identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B687B92D7FFFDA76BFFF09FE14A4E1.text	03B687B92D7FFFDA76BFFF09FE14A4E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothynus villiersi Endrodi 1968	<div><p>Bothynus villiersi species group</p> <p>(Figs. 1A–D; 2A–D; 3A–E; 4A–D; 5A–D; 6A–J; 7A–D; 8A–F; 9)</p> <p>Composition. The Bothynus villiersi species group includes five species: Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968; Bothynus horridus Endrödi, 1968; Bothynus alvarengai Martínez, 1983; Bothynus spinophallicus (Ratcliffe &amp; Cave, 2021); and Bothynus belemensis Duarte, Grossi, &amp; Dupuis, new species.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The Bothynus villiersi species group has an exclusive set of characters within the genus: clypeus obliquely inclined downward in lateral view (Fig. 1A); frontoclypeal suture complete bearing a transverse ridge reaching the lateral margins of head (Fig. 1B); maxillary palpomere 1 short (three times shorter than palpomere 2) (Fig. 1C); labium with a conical process on disc in lateral view (Fig. 1D); parameres asymmetrical, provided of 1–2 process on inner lateral margins (Fig. 6B, D, F, H, J).</p> <p>Description. The B. villiersi species group is characterized by oval-shaped species in dorsal view, convex dorsally in lateral view, ranging from reddish brown to dark reddish coloration. Head: Clypeus triangular, obliquely inclined downward in lateral view (Fig. 1A), with 2 raised tapered teeth on anterior margin; surface mostly transversely rugose, glabrous. Frontoclypeal suture with a raised, transverse, complete ridge that reaches the lateral margins of head (Fig. 1B). Frons glabrous, transversely rugose or rugopunctate except by a posterior smooth area. Ocular canthus subtriangular, transverse, with scarce setae scattered along of anterior margin. Mouthparts: Mandibles with 3 marginal teeth exposed laterally to clypeus; apical and medial teeth mostly triangular, basal tooth lobed. Maxillary galea shorter than lacinia, usually devoid of teeth, rarely provided with a small tooth on apex. Maxillary palpomere 1 short, about 2 times shorter than subsequent palpomere, hidden under lateral stipe (Fig. 1C); palpomere 4 clavate. Labium subtriangular, with a conical process on disc visible in lateral view (Fig. 1D), surrounded by scarce setae. Antennae: Comprised of 10 antennomeres; club oval, subequal in length to antennomeres 2–7 combined; lamellae 8–10 decreasing in size. Pronotum: Bearing a tubercle raised at middle of anterior margin; anterior middle area concave; posterior area strongly convex in lateral view. Elytra: Striae usually well marked; punctures ocellated, moderate to dense, irregularly scattered on interstriae; striae bearing punctures separated about 1–2 puncture diameters. Scutellar plate: Triangular, smooth. Legs: Protarsal claws strongly curved; protarsomere 5 elongate, subequal in length to tarsomeres 3–4 combined; protarsomeres 1–4 subequal in length. Protibia with 3 teeth on outer margin; margin slightly sinuous just behind the basal tooth. Meso- and metatarsomeres 1–4 decreasing gradually in size. Mesotibia usually with 2 weakly crenulate carinae on outer surface; basal carina short, transversely projected; medial carina long, obliquely projected; apex truncate; carinae and apex covered with stout spinule-like setae. Mesofemur subrectangular. Metatibia triangular, wide apically. Metafemur oval-shaped, wider compared to mesofemur. Venter: Prosternal process columnar, subcylindrical, raised between procoxae. Mesoventrite nearly completely rugopunctate, densely setose. Metaventrite coarsely rugopunctate, densely setose on sides, finely punctate and glabrous on disc. Abdomen: Tergite 7 with two paired rows of striae confined on discal area; striae well marked anteriorly, becoming finely marked posteriorly. Tergite 8 strongly convex lateral view; surface glabrous, rugose on sides and on a transverse area near to anterior margin, disc finely punctate. Aedeagus: Parameres asymmetrical, with 1–2 process on inner margins (Figs. 6B, D, F, H, J).</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Females are similar to males, except by the pronotum weakly convex in lateral view, devoid of tubercle and concavity absent or shallow; tergite 8 flattened or weakly convex in lateral view, with an internalized plate on posterior margin (Fig. 8C–F); ventrite 6 triangular, complete on posterior margin and surface completely rugopunctate.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687B92D7FFFDA76BFFF09FE14A4E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Dupuis, Fabien	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Dupuis, Fabien (2022): A taxonomic revision of the Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968 species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 49-66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.3
03B687B92D7EFFDC76BFFB6FFEA5A539.text	03B687B92D7EFFDC76BFFB6FFEA5A539.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothynus villiersi Endrodi 1968	<div><p>Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968</p> <p>(Figs. 2A; 3A; 4C; 5A; 6A–B; 7A; 8A, C; 9)</p> <p>Bothynus villiersi. Endrödi 1968: 170 (original description); Endrödi 1969: 122, 129–130 (identification key and diagnosis); Endrödi 1985: 273 (identification key); Krajcik 2005: 39 (checklist); Abadie et al. 2008: plate 14 (figure 2); Grossi et al. 2011: 116 (distribution record); López-García et al. 2016: 497 (checklist).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Bothynus villiersi differs from other species of the group by the following characters: spiculum gastrale with recurved lateral branches combined with a straight medial branch never wide at apex (Fig. 5A); apex of parameres narrow and elongate (Fig. 6B [arrow]); inner margin of each paramere with 1 strong process located at middle, never at base (Fig. 6B); posterior internal plate of tergite 8 parabolic, with a medial furrow in female (Fig. 8C [arrow]). The configuration of parameres of B. villiersi resembles those of B. spinophallicus, but is distinguished by the elongate parameres apex and the left paramere have a strong process in B. villiersi. Regarding the other species within the group, B. villiersi is unique with both processes located at the middle of the inner margin, instead of located basally such in B. horridus, B. alvarengai, and B. belemensis. The female of B. villiersi is also unique with the internal plate of tergite 8 parabolic in shape combined with a longitudinal furrow, while other females of the group have the internal plate bilobed or subtrapezoidal, lacking furrow.</p> <p>Type material examined. Holotype male (HNHM), labeled: “Itapiranga II 34” [white label] / “ Holotypus Bothynus villiersi Endr. ” [white label, bordered in red, partially handwritten] (Fig. 2A). Two males and one female paratypes (ZMHB), labeled: “Goyaz L Bulhoes Spitz S.” [white label] / “Arrow determ. Bothynus [illegible]” [white label, partially handwritten] / “ Paratypus Bothynus villiersi Endr. ” [white label, bordered in orange, partially handwritten].</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL: MATO GROSSO DO SUL: Dourados, 15.ii.2006, K.V. Filho — 1 male (CERPE); xi. 2002, E. Gelain — 1 male (CERPE). RIO DE JANEIRO: Nova Friburgo— 1 male (MNHN). SÃO PAULO: Bauru, Vargem Limpa, Área de Proteção Ambiental, 10.x.2008, at light, L. Santos — 1 male (CERPE); Bauru, Instituto Lauro de Souza lima, Arm. Luiz de Queiroz, 26.xi–02.xii.2019, Matheus Bento — 1 male, 1 female (CERPE); Bauru, Instituto Lauro de Souza lima, Arm. Luiz de Queiroz, 4–5.x.2019, white light— 1 male (CERPE); Bauru, Instituto Lauro de Souza lima, Arm. Luiz de Queiroz, xii.2020, at light— 1 female (CERPE); with no precise locality— 1 male (MNHN). Pederneiras, i.2021, Pennsylvania trap, Matheus Bento — 1 female (CERPE) PARAGUAY: CONCEPCIÓN: Zanja Moroti, 10.x.2004 — 2 males, 2 females (FDPC). With no data— 1 male, 1 female (MNHN).</p> <p>Description. Male (Fig. 3A). Length: 16.6–25.1 mm. Width: 7.5–12.7 mm. Color: Predominantly reddish brown; pro-, meso-, and metatarsi darker. Head: Clypeal anterior teeth usually small. Frontoclypeal ridge mostly arched. Frontal surface from flattened to slightly concave, glabrous, transversely rugopunctate; punctures large, C-shaped. Interocular width equals 3.4 times transverse eye diameters. Mouthparts: Labrum arched, transversely covered with a brush of setae. Mandibles with triangular apical tooth, medial tooth triangular or lobed, basal tooth lobed. Galea sometimes with a weak notch on apex. Labium slightly sinuous laterally. Pronotum: Anterior tubercle conical; concavity usually shallow, sometimes deep; concavity surface from transversely rugose to punctate; sides densely covered with large, deep, contiguous punctures; posterior discal area from smooth to finely punctate. Legs: Inner protarsal claw slightly enlarged compared to outer claw, diagonally truncate on apex. Mesotibia usually with two weakly crenulate carinae on outer surface. Venter: Prosternal process conical apically (Fig. 4C). Abdomen: Ventrites 1–2 irregularly setose; ventrites 3–5 with a row of large, setose punctures on sides, and with a finely punctate and glabrous disc; ventrite 6 weakly punctate on sides, smooth on disc. Spiculum gastrale: Y-shaped; lateral branches upward recurved, medial branch straight (Fig. 5A). Hemisternite barely sclerotized, provided of 12 scattered bristles. Aedeagus: Parameres, in lateral view (left side) (Fig. 6A), subtriangular, abruptly narrowed ventrally at apex. Parameres, in dorsal view (Fig. 6B), oval shaped, elongate (1.5 times longer than wide), narrow laterally at apex; subapical outer margin of each paramere with a small lateroventral process; inner margin of each paramere with 1 triangular process at middle; inner process of right paramere longer compared those of left.</p> <p>Description. Female (Fig. 7A). Length: 18.0– 20.1 mm. Width: 9.2–10.5 mm.As male, except in the following aspects: Pronotum: Anterior discal area moderately covered with large, deep, C-shaped punctures, scattered about 3 puncture diameters apart. Legs: Inner protarsal claw similar in shape to outer claw. Abdomen: Tergite 8 with a parabolic posterior internal plate, longitudinally furrowed at middle (Fig. 8C). Ventrites 2–5 densely punctate at disc; ventrite 6 rugose, setose on disc.</p> <p>Remarks. Endrödi (1968) mentioned that one female paratype of B. villiersi with locality data from Pará is preserved at SNSD. However, this specimen was not found among the B. villiersi paratypes deposited at this institute. Rather, one female paratype from Pará labeled with the name “ Bothynus horridus ” handwritten by Endrödi was located. It seems to be the same specimen mentioned by Endrödi (1968) as the female paratype of B. villiersi from Pará, but which was mistakenly labeled by him, since no paratype of B. horridus from this locality was stated by the author. This confusion leaves doubt regarding the distribution of B. villiersi from northern Brazil. Moreover, no B. villiersi from this region was observed among the material examined by us.</p> <p>Distribution. Bothynus villiersi occurs in Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and savannah areas from Campos Gerais region.</p> <p>Type locality. Itapiranga, Santa Catarina, Brazil.</p> <p>Geographical records (Fig. 9). BRAZIL: Pará (erroneous record), Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina. PARAGUAY: Concepción. Literature records. PARAGUAY: with no locality (Abadie et al. 2008).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687B92D7EFFDC76BFFB6FFEA5A539	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Dupuis, Fabien	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Dupuis, Fabien (2022): A taxonomic revision of the Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968 species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 49-66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.3
03B687B92D78FFDE76BFFA54FE57A7F8.text	03B687B92D78FFDE76BFFA54FE57A7F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothynus horridus Endrodi 1968	<div><p>Bothynus horridus Endrödi, 1968</p> <p>(Figs. 2B; 3B; 4B; 5B; 6C–D; 7B; 8D; 9)</p> <p>Bothynus horridus. Endrödi 1968: 171 (original description); Endrödi 1969: 122, 129 (identification key and diagnosis); Ratcliffe &amp; Dechambre 1983: 268 (new record); Endrödi 1985: 273 (identification key); Krajcik 2005: 38 (checklist); Abadie et al. 2008: plate 14 (figure 1); López-García et al. 2016: 496 (checklist).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Bothynus horridus differs from other species of the group by the following characters: spiculum gastrale with lateral branches almost straight combined with the medial branch weakly dilated at apex (Fig. 5B); inner margin of the left paramere with no process in dorsal view and right paramere with a basal process (Fig. 6D); female with posterior internal plate of tergite 8 widely bilobed (Fig 8D). The male of B. horridus has the configuration of parameres unique within the group, characterized by one process located basally on the inner margin of the right paramere, while the left paramere is devoid of process. Other species of the group have 2 processes, one on each paramere.</p> <p>Type material examined. Holotype male (HNHM), labeled: “ Paraguay 1914” [white label, handwritten] / “ Sammlg. C. Frings vend. Dez. 1937 ” [white label] / “ Holotype Bothynus horridus Endr. ” [white label, partially handwritten] (Fig. 2B). One male paratype (SNSD), labeled: “ Brasil ” [white label, quadriculate, handwritten] / “ Paratypus Bothynus horridus Endr. ” [white label, bordered in red, partially handwritten] / “Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde. Dresden” [white label].</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL: DISTRITO FEDERAL: Planaltina, Embrapa Cerrados, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.71417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.598333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.71417/lat -15.598333)">Área Agrícola</a> (15°35’54’’S, 47°42’51’’W), 18.xi.2005, at light, C. Oliveira — 1 female (CEMT); cerrado fragment (15°36’20’’S, 47°42’26’’W), 20.x.2005, at light, C. Oliveira — 1 male (CEMT). GOIÁS: Goiânia, x.1993, Ponchel — 1 male (FDPC). MARANHÃO: Balsas, Serra dos Penitentes, 480 m, 30.xi.2005, C.G.C. Mielke — 1m (EPGC). MATO GROSSO: Acorizal, 9.iv.2016, L. Mariani — 1 female (CEMT). Araputanga, rural area, 2.iv.2015, L.V. Duarte — 1m (CEMT). Barra das Garças, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.161667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.631667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.161667/lat -15.631667)">Fazenda São Carlos</a> (15°37’54’’S, 52°09’42’’W), 19.xi.2009, M. Aragona — 1 male, 1 female (CEMT). Chapada dos Guimarães, 5.x.2008 — 1 male (CERPE); Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Vale do Eco, 17.i.2013, at light, M. Savaris and S. Lampert — 1m (CERPE); Buriti, 6.x.1984, Dal Ponte — 1 male (CERPE). Cotriguaçu, Fazenda São Nicolau, at light, xi.2007, O.P. Filho — 1 male (CEMT); i.2008, at light, O.P. Filho —l female (CEMT). Cuiabá, 28.x.2015, G.A. Zulli — 1 male (CEMT). Capão Verde, 4.xii.2008, M.M. Vieira — 1 male (CEMT). Diamantino, Fazenda Vale da Solidão, x.2013, E. Furtado — 4 males, 1 female (CERPE); xi.2013, E. Furtado — 3 females (CERPE). Alto Rio Arinos, ix.1999, E. Furtado — 1 male (CERPE). Itanhangá, 26-29.x.2016, J.V. Korgut — 1 male, 3 females (CEMT). Nobres, Distrito Coqueiral, 26.vi.2010, N. Danielle — 1 female (CERPE). Paranatinga, Aldeia Paikun, 11.xi.2011, O. Neto — 1m (CERPE). Porto Estrela, 24.ii.2016, E.L. Rodriguez — 1 male (CEMT). Sapezal, 14.ii.2004, E.J. Godoi — 1 female (CEMT). Sorriso, 1.v.2003, E.P. Carboni — 1 female (CEMT). MINAS GERAIS: Belo Horizonte, x.1945 — 1 male (CERPE); xi.1945 — 1 female (CERPE); xii.1945 — 1 female (CERPE). Buritis, Fazenda Querência, 3.xii.2012, at light, C.M. Oliveira — 2m (CEMT). Ibirité, 872 m, 2–15.i.1992, A. Machado — 1 male (EPGC). Lavras, 25.iii.2005, T.H.P. Reis — 1 male (CERPE); 23.ii.1999, G.M. Biasioli — 1m (CERPE). Tartaria, 29.x.1934, R. Jefferson — 1m (CECL). RIO DE JANEIRO: Cordeiro, 15.xi.1996, Joss — 1 male (FDPC). Resende, xi.1931, S. Aristóteles — 1 male (CECL). Teresópolis, Morim, Morro da Bandeira, 1600, Torre da Petrobras, 2–10.ii.2010 — 1 male (CERPE). SÃO PAULO: Natividade da Serra, Parque estadual <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.14528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.386389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.14528/lat -23.386389)">Serra do Mar</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.14528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.386389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.14528/lat -23.386389)">Núcleo Santa Virgínia</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.14528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.386389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.14528/lat -23.386389)">Base Vargem Grande</a> (23°23’11’’S, 45°8’43’’W), 792 m, 28.iii.2016, D.B. Muniz — 1 male (CERPE). Santo Amaro, 1938, Zikan — 1 male (IBSP). PARAGUAY: Concepción, Zanja Moroti, 20.xii.1984 — 1 male, 1 female (FDPC).</p> <p>Description. Male (Fig. 3B). Length: 17.0– 23.7 mm. Width: 9.6–13.7 mm. Color: Dorsal surface usually nearly completely reddish brown; pronotum sometimes dark reddish brown; legs and ventral surface dark. Head: Clypeus with 2 triangular anterior teeth usually strong and pointed apically. Frontoclypeal ridge strongly marked, slightly convergent at middle. Interocular width equals 3.6 transverse eye diameters. Mouthparts: Labrum usually arched, sometimes asymmetrical, with a small tooth on right side. Mandibles. Maxillary galea mostly rounded apically, sometimes with a small tooth. Labium slightly sinuous on sides. Pronotum: Anterior tubercle usually strong, conical (Fig. 4B); concavity deep, broad, rugose in major males; concavity shallow, narrower, rugopunctate in minor males; sides densely covered with large, deep, contiguous punctures near to lateral margins, becoming spaced about 1 diameter of punctures toward disc; posterior discal area smooth. Legs: Inner protarsal claw more curve and wider than outer claw, usually with acute apex. Mesotibia with medial carina usually truncate, sometimes weakly crenulate. Abdomen: Ventrites 1–2 rugose, completely setose; 3–5 coarsely rugopunctate on sides, smooth on disc smooth; ventrite 6 rugose on sides, finely punctate on disc. Spiculum gastrale: Y-shaped; lateral branches almost straight, medial branch slightly enlarged and rounded at apex (Fig 5B). Hemisternite barely sclerotized, covered with 7 scattered bristles. Aedeagus: Parameres, in lateral view (left side) (Fig. 6C), with a raised, subapical, small tooth on dorsal area; apex bent downward. Parameres, in dorsal view (Fig. 6D), rounded, short apically; right paramere with a basal, long, curved inner process on inner margin; left paramere with no inner process.</p> <p>Description. Female (Fig. 7B). Length: 21.4–23.1 mm. Width: 11.7–12.5 mm. As male, except in following aspects: Pronotum: Anterior discal area moderately covered with large punctures, separated about 3 puncture diameters. Legs: Protarsal claws equal in shape. Abdomen: Tergite 8 with a bilobed posterior internal plate; lobes wide (Fig. 8D). Ventrite 6 densely rugopunctate.</p> <p>Distribution. Bothynus horridus has the most widespread distribution among the species of group, occurring across the Amazon Forest, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest.</p> <p>Type locality. Paraguay, but with no precise locality.</p> <p>Geographical records (Fig. 9). BRAZIL: Pará, Maranhão (new state record), Rondônia, Mato Grosso (new state record), Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo. PARAGUAY: Concepción. Literature records. ARGENTINA: Missiones (Abadie et al. 2008), Rosario (Endrödi 1969). BRAZIL: Pará, Rondônia (Ratcliffe &amp; Dechambre 1981).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687B92D78FFDE76BFFA54FE57A7F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Dupuis, Fabien	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Dupuis, Fabien (2022): A taxonomic revision of the Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968 species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 49-66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.3
03B687B92D75FFD076BFFB58FDB3A4AB.text	03B687B92D75FFD076BFFB58FDB3A4AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothynus alvarengai Martinez 1983	<div><p>Bothynus alvarengai Martínez, 1983</p> <p>(Figs. 2C; 3C; 4A; 5C; 6E–F; 7C; 8E; 9)</p> <p>Bothynus alvarengai. Martínez 1983: 297 (original description); Krajcik 2005: 38 (checklist); López-García et al. 2016: 495 (checklist).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Bothynus alvarengai differs from other species in the B. villiersi species group by the following characters: male with pronotal tubercle truncate or bilobed at apex in frontal view (Fig. 4A); spiculum gastrale bearing recurved lateral branches combined with the medial branch wide at apex (Fig. 5C); parameres suboval combined with the inner medial process on the left paramere not visible in lateral view (Fig. 6E–F) tergite 8 of female with a short and bilobed internal plate (Fig. 8E). Bothynus alvarengai is unique within the group whose male has the pronotal tubercle with truncate (or more rarely bilobed) apex, while other species have the tubercle with rounded or acute apex. The tergite 8 of female has an internal plate that resembles those of B. horridus, however, the plate is short in B. alvarengai, while it is broadly bilobed in B. horridus.</p> <p>Type material examined. Holotype male (MACN), labeled: “ Encruzilhada Bahia Brasil XII.1980 ” [white label] / “ A. Martínez e M, Alvarenga ” [white label] / “ HOLOTYPUS ” [red label] / “ Bothynus alvarengai sp. nov. ♂ A. Martínez-DET.1981” [red label, bordered in black, partially handwritten] / “MACN-En 801” [data inscribed within a black border rectangle]” (Fig. 2C).</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL: BAHIA, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.836666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.540278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.836666/lat -15.540278)">Encruzilhada</a> (15º32’25’’S, 40º50’12’’W), 800 m, 11.xii.2007, at light, Grossi, Rafael, and Parizotto — 1 male, 1 female (EPGC). MARANHÃO: Mirador, Parque Estadual do Mirador, Base de Geraldina, light trap, 11–15.xi.2007, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira — 1 male (CZMA); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.983055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.7305555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.983055/lat -6.7305555)">Posto Avançado do Mel</a> (6º43’50’’S, 44º58’59’’W), light trap, 2–8.iv.2011, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, G.A. Reis, and M.S. Oliveira — 1 male, 1 female (CERPE). MINAS GERAIS: Águas Vermelhas, xii.1997, Vaz-de-Mello and Belo — 2 males, 1 female (CERPE); Fazenda Faceiro, 12–16.xii.2012, at light, E. Grossi, P. Grossi. J.A. Rafael, and G.A.R. Melo — 6 males, 13 females (CERPE). Berizal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.665558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.6647215" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.665558/lat -15.6647215)">Fazenda Veredão</a> (15º39’53’’S, 41º39’56’’W), 15.xi.2007, Grossi, Rafael, and Parizotto — 1 male (EPGC). Ipatinga, xi.1993 — 1 female (FDPC). São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, 22.xii.2011, blacklight, Oliveira and Ferreira — 1 male, 1 female (EPGC). RIO DE JANEIRO: Itatiaia, xii.1992 — 3 males, 3 females (FDPC).</p> <p>Description. Male (Fig. 3C). Length: 18.5–21.8 mm. Width: 9.5–11.5 mm. Color: Nearly completely reddish brown, except by protibial margins, pro-, meso-, and metatarsi dark. Head: Frontoclypeal ridge weakly marked, usually convergent at middle, sometimes slightly sinuous in frontal view. Interocular width equals 4.1 transverse eye diameters. Mouthparts: Labrum slightly arched on apical margin. Mandible with apical tooth slightly back produced, separated from medial tooth by a deep notch; medial tooth separated from basal tooth by a shallow notch. Maxillary galea lobed apically, rarely with a small tooth at apex. Pronotum: Anterior tubercle subtrapezoidal, usually truncate, rarely bilobed at apex (Fig. 4A); anterior area with shallow or moderately deep concavity; surface transversely rugose at basis of tubercle and covered with large, transverse, C-shaped punctures at posterior area of concavity; sides densely covered with large, deep punctures, coalescent near margins, becoming contiguous toward disc; disc finely punctate. Legs: Inner protarsal claw slightly large than outer claw, pointed at apex. Abdomen: Ventrites 1–2 densely rugopunctate, densely setose; ventrites 3–5 setose and rugopunctate only on sides, smooth on disc; ventrite 6 weakly punctate on sides, smooth on disc. Spiculum gastrale: Y-shaped; lateral branches curved, medial branch gradually expanded toward a wide apex (Fig. 5C). Hemisternite small, barely sclerotized, separated at middle, covered with 6–7 scattered bristles. Aedeagus: Parameres, in lateral view (left side) (Fig. 6E), rounded apically. Parameres, in dorsal view (Fig. 6F), suboval, slightly elongate (about 1.2 times longer than wide); inner margin of right paramere with a basal, long, curved process; inner margin of left paramere with a middle, small, lobed or triangular process.</p> <p>Description. Female (Fig. 7C). Length: 19.7–22.8 mm. Width: 9.6–11.5 mm.As male, except in the following aspects: Pronotum: Anterior disc usually with two areas densely punctate, separated by a smooth, longitudinal middle area; anterior punctures large, deep, C-shaped, from contiguous to coalescent. Abdomen: Tergite 8 with a short and bilobed internal plate (Fig. 8E). Ventrite 6 completely rugopunctate, setose.</p> <p>Distribution. Bothynus alvarengai have been frequently found in dry areas across the Brazilian northeast and most rarely in Atlantic Forest.</p> <p>Type locality. Encruzilhada, Bahia, Brazil.</p> <p>Geographical records (Fig. 9). BRAZIL: Maranhão (new state record), Bahia, Minas Gerais (new state record), Rio de Janeiro (new state record).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687B92D75FFD076BFFB58FDB3A4AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Dupuis, Fabien	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Dupuis, Fabien (2022): A taxonomic revision of the Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968 species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 49-66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.3
03B687B92D74FFD476BFFAA4FAAFA27C.text	03B687B92D74FFD476BFFAA4FAAFA27C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothynus spinophallicus (Ratcliffe & Cave 2021) Duarte & Grossi & Dupuis 2022	<div><p>Bothynus spinophallicus (Ratcliffe &amp; Cave, 2021), new combination</p> <p>(Figs. 2D; 3D; 6G–H; 9)</p> <p>Coelosis spinophallicus Ratcliffe &amp; Cave 2021: 45 (original description)</p> <p>Type material examined. Holotype male (UNSM), labeled: “ Paraguay: San Pedro Capiibary Marzo.1994 col. R.C. Aguilar J.” [white label, handwritten] / “ COELOSIS SPINOPHALLICUS RACLIFFE &amp; CAVE HOLOTYPE ” [red label, partially handwritten, with data inscribed within a black border rectangle] / “ BOTHYNUS SPINOPHALLICUS (RATCLIFFE &amp; CAVE) det B.C. Ratcliffe 2021” [white label, partially handwritten, with data inscribed within a black border rectangle] (Fig. 2D).</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL: PARANÁ: Jaguariaíva, Parque Estadual do Cerrado, v. 2011, 870 m, C.S. Costa and Equipe — 2 males (CERPE).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Bothynus spinophallicus distinguishes from other species of the B. villiersi species group by the right paramere with a strong process located on the middle of the inner margin combined with the left paramere devoid or only with a weak triangular process on the inner margin (Fig. 6H). This configuration of parameres is close to those found in B. villiersi, but the apex of parameres is shortened in B. spinophalicus, instead of elongate such as B. villiersi.</p> <p>Description. Male (Fig. 3D). Length: 27.0– 27.8 mm. Width: 13.8–14.0 mm. Color: Mostly reddish brown; protibial margins, tarsi, meso- and metatibiae dark. Head: Clypeal surface rugose. Frontoclypeal ridge strongly raised, slightly arched. Frons transversely rugose. Interocular width about 4.1 transverse eye diameters. Mouthparts: Mandibles bearing apical tooth triangular; medial and basal teeth lobed; apical and medial teeth separated by a deep notch, medial and basal by a shallow notch. Pronotum: Anterior tubercle conical; concavity wide, deep, confined on discal anterior area; surface transversely rugose on concavity; sides bearing dense, deep, contiguous punctures; posterior disc smooth. Legs: Inner protarsal claw subequal to outer claw. Abdomen: Ventrites 1–2 completely setose; 3–5 bearing a transverse row of setigerous punctures confined on sides, disc glabrous, weakly punctate. Ventrite 6 rugopunctate on sides, weakly punctate on disc. Venter: Prosternal process columnar, produced between coxae, conical apically. Aedeagus: Parameres, in lateral view (left side) (Fig. 6G), subtriangular, bent downward at apex. Parameres, in dorsal view (Fig. 6H), oval, short apically, subapically with one small process on external sides of each paramere; right paramere bearing a strongly middle process on inner margin; left paramere with no or only with a weak, triangular process at middle of inner margin.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Remarks. We transfer the species from Coelosis Hope, 1837 to Bothynus after holotype examination and comparison with two other specimens. The species is related to Bothynus by the head bearing a transverse ridge, columnar prosternal process, and meso- and metatibia with the medial carina devoid of tooth. Instead, Coelosis have a horn or tubercle on the head, triangular prosternal process, and the meso- and metatibia sometimes with a tooth on the medial carina (Iannuzzi &amp; Marioni 1995). After publication of C. spinophallicus, Ratcliffe and Cave realized the species is related to Bothynus (personal communication to PRMD, 2021). The species was published during the finalization of our revision on the Bothynus villiersi species group, whose B. spinophallicus is related and, for this reason, was included here.</p> <p>Distribution. The two additional specimens examined here were collected in Cerrado areas from southern Brazil.</p> <p>Type locality. Capiibary, San Pedro, Paraguay.</p> <p>Geographical records (Fig. 9). BRAZIL: Santa Catarina (new record). PARAGUAY: San Pedro.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687B92D74FFD476BFFAA4FAAFA27C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Dupuis, Fabien	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Dupuis, Fabien (2022): A taxonomic revision of the Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968 species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 49-66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.3
03B687B92D70FFD676BFFD1DFAD3A4E0.text	03B687B92D70FFD676BFFD1DFAD3A4E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothynus belemensis Duarte, Grossi, & Dupuis 2022	<div><p>Bothynus belemensis Duarte, Grossi, &amp; Dupuis, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 3E; 4D; 5D; 6I–J; 7D; 8F; 9)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Bothynus belemensis is separated from other species in the B. villiersi species group by the following combination of characters: prosternal process apex rounded in both sexes (Fig. 4D); spiculum gastrale with almost straight lateral branches combined with the medial branch strongly wide at apex (Fig. 5D); left paramere with the middle process visible in lateral view (Fig. 6I); female with the anterior pronotal margin sinuous (Fig. 8B) and tergite 8 with a subtrapezoidal internal plate (8F). The parameres of B. belemensis resembles those of B. alvarengai, but the new species has the parameres rounded (as wide as long) and with the medial process of the left paramere visible in lateral view, while B. alvarengai has the parameres suboval and slightly longer (about 1.2 times longer than wide), with the medial process of the left paramere not visible in lateral view.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype male dissected, labeled: “ BRAZIL: PARÁ: Belém, 1931, Benedicto Nogueira ” (CERPE). Paratypes: two females, same data as holotype (CERPE); two males and one female with no data (CERPE).</p> <p>Holotype (Fig. 3E). Description. Length: 21.7 mm. Width: 11.2 mm. Color: Head, pronotum, tibiae, and tarsi dark; other surfaces reddish brown. Head: Clypeus anteriorly with two small teeth; surface coarsely rugopunctate. Frontoclypeal ridge arched, strongly marked.Frontal surface slightly concave.Interocular width equals 2.5 transverse eye diameters. Mouthparts: Mandible with triangular teeth; apical tooth slightly back produced, medial and basal teeth smaller than apical tooth. Labium subtriangular, slightly sinuous laterally. Pronotum: Anterior tubercle small, conical, rounded apically; concavity shallow, covered with large, deep, scarce punctures; sides densely covered with large, deep, contiguous punctures, coalescent near posterior corners; posterior disc smooth. Legs: Protibia with three triangular teeth on outer margin; apical tooth curved, subequal in size to medial tooth; basal tooth smaller to previous ones. Venter: Prosternal process elongate, produced between coxae, densely covered with yellowish setae at basis, apex truncate, rounded (Fig. 4D). Abdomen: Tergite 8 rugopunctate on sides, weakly punctate on an area near to anterior margin, finely punctate on disc. Ventrite 1 completely, densely covered with setigerous punctures; ventrites 2–5 rugopunctate and setose on sides, smooth on disc; ventrite 6 with smooth discal area. Spiculum gastrale: Yshaped; lateral branches substraight, medial branch strongly wide at apex (Fig. 5D). Aedeagus: Parameres, in lateral view (left side) (Fig. 6I), with middle process of left paramere raised, visible; apex bent downward. Parameres, in dorsal view (Fig. 6J), rounded, as wide as long; inner margin of right paramere with a basal, long, curved process; inner margin of left paramere with a middle, triangular, short process.</p> <p>Paratypes. Male paratypes vary from holotype in the following aspects: Length: 20.5–23.9 mm. Width: 10.79– 13.5 mm. Thorax: Pronotal concavity densely punctate; punctures oval shaped, from contiguous to coalescent. Mouthparts: Basal tooth of mandible sometimes lobed. Legs: Inner protarsal claw subequal to outer claw (lost feature in holotype). Female (Fig. 7D) is similar to male, except in the following aspects: Length: 21.0– 21.3 mm. Width: 11.3–11.8. Thorax: Anterior margin sinuous (Fig. 8B); pronotal surface densely surrounded with large, deep, from contiguous to coalescent punctures; posterior area finely punctate on disc. Legs: Protarsal claws similar in shape. Abdomen: Tergite 8 scarcely setose; posterior margin with a subtrapezoidal, large, weakly emarginate internal plate (Fig. 8F). Ventrite 5 punctate on disc; ventrite 6 completely rugopunctate.</p> <p>Remarks. This new species was discovered after the study of specimens from Pará state, North Brazil. The record of B. belemensis overlaps those of B. horridus made by Ratcliffe &amp; Dechambre (1983). Despite this, the new species described here has a set of characters clearly distinct from those that define B. horridus.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to Amazon Forest areas from northern Brazil.</p> <p>Type locality. Belém, Pará, Brazil.</p> <p>Geographical records (Fig. 9). BRAZIL: Pará.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet “belemensis” is named after its type locality: Belém, capital of Pará state.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687B92D70FFD676BFFD1DFAD3A4E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Dupuis, Fabien	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Dupuis, Fabien (2022): A taxonomic revision of the Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968 species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 49-66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.3
03B687B92D72FFD676BFFB6CFA3CA68A.text	03B687B92D72FFD676BFFB6CFA3CA68A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothynus villiersi Endrodi 1968	<div><p>Identification key for adults of the Bothynus villiersi species group</p> <p>1 Apex of the prosternal process conical in both sexes (Fig. 4C). If described, female with anterior pronotal border arched (Fig. 8A)................................................................................................ 2</p> <p>- Apex of the prosternal process rounded in both sexes (Fig. 4D). Anterior pronotal border of female sinuous (Fig. 8B)......................................................... Bothynus belemensis Duarte, Grossi, &amp; Dupuis, new species</p> <p>2 Pronotal tubercle of male subtrapezoidal (truncate or bilobed at apex) (Fig. 4A). Tergite 8 of female with weakly produced internal plate (Fig. 8E)................................................... Bothynus alvarengai Martínez, 1983</p> <p>- Pronotal tubercle of male conical (rounded at apex) (Fig. 4B). Tergite 8 of female with strongly produced internal plate (Fig. 8C–D).............................................................................................. 3</p> <p>3 Inner margin of the right paramere bearing a basal process (Fig. 6D). Tergite 8 of female with bilobed internal plate (Fig. 8D)........................................................................ Bothynus horridus Endrödi, 1968</p> <p>- Inner margin of the right paramere bearing a medial process (Fig. 6B, H). Tergite 8 of female parabolic (Fig. 8C)......... 4</p> <p>4 Apex of parameres elongate (Fig. 6B). Tergite 8 of female with a longitudinal sulcus at the internal plate (Fig. 8C)................................................................................. Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968</p> <p>- Apex of parameres shortened (Fig. 6H). Female unknow.............. Bothynus spinophallicus (Ratcliffe &amp; Cave, 2021)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687B92D72FFD676BFFB6CFA3CA68A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Dupuis, Fabien	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Dupuis, Fabien (2022): A taxonomic revision of the Bothynus villiersi Endrödi, 1968 species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 49-66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.3
