C718BABF8E6DB73AF9E1.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) did not include Uganda within the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus complanatus, but no reasons were given for this decision.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C71FBABF8D69B677FDD5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5) Kenya, 6) Malawi, 7) Mozambique, 8) Rwanda, 9) South Sudan, 10) Tanzania, 11) Uganda, 12) Zambia, 13) Zimbabwe (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Norval & Tebele 1984, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Olivieri et al. 2021, Shekede et al. 2021, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F18C71FBABF8D69B677FDD5.taxon	discussion	Several records of Rhipicephalus compositus have been published under the name Rhipicephallus ayrei, a synonym of Rhipicephalus compositus in Walker et al. (2000). Rhipicephalus compositus has been confused with Rhipicephalus capensis and Rhipicephalus gertrudae, as noted in Walker et al. (2000) and Morel (2003), while Matthysse & Colbo (1987) discussed the difficulties involved in separating adults of Rhipicephalus compositus, Rhipicephalus cliffordi, Rhipicephalus pseudolongus and Rhipicephalus longus. Uilenberg et al. (2013) stated that morphological separation of Rhipicephalus compositus from Rhipicephalus cliffordi is extremely difficult. Additionally, Guglielmone et al. (2020) cautioned that the redescription of Rhipicephalus compositus in Elbl & Anastos (1966 c) differs from the redescriptions of this tick in Walker et al. (2000) and other authors. For these reasons, several records of Rhipicephalus compositus should be considered tentative, casting doubt on the extent of this species’ geographic distribution. The presence of Rhipicephalus compositus in Mozambique is based on Morel (2003), who validated several records of Santos Dias, some of them published under the name Rhipicephalus ayrei. The holotype of Rhipicephalus compositus was allegedly collected in Khartoum (Sudan), but Walker et al. (2000) believed that the type locality is erroneous because the climate there is unsuitable for the development of this species. Accordingly, we do not include Sudan within the range of this tick. Bergeon & Balis (1974) reported the presence of Rhipicephalus compositus in Ethiopia, but Morel (1980) found errors in specimen identification, and Ethiopia is also not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1FC71FBABF8975B78EFD49.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Apanaskevich et al. 2013 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1FC71FBABF8981B06BFC05.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Chad (south), 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Gambia, 8) Ghana, 9) Guinea-Bissau, 10) Ivory Coast, 11) Mali (south), 12) Mauritania (south), 13) Niger (south), 14) Nigeria, 15) Senegal, 16) South Sudan, 17) Sudan (Tendeiro 1951, Hoogstraal 1956 a, Elbl & Anastos 1966 c, Terenius et al. 2000, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Kolonin 2009, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1FC71FBABF8981B06BFC05.taxon	discussion	Stella (1940) reported the presence of Rhipicephalus cuspidatus in Ethiopia, but Hoogstraal (1956 a) treated that author’s diagnosis as questionable, and Ethiopia is provisionally excluded from the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1FC71FBABF88C5B6DEF8C9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Botswana, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Burundi, 6) Cameroon, 7) Cape Verde, 8) Central African Republic, 9) Chad (south), 10) Congo, 11) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 12) Djibouti, 13) Eritrea, 14) Eswatini, 15) Ethiopia, 16) Gabon, 17) Gambia, 18) Ghana, 19) Guinea, 20) Guinea-Bissau, 21) Ivory Coast, 22) Kenya, 23) Lesotho, 24) Liberia, 25) Malawi, 26) Mali (south), 27) Mauritania (south), 28) Mozambique, 29) Namibia, 30) Niger (south), 31) Nigeria, 32) Rwanda, 33) Senegal, 34) Sierra Leone, 35) Somalia, 36) South Africa, 37) South Sudan, 38) Sudan, 39) Tanzania, 40) Togo, 41) Uganda, 42) Zambia, 43) Zimbabwe (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Elbl & Anastos 1966 d, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Cumming 1999, Morel 2003, Pourrut et al. 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Lorusso et al. 2013, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018, Kartashov et al. 2021, Ledger et al. 2021, Mamman et al. 2021, Ouedraogo et al. 2021 a, b, Shekede et al. 2021, Sili et al. 2021, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1FC71FBABF88C5B6DEF8C9.taxon	discussion	Many records of Rhipicephalus decoloratus have been published under the name Boophilus decoloratus. Rhipicephalus decoloratus has allegedly been found on Réunion, but Barré & Morel (1983) stated that this tick had been confused with Rhipicephalus microplus (under the genus Boophilus). Gabaj et al. (1992, under the genus Boophilus) reported the presence of Rhipicephalus decoloratus in Libya, and Kolonin (2009) listed that country within its range, but the records of Gabaj et al. (1992) require confirmation. Al-Shaibani (2012) found Rhipicephalus decoloratus in Yemen but left open the possibility that the specimens had been imported, and we provisionally exclude Yemen from the range of Rhipicephalus decoloratus. The presence of this tick in Egypt was due to specimens found on imported cattle (Okely et al. 2022). Records of this tick from India (Geevarghese et al. 1997, Ghosh et al. 2007, Ranganathan et al. 2021, among others) and Pakistan (Farooqi et al. 2017 and others) are here considered to be probable misidentifications or, at the very least, require confirmation, while Guglielmone et al. (2021) treated Neotropical records of Rhipicephalus decoloratus from Argentina, Peru and Costa Rica as having resulted from diagnostic errors or misinterpretations of collection data.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1FC71FBABF8C01B123F875.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Lesotho (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1FC71FBABF8C01B123F875.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus deltoideus is known from one male and three females collected in Lesotho and used by Neumann (1910 b) to describe this species because all other records from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa and Uganda were misidentified or unconfirmed, as discussed in Walker et al. (2000).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71EBABF8BA5B153FE1D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Botswana, 3) Kenya, 4) Mozambique, 5) Namibia, 6) South Africa, 7) South Sudan, 8) Tanzania, 9) Uganda, 10) Zimbabwe (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Norval 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71EBABF8BA5B153FE1D.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) found that Rhipicephalus distinctus has been confused with Rhipicephalus neumanni and Rhipicephalus oreotragi. Cornet (1995) listed Rhipicephalus distinctus as present in the Central African Republic, but Uilenberg et al. (2013) treated the record from that country as unconfirmed. A record of Rhipicephalus distinctus from Pakistan (Farooqi et al. 2017) is most probably a misidentification. Consequently, both the Central African Republic and Pakistan are excluded from the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus distinctus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71EBABF8ACDB4DEFD65.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3) Namibia (Sousa Dias 1950, Elbl & Anastos 1966 c, Gomes et al. 1994, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71EBABF8ACDB4DEFD65.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) stated that morphologically separating Rhipicephalus duttoni from Rhipicephalus nitens is sometimes very difficult.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71EBABF89E5B14FFC91.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Rwanda, 3) Uganda (Elbl & Anastos 1966 c, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71EBABF89E5B14FFC91.taxon	discussion	Kolonin (2009) included Angola within the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus dux, but its presence in that country was regarded as unconfirmed by Walker et al. (2000), and we agree.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71EBABF88B9B7ABF971.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Botswana, 3) Burkina Faso, 4) Burundi, 5) Cameroon, 6) Central African Republic, 7) Chad (south), 8) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 9) Djibouti, 10) Eritrea, 11) Eswatini, 12) Ethiopia, 13) Gambia, 14) Ghana, 15) Guinea, 16) Ivory Coast, 17) Kenya, 18) Lesotho, 19) Malawi, 20) Mali (south), 21) Mauritania (south), 22) Mauritius, 23) Mozambique, 24) Namibia, 25) Niger (south), 26) Nigeria, 27) Rwanda, 28) Saudi Arabia (south), 29) Senegal, 30) Somalia, 31) South Africa, 32) South Sudan, 33) Sudan, 34) Tanzania, 35) Uganda, 36) Yemen, 37) Zambia, 38) Zimbabwe; Palearctic: 1) Saudi Arabia (north) (Hoogstraal 1956 a, Aeschlimann 1967, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Pegram 1976, Norval 1981, Pegram et al. 1982 b, Barré & Morel 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Cumming 1999, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Lynen et al. 2007, ElGhali & Hassan 2012. Uilenberg et al. 2013, Diarra et al. 2017, Horak et al. 2018, Alanazi et al. 2019, Ledger et al. 2021, Okwuonu et al. 2021, Shekede et al. 2021, Sili et al. 2021, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71EBABF88B9B7ABF971.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2014) treated Rhipicephalus evertsi as an Afrotropical tick, but Guglielmone et al. (2020) also listed Palearctic records from Saudi Arabia in Alanazi et al. (2019). Rhipicephalus evertsi was found in Bangladesh by Rahman & Mondal (1985), who believed that this tick may have been introduced with imported domestic animals but is not established in that country. Bouhous et al. (2011) recorded one specimen of Rhipicephalus evertsi in Algeria, but according to these authors, additional studies are needed to confirm the presence of endemic populations in that country. There are unconfirmed records of this species from Gabon and Togo in Morel (2003), countries that are provisionally excluded from the range of Rhipicephalus evertsi. Farooqi et al. (2017) allegedly found Rhipicephalus evertsi in Pakistan, but this diagnosis is treated as probably erroneous here. The presence of this tick in Egypt was due to specimens found on imported cattle (Okely et al. 2022). Most workers regard Rhipicephalus evertsi as comprising two subspecies, but Guglielmone et al. (2014) believe that additional species may exist under this name.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71DBABF8DD9B127FF35.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Namibia, 3) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1EC71DBABF8DD9B127FF35.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus exophthalmos was widely confused with Rhipicephalus oculatus, or named Rhipicephalus sp. near oculatus, prior to its description in Keirans et al. (1993). Walker et al. (2000) listed a single locality in Botswana where Rhipicephalus exophthalmos had been collected, but that locality was not recognized by Horak et al. (2018). We provisionally include Botswana within the range of Rhipicephalus exophthalmos. The presence of Rhipicephalus exophthalmos in Angola is suspected, but records from that country were still classified as Rhipicephalus sp. near oculatus in Walker et al. (2000), and no additional records from Angola have since been found. Consequently, Angola is not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF8A15B1FEFE1D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Eswatini, 2) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF8A15B1FEFE1D.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus follis is difficult to identify morphologically. This species’ adults have been confused with those of Rhipicephalus capensis, Rhipicephalus gertrudae, Rhipicephalus lounsburyi and Rhipicephalus simus, and separation of the immature stages is especially difficult (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF8ACDB5D2FD65.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Niger (south); Palearctic: 1) Algeria, 2) Chad (north), 3) Niger (north), 4) Tunisia (Keirans 1985 b, Walker et al. 2000, and Morel 2003 under the name Pterygodes fulvus).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF8ACDB5D2FD65.taxon	discussion	Algeria was not included within the geographic distribution of this tick by Kolonin (2009), but Keirans (1985 b) discussed a record from that country, and figure 71 in Walker et al. (2000) depicts Rhipicephalus fulvus from Algeria.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF89E5B763FBB1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Chad (south), 6) Gambia, 7) Ghana, 8) Guinea, 9) Guinea-Bissau, 10) Ivory Coast, 11) Liberia, 12) Mali (south), 13) Niger (south), 14) Nigeria, 15) Senegal, 16) Sierra Leone, 17) South Sudan, 18) Sudan, 19) Togo, 20) Uganda (Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Walker et al. 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Lorusso et al. 2013, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Kartashov et al. 2021, Ouedraogo et al. 2021 b, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF89E5B763FBB1.taxon	discussion	Many records of Rhipicephalus geigyi have been published under the name Boophilus geigyi. Rhipicephalus geigyi was widely confused with Rhipicephalus decoloratus prior to its description by Aeschlimann & Morel (1985). Ronghang & Roy (2016) allegedly found Rhipicephalus geigyi in India (Oriental Zoogeographic Region), but its presence there requires confirmation, as well as the claim by Kobayashi et al. (2020) that this species is present in Zambia (Afrotropical Region).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF8F99B162FA29.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Namibia, 2) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF8F99B162FA29.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) discussed the difficulties involved in morphologically separating the adults of Rhipicephalus gertrudae, Rhipicephalus capensis and Rhipicephalus follis, while Horak et al. (2018) stated that it is difficult to differentiate larvae and nymphs of Rhipicephalus gertrudae from those of such species as Rhipicephalus follis, Rhipicephalus simus and Rhipicephalus tricuspis. Keirans (1985 b, page 694) listed a male of Rhipicephalus gertrudae from Malawi. Walker et al. (2000) did not discuss this record, and Horak et al. (2018) treated this tick as restricted to Namibia and South Africa. We do not include Malawi within the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus gertrudae.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF8D21B7F5F955.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa, 2) Lesotho (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018, Mahlobo & Zishir 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71DBABF8D21B7F5F955.taxon	discussion	Malhobo & Zishiri (2021) reported the presence of Rhipicephalus glabroscutatus in Lesotho, which is provisionally included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71CBABF8DF5B1EEFEA9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burkina Faso, 2) Cameroon, 3) Central African Republic, 4) Chad (south), 5) Ethiopia, 6) Mali (south), 7) Mauritania (south), 8) Niger (south), 9) Nigeria, 10) Senegal, 11) South Sudan, 12) Sudan; Palearctic: 1) Chad (north), 2) Egypt (Morel & Mouchet 1965, Pegram et al. 1987 c, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Lorusso et al. 2013, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1DC71CBABF8DF5B1EEFEA9.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus guilhoni had been confused with species of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex prior to its description by Morel & Vassiliades (1963), and Uilenberg et al. (2013) emphasized the extreme difficulties attending morphological separation of Rhipicephalus guilhoni from related species. Chitimia-Dobler et al. (2017 b) suggested that Rhipicephalus camicasi is a synonym of Rhipicephalis guilhoni. ElGhali & Hassan (2012) did not include South Sudan within the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus guilhoni, but its presence in that country is based on Pegram et al. (1987 c). Bouhous et al. (2011) recorded specimens of Rhipicephalus guilhoni from Algeria, but according to these authors, additional studies are needed to confirm the presence of endemic populations in that country. Gargili et al. (2017) listed Rhipicephalus guilhoni as found in Uzbekistan based on a reference that does not support their statement, while Zambian records of this tick in Kobayashi et al. (2021) require confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC71CBABF8AA1B6FEFC4D.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) East Timor, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Bhutan (south), 2) Cambodia, 3) China (south), 4) India, 5) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 6) Laos, 7) Malaysia, 8) Myanmar, 9) Nepal (south), 10) Pakistan (east), 11) Sri Lanka, 12) Taiwan, 13) Thailand, 14) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) China (north), 3) Pakistan (west) (Anastos 1950, Silva 1960, Tanskul et al. 1983, Keirans 1985 b, Kolonin 1995 b, 2009, Robbins et al. 1997, Walker et al. 2000, Robbins 2005, Ghosh et al. 2007, Durden et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Bettencourt et al. 2015, Liyanaarachchi et al. 2015 a, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Karim et al. 2017, Kuo et al. 2017, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019, Namgyal et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC71CBABF8AA1B6FEFC4D.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides as occurring only in the Oriental Zoogeographic Region, but this tick has also been found in the Australasian and Palearctic Regions. Walker et al. (2000) stated that the presence of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides in the Philippines requires confirmation, and we do not include that country within the range of this tick. Li et al. (2018), working with different populations of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, found molecular evidence suggesting that more than one species exists under this name.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC71CBABF889DB45EFB6D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) Somalia, 3) Tanzania (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC71CBABF889DB45EFB6D.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) stated that it can be difficult to morphologically separate females of Rhipicephalus humeralis from those of Rhipicephalus pulchellus, while the differentiation of larvae and nymphs of these species is even more challenging. Allam et al. (2018) reported Rhipicephalus humeralis from Egypt, but its presence in that country requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC71CBABF8FFDB76FF99C.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burundi, 2) Kenya, 3) Rwanda, 4) Tanzania, 5) Uganda (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Keirans 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000, Lynen et al. 2007, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC71CBABF8FFDB76FF99C.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus hurti has been confused with several congeners (Keirans 1985 b, Walker et al. 2000), and its separation from Rhipicephalus jeanneli is sometimes extremely difficult due to morphological variation (Walker et al. 2000), with the result that several published diagnoses appear as Rhipicephalus hurti / Rhipicephalus jeanneli. The last-named authors stated that there is a need for further studies of Rhipicephalus hurti and related species. Walker et al. (2020) regarded records of Rhipicephalus hurti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe as unconfirmed. Here, these countries are not included within the range of Rhipicephalus hurti, but the territories currently thought to contain populations of this tick are provisionally included, despite taxonomic uncertainties.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC71CBABF8D4DB74BF8C9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Malawi, 2) Rwanda, 3) Tanzania, 4) Uganda, 5) Zambia (Walker et al. 2000, Lynen et al. 2007, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC71CBABF8D4DB74BF8C9.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus interventus was confused with Rhipicephalus lunulatus and Rhipicephalus tricuspis prior to its description by Walker et al. (1995).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC713BABF8C01B00DFF35.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burundi, 2) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3) Kenya, 4) Rwanda, 5) South Sudan, 6) Tanzania, 7) Uganda (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F1CC713BABF8C01B00DFF35.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus jeanneli was confused with Rhipicephalus kochi until Yeoman & Walker (1967) reinstated the species. However, it can be difficult to morphologically separate Rhipicephalus jeanneli from Rhipicephalus hurti, and some records have been published as Rhipicephalus hurti / jeanneli group (Walker et al. 2000). See also Rhipicephalus hurti. The presence of Rhipicephalus jeanneli in South Sudan was not recognized by ElGhali & Hassan (2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F13C713BABF8A15B04EFE8D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India (Jeeran & Ghambir 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F13C713BABF8A5DB0F6FD3D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Kenya, 5) Malawi, 6) Mozambique, 7) South Africa, 8) Tanzania, 9) Zambia, 10) Zimbabwe (Clifford et al. 1983, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F13C713BABF8A5DB0F6FD3D.taxon	discussion	Several records of Rhipicephalus kochi have been published under the name Rhipicephalus neavei, a synonym of Rhipicephalus kochi (Walker et al. 2000). Additionally, many diagnoses of Rhipicephalus kochi before the redescription of this species by Clifford et al. (1983) resulted from confusion with other Rhipicephalus species (Keirans 1985 b, Walker et al. 2000), and these are not included in this analysis. Burridge (2011) described a broader distribution of Rhipicephalus kochi than that provided here, but Walker et al. (2000) stated that records from outside the countries listed above (Angola excepted) almost certainly represent species other than Rhipicephalus kochi, and this view is accepted here. Farooqi et al. (2017) allegedly found Rhipicephalus kochi in Pakistan, but this is probably a misidentification.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F13C713BABF882DB79EFB09.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Saudi Arabia (south), 2) Yemen; Palearctic: 1) Iraq, 2) Iran, 3) Israel, 4) Jordan, 5) Palestine, 6) Syria, 7) Turkey (K ö hler et al. 1967, Feldman-Muhsam & Shechter 1970, Hoogstraal et al. 1981, Pegram et al. 1982 b, Saliba et al. 1990, Wassef et al. 1997, Keysari et al. 2011, Bursali et al. 2012, Hasson 2012, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Abdally et al. 2020, Perveen et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F13C713BABF882DB79EFB09.taxon	discussion	Many records of Rhipicephalus kohlsi have been published under the name Boophilus kohlsi. Camicas et al. (1998) listed Rhipicephalus kohlsi (under the genus Boophilus) as a Palearctic tick, but there are also records from the Afrotropical Zoogeographic Region, although published after 1998. Rasulov (2007) claimed to have found Rhipicephalus kohlsi in Uzbekistan, but its presence in that country requires confirmation. Burger et al. (2014) collected an alleged specimen of Rhipicephalus kohlsi in Oman that was characterized molecularly but not morphologically. Orkun & Vatansever (2021) found significant molecular differences between Rhipicephalus kohlsi from Turkey and the alleged specimen from Oman, which we have provisionally excluded from the range of Rhipicephalus kohlsi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F13C713BABF8FC1B7E3F859.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) Kazakhstan, 3) Tajikistan, 4) Turkmenistan, 5) Uzbekistan (Filippova 1997, Kolonin 2009, Perfilyeva et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F13C713BABF8FC1B7E3F859.taxon	discussion	Distributional data concerning Rhipicephalus leporis are mostly from Filippova (1997). Walker et al. (2000) did not discuss the types of this tick and did not include Uzbekistan within the range of Rhipicephalus leporis, but Pomerantzev (1946) described this tick from specimens collected in that country. Additionally, Filippova (2008) stated that the lectotype and paralectotype of Rhipicephalus leporis were collected from hares in Kenimekh District, Uzbekistan. Walker et al. (2000) included Iran within the range of Rhipicephalus leporis, but no records from that country were found during our analysis, and the presence of this species in Iran is not recognized in Filippova (1997), Kolonin (2009) and Hosseini-Chegeni et al. (2019). We have therefore provisionally excluded Iran from the range of this tick. Samshuddin & Mohammad (1988), Hadi et al. (2020) and others cited several reports of Rhipicephalus leporis in Iraq, but its presence there was considered tentative by Walker et al. (2000) and Kolonin (2009). We have tentatively excluded Iraq from the range of Rhipicephalus leporis. However, Hornok et al. (2017 a) suggested that Rhipicephalus leporis is found in Kenya and the Ivory Coast, based on two morphological characters of this species and similarity between the DNA sequences of the African ticks and a sequence from an alleged Iraqi Rhipicephalus leporis specimen. It is possible that these ticks from the Ivory Coast, Kenya and Iraq belong to the same species, but not neccesarily Rhipicephalus leporis. This uncertainty will only be resolved by studying the molecular profile of Rhipicephalus leporis collected from the type host (hare) at the type locality, thereby ensuring comparable data, together with sound morphological analyses.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C712BABF8BA5B46AFF19.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Namibia (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C712BABF8A31B493FDD5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya, 2) Tanzania (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C712BABF8A31B493FDD5.taxon	discussion	A few records of Rhipicephalus longicoxatus have been published under the name Rhipicephalus camelopardalis, a tick described by Walker & Wiley (1959), but later recognized as a synonym of Rhipicephalus longicoxatus by Walker et al. (2000). Rhipicephalus longicoxatus was redescribed by Hoogstraal (1953 b, 1956 a), who unfortunately confused this tick with other Rhipicephalus species, which in turn led tick taxonomists to misidentify Rhipicephalus longicoxatus. This situation was settled by Walker et al. (2000), and papers on Rhipicephalus longicoxatus published prior to 2000 are not included in our analysis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C712BABF8975B625FAFD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Burundi, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Congo, 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Ethiopia, 8) Gabon, 9) Kenya, 10) Malawi, 11) Mozambique, 12) Rwanda, 13) South Sudan, 14) Tanzania, 15) Uganda, 16) Zambia (Clifford & Anastos 1962, Elbl & Anastos 1966 c, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Pegram et al. 1981, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Pourrut et al. 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C712BABF8975B625FAFD.taxon	discussion	Several records of Rhipicephalus longus have been published under the name Rhipicephalus falcatus, and, to a lesser extent, Rhipicephalus capensis longus or Rhipicephalus confusus, all synonyms of Rhipicephalus longus (Camicas et al. 1998, Walker et al. 2000). Rhipicephalus longus can be difficult to identify. Clifford & Anastos (1962) described morphological characters that are useful for separating this species from Rhipicephalus pseudolongus and Rhipicephalus senegalensis; nonetheless, Walker et al. (2000) stressed the problems involved in differentiating these ticks. Matthysse & Colbo (1987) and Uilenberg et al. (2013) included Rhipicephalus praetextatus and Rhipicephalus cliffordi among the species than can be confused with Rhipicephalus longus, respectively. For these reasons, the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus longus presented here should be treated as provisional. Aeschlimann (1967) reported the presence of Rhipicephalus longus in the Ivory Coast, but records there require confirmation, and we have tentatively excluded the Ivory Coast from the range of this tick. Norval (1985 b) recognized a record of Rhipicephalus longus from Zimbabwe but believed that endemic populations in that country had not been proved to exist, and Walker et al. (2000) treated its presence there as unconfirmed. Accordingly, we provisionally exclude Zimbabwe from the range of Rhipicephalus longus. ElGhali & Hassan (2012) listed this tick as found in South Sudan, but its presence there is unconfirmed. Farooqi et al. (2017) allegedly found Rhipicephalus longus in Pakistan, but this is probably an identification error.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C712BABF8E6DB7DAFA0D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Lesotho, 2) South Africa (Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C712BABF8E6DB7DAFA0D.taxon	discussion	The redescription of Rhipicephalus follis in Theiler & Robinson (1953) corresponds, in fact, to Rhipicephalus lounsburyi, as explained in Walker et al. (2000).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C711BABF8EDDB1CFFF19.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Botswana, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Burundi, 6) Cameroon, 7) Central African Republic, 8) Chad (south), 9) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10) Eswatini, 11) Ethiopia, 12) Ghana, 13) Guinea, 14) Guinea- Bissau, 15) Ivory Coast, 16) Kenya, 17) Malawi, 18) Mali (south), 19) Mozambique, 20) Namibia, 21) Nigeria, 22) Rwanda, 23) Senegal. 24) Sierra Leone, 25) Somalia, 26) South Africa, 27) South Sudan, 28) Tanzania, 29) Togo, 30) Uganda, 31) Zambia, 32) Zimbabwe (Walker et al. 1988, Gomes et al. 1994, Walker et al. 2000, Terenius et al. 2000, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Tomassone et al. 2004, Lorusso et al. 2013, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018, Ouedraogo et al. 2021 b, Sili et al. 2021, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F12C711BABF8EDDB1CFFF19.taxon	discussion	For many years, Rhipicephalus lunulatus was confused with Rhipicephalus tricuspis until Walker et al. (1988) definitively reinstated this species. Thereafter, Walker et al. (1995) described Rhipicephalus interventus, a tick with morphological characters that appear to be intermediate between those of Rhipicephalus lunulatus and Rhipicephalus tricuspis. Consequently, Walker et al. (2000) cautioned that several records of Rhipicephalus lunulatus may yet be confused with Rhipicephalus interventus or Rhipicephalus tricuspis. Records of this tick published prior to the study of Walker et al. (2000) were not included in this analysis. Oddly, Kolonin (2009) presented a geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus lunulatus broader than that in Walker et al. (2000), while using references that are not unlike those in Walker et al. (2000).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F11C711BABF8A31B125FE39.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Eswatini, 2) Kenya, 3) Malawi, 4) Mozambique, 5) South Africa, 6) Tanzania, 7) Zambia, 8) Zimbabwe (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Keirans 1985 b, Tandon 1991, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Horak et al. 2018, Ledger et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F11C711BABF8A31B125FE39.taxon	discussion	Neumann (1901) described Rhipicephalus maculatus from ticks allegedly collected on an insect in Cameroon, but that was a case of mislabeling, and Rhipicephalus maculatus is not found in Cameroon, as explained in Morel (2003). See also Rhipicephalus masseyi for its confusion with Rhipicephalus maculatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F11C711BABF8911B799FC69.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Malawi, 3) Mozambique, 4) Tanzania, 5) Zambia (Walker et al. 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F11C711BABF8911B799FC69.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) stated that considerable difficulties attend the identification of Rhipicephalus masseyi. These authors reported that the description of this species by Theiler (1947) invites confusion with adults of Rhipicephalus muehlensi and Rhipicephalus attenuatus, a synonym of Rhipicephalus lunulatus, and that the nymph described as Rhipicephalus masseyi by Theiler (1947) is, in fact, the nymph of Rhipicephalus maculatus. Rhipicephalus masseyi has been confused with Rhipicephalus kochi, and its morphological separation from Rhipicephalus ziemanni is difficult. Moreover, alleged records of Rhipicephalus masseyi from South Africa were later re-identified as Rhipicephalus muehlensi, as discussed in Walker et al. (2000), who also regarded Angolan records of Rhipicephalus masseyi as erroneous. For these reasons, information concerning Rhipicephalus masseyi published prior to the study of Walker et al. (2000) is not included in this analysis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F11C710BABF88E1B152FC4D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Burundi, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Cameroon, 6) Comoros, 7) Eswatini, 8) Ghana, 9) Guinea, 10) Ivory Coast, 11) Kenya, 12) Lesotho, 13) Madagascar, 14) Malawi, 15) Mali (south), 16) Mauritius, 17) Mayotte, 18) Mozambique, 19) Namibia, 20) Nigeria, 21) Réunion, 22) Seychelles, 23) South Africa, 24) Sudan, 24) Tanzania, 26) Togo, 27) Uganda, 28) Zambia, 29) Zimbabwe; Australasian: 1) East Timor, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Antigua and Barbuda, 2) Argentina, 3) Bahamas, 4) Barbados, 5) Belize, 6) Bolivia, 7) Brazil, 8) Colombia, 9) Costa Rica, 10) Cuba, 11) Dominica, 12) Dominican Republic, 13) Ecuador, 14) El Salvador, 15) French Guiana, 16) Grenada, 17) Guadeloupe, 18) Guatemala, 19) Guyana, 20) Haiti, 21) Honduras, 22) Jamaica, 23) Martinique, 24) Mexico (south), 25) Montserrat, 26) Nicaragua, 27) Panama, 28) Paraguay, 29) Peru, 30) Puerto Rico, 31) Saba, 32) Saint Eustatius, 33) Saint Kitts and Nevis, 34) Saint Lucia, 35) Saint Martin, 36) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 37) Suriname, 38) Trinidad and Tobago, 39) Uruguay, 40) USA Virgin Islands, 41) Venezuela; Oriental: 1) Bangladesh, 2) Bhutan (south), 3) Cambodia, 4) China (south), 5) India, 6) Indonesia (west of Wallace’s Line), 7) Japan (the Ryukyu Islands), 8) Laos, 9) Malaysia, 10) Myanmar, 11) Nepal (south and central), 12) Pakistan (east), 13) Philippines, 14) Singapore, 15) Sri Lanka, 16) Taiwan, 17) Thailand, 18) Vietnam; Palearctic: 1) Afghanistan, 2) China (north), 3) Japan (except the Ryukyu Islands), 4) Pakistan (west), 5) South Korea; remote islands: 1) Pacific Ocean Islands (central) of Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau (Saunders 1914, Arag ã o 1936, Cooley 1946, Anastos 1950, Kohls 1950 b, 1957 a, Floch & Fauran 1958, Audy et al. 1960, Hoffmann 1962, Morel 1966, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Kohls 1969 c, Yamaguti et al. 1971, Jones et al. 1972, Smith 1974, Walker 1974, Rawlins 1979, Uilenberg et al. 1979, Payne & Scott 1982, Barré & Morel 1983, Tanskul et al. 1983, Gang & Jang 1985, Garris & Scotland 1985, Instituto Interamericano para la Cooperación en Agricultura 1985, 1988, Rahman and Mondal 1985, Keirans 1985 b, Santos Dias 1988, Need et al. 1991, Corn et al. 1994, Camus & Barré 1995, Kolonin 1995 b, Morel 2003, Alvarez et al. 2005, Robbins 2005, Ghosh et al. 2007, Madder et al. 2007, 2012, Durden et al. 2008, Barros-Battesti et al. 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Burridge 2011, Lohmeyer et al. 2011, Vásquez et al. 2011, Adakal et al. 2013, Stachurski et al. 2013, Mastropaolo et al. 2014, Liyanaarchchi et al. 2015 a, D ̧ ttmann et al. 2016, Vongphayloth et al. 2016, Diarra et al. 2017, Kamani et al. 2017, Karim et al. 2017, Nava et al. 2017, Polsomboon et al. 2017, Bermúdez et al. 2018, Horak et al. 2018, Kwak 2018 c, Pun et al. 2018, Petney et al. 2019, Silatsa et al. 2019, Balinandi et al. 2020, Lugo-Caro del Castillo et al. 2020, Springer et al. 2020, Bah et al. 2021, Gugliemone et al. 2021, Ledger et al. 2021, Mahlobo & Zishiri 2021, Makenov et al. 2021, Namgyal et al. 2021, Nyabogo et al. 2021, Ouedraogo et al. 2021 a, b, Shekede et al. 2021, Sili et al. 2021, Wang, H. H. et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021, Weaver et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F11C710BABF88E1B152FC4D.taxon	discussion	Most authors have referred to Rhipicephalus microplus as Boophilus microplus, and, to a lesser extent, as Boophilus australis, Boophilus annulatus australis, Boophilus annulatus microplus, Margaropus microplus, Margaropus annulatus australis or Margaropus annulatus microplus, among other names. Canestrini (1888) originally described this tick under the genus Haemaphysalis, but Canestrini (1890) later transferred this species to the genus Rhipicephalus, although his proposal was not accepted by tick taxonomists until Murrell & Barker (2003) again classified this species under Rhipicephalus. Nevertheless, some authors still refer to this tick as Boophilus microplus. Some records of Rhipicephalus microplus in Indonesia (east of Wallace´s Line), East Timor, and territories within the Oriental Zoogeographic Region published prior to the study of Estrada-Peña et al. (2012), who redescribed Rhipicephalus australis, may be the result of confusion with the latter species. Therefore, the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line) and East Timor should be considered provisional. There are other questions concerning the geographic boundaries of Rhipicephalus microplus because Burger et al. (2014) found molecular evidence for an alleged cryptic species close to Rhipicephalus microplus in India and China, while Roy et al. (2018) added another potential species related to Rhipicephalus microplus and found in Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan. It is expected that additional studies will settle these questions in the near future, but any such investigations should be molecular as well as morphological, and results should be compared with the species described by Minning (1934, 1936) from some of these countries. Aziz & Al-Barwary (2019) reported the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in Iraq, a record that we believe requires confirmation, and that country is not included within the range of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F10C710BABF889DB690FBB1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Guinea, 2) Benin, 3) Cameroon, 4) Sierra Leone (Saratsiotis 1981, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F10C710BABF889DB690FBB1.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) found that adults of Rhipicephalus moucheti as redescribed by Saratsiotis (1981) differ morphologically from those described by Morel (1965 d). Additionally, Walker et al. (2000) stated that the descriptions of the larva and nymph of Rhipicephalus moucheti in Saratsiotis (1981) are almost identical to the descriptions of the immature stages of Rhipicephalus muhsamae by Pegram et al. (1987 a).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F10C710BABF8F99B6A0F971.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Eswatini, 2) Kenya, 3) Mozambique, 4) Somalia, 5) South Africa, 6) Tanzania (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018, Ledger et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F10C710BABF8F99B6A0F971.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus muehlensi was confused with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus kochi, Rhipicephalus longicoxatus and Rhipicephalus masseyi prior to its description by Zumpt (1943) (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018). The geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus muehlensi is chiefly based on Walker et al. (2000) and Horak et al. (2018), whose range statement differs from that provided by Burridge (2011), who includes Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe. However, specimens of Rhipicephalus muehlensi from Sudan have been found to represent other species, while records from the countries listed in Burridge (2011) are unconfirmed (Walker et al. 2000). Pegram et al. (1986, as Rhipicephalus muhlensi, a lapsus) and Tandon (1991) recorded Rhipicephalus muehlensi from Zambia, but the latter author believed that this tick is not established there. Uilenberg et al. (2013) listed as “ convincing ” a record of a male of Rhipicephalus muehlensi collected in the Central African Republic, but we feel that this record requires confirmation. None of the countries named in this paragraph are thought to be within the range of Rhipicephalus muehlensi.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F10C717BABF8DD9B1D8FE39.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Burundi, 4) Cameroon, 5) Central African Republic, 6) Chad (south), 7) Congo, 8) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 9) Ethiopia, 10) Gambia, 11) Ghana, 12) Guinea, 13) Guinea- Bissau, 14) Ivory Coast, 15) Kenya, 16) Mali (south), 17) Mauritania (south), 18) Niger (south), 19) Nigeria, 20) Rwanda, 21) Senegal, 22) South Sudan, 23) Sudan, 24) Tanzania, 25) Uganda; Palearctic: 1) Egypt (Morel 1980, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Pegram et al. 1987 a, Terenius et al. 2000, Walker et al. 2000, Dioli & Fox 2004, Tomassone et al. 2004, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Langguth et al. 2017, Ouedraogo et al. 2021 a, b, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F10C717BABF8DD9B1D8FE39.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus muhsamae is difficult to morphologically separate from Rhipicephalus praetextatus, Rhipicephalus senegalensis and Rhipicephalus simus, as stated in Walker et al. (2000); therefore, the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus muhsamae is somewhat uncertain. Walker et al. (2000) listed the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan as unconfirmed, while ElGhali & Hassan (2012) also did not recognize South Sudan as being within the range of this tick, but its presence in both countries is cited in the original description of Morel & Vassiliades (1965). Rhipicephalus muhsamae is not listed as a tick found in Ghana by Ntiamo-Baidu et al. (2004), but we include Ghana here. Okely et al. (2022) believed that Rhipicephalus muhsamae is not established in Egypt, but we provisionally include Egypt within this species’ range. Kobayashi et al. (2021) stated that Rhipicephalus muhsamae occurs in Zambia, but we feel that their statement requires confirmation and have excluded Zambia from the geographic distribution of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF8911B471FDAD.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Namibia, 2) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF89BDB7F3FC91.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF89BDB7F3FC91.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) cautioned that all parasitic stages of Rhipicephalus nitens can be very difficult to separate from those of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus duttoni. Doss et al. (1974 c) listed several authors that allegedly found Rhipicephalus nitens in “ north Africa, ” Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Uganda, but Walker et al. (2000) did not regard records from outside South Africa as valid, an opinion also accepted here.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF88B9B030FA50.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Namibia, 3) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF88B9B030FA50.taxon	discussion	Several records of Rhipicephalus oculatus published before 1993 in fact represent Rhipicephalus exophthalmos, a tick described by Keirans et al. (1993 b). Theiler & Robinson (1953) were thought to have described the larva and nymph of Rhipicephalus oculatus, but, again, they described the corresponding stages of Rhipicephalus exophthalmos, as discussed in Keirans et al. (1993 b). Guglielmone et al. (2020) confused the reference to Theiler & Robinson (1953) with that of Howard (1908). Walker et al. (2000) treated the occurrence of Rhipicephalus oculatus in Botswana as unconfirmed, but its presence there was confirmed by Horak et al. (2018), and we also include Botswana within the geographic distribution of this tick. Neumann (1901) described Rhipicephalus oculatus from five adult ticks, including a female specimen collected in Tanzania that has been lost, but Keirans et al. (1993 b) believed that this tick is not found in Tanzania, and that Neumann most probably confused Rhipicephalus pravus with Rhipicephalus oculatus. This species has been recorded from Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe, but no specimens are available to confirm its presence in these countries, which are provisionally excluded from the range of Rhipicephalus oculatus (Keirans et al. 1993 b, Walker et al. 2000).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF8EF9B587F99D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) South Africa, 3) Zimbabwe (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF8EF9B587F99D.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus oreotragi has been confused with Rhipicephalus distinctus, as discussed in Walker et al. (2000).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF8D4DB58DF8E5.taxon	distribution	Australasian: 1) East Timor, 2) Indonesia (east of Wallace’s Line); Oriental: 1) Indonesia (west of Wallace´s Line), 2) Philippines (Kohls 1950 b, Santos Dias 1988, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C717BABF8D4DB58DF8E5.taxon	discussion	Most records of Rhipicephalus pilans have been published under the name Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides pilans.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C716BABF8C65B6A5FF19.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Burundi, 2) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Kenya, 5) Malawi, 6) Mozambique, 7) Rwanda, 8) Tanzania, 9) Uganda, 10) Zambia, 11) Zimbabwe (Elbl & Anastos 1966 c, Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Morel 1980, Norval 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F17C716BABF8C65B6A5FF19.taxon	discussion	Most records of Rhipicephalus planus have been published under the name Rhipicephalus reichenowi and, to a lesser extent, Rhipicephalus simus planus, the original name for this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F16C716BABF8A31B447FD3C.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Djibouti, 3) Eritrea, 4) Ethiopia, 5) Kenya, 6) Saudi Arabia (south), 7) Somalia, 8) South Sudan, 9) Sudan, 10) Tanzania, 11) Uganda, 12) Yemen; Palearctic: 1) Egypt (Pegram et al. 1987 a, Walker et al. 2000, Lynen et al. 2007, Kolonin 2009, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Abdally et al. 2020, Byaruhanga et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021, Peter et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F16C716BABF8A31B447FD3C.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) treated Rhipicephalus praetextatus as an Afrotropical species, but records from Egypt (Palearctic) are regarded as valid here, although Okely et al. (2022) listed this species as non-endemic in Egypt. Rhipicephalus praetextatus had been widely confused with Rhipicephalus simus and Rhipicephalus muhsamae prior to its reinstatement by Pegram et al. (1987 a). However, the geographical limits of the distribution of Rhipicephalus praetextatus are uncertain. Walker et al. (2000) listed Egypt, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda and Yemen as the only countries where the presence of Rhipicephalus praetextatus has been confirmed. On the other hand, these authors regarded this tick as widespread in northeastern Africa, although records from countries other than those just named require definitive confirmation, and they are provisionally included within the range of Rhipicephalus praetextatus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F16C716BABF882DB77AF9E1.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Djibouti, 2) Eritrea, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Kenya, 5) Somalia, 6) South Sudan, 7) Tanzania, 8) Uganda (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Byaruhanga et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F16C716BABF882DB77AF9E1.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus pravus is a controversial species that has been widely confused with Rhipicephalus kochi, as discussed in Walker et al. (2000). Additionally, Keirans (1985 b) reported six congeners that have been confused with Rhipicephalus pravus. Data for Rhipicephalus pravus are mostly derived from the study of Walker et al. (2000), who redescribed Rhipicephalus pravus and discussed Rhipicephalus sp. near pravus, which is morphologically almost identical to Rhipicephalus pravus. Nevertheless, “ near pravus ” is treated as a separate species based on differences in geographic distribution and the fact that several specimens previously known as Rhipicephalus sp. near pravus were later identified as a new species, Rhipicephalus warburtoni. In general, Rhipicephalus pravus is treated as an East African species (see above for the countries where this tick has been found), according to Walker et al. (2000), while Rhipicephalus sp. near pravus occurs in southern Africa, including Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia and Zambia. Walker et al. (2000) listed South Africa within the range of “ near pravus, ” but South African specimens were later identified as Rhipicephalus warburtoni, as discussed in Horak et al. (2018). Until the taxonomic status of Rhipicephalus sp. near pravus is clarified, the southern limit of Rhipicephalus pravus will remain uncertain. Shekede et al. (2021) reported Rhipicephalus pravus from Zimbabwe, but because of the confused status of this species, this finding requires confirmation, and Zimbabwe is provisionally excluded here. Nyabogo et al. (2021) included Burundi within the range of Rhipicephalus pravus, based on Kaiser et al. (1988), but the latter authors do not mention its presence there. Farooqi et al. (2017) and others listed Rhipicephalus pravus as occurring in Pakistan, probably due to misidentification.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F16C715BABF8D69B651FEA8.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Cameroon, 2) Gabon (Santos Dias 1953 a, Pourrut et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F16C715BABF8D69B651FEA8.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus pseudolongus is another controversial species, treated as provisionally valid in Walker et al. (2000), Guglielmone et al. (2009, 2014) and Guglielmone & Nava (2014), whose morphological separation from Rhipicephalus cliffordi, Rhipicephalus compositus, Rhipicephalus longus and Rhipicephalus senegalensis is extremely difficult. However, Walker et al. (2000) regarded Rhipicephalus cliffordi as a synonym of Rhipicephalus pseudolongus, and these authors included within the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus pseudolongus the localities where Rhipicephalus cliffordi had been found, although they considered the presence of Rhipicephalus pseudolongus (= Rhipicephalus cliffordi) in Angola and Togo to be confirmed. Elbl & Anastos (1966 c) treated Rhipicephalus pseudolongus as a synonym of Rhipicephalus compositus, while Rhipicephalus pseudolongus of Santos Dias (1953 a, named Rhipicephalus capensis pseudolongus) was regarded by Camicas et al. (1988) as a synonym of Rhipicephalus longus, and Rhipicephalus pseudolongus in Clifford & Anastos (1962) was regarded as a synonym of Rhipicephalus cliffordi. Clearly, this situation only increases the likelihood of confusion between the species of Rhipicephalus named here. Therefore, we have restricted the distribution of Rhipicephalus pseudolongus to its country of origin, Cameroon, and, provisionally, Gabon because Pourrut et al. (2011) clearly separated records of Rhipicephalus cliffordi from records of Rhipicephalus pseudolongus in that country.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF8AA1B19AFD01.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Djibouti, 2) Eritrea, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Kenya, 5) Somalia, 6) Tanzania, 7) Uganda (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Walker 1974, Morel 1980, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Iori et al. 1996, Walker et al. 2000, Lynen et al. 2007, Kolonin 2009, Byaruhanga et al. 2021, Olivieri et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF8AA1B19AFD01.taxon	discussion	The female, nymph and larva of Rhipicephalus pulchellus are morphologically close to the corresponding stages of Rhipicephalus humeralis, but the males of these species are easily separated morphologically (Walker et al. 2000). Burridge (2011) listed Sudan within the natural range of Rhipicephalus pulchellus, but its presence there was not confirmed during this analysis. Okely et al. (2021, 2022) listed records of this tick from Egypt but stated that it is a non-endemic tick. Egypt is therefore not included within the range of Rhipicephalus pulchellus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF89C9B68DFB95.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) China (south); Palearctic: 1) China (north), 2) Kazakhstan, 3) Kyrgyzstan, 4) Mongolia, 5) Russia, 6) Tajikistan, 7) Turkmenistan, 8) Uzbekistan (Voltzit & Lvov 1986, Liao & Lai 1995, Filippova 1997, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Fedorova 2012, Černý et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF89C9B68DFB95.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1997) stated that Rhipicephalus pumilio was confused with Rhipicephalus schulzei in Zumpt (1939), while Zahler et al. (1997) found molecular evidence suggesting that Rhipicephalus pumilio and Rhipicephalus rossicus are conspecific. The presence of Rhipicephalus pumilio in southern China (Oriental Zoogeographic Region) is based on Liao & Lai (1995), who found this tick in Guangxi Province. This record is treated as valid by Chen et al. (2010), Zhang, G. et al. (2019) and Zhang, Y. K. et al. (2019) but not by Zhao et al. (2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF8FB5B6FEFA0D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Malawi, 2) Rwanda, 3) Tanzania, 4) Uganda, 5) Zambia (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Pegram et al. 1986, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF8FB5B6FEFA0D.taxon	discussion	The southern limit of the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus punctatus is uncertain because a potentially new species named Rhipicephalus sp. near punctatus has been found in Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Zambia (most records) (Walker et al. 2000). Additionally, Rhipicephalus punctatus has been confused with Rhipicephalus pravus, while specimens of Rhipicephalus sp. near punctatus and Rhipicephalus punctatus collected in South Africa (Fourie & Horak 1990, 1991, Horak et al. 2018) were re-identified as Rhipicephalus warburtoni. Gomes (1994) reported Rhipicephalus punctatus from Angola, a record not listed in Walker et al. (2000), and Angola is provisionally excluded from the geographic distribution of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF8EDDB79EF92D.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) France, 2) Italy, 3) Morocco, 4) Portugal, 5) Spain, 6) Tunisia (Morel & Vassiliades 1963, Walker et al. 2000, Cringoli et al. 2005, Kolonin 2009, Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF8EDDB79EF92D.taxon	discussion	Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) believed that several records of Rhipicephalus pusillus represent misidentifications of Rhipicephalus bursa. Silatsa et al. (2019) allegedly found Rhipicephalus pusillus in Cameroon (Afrotropical Zoogeographic Region), but its presence in that country requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C715BABF8C3DB746F881.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central), 3) Pakistan (east) (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C714BABF8C49B469FDAD.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Armenia, 2) Azerbaijan, 3) Bulgaria, 4) China (north), 5) Egypt, 6) Georgia, 7) Iran, 8) Israel, 9) Kazakhstan, 10) Moldova, 11) Romania, 12) Russia, 13) Turkey, 14) Turkmenistan, 15) Ukraine, 16) Uzbekistan (Feldman-Muhsam 1960 a, Feider 1965, Filippova 1997, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Nowak-Chmura & Siuda 2012, Akimov & Nebogatkin 2013, Mihalca et al. 2015, Hovhannisyan & Dilbaryan 2016, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017, Nader et al. 2018, HosseiniChegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Hekimoglu et al. 2021, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F15C714BABF8C49B469FDAD.taxon	discussion	Zahler et al. (1997) found molecular evidence suggesting that Rhipicephalus pumilio and Rhipicephalus rossicus are conspecific. Okely et al. (2022) treated Rhipicephalus rossicus as a non-endemic species in Egypt, but this country is provisionally included within its range here. Mihalca et al. (2015) included Poland and Tajikistan within the range of Rhipicephalus rossicus, but NowakChmura & Siuda (2012) treated this tick as an invasive species that has been unable to establish itself in Poland, which is provisionally excluded from the range of Rhipicephalus rossicus, while the presence of this species in Tajikistan is treated here as unconfirmed. Zhang et al. (2021, supporting information) listed Rhipicephalus rossicus as occurring in Hainan, southern China (Oriental Zoogeographic Region), but its presence there also requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C714BABF89BDB0E5FBF9.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA; Neotropical: 1) Argentina, 2) Brazil, 3) Chile, 4) Uruguay; Palearctic: 1) Croatia, 2) France, 3) Italy, 4) Portugal, 5) Spain, 6) Switzerland (Nava et al. 2018, Sánchez-Montes et al. 2021 b, Krčmar et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C714BABF89BDB0E5FBF9.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto was redescribed morphologically and molecularly by Nava et al. (2018), who also selected a neotype from a French population, thus providing the only bona fide description of this species. Rhipicephalus sanguineus is the type species of a group of morphologically very close ticks that constitute the Rhipicephalus sanguineus species group. Additionally, there are many populations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato worldwide, some of which surely belong to Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto, and molecular data provided by Nava et al. (2018) will be vital to the specific diagnosis of these populations. In any event, the geographic range of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto is broader than the 12 countries listed above would appear to indicate, although there is no evidence that the Rhipicephalus sanguineus reported from Belize by Polsomboon et al. (2017) are sensu stricto because those collections have not been compared with the data in Nava et al. (2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C714BABF8F51B72EFB6D.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) India, 2) Nepal (south and central) (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Pun et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C714BABF8FFDB59AFA51.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Azerbaijan, 2) China (north), 3) Iran, 4) Kazakhstan, 5) Kyrgyzstan, 6) Russia, 7) Turkmenistan, 8) Uzbekistan (Filippova 1997, Walker et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Kolonin 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Fedorova 2012, Hosseini-Chegeni et al. 2019, Perfilyeva et al. 2020, Tsapko 2020, Zhao et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C714BABF8FFDB59AFA51.taxon	discussion	Filippova (1997) found that Rhipicephalus schulzei in Zumpt (1939) corresponds, in fact, to Rhipicephalus pumilio.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C714BABF8EF9B66BF9C5.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Malawi, 2) Tanzania, 3) Zambia (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Tandon 1991, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C714BABF8D05B0E3F971.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Albania, 2) France, 3) Israel, 4) Italy, 5) Palestine, 6) Turkey (Mumcuoglu et al. 2022).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C714BABF8D05B0E3F971.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus secundus was reinstated by Mumcuoglu et al. (2022). Prior to that study, this tick was extensively confused with Rhipicephalus turanicus or treated as a name incertae sedis in Guglielmone & Nava (2014).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C7EBBABF8DD9B0FAFE39.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Chad (south), 6) Congo, 7) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 8) Ghana, 9) Guinea, 10) Guinea-Bissau, 11) Ivory Coast, 12) Liberia, 13) Mali (south), 14) Nigeria, 15) Senegal, 16) Sierra Leone, 17) South Sudan, 18) Togo, 19) Uganda (Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Walker et al. 2000, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Tomassone et al. 2004, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560F14C7EBBABF8DD9B0FAFE39.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) cautioned that morphological separation of Rhipicephalus senegalensis from Rhipicephalus longus and Rhipicephalus pseudolongus is difficult, and that Rhipicephalus senegalensis has been widely confused with Rhipicephalus simus in the past. Matthysse & Colbo (1987) also discussed the difficulties involved in identifying this species. The southern limit of Rhipicephalus senegalensis was not clearly defined by Walker et al. (2000), although all bona fide localities were situated north of the Equator, a view accepted here as opposed to the broader southern range depicted in Vassiliades (1964) and Morel (2003). However, the presence of this tick in Congo is based on these latter authors. ElGhali & Hassan (2012) did not recognize the occurrence of Rhipicephalus senegalensis in South Sudan, but this country is included here. Rhipicephalus senegalensis was described by Koch (1844 a) from three female ticks, two collected in Senegal, and the third specimen allegedly found in Egypt (Moritz & Fischer 1981). However, Hoogstraal (1956 a) believed the Egyptian tick had either been misidentified or was accessioned with an incorrect locality label. Eid et al. (2015) claimed that Rhipicephalus senegalensis is found in Jordan, but its presence in that country requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEBC7EBBABF8911B1BEFD01.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Mozambique, 2) Zambia (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEBC7EBBABF8911B1BEFD01.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Rhipicephalus serranoi as a probable synonym of Rhipicephalus punctatus. Walker et al. (2000) morphologically redescribed the male and female of Rhipicephalus serranoi and clearly indicated that their description differs in several respects from the original description by Santos Dias (1950 b).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEBC7EBBABF89C9B13DFBF9.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Benin, 2) Burkina Faso, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Congo, 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Gabon, 8) Ghana, 9) Guinea, 10) Ivory Coast, 11) Kenya, 12) Liberia, 13) Malawi, 14) Mali (south), 15) Mozambique, 16) Nigeria, 17) South Africa, 18) South Sudan, 19) Tanzania, 20) Togo, 21) Uganda, 22) Zambia, 23) Zimbabwe (Morel & Mouchet 1965, Aeschlimann 1967, Walker 1974, Morel 1978, Norval 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Konstantinov et al. 1990, Walker et al. 2000, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Kolonin 2009, Pourrut et al. 2011, ElGhali & Hassan 2012, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEBC7EBBABF89C9B13DFBF9.taxon	discussion	Mossaad et al. (2021) stated that Rhipicephalus simpsoni has been found in Sudan (Khartoum), where its usual host is absent. Therefore, the presence of this species in Sudan requires confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEBC7EBBABF8F51B135F881.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Botswana, 3) Eswatini, 4) Malawi, 5) Mozambique, 6) Namibia, 7) South Africa, 8) Zambia, 9) Zimbabwe (Norval & Mason 1981, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018, Ledger et al. 2021, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEBC7EBBABF8F51B135F881.taxon	discussion	Keirans (1985 b) found more than ten species of Rhipicephalus that have been confused with Rhipicephalus simus. Additionally, Rhipicephalus simus had been extensively confused with Rhipicephalus muhsamae and Rhipicephalus praetextatus prior to the study of Pegram et al. (1987 a), who provided characters for separating these species. Nevertheless, Walker et al. (2000) stressed the difficulties involved in morphologically separating adults of the above species, and differentiation of their immature stages is even more problematic, an issue underscored by Horak et al. (2018), who added Rhipicephalus follis, Rhipicephalus gertrudae and Rhipicephalus tricuspis to the list of species whose immature stages can be differentiated from those of Rhipicephalus simus only with extreme difficulty. It follows that several supposed records of Rhipicephalus simus should be treated with caution. The problems involved in precisely identifying Rhipicephalus simus led Walker et al. (2000) to regard the northern limit of this tick as uncertain, and our geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus simus should be considered provisional. Records of this tick in Egypt are based on specimens collected from imported domestic animals (Okely et al. 2022). Iori et al. (1996) allegedly collected specimens of Rhipicephalus simus in Somalia. Lynen et al. (2007) listed this tick as found in Tanzania, and Lorusso et al. (2013) classified as “ Rhipicephalus simus group ” tick specimens collected in Nigeria, while Wahedi et al. (2020) asserted that Rhipicephalus simus definitely occurs in the lastnamed country. Balinandi et al. (2020) recorded Rhipicephalus simus in Uganda. However, the presence of this tick in Nigeria, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya (Heylen et al. 2021, Peter et al. 2021) requires confirmation, and we provisionally exclude these countries from the range of Rhipicephalus simus. Records of this tick from Pakistan (Aziz et al. 2018 and others) and India (Nataraj et al. 2021) also require confirmation.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEBC7EABABF8C49B6F9FD01.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Botswana, 4) Burkina Faso, 5) Burundi, 6) Cameroon, 7) Central African Republic, 8) Chad (south), 9) Congo, 10) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11) Eritrea, 12) Ethiopia, 13) Gabon, 14) Ghana, 15) Guinea, 16) Ivory Coast, 17) Kenya, 18) Malawi, 19) Mali (south), 20) Mozambique, 21) Namibia, 22) Nigeria, 23) Rwanda, 24) Senegal, 25) South Africa, 26) South Sudan, 27) Sudan, 28) Tanzania, 29) Togo, 30) Uganda, 31) Zambia, 32) Zimbabwe (Morel & Vassiliades 1963, Pegram et al. 1987 b, Walker et al. 2000, Terenius et al. 2000, Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Horak et al. 2018, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEBC7EABABF8C49B6F9FD01.taxon	discussion	Guglielmone et al. (2020) regard as provisional the redescriptions of the male and female of Rhipicephalus sulcatus, as well as the descriptions of the larva and nymph in Theiler & Robinson (1953) and subsequently published redescriptions of the immature stages. Additionally, Guglielmone et al. (2020) believe that further studies, including those involving molecular methods, are needed to resolve the taxonomic problems associated with Rhipicephalus sulcatus and related ticks. Morphological separation of Rhipicephalus sulcatus from Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Rhipicephalus afranicus, named as Rhipicephalus turanicus by Morel & Vassiliades (1963), Pegram et al. (1987 b), Walker et al. (2000), Morel (2003) and Horak et al. (2018), and other species in the Rhipicephalus sanguineus group is difficult, and it is sometimes impossible to reach a specific diagnosis. Under these conditions, information concerning the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus sulcatus should be treated as provisional, and our list of countries where alleged Rhipicephalus sulcatus has been found is chiefly drawn from Morel & Vassiliades (1963), Pegram et al. (1987 b), Walker et al. (2000), Morel (2003) and Horak et al. (2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEAC7EABABF89C9B63BFB95.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2) Eritrea, 3) Ethiopia, 4) Malawi, 5) Mozambique, 6) Rwanda, 7) South Sudan, 8) Tanzania, 9) Uganda, 10) Zambia, 11) Zimbabwe (Yeoman & Walker 1967, Norval 1985 b, Matthysse & Colbo 1987, Tandon 1991, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, ElGhali & Hassan 2012).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEAC7EABABF89C9B63BFB95.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus supertritus has been confused with several species, such as Rhipicephalus bergeoni, Rhipicephalus compositus, Rhipicephalus longus and Rhipicephalus simus (Walker et al. 2000), and Guglielmone et al. (2020) treated redescriptions of Rhipicephalus supertritus as provisional. Among the several authors who have studied this tick, there are also stated differences in the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus supertritus. The range of Rhipicephalus supertritus provided here accords with information published by Walker et al. (2000) and Kolonin (2009), but again, these data should be considered provisional.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEAC7EABABF8FB5B69EFA29.taxon	distribution	Oriental: 1) Thailand (Kitaoka & Suzuki 1983).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEAC7EABABF8FB5B69EFA29.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus tetracornus was described from adults, nymphs and unconfirmed larvae. The adults and nymphs were subsequently lost, but the holotype (a nymph deposited in the National Science Museum, Tokyo) is available. Rhipicephalus tetracornus was not listed as valid by Keirans (1992), Horak et al. (2002) and Kolonin (2009), while Walker et al (2000) treated Rhipicephalus tetracornus as a species incertae sedis. By contrast, Rhipicephalus tetracornus was recognized as valid by Camicas et al. (1998), as well as Guglielmone et al. (2009, 2010 b, 2014, 2020) and Guglielmone & Nava (2014). Guglielmone et al. (2009) discussed the peculiar taxonomic situation of Rhipicephalus tetracornus, concluding that its description by Kitaoka and Suzuki (1983) is sound, a holotype is available for further analysis, and no studies have determined that this tick is a synonym of another species of Rhipicephalus. Therefore, no reasons yet exist to declare Rhipicephalus tetracornus invalid.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEAC7EABABF8D21B642F955.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Botswana, 2) Namibia, 3) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEAC7EABABF8D21B642F955.taxon	discussion	Walker et al. (2000) listed an unconfirmed record of Rhipicephalus theileri from Zimbabwe, a country that is not included within the geographic distribution of this tick.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEAC7E9BABF8DF5B7BEFEA8.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Botswana, 3) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4) Mozambique, 5) Namibia, 6) South Africa, 7) Zambia, 8) Zimbabwe (Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018, Sili et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEAC7E9BABF8DF5B7BEFEA8.taxon	discussion	Adults of Rhipicephalus tricuspis have been confused with Rhipicephalus interventus and Rhipicephalus lunulatus (Walker et al. 1998, 1995, 2000), while Horak et al. (2018) added that morphological separation of the larvae and nymphs of Rhipicephalus follis, Rhipicephalus gertrudae, Rhipicephalus simus and Rhipicephalus tricuspis is extremely difficult. Records published prior to the study of Walker et al. (1988) are not included in this analysis. The presence of Rhipicephalus tricuspis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is based on Walker et al. (2000), who included two localities in the western part of that country where this tick has been collected. ElGhali & Hassan (2012) continue to maintain that Rhipicephalus tricuspis is found in South Sudan, but there are no bona fide specimens of this tick from that country. Sylla et al. (2021) reported one collection of Rhipicephalus tricuspis from Senegal, but its presence there requires confirmation, and Senegal is provisionally excluded from the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus tricuspis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE9C7E9BABF8AA1B72BF955.taxon	distribution	Palearctic: 1) Uzbekistan (Filippova 2008).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE9C7E9BABF8AA1B72BF955.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus turanicus is a controversial and taxonomically complex species because morphological and biological studies demonstrate that the diagnosis of this tick is uncertain, with different species having apparently been identified under the name Rhipicephalus turanicus, as discussed in Beati & Keirans (2001), Dantas-Torres et al. (2013) and Estrada-Peña et al. (2017), among others. Alleged Rhipicephalus turanicus have been reported from a wide range of countries, and Camicas et al. (1998) and Walker et al. (2000) listed this tick as an Afrotropical, Oriental and Palearctic species. However, Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2015, 2020) regarded Afrotropical records, as in Pegram et al. (1987 b) and Walker et al. (2000), as unsound because it is unclear whether the specimens involved in those studies were bona fide Rhipicephalus turanicus. The opinion of Guglielmone and co-workers was confirmed when African specimens of Rhipicephalus turanicus in Pegram et al. (1987 b), also listed in Walker et al. (2000), were later described as a new Afrotropical species, Rhipicephalus afranicus, by Bakkes in Bakkes et al. (2020). Bakkes et al. (2020) and Guglielmone et al. (2014, 2015, 2020) regarded Rhipicephalus turanicus as a Palearctic species, agreeing also that the morphological redescription of this tick by Filippova (1997) represents either bona fide Rhipicephalus turanicus, or the most probable description of this controversial species. However, Bakkes et al. (2020) regarded Rhipicephalus turanicus as a Middle Eastern and Asian species, while we believe that the only bona fide locality record for Rhipicephalus turanicus is Tanshkent, Uzbekistan, the type locality. Bakkes et al. (2020) redescribed Rhipicephalus turanicus as a Palearctic species containing two lineages, one of them named as Rhipicephalus turanicus sensu lato, which appears to be identical to Rhipicephalus secundus, a name incertae sedis in Guglielmone & Nava (2014) but reinstated by Mumcuoglu et al. (2022). The other lineage, named Rhipicephalus turanicus sensu stricto was described from two specimens, a male and a female, collected from a dog at an unknown locality in Turkmenistan, Central Asia (which includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), and all figures related to the male and female of Rhipicephalus turanicus sensu stricto in Bakkes et al. (2020) are based on these two Turkmenistan specimens, indicating their importance in the morphological definition of this lineage. The type host of Rhipicephalus turanicus is Ovis aries and the type locality is Tashkent, Uzbekistan (Filippova, 2008), located in the limited area of this country that possesses a Mediterranean climate (DSa in the K ö ppen-Geiger climate classification), while the climate in most of Uzbekistan and all of Turkmenistan is cold and arid or semiarid (BWk and BSk in the just-cited climate classification). At this juncture, we feel that it is premature to further define this species without additional morphological and molecular analyses of specimens collected from Ovis aries in Tashkent. This is not to say that the definition of Rhipicephalus turanicus in Bakkes et al. (2020) is wrong, but the information provided by these authors should be confirmed by comparison with specimens collected from the type host at the type locality. Consequently, Rhipicephalus turanicus is regarded here as a tick that occurs in Uzbekistan, but its range will almost certainly be expanded when morphological and molecular data from the type locality and host are available to compare with the data provided by Bakkes et al. (2020).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE9C7E9BABF8DF5B0EEF92D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Kenya (Horak et al. 2013).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE9C7E9BABF8C3DB1D3F875.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) South Africa (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE9C7E9BABF8C3DB1D3F875.taxon	discussion	Prior to its description in Walker et al. (2000), specimens of Rhipicephalus warburtoni had been identified as atypical Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus sp. near pravus, Rhipicephalus punctatus, Rhipicephalus sp. near punctatus, and Rhipicephalus sp. near warburtoni (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE8C7E8BABF889DB71BF811.taxon	discussion	Šlapeta et al. (2021) reinstated the name Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826) from Egypt for the Rhipicephalus sanguineus from Australia described by Roberts (1965), which is thought to represent many “ tropical lineages ” of this tick worldwide. While we agree that the species described by Roberts (1965) is new, the name selected by Šlapeta et al. (2021) has no scientific basis for adoption. Rhipicephalus linnaei was originally named Ixodes linnaei Audouin, 1826, a tick that was imprecisely described from specimens collected from unknown hosts in Egypt, and the type material is not available. Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826) is a nomen dubium, a synonym of Ixodes linnaei Audouin, 1826, in Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2015 and updates) and also here, while Neumann (1897) treated this tick as a nominal species. Camicas et al. (1998) and others regarded Rhipicephalus linnaei as a synonym of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. However, the proposed synonymy of Rhipicephalus linnaei with Rhipicephalus sanguineus is taxonomically unsupported because there are no type specimens of Rhipicephalus linnaei for morphological and molecular comparison (Guglielmone et al. 2015 and updates). Thus, Walker et al. (2000) defined Rhipicephalus linnaei as “ New combination for Ixodes linnaei Audouin, 1826 [= Unknown species]. ” There are several species of Rhipicephalus in Egypt, among them Rhipicephalus camicasi, Rhipicephalus guilhoni, Rhipicephalus sanguineus “ southern Europe lineage, ” Rhipicephalus sanguineus “ tropical lineage ” and alleged Rhipicephalus turanicus (Chitimia-Dobler et al. 2017 b, Perveen et al. 2021), plus Rhipicephalus limbatus (type available) and Rhipicephalus rutilus (type available), both described by Koch (1844 a) and considered to be synonyms of Rhipicephalus sanguineus by Camicas et al. (1998, among others). Specimens of any of these ticks may actually represent the lost specimens of Ixodes linnaei Audouin, rather than the Australian tick described by Roberts (1965), but all these names were ignored and were not compared with the Australian species by Ŝlapeta et al. (2021). In summary, there is no scientific basis for reinstating Rhipicephalus linnaei (type material not available) as a valid species; this name is still considered to be a nomen dubium and a synonym of Ixodes linnaei (nomen dubium), following Guglielmone & Nava (2014) and Guglielmone et al. (2015 and updates). A new name should be selected for the species described by Roberts (1965). Meanwhile, this tick will not be further discussed in the present analysis. Note: following the final revision of this monograph, Šlapeta et al. (2022 Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 13 (6) (article 102204) 12 pp.) provided an additional study of the validity of Rhipicephalus linnaei, including morphological and molecular definition of a neotype, and a convincing comparison with other species of Rhipicephalus from Egypt. Consequently, Rhipicephalus linnaei is now treated as a valid species, but other data from Šlapeta et al. (2022) are not included in our monograph.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE8C7E8BABF8BA5B15AFE8D.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Botswana, 3) Mozambique, 4) Namibia, 5) South Africa, 6) Tanzania, 7) Zambia, 8) Zimbabwe (Norval et al. 1982, Tandon 1991, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE8C7E8BABF8BA5B15AFE8D.taxon	discussion	Rhipicephalus appendiculatus is morphologically very similar to Rhipicephalus zambeziensis, and differentiation of these species is sometimes difficult (Walker et al. 2000, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE8C7E8BABF8A5DB689FD64.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Angola, 2) Benin, 3) Cameroon, 4) Central African Republic, 5) Congo, 6) Democratic Republic of the Congo, 7) Gabon, 8) Ghana, 9) Guinea, 10) Guinea-Bissau, 11) Ivory Coast, 12) Nigeria, 13) Senegal, 14) Sierra Leone, 15) Togo (Morel 2003, Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. 2004, Uilenberg et al. 2013, Sylla et al. 2021).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE8C7E8BABF8A5DB689FD64.taxon	discussion	The geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus ziemanni is mostly based on Morel (2003), who recognized Rhipicephalus ziemanni and Rhipicephalus aurantiacus as valid species, while Walker et al. (2000) treated Rhipicephalus aurantiacus, with reservations, as a synonym of Rhipicephalus ziemanni (see Rhipicephalus aurantiacus above). The presence of Rhipicephalus ziemanni in Nigeria is based on Morel (2003), although Kamani et al. (2019) later identified specimens from Nigeria as Rhipicephalus sp. near ziemanni.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE8C7E8BABF89E5B7B9FC4C.taxon	distribution	Afrotropical: 1) Eswatini, 2) Mozambique, 3) South Africa, 4) Zimbabwe (Norval 1985 b, Walker et al. 2000, Kolonin 2009, Horak et al. 2018).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FE8C7E8BABF89E5B7B9FC4C.taxon	discussion	Camicas et al. (1998) listed Rhipicephalus zumpti as a synonym of Rhipicephalus planus, while Walker et al. (2000) stated that these species are valid, although very similar morphologically, and that Rhipicephalus zumpti is also morphologically close to Rhipicephalus simus.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEFC7EFBABF8BEDB6D4FE61.taxon	distribution	Nearctic: 1) Mexico (north), 2) USA (Keirans & Degenhardt 1985, Kolonin 2009, Guzmán-Cornejo et al. 2011).	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
03966A560FEFC7EFBABF8BEDB6D4FE61.taxon	discussion	Earlier records of Robertsicus elaphensis were reported as Aponomma elaphense or elaphensis, and Amblyomma elaphense or elaphensis, but a new genus was erected for this species by Barker & Burger (2018). Camicas et al. (1998) regarded this tick as present in the Nearctic and Neotropical Zoogeographic Regions, but no record from the Neotropics was found when compiling this analysis.	en	Guglielmone, Alberto A., Nava, Santiago, Robbins, Richard G. (2023): Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
