taxonID	type	description	language	source
9A231771FFADE85DB8CEFD2852D655C8.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Palpares pardus Rambur, 1842: 375. Original designation and monotypy.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE85DB8CEFD2852D655C8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Indopalpares can be characterized by the short labial palpus with oval palpimacula (Fig. 3 D), presence of long black setae on antennal scape (Fig. 3 F), triangular male sternite 9 with acutely tapering apex (Fig. 4 D), cylindrical and arcuated male ectoproct (Fig. 4 C) with a single prominent seta on short tubercle at base (Fig. 4 D), male gonocoxites 9 with a median sensory bulla (Fig. 4 E – F), and feebly developed gonarcal bulla (Fig. 4 F).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE85DB8CEFD2852D655C8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East Indies, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; New 2003; Stange 2004; Ghosh 2000; Hassan et al. 2019; Tauber et al. 2019; Oswald 2021).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE85DB8CEFD2852D655C8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Indopalpares is an endemic monotypic genus only known from Pakistan and India. Stange (2004) noted that the only autapomorphy of Indopalpares is the basally bent gonarcus (i. e., male gonocoxites 11). Morphologically, Indopalpares shares many similar characters with Palparellus Navás, 1912 and Pseudopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988; including small labial palp with oval palpimacula, cylindrical and slightly arched ectoprocts, and presence of one prominent seta on short tubercle in male ectoprocts. However, Indopalpares and Pseudopalpares are still considered monotypic genera with species that have a limited geographic range, Indopalpares is limited to the Oriental region (Pakistan and India) (Fig. 5), while Pseudopalpares is limited to the Southern and Eastern African domains (Stange 2004). In addition to the above similarities, these two genera share parameres (i. e., male gonocoxites 9) with a median sensory bulla, which is absent in Palparellus.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE85DB8CEFF6853D952DD.taxon	discussion	Notes. Despite debatable generic status, the following genera: Indopalpares, Palpares, and Parapalpares can be distinguished by characters proposed by Insom & Carfi (1988) and present examination: 1) Size of labial palp smaller in Indopalpares, larger in Palpares and Parapalpares; 2) Prothoracic markings wholly brownish yellow, without distinct median longitudinal stripe in Parapalpares, with a distinct median stripe in Indopalpares and Palpares; 3) Abdominal markings on lateral margins and posterior margin of tergites 6 – 8 narrowly yellow in Indopalpares, uniformly pale brown in Palpares and Parapalpares; 4) Shape of male ectoprocts cylindrical, distinctly curved at base in Indopalpares, moderately curved at base in Parapalpares and Palpares; 5) Shape of male sternite 9: Acutely tapering at apex in Indopalpares, round in Palpares and Parapalpares; 6) Gonocoxites 9 paired and widely separated from each other, with acute apex and acutely tapering basal projection in Parapalpares, closely spaced, with obtuse apex and basal projection absent or obtuse in Indopalpares and Palpares; 7) Gonocoxites 9 with median sensory bulla present in Indopalpares, indistinct in Palpares and Parapalpares; and 8) Gonarcal bulla feebly developed in Indopalpares, distinct in Palpares and Parapalpares.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE858B8CEFA1B55325781.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 5)	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE858B8CEFA1B55325781.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hindwing with a single subapical marking, not reaching hind margin. Labial palp short, as long as maxillary palp, clavate, brownish, with short round apex, palpimacula oval and not reaching apex of terminal palpomere (Fig. 3 D). Antennal scape with long black setae (Fig. 3 F). Thorax brownish black with yellow markings (Fig. 3 A) .. Legs brownish, tarsi black, tibial spurs slightly greater than proximal three tarsomeres taken together (Ta 1 – Ta 3) (Fig. 3 E). Ectoproct in male cylindrical, distinctly curved at base, covered with thick black setae on ventral side (Fig. 4 C); base of ectoproct in male with one prominent seta on short tubercle (Fig. 4 D); male sternite 9 triangular with acute apex (Fig. 4 D); male gonocoxites 9 with a median sensory bulla (Fig. 4 F), and gonarcal bulla feebly developed (Fig. 4 G). Measurement (♁ n = 2, ♀ n = 1). Forewing length ♁ 52.7 – 53.0 mm, ♀ 58.3 mm, width ♁ 16.6 – 18.5 mm, ♀ 20.7 mm; hindwing length ♁ 52.0 – 52.5 mm, ♀ 54.0 mm, width ♁ 15.7 – 17.1 mm, ♀ 18.7 mm; body length ♁ 45.0 – 50.0 mm, ♀ 48.0 mm.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE858B8CEFA1B55325781.taxon	description	Redescription. Head wider than prothorax (Fig. 3 B – C). Face yellow, covered with long pale setae (Fig. 3 B). Frons brownish. Vertex raised, yellow, with a median longitudinal suture, anterolaterally with short black setae, posteromedian with three brownish markings (Fig. 3 C). Antenna longer than head width, black, club-shaped; scape, pedicel and base of flagellum brownish; antennal toruli bright yellow; scape with long black setae, flagellum densely covered with short black setae (Fig. 3 F). Clypeus and labrum yellow with rows of black setae. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow. Labial palp with long black setae, but terminal palpomere clavate, brownish with short round tip, palpimacula oval and not reaching apex (Fig. 3 D). Thorax (Fig. 3 A). Prothorax short, much broader than long; pronotum yellow with a median blackish brown stripe, greatly widened towards posterior margin; posterolateral margins brownish; anterior and posterior margins slightly raised with mixed brown and pale setae. Meso- and metathorax brown with yellow stripes, densely covered with creamy yellow fine long setae. Mesoprescutum brown, with lateral margins yellow; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum brown with a pair of yellow stripes; metaprescutum and metascutum brown, with a pair of yellow stripes; metascutellum brown with lateral margins yellow. Wings (Fig. 3 A – B). Narrow at base, wider towards apex; distinct brown marking patterns present; veins mainly covered with short black setae. Forewing. Costal area with 9 – 11 quadrate markings, except proximal area with 1 – 4 short markings; five highly variable diffuse pale brown markings present along R; basal marking quadrate; second marking much longer by posterior extension or divided at middle; third marking quadrate; subapical marking longest but variable in shape, not reaching hind margin; hind margin with brown markings, sometimes linear or finger-like; veins mainly yellow, brownish to dark at brown markings; R brown, yellowish proximad basal mark; cubital fork dark brown, veins alternating brown and yellow sections. Rs arises slightly beyond the cubital fork; 5 – 6 presectoral crossveins and 2 – 3 crossveins biaereolated proximal to origin of Rs. Hindwing. Costal area with 9 – 11 quadrate markings, and proximal area with 1 – 3 short markings; three highly variable markings present; basal marking nearly quadrate, originated slightly beyond MA, crossing recurrent vein to three cells; middle and subapical markings originated from R to middle of wing; apical large brown marking same as forewing except two circular but not linear stripes at middle; a small brown marking at origin of recurrent vein, which may be indistinct; hind margin with linear or diffused brown markings, except a large brown marking proximal to hind margin of subapical marking. Rs arises slightly proximad cubital fork; 6 – 7 presectoral crossveins, two crossveins biaereolated proximal to origin of Rs. Pilula axillaris pale to dark with shining golden brown. Legs (Fig. 3 E). Coxa dark brown, basal and apical ring yellow; trochanter, femora and tibia brown; tarsus, pretarsal claws, and tibial spurs black. Coxa with fine white setae; trochanter ventrally with distinct black setae; femora with mixed short white and long black setae; tibia with long black setae. Tibial spurs slightly greater than Ta 1 – Ta 3, covered with thin and thick short black setae. Abdomen (Fig. 1 A – B). Shorter than hindwing, brownish in male with dense white setae on tergites 1 – 2 and basal 1 / 3 of tergite 3, remaining with short black setae; dark brown with short yellow setae in female. Male genitalia (Fig. 4 C – G). Tergite 9 subquadrate; sternite 9 with acute apex; ectoprocts yellowish brown, cylindrical, distinctly curved dorsad at base, with long black setae ventrally and fine setae on dorsal surface; base of ectoproct with one prominent seta on short tubercle; gonocoxites 9 with a median sensory bulla; gonarcal bulla feebly developed. Female genitalia (Fig. 4 A – B). Tergite 9 quadrate; ectoprocts rounded bearing stout fossorial spines; gonocoxites 8 rounded; gonocoxites 9 rounded with stout fossorial spines.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE858B8CEFA1B55325781.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Punjab province: Attock dist., New Islamabad International Airport, 1 ♁, 11. ix. 2019, leg. M. A. Aslam (CAU); Islamabad Capital Territory, 1 ♁, 2. ix. 1996, PMNH (C # 22868), leg. Azhar (PMNH), 1 ♀, 28. viii. 2000, 524 m, PMNH (C # 29738), leg. Faiz (PMNH). Bibliography. Iqbal & Yousuf (1990: 55) mentioned the first record of Indopalpares pardus from Faisalabad, Punjab based on the unpublished master thesis of Beg (1960). Later, Iqbal & Yousuf (1990: 58; 1997: 128) formerly published the record of this species from the same locality in Punjab with identification key, redescription and distribution data in Pakistan. Stange (2004: 40) and Hassan et al. (2019: 514) included above record in their catalogue.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE858B8CEFA1B55325781.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan. Punjab province, District Attock, District Faisalabad; — Myanmar, East Indies, India, Sri Lanka (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; New 2003; Stange 2004; Ghosh 2000; Hassan et al. 2019; Tauber et al. 2019; Oswald 2021).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFADE858B8CEFA1B55325781.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Due to wide range of variation of the wing markings in this species, subsequent authors have synonymized the previously described subspecies under Indopalpares pardus.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA7E857B8CEFAFC538557CB.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Hemerobius libelluloides Linnaeus, 1764: 401.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA7E857B8CEFAFC538557CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Stange 2004; Machado et al. 2019).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA7E857B8CEFAFC538557CB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Palpares is a relatively larger genus with 66 known species, which are mainly distributed in the Afrotropical, Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Mansell 2004; Michel et al. 2017; Machado et al. 2019). Currently, Palpares contains three species in Pakistan, which mainly occur in the northeastern (1 sp.), southern (1 spp.), and southeastern (2 spp.) parts: P. astarte Banks, 1913 and P. cephalotes (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1832) from Rajanpur district (southeastern) [see notes below], and P. zebratus known from southern (Karachi) and northern (Islamabad) parts (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; Whittington 2002; Hassan et al. 2019). These Palpares species found in Pakistan can be distinguished from other palparine genera by elongated labial palp with distally clavated palpimacula, sensory slit 1 / 2 – 1 / 3 length of terminal labial palpomere, reaching to apex; thorax brownish yellow with distinct median longitudinal brownish stripe; abdomen uniformly pale yellowish brown; male sternite 9 with round apex; ectoprocts cylindrical, slightly or distinctly curved at base; male gonocoxites 9 closely spaced, with obtuse apex and basal projection; and presence of gonarcal bulla.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA6E851B8CEFF6853BF523A.taxon	description	(Figs 6 – 11)	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA6E851B8CEFF6853BF523A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Palpares zebratus is similar to Palpares cephalotes in external morphology and wing markings, but can be distinguished by short white setae only limited to tergites 1 – 2 and proximal 1 / 3 of tergite 3 (Fig. 7 A – B). P. cephalotes has tergites 1 – 5 in males densely covered with long white setae (El Hamouly et al. 2019; fig. 3 f), but the abdomen of P. zebratus is missing in the type photographs provided by Giacomino & Ábrahám (2018; fig. 1). This diagnosis is based on male individuals of Palpares trichogaster, a new synonym of P. zebratus in present study.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA6E851B8CEFF6853BF523A.taxon	description	Measurement (♁ n = 1). Forewing length 65.0 mm, width 18.1 mm; hindwing length 60.0 mm, width 16.5 mm; body length 79.0 mm. Redescription. Head wider than prothorax (Fig. 7 B – C). Face yellow with short white setae. Frons brownish yellow. Vertex raised, with median longitudinal suture, brownish yellow, with a median brownish marking, narrow at posterior margin, covered with short white setae. Antenna missing in the studied and type species. Scape and pedicel brownish, with short black and white setae. Clypeus and labrum yellow with short white setae. Maxillary and labial palps brownish yellow. Labial palp large, palpimacula clavate, covered with short brown setae, sensory slit reaching apex (Fig. 7 D – F). Thorax (Fig. 7 A). Prothorax short, much broader than long, pronotum yellow with a median and lateral brownish stripe, covered with long white setae, except posterior margin of median black stripe with black setae. Mesoand metathorax brown with yellow stripes, densely covered with yellow long fine setae. Mesoprescutum brown, with lateral margins yellow; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum brown with a pair of narrow median yellow stripes; metaprescutum brown, metascutum yellow with a median brownish longitudinal stripe, metascutellum brown with hind margin yellow; meso- and metathorax covered with brownish setae, laterally with long dense white setae. Pleurite densely covered with long white setae (Fig. 8 A – B). Wings (Fig. 9). Narrow at base, wider towards apex; highly diffused brown markings present; veins mainly covered with short black setae; forewing slightly longer than hindwing. Forewing. Costal, apical and hind margins with many irregular brown markings, particularly on crossveins; three distinct pale brown markings present; basal marking linear; second marking quadrate, divided at MA, posterior marking with irregular shape; third marking oblique at apical margin. Longitudinal veins dark brown; base of C brownish yellow; Sc with alternating yellow and brown sections after first marking; Rs and MA brownish yellow; base of Cu brownish yellow; anterior fork of CuA with alternating brown and yellow sections; CuP slightly yellow at base and apex; 1 A – 3 A with alternating brown and yellow sections. Crossveins yellow. Rs arises just beyond cubital fork; 6 – 8 presectoral crossveins and one or two crossveins proximal to origin of Rs biaereolated. Hindwing. Costal, apical and hind margins with many irregular markings; five prominent pale brown markings present; basal marking of variable shape, circular at base, slightly narrow at recurrent vein, followed by slightly curved posterior margin; second, third and fourth markings are originated from R, not reaching at hind margins; second marking variable in shape; third marking quadrate proximad basal half, distinctly curved at distal half; fourth marking divided into two independent circular markings; apical marking with two independent parallel spots, posterior marking reaching at apical margin. Longitudinal veins mainly dark brown; base of C brownish yellow; Sc with alternating brown and yellow sections after second marking; Rs and MA brownish yellow; MP brownish yellow at base, anterior branch with alternating brown and yellow sections; Rv brownish yellow apically; CuA proximally brownish yellow; CuP slightly yellow at proximal and distal margin; distal half of 1 A – 3 A light yellow, covered with distinct black setae, proximal to 3 A with some long white setae. Rs arises at same level to MP fork; two presectoral crossveins, basal crossvein proximal to origin of Rs biaereolated (Fig. 9). Pilula axillaris dark brown. Legs (Fig. 8 A – B). Brownish, densely covered with short white and long black setae; coxa with long white setae; tibial spurs and pretarsal claws dark brown; tibial spurs nearly equal to Ta 3 in foreleg, extending to just beyond Ta 2 in mid and hind leg; Ta 1 – Ta 4 short, Ta 5 long, approximately equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Abdomen (Fig. 6 A – B). Brownish, tergites 1 – 2 covered with long white setae; tergite 3 with mixed short white, and long black setae; tergites 4 – 8 with short black setae; sternite 1 covered with long white setae; sternite 2 with wholly short white setae or at proximal 1 / 3 with a few short black setae; sternites 3 - 6 with short black setae. Male genitalia (Fig. 10 A – E). Tergite 9 subquadrate, sternite 9 with round apex; ectoprocts moderately curved dorsad at base, base of ectoprocts with three stout black setae on short tubercle; gonocoxites 9 closely spaced, with obtuse apex and basal projection; gonarcal bulla present.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA6E851B8CEFF6853BF523A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Islamabad Capital Territory, 1 ♁, 9. viii. 1989, PMNH (C # 4117), leg. Faiz (PMNH).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA6E851B8CEFF6853BF523A.taxon	description	Bibliography. Navás (1913: 481) described Palpares trichogaster from Karachi, Manora, Sindh based on a single male specimen, and provided the morphological description and forewing illustration. Herein we synonymized P. trichogaster with P. zebratus. Whittington (2002: 385) listed P. zebratus, and Stange (2004: 60) and Hassan et al. (2019: 515) included both P. zebratus and P. trichogaster in their catalogue of Neuropterida from Pakistan.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA6E851B8CEFF6853BF523A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan. Sindh province, District Karachi; — India (Whittington 2002; Stange 2004; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2021).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA6E851B8CEFF6853BF523A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Banks (1913) in a review of the African and Indian Palpares species considered P. infimus (Walker) as a junior synonym of P. patiens (Walker), largely based on the similarity in wing markings. Most recently, Giacomino & Ábrahám (2018) considered P. infimus, P. patiens, and P. nobilis as junior synonyms of P. zebratus based on similar wing markings in their type species. However, these synonyms are redefined based on the prominent second to fifth pale brown markings on the hindwing reaching at apex in P. infimus (Giacomino & Ábrahám 2018: fig. 3; Banks 1913: fig. 10) and P. patiens (Banks 1913: fig. 12) or not reaching at apex in P. zebratus (Banks 1913: fig. 28; Giacomino & Ábrahám 2018: fig. 1) and P. trichogaster (Fig. 8). After careful comparisons of the photographs of type specimen of P. trichogaster at NHML, recent work of P. infimus, P. nobilis and P. zebratus by Giacomino & Ábrahám (2018), and new materials from Pakistan, we proposed the following new taxonomic changes: P. patiens should be a valid species and P. infimus retained its junior synonym (after Banks 1913), and P. trichogaster is considered as a new synonym of P. zebratus.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA1E850B8CEF94C5526518A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Palpares latipennis Rambur, 1842: 374. Original designation.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA1E850B8CEF94C5526518A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Parapalpares is very similar to Palpares but can be characterized by elongated labial palp with distal clavate palpimacula reaching apex (Fig. 14 D – F), thorax brownish yellow without distinct median longitudinal brownish stripe (Fig. 14 A), abdomen uniformly pale yellowish brown (Fig. 12 A – B), male sternite 9 with round apex (Fig. 15 D), male ectoprocts cylindrical, moderately curved at base, and male gonocoxites 9 paired and widely separated with each other, with acute apex and acutely tapering basal projection (Fig. 15 E – G).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA1E850B8CEF94C5526518A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Afrotropical, Southern Palearctic and Western Oriental (Stange 2004; Machado et al. 2019).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA1E850B8CEF94C5526518A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parapalpares is a small genus with eight valid species, mainly distributed in the Afrotropical (5 spp.), Palaearctic (3 sp.) and Oriental (1 sp.) regions (Stange 2004; Akoudjin & Michel 2011; Mirmoayedi et al. 2015; Prost 2018; Oswald 2021). Among the Palaearctic species, P. dispar (Navás, 1912) is known from the Palearctic (Iran) to Afrotropical (Northern Africa, Algeria, Egypt to Oman) region (Stange 2014; Mirmoayedi et al. 2015), P. papilionoides (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834) is distributed in Afrotropical Africa (southwest and central east) to Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen) and Israel (Ábrahám 2012; El Hamouly et al. 2019; Oswald 2021), whereas P. solidus (Gerstaecker) is known from the Palaearctic (Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey, and Uzbekistan) to the Oriental (Pakistan) region (Insom & Carfi 1988; Iqbal & Yousuf 1990: Fig. 16).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA0E84BB8CEFDDD552352DE.taxon	description	(Figs 12 – 16) Palpares solidus Gerstaecker, [1894] 1893: 113. Type locality: Mesopotamia (Mardin). Holotype female.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA0E84BB8CEFDDD552352DE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Large species (forewing length 56.0 – 56.5 mm) with distinctive wing markings (Fig. 13 A – B). Hindwing with two subapical markings, connected at middle, reaching at hind margin. Labial palp large, palpimacula clavate, sensory slit 1 / 3 of terminal labial palpomere, reaching apex (Fig. 14 D – F). Antenna brownish yellow, scape with short black setae (Fig. 14 G). Thorax brownish, without distinct marking, covered with long white setae (Fig. 14 A); pronotum covered with long brownish setae (Fig. 14 C). Legs brownish, covered with black setae; tibial spurs brownish, nearly equal to Ta 3 (Fig. 14 H). Ectoprocts cylindrical, moderately curved at base, as long as tergite 8 (Fig. 15 C), with two stout black spines at base of ectoprocts (Fig. 15 D); gonocoxites 9, paired but widely separated with each other, with acute apex and acutely tapering basal projection (Fig. 15 E – G). Measurement (♁ n = 1, ♀ n = 1). Forewing length ♁ 56.0 mm, ♀ 56.5 mm, width ♁ 16.3 mm, ♀ 15.7 mm; hindwing length ♁ 52.5 mm, ♀ 53.0 mm, width ♁ 15.4 mm, ♀ 15.0 mm; body length ♁ 65.0 mm, ♀ 44.0 mm.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA0E84BB8CEFDDD552352DE.taxon	description	Redescription. Head wider than prothorax (Fig. 14 B – C). Face yellow covered with short white setae. Frons brownish yellow. Vertex brownish, dome-shaped, with distinct median longitudinal suture, median brownish marking present, anterolateral margins covered with short white setae. Eyes large, greater than hemispherical. Antenna longer than head width, brownish yellow, scape with short black setae (Fig. 14 G). Clypeus and labrum yellow. Maxillary and labial palps brownish. Labial palp large, palpimacula clavate, covered with short brownish setae, as long as 1 / 4 of terminal labial palpomere, sensory slit reaching apex (Fig. 14 D – F). Thorax (Fig. 14 A). Prothorax short, much broader than long, brownish, covered with long brownish setae. Meso- and metathorax brownish, with indistinct median yellowish stripes, prominent yellow spots on posterolateral margins of metascutum; meso- and metathorax covered with long white setae. Wings (Fig. 13 A – B). Narrow at base, wider towards apex; veins mainly covered with short black setae; forewing slightly longer than hindwing. Forewing. Costal, apical and hind margins with many irregular brown markings, particularly on anal region; two distinct pale brown markings originated from R, present at middle; first marking linear, crossing middle of cubital fork; second marking quadrate, crossing middle of cubital fork. Longitudinal veins brownish yellow; Sc with alternating yellow and brown sections; Rs and MA yellow, except slightly brownish at markings; cubital fork dark brown, anterior fork with alternating brown and yellow sections, posterior cubital fork brownish. Rs arises just beyond cubital fork; six presectoral crossveins, basal three crossveins biaereolated. Hindwing. Five prominent pale brown markings; basal marking divided, anterior marking circular at cubital fork, posterior marking circular or linear at Rv; second, third and fourth markings originated from R; second marking irregular, quadrate or narrower at base, wider at hind margin; third and fourth marking connected at middle, reaching at hind margin; apical margin of wing with distinct brown marking. Longitudinal veins yellow, brownish at markings. Rs arises at the same level to MP fork; three presectoral crossveins, basal crossvein biaereolated. Pilula axillaris dark brown. Legs (Fig. 14 H). Brownish, densely covered with short white and long black setae; coxa with long white setae; tibial spurs feebly curved, nearly equal to Ta 3. Abdomen (Fig. 12 A – B). Brownish yellow, shorter than hindwing; T 1 and T 2 with dense greyish yellow setae, T 3 with mixed black and white setae, terga 3 – 8 with short black setae; lateral margins of T 1 – T 3, ventral sides of T 1 and T 2 with white setae. Male genitalia (Fig. 15 C – G). Tergite 9 subquadrate; sternite 9 with round apex; ectoprocts yellowish brown, cylindrical, moderately curved at base, as long as tergite 8, with two stout black spines at base of ectoprocts; gonocoxites 9 paired and widely separated with each other, with acute apex and acutely tapering basal projection; gonarcal bulla present. Female genitalia (Fig. 15 A – B). Tergite 9 subquadrate; ectoprocts rounded bearing stout fossorial spines on ventral half; gonocoxites 8 rounded with long black setae; gonocoxites 9 triangular with stout fossorial spines.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA0E84BB8CEFDDD552352DE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Balochistan province. District Nushki, 1 ♀, 26. viii. 2000, PMNH (C # 29738), leg. K. J. Beig (PMNH); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. District Khyber, Jumrud, 1 ♁, 19. x. 1949, leg. N. A. Aslam (NIM). Bibliography. Navás (1912 c: 55) described Palpares zugmayeri from Pasni, Mekran, Baluchistan based on a female specimen (probably single individual) and provided the morphological description and illustration of dorsal habitus. Hölzel (1972) synonymized Palpares zugmayeri with Parapalpares solidus. Iqbal & Yousuf (1990: 56; 1997) listed this species as Palpares solidus from Faisalabad, and provided the identification key, redescription and distribution data in Pakistan. Stange (2004: 65) and Hassan et al. (2019: 515) included this species in their catalogue.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
9A231771FFA0E84BB8CEFDDD552352DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan. Balochistan province, District Gwadar, Pasni; Punjab province, District Rawalpindi; — Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan (Navás 1912 c; Hölzel 1972; Iqbal & Yousuf 1990; Stange 2004; El Hamouly et al. 2019; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2021).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen, Liu, Xingyue (2023): Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 565-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3
