taxonID	type	description	language	source
AA3E8794FFE9FA1FA9B0FE4DFA4B54D5.taxon	description	Figures 3, 4 A	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE9FA1FA9B0FE4DFA4B54D5.taxon	materials_examined	Trindade specimens. Brazil, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas, 20 ° 29 ’ 40.2 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 32.9 ” W, 27. vii. 2015, 10.5 m: 1 spm R = 112, r = 11 (MZUSP 1547); 12. xi. 2014, 6.9 m: 1 spm R = 113, r = 9 (MZUSP 1548); 13. xi. 2014, 14.4 m: 3 spms R = 107, r = 11; R = 122, r = 10; R = 160, r = 10 (MZUSP 1550); 24. x. 2014, 15.4 m: 1 spm R = 138, r- 11 (MZUSP 1551). Ponta Noroeste, 20 ° 29 ’ 46.4 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 35.4 ” W, 7. iv. 2012, 11.6 m: 1 spm R = 124, r = 9 (MZUSP 1546). Enseada do Lixo, 20 ° 31 ’ 29.8 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 43.9 ” W, 7. ii. 2012, 25 m: 1 spm R = 115, r = 9 (MZUSP 1549). Comparative material. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948: U. S. A., Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Dry Tortugas, 24 ° 47 ’ 35.52 ” N, 83 ° 52 ’ 50.27 ” W, 29. iv. 1997, 95 m: 1 spm R = 62, r = 7 (UF – 3372). Copidaster schismochilus (H. L. Clark, 1922): Bermuda, Challenger Bank, 32 ° 00 ’ N, 65 ° 00 ’ W, 1. viii. 1903, 56 m: holotype, R = 98, r = 10 (MCZ AST – 2758).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE9FA1FA9B0FE4DFA4B54D5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. U. S. A. (Florida), Mexico, Cuba, Belize, Panama, Brazil (Trindade Island, present study), Ascension Island (Hendler et al., 1995; Fernádez, 2001; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Depth range: 0 – 95 m (Clark & Downey, 1992; present study). Recognition characters. Five long, cylindrical arms, up to 10 times longer than length of disc, constricted at bases. Abactinal plates flattened, T-shaped, imbricated. Second, long, abactinal plate bar-like connecting anterior plates laterally. Skeleton covered with gelatinous membrane. Carinal and adradial series of plates connected to each other by single internal plate at proximal half of ray. Acute subambulacral spines very close to each other, not embedded in dense integument of body wall. Pedicellariae between ambulacral and subambulacral spines, abundant (Miller, 1984; Clark & Downey, 1992; Solis-Marin & Laguarda-Figueras, 2010; Kogure & Kohtsuka, 2014; present study). Color in life. Reddish tan or orange, with darker red mottling or banding, Figure 3 A (see also Clark & Downey, 1992). Subambulacral spines and furrow spines white proximally and distally, orange medially. Pedicellariae and madreporite white, conspicuously contrasted by darker surrounding skin (Miller, 1984). Yellowish cream in ethanol (Figure 3 B, C). Habitats. Copidaster lymani inhabits both hard (coral reefs, rock, rubbles, and calcareous algae) and softmixed bottoms (mud, sand) (Miller, 1984; Fernádez, 2001; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). The specimens from Trindade were found sheltered in rocky and calcareous bottoms or among calcareous algae (Figures 3 A, 4 A) between 6.9 and 25 meters. In aquarium captivity, C. lymani concealed itself under rocks and remained motionless for long periods of time (Fernádez, 2001). Miller (1984) reported the co-occurrence of C. lymani and Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 (as Ophidiaster guildingi), in the same area at Carrie Bow Cay (Belize). Similarly, the two species co-occurred in Trindade.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE9FA1FA9B0FE4DFA4B54D5.taxon	discussion	Comments. Copidaster A. H. Clark, 1948 (sensu Miller, 1984, and Clark & Downey, 1992) consists of four species: C. cavernicola Solis-Marin & Laguarda-Figueras, 2010 (WA); C. japonicus Kogure & Kohtsuka, 2014 (NWP); C. lymani A. H. Clark, 1948 (WA), and C. schismochilus (H. L. Clark, 1922) (WA). The specimens from Trindade are confidently assigned to C. lymani. Copidaster lymani can be immediately separated from C. cavernicola in having pedicellariae between the ambulacral and subambulacral spines (whereas these areas are naked in C. cavernicola). Clark & Downey (1992), while accepting both C. schismochilus and C. lymani as valid species, admitted that C. schismochilus might be “ simply a large, possibly senescent, specimen of [C.] lymani ”. We concur with Clark & Downey’s (1992) observation that the number of papulae is higher in the holotype of C. schismochilus than in C. lymani. However, this characteristic should not be used to separate between the two species. In the Trindade specimens (R = 105 – 160) the number of papulae varies with the size of the specimen as well as with the papular region considered (see also Miller (1984 )). Near the disc and in the distal region of the arm, the amount of papulae is always smaller (8 – 12) relative to the rest of the arm (18 – 32) (Fig. 3 D). We agree with Miller (1984) that C. lymani actually stands apart from C. schismochilus in that its carinal and adradial series of plates (Fig. 3 I) are connected to each other by a single internal plate (Fig. 3 J) in the proximal half of the ray (Fig. 3 D), whereas 2 – 3 dorsolateral plates connect the carinal and adradial series of plates in C. schismochilus. Copidaster lymani can be separated outright from C. japonicus in having acute subambulacral spines very close to each other, not embedded in the dense integument of the body wall (Fig. 3 G) (versus clavate subambulacral spines apart from each other, embedded in body wall with only the thick tip protruding in C. japonicus). The presence of C. lymani in Trindade constitutes the first record of the species from the southwestern Atlantic.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFEBFA11A9B0FAF0FBD45407.taxon	description	Figure 5	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFEBFA11A9B0FAF0FBD45407.taxon	materials_examined	Trindade and Martin Vaz specimens. Brazil, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas, 20 ° 29 ’ 40.2 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 32.9 ” W, 6. vii. 2013, 14 m: 1 spm R = 83, r = 10 (MZUSP 1591); 18. iv. 2014, 12.1 m: 1 spm R = 127, r = 13 (MZUSP 1604); 15. vi. 2012, 9.7 m: 1 spm R = 100, r = 12 (MZUSP 1608). Praia das Cabritas, 20 ° 29 ’ 41 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 39 ” W, 5. xi. 2014, 13.7 m: 1 spm R = 93, r = 11 (MZUSP 1590). Ponta Noroeste, 20 ° 29 ’ 46.4 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 35.4 ” W, 9. vii. 2012, 17.7 m: 1 spm R = 170, r = 13 (MZUSP 1594). Praia da Calheta, 20 ° 30 ’ 26 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 44 ” W, 24. vi. 2012, 4 m: 4 spms, R = 93, r = 13; R = 95, r = 10; R = 100, r = 10; R = 110, r = 10 (MZUSP 1593); 14. vii. 2013, 4 m: 2 spms, R = 70, r = 9; R = 113, r = 12 (MZUSP 1599); 26. vi. 2012, 14.3 m: 1 spm, R = 120, r = 10 (MZUSP 1606); 18. vi. 2012, 12 m: 1 spm, R = 100, r = 8 (MZUSP 1602); 10. iv. 2014, 15 m: 1 spm, R = 95, r = 9 (MZUSP 1605); 24. iv. 2012, 4 m: 2 spms, R = 77, r = 8; R = 97, r = 8 (MZUSP 1610). Parcel das Tartarugas, 20 ° 30 ’ 37.6 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 28.1 ” W, 28. vi. 2012, 0 m: 1 spm R = 90, r = 8 (MZUSP 1592). Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol, 20 ° 30 ’ 52 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 15 ” W, 17. iv. 2014, 13.3 m: 1 spm R = 97, r = 9 (MZUSP 1589); 15. vii. 2013, 12 m: 1 spm R = 83, r = 10 (MZUSP 1598). Enseada dos Portugueses, 20 ° 30 ’ 52.3 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 15.6 ” W, 8. vii. 2015, 11.6 m: 1 spm R = 43, r = 5 (MZUSP 1585); 31. vii. 2015, 0 m: 1 spm R = 105, r = 11 (MZUSP 1586); 18. iv. 2014, 10.2 m: 3 spms R = 47, r = 6; R = 53, r = 11; R = 60, r = 7 (MZUSP 1588); 10. vii. 2012, 14.6 m: 1 spm R = 43, r = 4 (MZUSP 1613). Enseada das Tartarugas, 20 ° 30 ’ 56.7 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 08.7 ” W, 5. vii. 2013, 0 m: 5 spms, R = 27, r = 4; R = 34, r = 6; R = 44, r = 6; R = 47, r = 5; R = 82, r = 9 (MZUSP 1583); 2. ii. 2012, 15.2 m: 1 spm R = 108, r = 11 (MZUSP 1595); 3. viii. 2013, 12 m: 3 spms R = 93, r = 12; R = 110, r = 13; R = 120, r = 12 (MZUSP 1597); 17. vii. 2013, 9.9 m: 1 spm R = 100, r = 10 (MZUSP 1601); 26. vi. 2012, 9.5 m: 1 spm R = 113, r = 11 (MZUSP 1607). Praia das Tartarugas, 20 ° 31 ’ 03.89 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 08.4 ” W, 12. iv. 2014, 0 m: 1 spm R = 48, r = 6 (MZUSP 1587). Enseada das Cachoeiras, Farrilhões, 20 ° 31 ’ 22 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 52 ” W, 9. vii. 2013, 10.4 m: 1 spm R = 165, r = 13 (MZUSP 1596). Enseada do Lixo, 20 ° 31 ’ 33.9 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 33.6 ” W, 24. vi. 2012, 23.5 m: 3 spms R = 170, r = 13; R = 230, r = 15; R = 260, r = 10 (MZUSP 1603). Martin Vaz Island, 20 ° 30 ’ 45.7 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 21.9 ” W, 24. vii. 2013, 12.3 m: 1 spm R = 90, r = 14 (MZUSP 1600). Comparative material. Brazil, Alagoas, Barra de Camaragibe, 9 ° 20 ’ 19 ” S, 35 ° 26 ’ 10 ” W, 29. x. 2011: 1 spm R = 57, r = 6 (MZUSP 1949). Bahia, Boipeba Island, Praia de Tassimirim, 13 ° 34.882 ’ S, 38 ° 54.821 ’ W, 15. viii. 2011: 2 spms R = 55, r = 7; R = 46, r = 4 (MZUSP 1950); Praia de Bainema, 13 ° 38.274 ’ S, 38 ° 53.546 ’ W, 19. viii. 2011: 2 spms R = 90, r = 8; R = 95, r = 8 (MZUSP 1951); Porto Seguro, Ponta Grande, 16 ° 22.641 ’ S, 39 ° 00.342 ’ W, 16. xi. 2010, 0.6 m: 6 spms, R = 26, r = 5; R = 60, r = 6; R = 60, r = 7; R = 61, r = 7; R = 62, r = 6; R = 63, r = 6 (MZUSP 1952). Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis, Ponta do Bananal, 23 ° 04 ’ 23 ” S, 44 ° 09 ’ 49 ” W, 20. i. 2000: 1 spm, R = 88, r = 11 (MZUSP 1953); Ilha Grande, Grumixama, 23 ° 05 ’ 16 ” S, 44 ° 14 ’ 14 ” W, 23. vii. 1966: 1 spm, R = 62, r = 8 (MZUSP 1954); Jorge Grego Island, 23 ° 13 ’ 06 ” S, 44 ° 13 ’ 65 ” W, 9. viii. 2009: 1 spm, R = 110, r = 11 (MZUSP 1955).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFEBFA11A9B0FAF0FBD45407.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Circumtropical (Clark & Downey, 1992; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013; Gondim et al. 2014). Brazil: Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Verril, 1868; Rathbun, 1879; Verril, 1915; Brito, 1960, 1968; Tommasi, 1970; Clark & Downey, 1992; Ventura et al., 2006; Gondim et al., 2014). Depth range: 0 – 298 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Recognition characters. Small disk in relation to total body size. Five (4 – 6) long, narrow, cylindrical arms. Abactinal plates tumid, polygonal, tessellate, irregularly arranged in a reticulate pattern. Primary plates on abactinal surface without secondary plates between them. Many large papular areas between abactinal plates, with 18 – 30 pores per area. Lowermost papular area above inferomarginal plates. Two rows of subambulacral spines, innermost consisting of large, granuliform, more rounded spines; one subambulacral spine for each two ambulacral spines. Pedicellariae absent (Clark & Rowe, 1971; Clark & Downey, 1992). Color in life. Strongly variable. Adults have been reported to be reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, brownish or violet, whereas juveniles can be red, brown, violet or with purple spots (Hendler et al. 1995). Clark & Downey (1992) referred to “ usually mottled grey ”. The Trindade were blue gray in color with scattered light spots (Figure 5 A). H. L. Clark (1933) suggested that changes in color pattern in this species might be related to habitat, but recently, Entrambasaguas (2008) found no evidence of changes in color pattern induced by habitat in L. guildingi. Genetic differentiation has been found between blue and orange morphs of L. laevigata across the Indian and Pacific oceans (Magsino et al. 2002). However, Williams (2000) recovered two clades within L. guildingi based on COI sequences, none of which referable to color or geographic distribution patterns. Habitats. Commonly encountered on coral reefs (Williams, 2000), this is the most frequently encountered species in Trindade, where it can be found on corals, algae or rocky bottoms, between the tide zone and 23.5 m (Figure 5 A).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFEBFA11A9B0FAF0FBD45407.taxon	discussion	Comments. Nine species of Linckia are currently accepted, three of which have been recorded from the Atlantic Ocean: L. bouvieri Perrier, 1875 (EA); L. nodosa Perrier, 1875 (WA; also Saint Helena), and L. guildingi Gray, 1840 (CT, including Ascension). The specimens from Trindade and Martin Vaz are confidently assigned to L. guildingi on the basis of it having many large papular areas between the abactinal plates, primary plates on abactinal surface without secondary plates between them, and no large, raised hemispherical abactinal plates (Fig. 5 D), whereas L. bouvieri and L. nodosa display smaller papular areas, secondary plates between the primary ones, and have large, raised hemispherical abactinal plates. A single specimen, confidently referred to L. guildingi by Pawson (1978), is known from Ascension. Although Downey (1973) considered L. nodosa [as L. bouvieri] (R = 134; R = 144) the largest western Atlantic Ophidiasteridae, some Trindade specimens of L. guildingi are actually larger (R = 165, MZUSP 1596; R = 170, MZUSP 1594; MZUSP 1603; R = 230 and R = 260, MZUSP 1603).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE5FA11A9B0FBCFFC8457EB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. United States (North Carolina), Mexico, Cuba, Antilles, Venezuela, Brazil (Pará and Maranhão (present study), Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul), Saint Helena island, Canary Islands, Cape Verde (Downey, 1968; Tommasi, 1970; Brito, 1971; Tommasi & Oliveira, 1976; Carrera-Rodriguez & Tommasi, 1977; Clark & Downey, 1992; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Depth range: 35 – 475 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Color in life. Dorsal plates cream-yellow, spaces between plates reddish-orange, pale tan underneath. Color in formalin: light purple (Mortensen, 1933; Moore, 1960). Habitats. Inhabits hard and soft substrates including coral reefs, rocky and sandy bottoms (Pawson et al. 2009; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE5FA11A9B0FBCFFC8457EB.taxon	discussion	Comments. Linckia nodosa was recorded only once from Trindade (Praia dos Portugueses) based on a single specimen (R = 45) (Brito, 1971). Brito (1971) referred the Trindade specimen to L. nodosa in that it had 5 arms (versus 6 – 7 arms of different sizes in L. guildingi) and larger spines in the first row of ambulacral spines. Additionally, the surface of the arms and disc appeared more “ coarse ” and the actinal surface more flatter in L. guildingi. However, as currently accepted (Clark & Downey, 1992), L. nodosa is best recognized by the presence of small plates (secondary plates) between the larger primary plates of the abactinal surface, and large, raised hemispherical abactinal plates (versus absence of small plates between the larger primary plates and large, raised hemispherical abactinal plates in L. guildingi). Because we have not been able to locate Brito’s specimen, confirmation as to whether the occurrence of L. nodosa in Trindade comes from confusion with L. guildingi cannot be ascertained here. According to Clark & Downey (1992) L. nodosa and L. bouvieri are restricted to the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic, respectively. Recently, however, this purported distribution pattern has been confused by the record of L. bouvieri from the Mexican and Cuban coasts (Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013), and the record of the L. nodosa to Cape Verde (Downey, 1968). The morphological distinctness between L. nodosa and L. bouvieri needs further elaboration before any pattern of distribution is recognizable.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE6FA12A9B0FF71FC68531E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Georgia, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Windward Islands, Brazil (Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, Martin Vaz Archipelago, Rio Grande do Sul) (Verrill, 1915; Clark, 1954; Tommasi, 1970; Carrera-Rodriguez & Tommasi, 1977; Clark & Downey, 1992; Ventura et al., 2006; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Depth range: 52 – 585 m (Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Color in life. Brown with darker spots (Tommasi, 1970). Habitats. Coral sand, and shells (Verrill, 1915) and sand bottom (Carrera-Rodriguez & Tommasi, 1977).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE6FA12A9B0FF71FC68531E.taxon	discussion	Comments. Ventura et al. (2006) listed O. alexandri for Martin Vaz among the echinoderms amassed during the REVIZEE-Central Program (Evaluation of the Living Resources in the Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone, sampling station C 5 - 48 R, 23 ° 53 ’ S – 45 ° 26 ’ W, 52 m. See also Lavrado, 2006). Surprisingly enough, O. alexandri was not integrated into the atlas of the fauna caught during the REVIZEE-Central Program. In Martin Vaz, that species occurred well beyond the depths of our typical SCUBA diving survey.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE6FA14A9B0FCCEFC355208.taxon	description	Figure 6	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE6FA14A9B0FCCEFC355208.taxon	materials_examined	Trindade specimens. Brazil, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Ponta Norte, 20 ° 29 ’ 18.7 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 18.3 ” W, 17. vii. 2013, 12.8 m: 1 spm R = 32, r = 5 (MZUSP 1578); 4. i. 2014, 0 m: 1 spm R = 17, r = 2 (MZUSP 1554). Enseada das Orelhas, 20 ° 29 ’ 40.2 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 32.9 ” W, 30. vi. 2012, 14.4 m: 1 spm R = 30, r = 4 (MZUSP 1571); 7. vi. 2013, 14 m: 1 spm R = 12, r = 3 (MZUSP 1553); 5. v. 2014, 14.7 m: 1 spm R = 37, r = 5 (MZUSP 1572); 8. i. 2015, 8.9 m: 1 spm R = 62, r = 5 (MZUSP 1570). Ponta do Monumento, 20 ° 30 ’ 10.3 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 36.1 ” W, 16. vi. 2012, 12.1 m: 1 spm R = 33, r = 4 (MZUSP 1556); 13. vii. 2012, 8.1 m: 1 spm R = 37, r = 4 (MZUSP 1557). SECON-ECIT, 20 ° 30 ’ 20 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 43 ” W, 18. vii. 2013, 12.2 m: 1 spm R = 29, r = 5 (MZUSP 1565); 14. v. 2014, 10 m: 1 spm R = 38, r = 5 (MZUSP 1564). Praia da Calheta, 20 ° 30 ’ 26 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 44 ” W, 18. vi. 2012, 12 m: 1 spm R = 12, r = 2 (MZUSP 1567); 14. vii. 2013, 4 m: 1 spm R = 54, r = 4 (MZUSP 1566). Racha Island, 29 ° 30 ’ 26.5 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 48 ” W, 22. vi. 2012, 27.1 m: 1 spm R = 36, r = 4 (MZUSP 1568); 16. vii. 2012, 24.9 m: 1 spm R = 38, r = 5 (MZUSP 1569). Praia do Andrada, 20 ° 30 ’ 45.7 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 21.9 ” W, 21. vii. 2013, 0 m: 1 spm R = 16, r = 2 (MZUSP 1552). Enseada dos Portugueses, 20 ° 30 ’ 52.3 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 15.6 ” W, 15. vii. 2013, 12 m: 1 spm R = 24, r = 4 (MZUSP 1562); 15. vii. 2013, 12 m: 5 spms R = 32, r = 5; R = 40, r = 6; R = 35, r = 4; R = 13, r = 2; R = 9, r = 2 (MZUSP 1563); 22. iv. 2014, 13.7 m: 1 spm R = 34, r = 5 (MZUSP 1575); 20. v. 2014, 13.1 m: 1 spm R = 27, r = 3 (MZUSP 1573); 23. x. 2014, 12.5 m: 1 spm R = 12, r = 3 (MZUSP 1574); Farol, 20 ° 30 ’ 52 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 15 ” W, 22. iv. 2014, 13.7 m: 1 spm R = 40, r = 6 (MZUSP 1560); 7. vi. 2015, 12.6 m: 1 spm R = 42, r = 5 (MZUSP 1561). Enseada da Cachoeira, Praia do M, 20 ° 30 ’ 53.8 ” S, 29 ° 20 ’ 19.2 ” W, 7. viii. 2013, 15 m: 2 spms R = 30, r = 3; R = 25, r = 4 (MZUSP 1558); Farrilhões, 20 ° 31 ’ 22.4 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 52 ” W, 16. ix. 2012, 11.9 m: 1 spm R = 46, r = 5 (MZUSP 1555); 20. vi. 2012, 11.8 m: 1 spm R = 19, r = 3 (MZUSP 1559). Sul Island, 20 ° 31 ’ 32 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 28 ” W, 21. x. 2014, 17.8 m: 1 spm R = 46, r = 6 (MZUSP 1579). Enseada do Lixo, 20 ° 31 ’ 33.9 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 33.6 ” W, 22. iv. 2014, 14.5 m: 1 spm R = 31, r = 5 (MZUSP 1577). Enseada do Príncipe, Pedra da Garoupa, 20 ° 31 ’ 36 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 94 ” W, 16. vii. 2013, 10.4 m: 1 spm R = 25, r = 3 (MZUSP 1576). Comparative material. United States: Florida, Monroe County, Tennessee Reef, 24 ° 45 ’ 54 ” N, 80 ° 45 ’ 14.4 ” W, 3. v. 2010, 6 m: 1 spm R = 26, r = 4 (UF – 10265). Lesser Antilles, Guadeloupe Island, Malendure, 16 ° 10 ’ 27.12 ” N, 61 ° 46 ’ 46.92 ” W, 7. v. 2012, 1 m: 1 spm R = 7, r = 2 (UF – 13618).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE6FA14A9B0FCCEFC355208.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Circumtropical (Pawson, 1978; Clark & Downey, 1992; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Brazil: Bahia, Trindade Island (present study) and Rio Grande do Sul (Tommasi, 1970; Carrera-Rodriguez & Tommasi, 1977; Tommasi & Aron, 1988). Depth range: 0 – 330 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Recognition characters. Small disk in relation to total body size. Five, sometimes four, long, cylindrical arms, constricted at base. Abactinal plates cruciform, imbricated, arranged in regular rows. 5 – 15 papulae per papular area (Fig. 6 D). Lowermost papular area below inferomarginal plates. One row of actinal plates (Fig. 6 H). One row of subambulacral spines (Fig. 6 F). Space between ambulacral and subambulacral spines covered by large flattened granules. Pedicellariae rare (Clark & Rowe, 1971; Clark & Downey, 1992). Color in life. Variable over ontogeny. Juveniles are purple, whilst mature specimens range from light yellow to scarlet or reddish brown, more or less stained with blue, purple, brown or coffee (Hendler et al., 1995). The color recorded for the Trindade specimens (Figure 6 A) conform to the description of Pawson (1978) for three specimens from Ascension, all mottled light and dark orange-brown. Habitats. In Trindade, O. guildingi was found between 0 and 24.9 meters depth, frequently found under rocks and, sometimes, along with the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) (see Martins et al. 2016). Pawson (1978) reported that most of the specimens collected in Ascension Island were on underside of rocks or exposed in the intertidal zone. Many of the Trindade specimens presented arms with autotomy and / or in the process of regeneration.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE6FA14A9B0FCCEFC355208.taxon	discussion	Comments. Ophidiaster accounts for six Atlantic species: O. alexandri Verrill, 1915 (WA); O. bayeri A. H. Clark, 1948 (WA); O. bullisi (Downey, 1970) (WA); O. guildingi Gray, 1840 (WA, EA; also Ascension); O. ophidianus (Lamarck, 1816) (EA, MED; also Saint Helena), and O. reyssi Sibuet, 1977 (MED, EA) (Clark & Downey, 1992; Mah & Hansson, 2008). Ophidiaster guildingi has been previously known in the southwestern Atlantic only from Rio Grande do Sul (Tommasi, 1970) and Bahia (Tommasi & Aron, 1988). However, this later record has not been integrated into Gondim’s et al. (2014) checklist. Ophidiaster guildingi differs from O. alexandri, O. bullisi and O. reyssi in having only one row of actinal plates (Fig. 6 H) (versus 3 – 5 rows in O. alexandri, two rows in O. bullisi, and four rows in O. reyssi). It stands apart from O. bayeri in the presence of only one row of subambulacral spines (Fig. 6 F) (versus two rows in O. bayeri), and from O. ophidianus in having 5 – 15 papulae per papular area (Fig. 6 D), whereas in the latter species there are 20 papulae per papular area. Clark & Downey (1992) stated that O. guildingi and O. ophidianus can be further differentiated by the shape of the subambulacral spines, and the number of pores per papular area (based on specimens with R = 6 – 50 and R = 175, O. guildingi and O. ophidianus, respectively). However, we have noticed that such characters vary with the size of the specimens and therefore are not suitable for differentiating between the two species. Juveniles of O. guildingi and L. guildingi are likely to be confused with one another (Hendler et al. 1995). However, in O. guildingi the position of the lowermost papular areas is below the inferomarginal plates (Fig. 6 B), whereas such areas are above the inferomarginal plates in L. guildingi (Clark & Rowe, 1971). Clark & Downey (1992) reported that pedicellariae were rare in O. guildingi, only occasionally and in large specimens (R> 50); no such structures were found in the Trindade specimens.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE0FA15A9B0FD49FC055150.taxon	description	Figures 4 B – D, 7	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE0FA15A9B0FD49FC055150.taxon	materials_examined	Trindade specimens. Brazil, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Enseada da Cachoeira, Farrilhões, 20 ° 31 ’ 22.4 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 52 ” W, 14. viii. 2012, 10 m: 1 spm R = 110, r = 10 (MZUSP 1175); 4. vii. 2012, 18 m: 1 spm R = 160, r = 15 (MZUSP 1176). Ilha do Sul, 20 ° 31 ’ 32 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 28 ” W, 21. x. 2014, 18 m: 1 spm R = 220, r = 25 (MZUSP 1178). Enseada do Príncipe, 20 ° 31 ’ 36 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 94 ” W, 21. x. 2014, 19 m: 1 spm R = 240, r = 20 (MZUSP 1177). Comparative material. Brazil, Paraíba, Projeto Algas – PB, 7 º 04 ’ S – 38 º 41 ’ W, 17. ii. 1981, 26 m: 1 spm R = 10, r = 2 (UFPB. ECH. 880).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE0FA15A9B0FD49FC055150.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Circumtropical (Engel et al., 1948; Clark & Rowe, 1971; Marsh, 1977; Jangoux, 1984; Clark & Downey, 1992; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Brazil: Paraiba, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Islands (present study), and Vitoria Trindade Seamounts Chain (Vitoria Bank) (Bell, 1882; Tommasi, 1970; Gondim et al., 2014; present study). Depth range: 0 – 157 m (Clark & Downey, 1992; present study). Recognition characters. Small disc (20 – 50 mm). Five long, cylindrical, flat arms, tapering terminally. Seven rows of prominent spines, occasionally five, distributed longitudinally around arm. Abactinal and marginal skeleton similar to each other, composed of well-spaced polygonal primary plates connected by elongate secondary plates arranged in a reticulum. Abactinal plates covered by granules. Papular areas large and triangular. Spines squamous other than ambulacral and oral ones. Actinal plates with row of robust spines reaching to terminal region of arm, forming clusters of 2 – 3 spines; papular areas between plates. Ambulacral spines seven, rounded tip, connected by membrane; central spine largest, remaining spines decreasing in size towards edge of plate. One row of subambulacral spines similar to actinal ones, but smaller and thinner. Pedicellariae rare (Clark & Downey, 1992; present study). Color in life. Arms boldly banded dark brown or reddish and light, usually gray. Papular areas are brown to black (Clark & Downey, 1992; Marsh, 1977). Trindade specimens (Figures 4 B – D, 7 A). Habitats. This species has been found to inhabit hard substrates, such as crevices, reefs gravel, rocky bottoms, and rhodolith banks (Abreu-Pérez et al. 2005; Gondim et al. 2014). More active during the night (Guille et al., 1986). One specimen was observed and photographed in situ by Gabriela C. Zeineddine in Fernando de Noronha (in a rocky tide pool at Boldró beach, ix. 2019, figure 4 D), but released after collection. In Trindade M. clavigera was found in rocky bottoms or sheltered in rocky cavities, between 10 and 19 m (Figures 4 B – D, 7 A).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE0FA15A9B0FD49FC055150.taxon	discussion	Comments. Mithrodia claviger a is the only species of three in the genus to occur in the Atlantic Ocean. Mithrodia victoriae Bell, 1882, described from off the coast of southeastern Brazil (Vitoria Bank, Espírito Santo) has been placed by Clark & Downey (1992) under the synonymy of M. clavigera, who also called into question the status of M. bradleyi Verril, 1870 (EP) as a distinct species. Engel et al. (1948), warned that pedicellariae are not easily detected, described and illustrated the pedicellariae of M. clavigera based on specimens from Moluccas, Flores and Java (Indonesia), and Haingsisi (Timor). However, pedicellariae have not been found neither in the specimen from Paraíba (northeastern Brazil) studied by Gondim et al. (2014), nor in the Trindade specimens (present study). These are the first records of M. clavigera from the oceanic islands of Fernando de Noronha and Trindade. Previous to the oceanic insular waters, M. clavigera was known in the southwestern Atlantic from the northeastern Brazilian coast (Paraíba) and the Vitória Bank, Espírito Santo (Figure 1).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE1FA17A9B0F9B8FC42551D.taxon	description	Figures 4 E, 8	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE1FA17A9B0F9B8FC42551D.taxon	materials_examined	Trindade specimens. Brazil, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol, 20 ° 29 ’ 52.3 ” S, 29 ° 19 ’ 15.6 ” W, 23. x. 2014, 12.5 m: 1 spm, R = 100, r = 45 (MZUSP 1611); 6. vii. 2015, 12.6 m: 1 spm, R = 105, r = 52 (MZUSP 1612). Comparative material. Bermuda, Ferry Reach, 32 º 21 ’ 58 ” N, 64 º 41 ’ 56 ” W, iv. 1939: 1 spm, R = 170, r = 90 (MCZ AST – 3727). Brazil, São Paulo, São Sebastião, 23 º 47 ’ 55 ” S, 45 º 23 ’ 45 ” W: 1 spm R = 125, r = 60 (MZUSP 1956); San- tos, 23 º 57 ’ 39 ” S, 46 º 20 ’ 01 ” W, 1. vi. 1999, 76 m: 2 spms R = 130 cm, r = 70; R = 140, r = 80 (MZUSP 1617).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE1FA17A9B0F9B8FC42551D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico, Bahamas, Cuba, Belize, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil (Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, Trindade Island, Cabo Frio, São Paulo), Canary Islands, Cape Verde (Verrill, 1915; Caso, 1944; Tommasi, 1958; Brito, 1960; 1962; 1968; Walenkamp, 1976; Clark & Downey, 1992; Hendler et al. 1995; Guzman & Guevara, 2002; Ventura et al. 2007; Entrambasaguas, 2008; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013; Hernandéz et al. 2013; Gondim et al. 2014). Depth range: 0 – 69 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Recognition characters. Highly inflated disc. Five (4 – 6) short arms, distally tapered. Abactinal plates with tubercles or spines, reticulated, attached by elongated, sometimes narrow, secondary plates (Fig. 8 D). Adambulacral plate with seven spines, five unequal in size, smallest two positioned at extremities of plate. One large, heavy subambulacral spine. Actinal pedicellariae not in alveoli. Pedicellariae abundant (Clark & Downey, 1992; present study). Color in life. Variable. In juveniles the abactinal surface is usually mottled with green, brown, beige and gray, whilst adults are yellow, brown, or orange on the abactinal surface. The actinal region is beige or yellowish in both, juveniles and adults (Ummels, 1963; Hendler et al. 1995). Trindade specimens (Figure 8 A – C). Habitats. Inhabits shallow, protected waters, such as calm reef waters, lagoons and mangrove canals. This is species has been found on coral reefs, mangroves, rocky bottom, sandy bottom, seagrass, and rubble bottom, where it feeds upon different benthic organisms (Scheibling, 1980; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). In Trindade O. reticulatus inhabits mixed bottoms of rhodolith beds, sand, gravel, and small rocks, between 12.5 m and 12.6 m (Figure 8 A). This species is vulnerable to human exploitation (Hendler et al. 1995; Alves & Dias, 2010; Lawrence, 2013).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE1FA17A9B0F9B8FC42551D.taxon	discussion	Comments. Oreaster consists of only two species in the Atlantic Ocean: O. reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (WA) and O. clavatus Müller & Troschel, 1842 (EA). Clark & Downey (1992) differentiated the two species primarily based upon the presence, in O. reticulatus, of a highly inflated disc, abactinal plates with tubercle or spine (Fig. 8 D), subambulacral spine large and heavy, and actinal pedicellariae not in alveoli (versus more or less flat disc, granules in the abactinal plates, slender and blunt subambulacral spine, and actinal pedicellariae in alveoli in O. clavatus). However, the variation in shape, from pentagonal to stellate, and the differing degrees of swollenness of the disc make this an extremely variable species. Morphological variations appeared to have led H. L. Clark (1942) astray in describing one specimen from Bermuda as a new subspecies (i. e., O. reticulatus var. bermudensis). Downey (1973) found that the disc in small individuals of O. reticulatus was not inflated, and the marginal plates are relatively larger and more conspicuous than in the adults. One specimen from São Sebastião (R = 125; MZUSP 1956) has a flattened disc, whereas the remaining studied specimens have strongly arched discs. Ummels (1963) reported that most of the specimens of O. reticulatus from Saint Martin (Caribbean Sea) have a second subambulacral spine, which vary greatly in size. The Trindade specimens have only one spine in the subambulacral row (Fig. 8 G) and the actinal granules are arranged in mosaics; whereas the coastal specimens from São Sebastião and Santos, São Paulo (see under comparative material) have two such spines, the smaller being positioned behind the larger one. In the specimens from Santos, the granules are more distant from one another and hence not forming a mosaic. The spines in the center of the actinal plates are smaller in the specimens from Trindade comparatively to São Sebastião, which also have comparatively much larger spines in the interradial region near the mouth. The Trindade specimens have seven ambulacral spines, being five larges and two very small spines. The smaller ones are not easily detected and this is, probably, why in most of the literature only five ambulacral spines have been recorded for this species. The coastal specimens studied have 5 – 7 spines. The number of pedicellariae in the proximal interradial region and above the ambulacral furrow also vary between the Trindade and the coastal specimens (São Sebastião and Santos), in which the pedicellariae in the proximal interradial region and above the ambulacral furrow are much more numerous. The abactinal pedicellariae are abundant in the Santos specimens, whereas they were detected in only one specimen from Trindade, and they were not found in the specimens from São Sebastião. Furthermore, we have noticed that the number of pedicellariae increase with the size of the specimens. Despite Clark & Downey’s (1992) assertion that the two species are separated by an east and west Atlantic distribution, the species O. reticulatus is also recorded from the Cape Verde Islands (Caso, 1944; Hendler et al. 1995; Guzman & Guevara, 2002; Entrambasaguas, 2008), and Canary Island (Hernandéz et al. 2013), however in this last record the authors did not provide any morphological information.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE3FA08A9B0FA60FDBA5175.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bermudas, Florida, Mexico, Bahamas, Belize, Panama, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil (Paraíba, Bahia, Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, Trindade Island and Rio de Janeiro) (Verrill, 1915; Brito, 1962; 1968, 1971; Clark & Downey, 1992; Hendler et al. 1995; Alvarado et al. 2008; Oliveira et al. 2010; Benavides- Serrato et al. 2011; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013; Gondim et al. 2014). Depth range: 0 – 15 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Color in life. Color varies with size. Clark & Downey (1992) reported small specimens to be are nearly white, turning “ cream to yellow to reddish yellow or more often greenish ”, whilst large specimens were “ olive- or bluishgreen to blue ”. The specimens recorded from Trinidad Island by Brito (1968) were dark grayish-blue. Habitat. Coral reefs, rocky, sandy and rubble bottoms (Pawson et al. 2009; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013); commonly found under rocks or corals of the reef flat (Brito, 1971; Hendler et al. 1995). The Trindade specimens were found under rocks (Brito, 1968; 1971).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFE3FA08A9B0FA60FDBA5175.taxon	discussion	Comments. Brito (1962; 1968; 1971) briefly reported on 25 specimens of A. folium (radio up to 8 mm) amassed by H. Rodrigues da Costa in Trindade at the Enseada dos Portugueses, most certainly in the intertidal zone. Curiously enough, despite its very small size and intertidal habits, A. folium has never been reported from Trindade again since, nor has it been collected by us there.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFCFA08A9B0FD00FEC7562D.taxon	description	Figure 4 F	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFCFA08A9B0FD00FEC7562D.taxon	description	figs. 3 a – d.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFCFA08A9B0FD00FEC7562D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. United States (North Carolina, Bahamas, Florida, Gulf of Mexico), Mexico, Cuba, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil (Paraíba, Alagoas, Bahia, Trindade Island (present study), Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), Uruguay, Argentina and Cape Verde (Verrill, 1915; Brito 1962, 1968; Tommasi, 1970; Downey, 1973; Walenkamp, 1976; Clark & Downey, 1992; Hendler et al. 1995; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1999; Entrambasaguas, 2003; Magalhães et al. 2005; Ventura et al. 2007; Entrambasaguas, 2008; Pawson et al., 2009; Miranda et al. 2012; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013; Gondim et al., 2014). Depth range: 1 – 200 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Recognition characters. Five long arms, tapering distally. One prominent spine at center of some paxillae from abactinal region. One row of adambulacral curved spines. Three unequal subambulacral spines, arranged irregularly. Pedicellariae with four valves on actinal surface (Clark & Downey, 1992; Hendler et al., 1995). Color in life. The Trindade specimen (Figure 4 F) mostly matches the color description given by Clark & Downey (1992): upper parts boldly patterned, with a “ dark pentagon on the disc and 3 – 5 transverse dark bands, brown, black, greenish or purple on each arm, otherwise yellow, white, cream or pink ”. Habitats. Sandy mud and muddy bottoms near mangroves (Clark & Downey, 1992). The specimen from Trindade Island was found on the top of a calcareous reef (Figure 4 F).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFCFA08A9B0FD00FEC7562D.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is the first record of L. alternata alternata from Trindade. One specimen was observed and photographed in situ in Trindade (Ponta da Calheta, 31. vii. 2018, at a depth of about 15 m), but escaped after collection. However, its distinctive color pattern, number of arms, and more importantly, the presence of a prominent spine in the center of some paxillae of the abactinal region lead us to identify the Trindade specimen as L. alternata alternata.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFCFA0AA9B0F885FAFB546D.taxon	description	Figure 9	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFCFA0AA9B0F885FAFB546D.taxon	materials_examined	Trindade specimens. Brazil, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Ponta da Calheta, 20 ° 30 ’ 20.29 ” S, 29 ° 18 ’ 32.86 ” W, 10. viii. 2018, 30 m: 1 spm R = 40, r = 5 (MZUSP 2090). Comparative material. Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Grande, Ponta do Aripeba, 23 º 07 ’ 05 ” S, 44 º 16 ’ 53 ” W, 21. i. 2000, 1 spm R = 65, r = 11 (MZUSP 2095). São Paulo, Ubatuba, 23 ° 31 ’ S, 45 ° 02 ’ W, 25. ix. 2002, 9 m: 1 spm R = 110, r = 15 (MZUSP 2099). Caraguatatuba, 23 ° 45 ’ S, 45 ° 13 ’ W, 16. x. 2001, 1 spm R = 60, r = 15 (MZUSP 116); 19 m: 1 spm R = 65, r = 15 (MZUSP 2098). São Sebastião Island, 23 ° 53 ’ S, 45 ° 26 ’ W, 13. ii. 2001: 4 spms R = 55, r = 8; R = 53, r = 8; R = 32, r = 6; R = 19, r = 4 (MZUSP 118); xii. 1915: 3 topotypes R = 125, r = 20; R = 105, r = 20; R = 65, r = 13 (MZUSP 2096); 14. xii. 2001, 20.3 m: 1 spm R = 55, r = 10 (MZUSP 2097). Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840: Brazil, São Paulo, Ubatuba, 23 º 31 ’ S, 45 º 09 ’ W, 16. iv. 2002, 14 m: 2 spms R = 36, r = 24; R = 18, r = 12 (MZUSP 00002).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFCFA0AA9B0F885FAFB546D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Astropecten antillensis s. str., has been reported from Gulf of Mexico, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Colombia (Sladen, 1889; Bayer et al., 1970; Clark & Downey, 1992; Abreu-Pérez et al., 2005; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Brazil: Bahia (John, 1948). Depth range: 3 – 278 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Recognition characters. Two prominent spines in first pair of superomarginal plates, spines decreasing in size distally in remaining plates. Inferomarginal plates projecting beyond superomarginal ones. Inferomarginal spines broad, opaque. Two rows of subambulacral spines. First subambulacral row with three spines; middle spine wider and longer than proximal and distal ones, longer than furrow spines. Conspicuous bare area at center of actinal surface of inferomarginal plate. No pedicellariae (Clark & Downey, 1992; Benevides-Serrato et al., 2011; Cobb et al., 2019; present study). Color in life. Pale yellow (Lu ̈ tken, 1859). The specimen in the photograph given by Benevides-Serrato et al. (2011) had orange body, with darker midline along each arm, and bright-red bands at the base of the inferomarginal fringe spines and superomarginal spines. The Trindade specimen was not photographed alive prior to preservation. Habitats. The Trindade specimen was found on a whitish sandy bottom, around 30 meters depth.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFCFA0AA9B0F885FAFB546D.taxon	discussion	Comments. The species in Astropecten can be separated into two groups according to the presence or absence of superomarginal spines. Among the eight species so far recorded from the Brazilian coasts, only A. cingulatus Sladen, 1833 and A. marginatus Gray, 1840, are devoid of superomarginal spines. The six species with superomarginal spines are as follow: A. acutiradiatus Tortonese, 1956, A. alligator Perrier, 1881, A. antillensis Lütken, 1859, A. articulatus (Say, 1825), A. brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842, and A. duplicatus Gray, 1840. Astropecten brasiliensis and A. cingulatus have both been previously recorded from Trindade (Brito, 1962; Ventura et al. 2006; 2007). However, the Trindade specimen can be immediately distinguished from A. cingulatus in having superomarginal spines (Fig. 9 A, U), and stands apart from A. brasiliensis in presenting three spines in the first subambulacral row (Fig. 9 F) (versus two spines in A. brasiliensis). Astropecten aff. antillensis actually appears to be morphologically more closely related to A. antillensis, a species previously known from the Brazilian coasts only from Bahia (John, 1948). However, the insular specimen differs from A. antillensis s. str. (cf., Clark & Downey, 1992) in having two prominent spines on the inner edge of the first pair of superomarginal plates, and one row of spines decreasing in size distally in the other plates (Fig. 9 A) (versus prominent spines present on the inner edge of first 5 – 6 superomarginal plates, and a much smaller spine on the outer edge of all superomarginals in A. antillensis); and two rows of subambulacral spines (Fig. 9 F) (versus one row in A. antillensis). However, the syntype ZMUC-AST- 4 - 22 (R = 29 mm) of A. antillensis s. str. also shows a second row of subambulacral spines in some plates. The Trindade specimen and the Caribbean Colombian specimens assigned to A. antillensis by Benavides-Serrato et al. (2011) agree with one another in having inferomarginal plates projecting beyond the superomarginal ones. Conversely, in A. antillensis sensu Clark & Downey (1992), the inferomarginals plates do not project beyond the superomarginals. According to Lu ̈ tken (1859), morphology greatly varies over ontogeny in A. antillensis. Astropecten aff. antillensis differs from its Brazilian congeners with superomarginal spines in that it has a large spine in the first subambulacral row. That spine is wider and longer than the proximal and distal spines and longer than the furrow spines (Fig. 9 F). It further stands apart in having long, narrow arms and narrow disk; the inferomarginal plates usually have two ambital fringe spines (sometimes a much smaller one in the proximal region) (Fig. 9 A). The fringe spines are about equal in length, or the distal spine is slightly longer. Conspicuous bare area in the center of the actinal surface of the inferomarginal plate (Fig. 9 G). Paxillae with 1 – 5 central and about 12 peripherals spinelets. Three ambulacral spines truncated, the middle one larger than the lateral ones. No pedicellariae.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFEFA0BA9B0FB56FAEA51C7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Caribbean Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil (Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Fernando de Noronha, Alagoas, Bahia, Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro, Ubatuba, São Sebastião, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay and Argentina (Rathbun, 1879; Sladen, 1889; Verrill 1915; Tommasi, 1958, 1970; Brito, 1960, 1962, 1968; Lima- Verde, 1969; Walenkamp, 1976; Carrera-Rodriguez & Tommasi, 1977; Walenkamp, 1979; Clark & Downey, 1992; Fernandes et al., 2002; Netto et al., 2005; Ventura et al. 2007; Miranda et al., 2012; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013; Gondim et al., 2014). Eastern Pacific: Peru (Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Depth range: 2 – 66 m (Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Color in life. In situ abactinal region violet and marginals pink; actinal salmon. Fixed: light pink or whitish (Bernasconi, 1957 a; Gondim et al. 2014). Habitats. Soft bottoms, including sand-mud (Brogger et al. 2013).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFEFA0BA9B0FB56FAEA51C7.taxon	discussion	Comments. Oliveira (1951) referred to a juvenile specimen of “ Astropecten sp. ” from the Trindade Island, whose record was repeated by Brito (1962) in a preliminary catalog of the echinoderms of Brazil (as Astropecten armatus brasiliensis). However, this species was not included in the compilation prepared by Brito (1971) of the echinoderm species known at that time from Trindade, and we know of no subsequent records of A. brasiliensis from Trindade nor has it been collected by us there. A note on the topotypes of Astropecten brasiliensis Astropecten brasiliensis was described based on the material collected in “ Brasilien ” [Brazil] by the Austrian naturalist and explorer Johann Natterer (1787 – 1843) (Müller & Troschel, 1842). Natterer extensively traveled in Brazil from 1817 throughout 1835, collecting natural history specimens for the Imperial Cabinet of Natural History in Vienna. Between the years 1817 and 1821, he made a number of field trips to a coastline strip comprised between Rio de Janeiro and Paraná, from where he probably obtained the specimens described later under the name A. brasiliensis. In 1848, a great fire destroyed the Imperial Cabinet along with parts of Natterer‘s collections from Brazil (Papavero, 1971). Clark & Downey (1992) considered the type of A. brasiliensis lost, and selected the neotype E 529 from the USNM collection. The neotype was collected along with three specimens in the São Sebastião Island, São Paulo, in December 1915, by Ernest Garbe (a professional collector working at that time for the MZUSP) and donated to the USNM. Three topotypes remain at the Museum of Zoology in São Paulo (MZUSP 2096).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFFFA0BA9B0FDB5FE99555F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. North Carolina, Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil (Pernambuco, Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, Martin Vaz Archipelago, Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro, Vitória Island-SP, São Paulo, Santa Catarina), Uruguay, Argentina, and Africa (Brito 1962; Tommasi, 1970, 1985; Carrera-Rodríguez & Tommasi, 1977; Tommasi & Aron, 1987; Manso, 1989; Clark & Downey, 1992; Ventura et al. 2007; Alvarado et al. 2008; Xavier, 2010; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Depth range: 11 to 1350 m (Lawrence et al. 2018). Color in life. Abactinal surface red or orange-red; actinal surface white (Bernasconi, 1957; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011; Clark & Downey, 1992). Disk orange, fading to bright-pink arm tips. Fascioles of superomarginal plates dark red-brown (Cobb et al. 2019). Ventura et al. (2007) referred to Brazilian specimens with abactinal surface cream-color and actinal white (presumably based upon color in life individuals). Habitats. Soft-bottom environments (Ventura et al. 2007). Muddy, sandy and rubble bottom (Alvarado & Solis- Marin, 2013).	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
AA3E8794FFFFFA0BA9B0FDB5FE99555F.taxon	discussion	Comments. Ventura et al. (2006) referred to a “ Astropectinidae ” from Martin Vaz in a list of echinoderms amassed during the REVIZEE-Central Program (Evaluation of the Living Resources in the Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone, sampling station C 5 - 48 R, 23 ° 53 ’ S, 45 ° 26 ’ W, 52 m. See also Lavrado, 2006). Later on, Ventura et al. (2007) recorded A. cingulatus from the Trindade island [sic] on a distribution map without any further details. We had no access to this material and whether the records from Martin Vaz and Trindade are the same or not is yet to be determined.	en	Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2
