identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0393878AFFE59B500695FF4B5F20FA16.text	0393878AFFE59B500695FF4B5F20FA16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xeroderus Gray 1835	<div><p>Xeroderus Gray</p> <p>(Figs. 1–6)</p> <p>Type species: Xeroderus kirbii Gray, 1835 [= Xeroderus kirbyi Gray], by original monotypy.</p> <p>Xeroderus Gray, 1835: 32; Otte and Brock, 2005: 341; Brock and Hasenpusch, 2009a: 180; Brock &amp; Büscher, 2022: 561. (Additional checklist and other references in Brock et al., 2023)</p> <p>Cooktownia Sjöstedt, 1918: 43. (Synonymised by Brock &amp; Hasenpusch, 2007: 75)</p> <p>Generic characteristics. Based on morphology, closely related to the genus Nisyrus Stål, 1877, which also has lateral lobes on abdominal segments, originally erroneously thought to be gill-like appendages indicating a semi-aquatic lifestyle (Waterhouse, 1895). Females of Nisyrus are easily distinguished by its broader body and the presence of only rudimentary alae, that reach no further than the 3 rd abdominal segment and males of Nisyrus lack the large, leaf-like cerci seen in Xeroderus. The eggs of Xeroderus readily differ from the almost spherical eggs of Nisyrus by being sub-cylindrical and elongate in shape. Moreover, Xeroderus only occurs in eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea while Nisyrus is distributed throughout the Pacific Ocean with records from Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands.</p> <p>Description (♂, ♀). Medium sized, large-winged Xeroderinae (body length ♁ 52.0–70.0 mm, ♀ 85.0–106.0 mm), some specimens with distinct dark and pale mottling pattern on body and tegmina as well as costal region of alae, resembling lichen. Head rounded, about as long as wide, with sparse tubercles on vertex, eyes large; three distinct ocelli present, the hind pair larger. Antennae longer than length of profemora in ♀, in ♁ longer and bristly, reaching beyond length of outstretched protibiae; segments variable in length (24–28 segments), with broad basal segment and variable length subsequent segments. Pronotum slightly shorter than head or about same length, with central impression; sparse tubercles and a pair of central spines in one species (X. conlei sp. n.). Mesonotum broader than head and pronotum (less so in ♁), less than 2x length of pronotum, with raised central area, armed with short to larger, broad lateral spines and several on the disc i.e. main part of raised area; outer and lateral spines/tubercles more numerous and conspicuous and varying in thickness. Lateral margins of meso- and metathorax with series of lobes. Ventral surface of head, thorax and abdomen smooth, lacking tubercles, flattened. Metathorax similar length to mesothorax with lateral lobes or spines. Median segment similar length to metathorax. Tegmina broad, oval; alae large reaching up to end of 9 th abdominal segment; brownish or transparent, occasionally with coloured inner margin. Abdomen elongate, parallel-sided. Both sexes with large fin-like lateral lobes on abdominal terga, although the lobes can be more rounded, but much smaller on segments 9–10 or just 10. Male anal segment shorter than 9 th segment, distinctly tectiform medio-longitudinally and narrow, split into large hemi-terga forming an arch-like structure; these denticulated interiorly. No vomer in ♁. Poculum swollen, subtruncate at broad tip, not reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Female subgenital plate with rounded or tapered tip, reaching end of abdominal segment 9 or end of abdomen. Cerci of ♁ leaf-like, shorter than or just exceeding length of anal segment. Legs moderately long and slender, with hindlegs just about reaching end of abdomen in ♁, end of segment 7–8 in ♀. Femora with well spread paired spines, some similarly shaped to abdominal lobes. Tarsi well over half length of tibiae (fore tarsi longest), slender, not lobed.</p> <p>Egg (Figs. 1 E-G). Fairly large (length&gt; 8.0 mm) and elongate. Capsule sub-cylindrical,&gt;2x longer than wide or high, gently arched longitudinally, with raised sculpturing and some pitting; polar area with a distinct transverse indention. Micropylar plate small and oval, only about one-sixth the length of capsule and somewhat displaced towards the polar end of capsule. Operculum roughly circular with some obtuse swellings and a small, narrow peglike capitulum in centre.</p> <p>Comments. The much broader Xeroderus brevipennis Redtenbacher, 1908: 359 (type locality: Santa Isabel Island, Solomon Islands) is found to be a member of Nisyrus Stål, 1877: 66 and is here transferred from Xeroderus. N. brevipennis (Redtenbacher) comb. n. is the first record of Nisyrus Stål from the Solomon Islands. Following synonymy proposed in Brock &amp; Büscher, 2022, the additional five Nisyrus species from Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu (Brock et al., 2023) require revision.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393878AFFE59B500695FF4B5F20FA16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brock, Paul D.;Hennemann, Frank H.	Brock, Paul D., Hennemann, Frank H. (2023): A new species of Xeroderus Gray, 1835 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Xeroderinae) from Papua New Guinea and notes on the genus. Zootaxa 5258 (4): 443-454, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5
0393878AFFE69B500695FA33588EF8EC.text	0393878AFFE69B500695FA33588EF8EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xeroderus Gray 1835	<div><p>Key to ♀♀ of Xeroderus</p> <p>1. Mesonotum with raised central area, armed with short lateral spines and several on the disc; outer and lateral spines more numerous and conspicuous.Alae transparent with brownish veins and tinge, with reddish inner margin. Subgenital plate tapered at tip, almost reaching end of abdomen (9 th and anal segment with much reduced lateral lobes than preceding abdominal segments); cerci longer than anal segment. Body length 85.0–106.0 mm. Distribution: northern and SE Queensland, possibly more widespread (Figs. 1–2, 4–6).................................................................... kirbyi</p> <p>- Mesonotum with raised central area, armed with two large, broad spines posteriorly, two more paired large lateral spines each side and several smaller, stout ones, in a distinct pattern; small lateral spines also present beneath this ridge. Alae dark brown. Subgenital plate broad, rounded at tip, reaching end of abdominal segment 9 (the latter and anal segment with large lateral lobes, as with preceding abdominal segments); cerci broad, shorter than anal segment. Body length 96.0 mm. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Figs. 3–4)................................................................. conlei sp. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393878AFFE69B500695FA33588EF8EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brock, Paul D.;Hennemann, Frank H.	Brock, Paul D., Hennemann, Frank H. (2023): A new species of Xeroderus Gray, 1835 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Xeroderinae) from Papua New Guinea and notes on the genus. Zootaxa 5258 (4): 443-454, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5
0393878AFFE79B570695FF4B59CDFBBE.text	0393878AFFE79B570695FF4B59CDFBBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xeroderus kirbyi Gray 1835	<div><p>Xeroderus kirbyi Gray</p> <p>[Kirby’s Stick-insect]</p> <p>(Figs. 1–2, 4–6)</p> <p>Xeroderus kirbii Gray, 1835: 32 [= Xeroderus kirbyi Gray].</p> <p>Lectotype ♀, AUSTRALIA [OUMNH] (Here designated, in order to fix the status of this species); Paralectotype ♁, AUSTRALIA [OUMNH]. (Comment: Gray described the species from both sexes ‘in coll. D. Hope’, so a ♁ from AUSTRALIA [MVMA, T13885] may not represent one of the original syntypes and should now be regarded as a doubtful paralectotype).</p> <p>Xeroderus kirbii Westwood, 1859: 102, pl. 31: 6-7 (First illustrations of both sexes); Kirby, 1904: 383, Vickery, 1983: 11; Balderson, Rentz &amp; Roach, 1998: 376; Otte and Brock, 2005: 342; Brock and Hasenpusch, 2009a: 18, 37, 145; Brock and Hasenpusch, 2009b: 8; Velonà et al., 2015: 458. (Additional checklist and other references in Brock et al., 2023).</p> <p>Xeroderus kirbyi Gray, 1837: 144 (Justified emendation of the original incorrect spelling. Most authors were unaware of this paper until 2017, hence the species has been listed as kirbii by many authors up to 2017, when it was used and reported in the Phasmida Species File, Brock et al., 2023); Redtenbacher, 1908: 308; Brock &amp; Büscher, 2022: 561.</p> <p>Cooktownia plana Sjöstedt, 1918: 44, pl. 7: 2-3. Lectotype ♁ nymph, AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Cooktown, ix.[NHRS] (Here designated in order to fix the status of this species, by selecting the only specimen with data); Paralectotypes ♁, ♀ nymphs, AUSTRALIA [NHRS] (Synonymised by Brock &amp; Hasenpusch, 2007: 75).</p> <p>Habitat and foodplants. Melaleuca forest, coastal and inland feeding on Melaleuca spp. and Backhousia spp. (Myrtaceae). Whilst likely in wet areas classed as tropical rainforest edges or rocky, rainforest-lined creeks, they are sometimes in dry forest, for example a moulting female in Davies Creek NP, north Queensland by Ross Coupland, 30.xi.2017. At Babinda falls, near Innisfail, a superbly camouflaged example was found resembling the mossy boulders it was found on (Fig. 6C) (by Sophie Kalkowksi-Pope, via Ross Coupland, who found an even better camouflaged male and female in nearby Golden Hole, Biggs Recreation area, Bartle Frere on 25 January 2023, on a trunk of Alphitonia excelsa in the afternoon) (Fig. 6A,B). The habit of resting on tree trunks to blend in with their surroundings, does not appear to always indicate these are foodplants, as adults may fly and hide away from foodplants. This species may be difficult to rear as nymphs tend to wander until they die in captivity. When kept on a potted unsleeved tree, they feed well and rest on the bark during the day (Jack Hasenpusch, pers. comm. March 2021).</p> <p>Season. It has been noted as adults so far at least between September and March, nymphs in June to November.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 4). Northern Queensland: Rockhampton to north of Cooktown (Brock &amp; Hasenpusch, 2009b, ALA), with males occasionally attracted to lights run by David Rentz in Kuranda. In SE Queensland, examples include Coolum, Fraser Island, Gin Gin and Noosa (Brock &amp; Hasenpusch, 2009b), ALA references include Brisbane, Mount Mellum and Talegalla Weir (on Lophostemon suaveolens (Myrtaceae) bark, another probable foodplant); Scott W. Gavins, 11.ii.2019. A photograph said to be taken in The Northern Territory, S of Alice Springs, i. iii.2014 needs following up, also occurs in New South Wales, with an ALA record near Urliup on i. i.2023.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393878AFFE79B570695FF4B59CDFBBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brock, Paul D.;Hennemann, Frank H.	Brock, Paul D., Hennemann, Frank H. (2023): A new species of Xeroderus Gray, 1835 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Xeroderinae) from Papua New Guinea and notes on the genus. Zootaxa 5258 (4): 443-454, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5
0393878AFFE19B550695FB5A5844F821.text	0393878AFFE19B550695FB5A5844F821.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xeroderus conlei Brock & Hennemann 2023	<div><p>Xeroderus conlei sp. n.</p> <p>[Conle’s Xeroderus]</p> <p>(Figs. 3–4)</p> <p>Holotype ♀, PAPUA NEW GUINEA [as ‘ D. Neu-Guinea’], Sattelberg, Prof. Neuhauss S., 10 iii.[19]09 [MNHU].</p> <p>Description. Attractive part brownish and greyish medium-sized insect, heavily mottled greyish and whitish dorsally, possibly partly green, including legs, forewings and pre-anal part of hindwings, the latter uniform brown (Fig. 3A). Thorax with lateral lobes, mesonotum with paired broad spines (Figs. 3C–D).</p> <p>♀ (Fig. 3). Back of head with sparse tubercles/small spines, segment about as long as wide, eyes large; three distinct ocelli present, the hind pair larger. Antennae broken, therefore length not known, nor number of segments. However, basal segment broader than following segments, segment 2 only half length, and shorter than similar sized segments 3–6. Segments 7 about 1.5 x longer than preceding segments. Pronotum slightly shorter than head, with central impression between swollen upper and lower areas; black longitudinal, central line present along upper half, which has a pair of central spines. Mesonotum broader than head and pronotum, at its widest towards hind part, overall segment 1.7 x length of pronotum, with raised central area, armed with two large, broad paired spines posteriorly, two more large, paired spines and six smaller, stout spines, also swollen areas, in a distinct pattern; small lateral spines also present; on the outside rim there are a further four small spines each side with small lateral spines/ tubercles also present. Lateral margins of meso- and metathorax with series of lobes and few small spines (Fig. 3D). Ventral surface of head, thorax and abdomen smooth, lacking tubercles (Fig. 3B). Metathorax slightly broader and longer than mesothorax and marginally shorter than length of median segment. Tegmina broad, oval; alae long, reaching almost end of 9 th abdominal segment. Veins with frequent whitish flecks of irregular length. Abdomen elongate, parallel-sided, with rounded lateral lobes on abdominal segments (hook-tipped on some), smaller on curved anal segment, which is lobed at sides of tip. Subgenital plate broad and rounded at tip, reaching beyond end of 9th abdominal segment (Fig. 3G); epiproct plate reaching end of abdomen, triangular incised at tip. On ventral surface, hind part of abdominal segment 9 has four dark spots (these dark spots or marks appear on former abdominal segments to a lesser extent), whereas base of anal segment has dark triangular side marks and central mark. Epiproct plate has four short dark flecks. Cerci broad, leaf-like, shorter than length of anal segment (Figs. 3E–G). Legs moderately long and slender, reaching end of segment 7. Femora with well spread paired lobes and spines, some similarly shaped to abdominal lobes, whilst tibiae have few short spines and are broadened at tip. Tarsi of modest length, with all tarsi well over half length of tibiae.</p> <p>Measurements [mm]: Length of body: 95.6, head 5.8, antennae:&gt;13.0 (tips broken off), pronotum 5.2, mesonotum 8.7, metanotum 9.5, median segment: 9.9, tegmina 16.0, alae 68.5, profemora 18.3, mesofemora 12.1, metafemora 17.5, protibiae 15.3, mesotibiae 9.8, metatibiae 14.3, cerci 1.9.</p> <p>Note. As is usual in phasmids, there can be variation in colour and spines within a species (Brock &amp; Büscher, 2022). Like X. kirbyi, there is likely to be geographic variation, perhaps dependant on habitat and foodplant selection.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Oskar V. Conle (Duisburg, Germany), for his outstanding contribution to phasmid research and efforts in re-organizing the phasmid collection of MNHU, in which the holotype of this species was found.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 4). Only known from the type locality in Papua New Guinea. Sattelberg (‘Saddle Mountain’) is a village on the Huon Peninsula, in Morobe Province.</p> <p>Habitat and foodplants. Presumably forest, probably up to 900 m, where the area was formerly part of German New Guinea [‘D(eutsch) Neu-Guinea’] when the specimen would have been collected in 1909. The foodplants are unknown.</p> <p>Notes on the collector. Professor Richard Gustav Neuhauss (1855–1915) was a German doctor and anthropologist, who was in German New Guinea from 1908–1910. In 1909 he went with several missionaries on an expedition to Laewomba territory, then conducted research in the area of Huon Gulf (Baumann et al., 2002).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393878AFFE19B550695FB5A5844F821	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brock, Paul D.;Hennemann, Frank H.	Brock, Paul D., Hennemann, Frank H. (2023): A new species of Xeroderus Gray, 1835 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Xeroderinae) from Papua New Guinea and notes on the genus. Zootaxa 5258 (4): 443-454, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5
