taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C087DC790CE64CB9ECA384B54967E1.taxon	description	https: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 5 B 273 E 1 - 22 A 9 - 43 AA- 8796 - 308 EB 4 AEA 670	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790CE64CB9ECA384B54967E1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Lethrus serpentifer Semenov & Medvedev, 1935 (by present designation).	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790CE64CB9ECA384B54967E1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new subgenus differs from the closely related subgenus Heteroplistodus by the characteristics of the mandibular surface. The right mandible without any apophysis or carina on surface. Further, the mandibular appendix on left mandible is subparallel with mandibular outline. Other difference can find on the characteristic of apical spur of front tibia (Fig. 55) and the shape of parameres in dorsal and lateral view (Figs. 3 – 4).	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790CE64CB9ECA384B54967E1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Monotypical subgenus, only represented so far by the only species - Lethrus serpentifer from China. It is possible that the area of its distribution is fragmented, the populations are very small, and the species is probably quite rare. More material and studies of the distribution of this species are needed to provide information for its conservation. The poorly studied nature of many areas of western China suggest that it is possible that related species belonging to this subgenus may be discovered in that territory in the future.	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790CE64CB9ECA384B54967E1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of the new subgenus is composed from words “ Sino ” (China) and “ Lethrus ”.	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790DE64DB9ECA3CCB4F762DF.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 – 4, 13 – 14, 17, 55, 57, 59 – 64)	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790DE64DB9ECA3CCB4F762DF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Syntype, Ô (ZMAS) “ ДОЛ [ина] Р [еки] ЧхунихƐ / 12 IV 09 ƐкЗ [емпЛЯР] КОЗЛОва [hw] // Heteroplistodus / serpentifer / sp. n. Ô [hw] / A. Semenov-Tian-Shansky det. [p] 22 [hw] // Holotypus [p] // St. Petersburg / Zool. Inst [p] ”. Additional material examined (7 specimens). China c., Monan, river Huang He (34 ° 07 ' N / 111 ° 07 ' E) [Henan], 26 – 28. V. 1996, leg. J. Halada, Ô (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert), Ô (NMPC) [first records from Henan province, China]; Kansu [Gansu], Tu-kiang [35 ° 25 ' N 103 ° 47 ' E], ♀ (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); China - Gansu, Dingxi [35 ° 34 ' N 104 ° 36 ' E], 7.8. – 12.8.1996, E. Kučera leg., Ô ♀ (NMPC, ex. coll. D. Král) [first records from Gansu province, China]; China, Sechuan, Wenchuan [31 ° 24 ' N, 103 ° 34 ' E], 18.6. – 19.6.2001, leg. E. Kučera, ♀ (ZSM,) [first record from Sichuan province, China]; China, centr. Shanxi, Chao Shan, 37 ° 06 ' N 112 ° 24 ' E, 25 km SE Pingyao 4. – 5. VII. 2001, Jaroslav Turna leg., Ô (NMPC, ex. coll. D. Král) [first record from Shanxi province, China].	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790DE64DB9ECA3CCB4F762DF.taxon	description	Redescription (based on the male from Monan). Body length 16.0 mm. Dorsal surface black, without any metallic lustre or shiny parts (probably present in freshly collected specimens). Head (Figs. 13 – 14, 17, 58 – 64). Labrum bilobed, asymmetrical, right lobe slightly more developed; surface rugosely, shallowly and sparsely punctate; anterior margin with dense row of long macrosetae. Clypeus transverse, nearly semicircular. Eye canthus exceeding eyes distinctly, projecting anterolaterad, indistinctly semicircular, interrupted, anterolateral angle angular, oblique keel above eyes absent. Pleurostomal process evenly rounded, not exceeding ventrolateral mandibular outline. Punctation of clypeus, frons and occiput similarly impressed, consisting of distinct but weakly regularly distanced punctures, intermixed with fine and also regularly distributed ones; eye canthus distinctly rugose. Mentum strongly convex in lateral aspect (Fig. 61, 64), with distinct concavity basally, shortly and densely setaceous. Mandibles with asymmetrical mandibular appendices, left being long, angled nearly 90 ° downward and from half of length bending regularly forward in lateral aspect (serpent like), s-shaped in frontal aspect; right appendix only weakly developed, visibly as a weakly elevation. Exterior mandibular outline straight from base to apex in dorsal aspect (Figs. 13 – 14, 17, 58 – 59, 61 – 64), with maximum width approximately at base. Length of mandibles distinctly less than length of head, dorsal surface of right mandible absent from any elevations or protuberance, dorsal surface of left mandible with weakly arcuate protuberance at middle of length, shortly anteriorly of labrum, directed to the side of right mandible. Apex of both mandibles absent of subapical protuberances. Pronotum transverse, equal as base of elytra, broadest just posteriorly of middle (Fig. 58); margin entirely bordered, slightly crenulate. Anterior angles with evenly rounded outline. Punctation of dorsal surface simple, distinct, weakly irregular, punctures separated by one diameter, intermixed with fine simple punctuation. Scutellum (Fig. 58) widely triangular, strong shagreened. Elytra (Fig. 58) almost semicircular, apices not prominent, apex of each elytron forming dependent arcus, with indistinct striae, with broad, distinct shagreened intervals. Epipleuron strongly narrowed apicad, epipleural keel reaching elytron apex. Legs. Profemur not armed, protibia with eight gradually diminishing external denticles proximad, and with row of shallow tubercles on ventromedial edge. Apical spur of protibia without subbasal process, weakly s-shaped (Fig. 55). Aedeagus as in Figs. 3 – 4. Females differ from males as follows: body broader, ventral mandibular appendices absent; hornlike dorsal protuberans of mandibular surface absent, apical spur of protibia simple and straight (Fig. 60).	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790DE64DB9ECA3CCB4F762DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Gansu, Henan, Qinghai, Shanxi and Sichuan provinces) (Fig. 65).	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC790BE64BB9ECA6C2B4546216.taxon	description	(Figs. 6, 40 – 45, 48) The subgenus Paralethrus was established by Nikolajev (2003), and includes currently only 5 species; L. bituberculatus Ballion, 1870, L. crassus Hillert, 2004, L. kabaki Nikolajev, 1998, L. karatavicus Nikolajev & Skopin, 1971, and L. turkestanicus Ballion, 1871. The species L. bituberculatus was split by Nikolajev (1969) into 3 subspecies, which inhabit different altitudes in the mountainous areas of Kazakhstan, Kirgizia and Uzbekistan.	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC7908E644B9ECA653B3E665FC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype Ô (here designated) (MNHN) “ Lethrus mediocris / Faim. 1892 [hw] // Museum Paris / 1906 / coll. L. Fairmaire [p] // Lethrus mediocris Ô / Fairmaire / Holotypus / Det. R. Pittino 1990 // Lethrus bituberculatus / impressifrons Ball. / det. O. Hillert 2010 [p, hw] // Lethrus mediocris / Fairmaire, 1892 Ô / Lectotypus / O. Hillert des. 2023 [p] ”. Additional material examined (21 specimens). Uzbekistan, Circik, 4. – 7.7.91, M. Valenta leg., 1 Ô, 5 ♀♀ (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); UDSSR, Samarkand, Aman-Kutan [patria falsa], 15.05. [19] 86, Paulus leg., 2 ÔÔ (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); E. Uzbekistan, Tashkent arl. Karzhantau Mts., 26.05.1997, 1 Ô (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); Talkent-Aktau, 03.07.1991, 1, Kletetka leg., 2 ÔÔ, 2 ♀♀ (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); E. Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Karzhantau Mts., Aktash, 27.05.1997, 1 Ô (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); UDSSR, Uzbekistan, Tashkent Tshimgan, 1800 m, 01.05.1977, J. Novodný, leg., 1 Ô (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Aktash, 10.05.86, Paulus leg., 1 Ô, 1 ♀ (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); NW Tian-Shan, Pskem Mts. near Nanai, Aksar-Sai, h- 1400 m, 02. V. 1995, 1 Ô (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); Tian-Shan, Ugam Mts. Range, Nauvalisay river, 8. – 10. V. 2000, Tikhonov A., 1 Ô (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert); Kuraminsky mt., Kamtshik pass, 23.05.1996, 1100 m, 2 ÔÔ (ZSM, ex. coll. O. Hillert).	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
03C087DC7908E644B9ECA653B3E665FC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type specimen of L. mediocris Fairmaire, 1892 (MNHN) was labelled as a holotype by R. Pittino in 1990. It is an assumption of a holotype, so according to recommendation 73 F of the code here sets this specimen as a lectotype. The lectotype of L. mediocris has the following characteristics: Dorsal surface of mandibles with distinct transversal carina, reaching not to mandibular outline; frontal edge of profemur without tooth or elevation at middle of length; both mandibles with distinct appendices, weakly asymmetric, left side with subapical tooth at front, right side with weak medial tooth on inner side; punctation on pronotum dense by one of their diameter approximately, shallow midline visible. We recognized that this specimen belongs to the subgenus Paralethrus. This subgenus was reviewed by Hillert (2004), and a great number of specimens were studied. The morphological characteristics between L. mediocris and L. (P.) bituberculatus impressifrons are identical. The type locality of L. mediocris is extreme broadly formulated but included the type locality of L. (P.) b. impressifrons. In our opinion, L. mediocris is identical with L. (P.) b. impressifrons Ballion, 1870 on the basis of the external characteristics. We are now able to establish the following synonymy: Lethrus (Paralethrus) bituberculatus impressifrons Ballion, 1870 = Lethrus mediocris Fairmaire, 1892, new synonym.	en	Bagaturov, Mikhail F., Hillert, Oliver (2023): Sinolethrus, a new subgenus of the genus Lethrus Scopoli, 1777 from China (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Lethrinae) and new synonymy of the subgenus Paralethrus Nikolajev, 2003. Zootaxa 5258 (3): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.4
