identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
150087CBFFE8056A06CAF8B59FA2FBC1.text	150087CBFFE8056A06CAF8B59FA2FBC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plesionika martia (A. Milne-Edwards 1883)	<div><p>Plesionika martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883)</p> <p>(Fig. 1A, C)</p> <p>Pandalus martius A. Milne-Edwards, 1883, pl. 21 (type locality: northeastern Atlantic); Forest &amp; Holthuis 1997: 54, pl. 21.</p> <p>Panalus prox. martius— Wood-Mason &amp; Alcock 1892: 369.</p> <p>Pandalus (Plesionika) martius— Alcock 1901: 95 (in part).</p> <p>Plesionika martia — Crosnier &amp; Forest 1973: 212, figs. 63d, 64e, 66; Holthuis 1980: 146 (in part); Hanamura 1986: 63, figs. 9- 11; Hanamura &amp; Evans 1996: 13; Chan &amp; Crosnier 1997: 213; De Grave &amp; Fransen 2011: 449; Rajool Shanis et al. 2012: 40 (in part); Samuel et al. 2016: 8985 (in part).</p> <p>Not Plesionika martia —George &amp; Rao 1967: 330 (? in part); Suseelan 1974: 500, fig. 2 (? in part); Radhakrishnan et al. 2012: 68 (? in part). [= Plesionika semilaevis Bate, 1888]</p> <p>Material examined. Great Nicobar Islands, Andaman Sea, 9º37.159’N, 92º44.011’E, 17 November 2017, 1 ovigerous female cl 20.0 mm (DABFUK /AR-PLE-24).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Rostrum extending far beyond scaphocerite, 1.9 times longer than carapace, basal part descending but curved upwards and straight distal to antennular peduncle; dorsal margin armed only with 7 teeth, including 3 on rostrum proper behind tip of antennular peduncle and 4 on carapace posterior to orbital margin, posteriormost tooth bearing incomplete basal suture, none with barbed tip; ventral margin with 57 closely spaced teeth. Carapace with postrostral ridge distinct but not elevated as lamina, extending to about posterior 2/3 of carapace; hepatic region having small pit-like depression; antennal spine moderately large while pterygostomian spine small; orbital margin with upper part faintly convex and almost vertically straight, lower part slightly convex. Eye with distinct ocellus. Antennular peduncle basal segment with stylocerite obtuse but distally pointed, laterally strongly folded upwards, extending just beyond distal margin of basal peduncular segment. Scaphocerite slender, 0.9 times as long as carapace and 5.6 times as long as maximum width; distolateral tooth more or less extending to distal margin of lamina; basicerite spine moderately long and slightly overreaching proximal end of lateral margin of scaphocerite. Maxilliped III bearing well developed, strap-like epipods; penultimate segment 1.2 times as long as ultimate segment. Anterior 4 pereiopods bearing well developed, strap-like epipods. Pereiopod II subequal, carpus divided into 25–28 articles. All posterior 3 pereiopods incomplete and with distal segments lost. Abdomen with posterior margin of tergite III rounded, pleuron IV posteroventrally rounded while pleuron V posteroventrally pointed, somite VI 2.2 times longer than maximum height; telson 1.1 times longer than somite VI and bearing 3 pairs of dorsolateral spines (excluding pair adjacent to posterior margin of telson).</p> <p>Coloration. Body pinkish red with eggs blue for the East Atlantic topotypic material (Fransen 2014). No information available on the coloration of the present Andaman Sea specimen.</p> <p>Distribution. Widely reported from the Atlantic and the Indo-West Pacific, at depths of 190 to 2195 m, mostly less than 700 m (see Crosnier &amp; Forest 1973; Holthuis 1980; Chan &amp; Crosnier 1997; Fransen 2014).</p> <p>Remarks. Chace (1985) regarded that P. martia was restricted to the Atlantic while the Indo-West Pacific population was a subspecies P. martia orientalis. Most of the differences between the two subspecies, as well as those for distinguishing the species of the “ P. martia ” group proposed by Chace (1985; such as the eye shape, pereiopod and pleopod length) are rather difficult to use in addition to these rather fragile body parts are often damaged or incomplete. Moreover, it is highly likely that forms most closely related to P. martia martia are present at least in Australia (Hanamura 1989, Hanamura &amp; Evans 1996), Taiwan and French Polynesia (Chan &amp; Crosnier 1997). Therefore, the subspecies P. martia orientalis is now generally treated as a distinct species P. orientalis (e.g. Hanamura &amp; Evans 1996; Li 2006; Hayashi 2009; Komai 2011, De Grave &amp; Fransen 2011; Li &amp; Chan 2013).</p> <p>On the other hand, Chan &amp; Crosnier (1997, also see Li &amp; Chan 2013) proposed that the shape of the postrostral carina, orbital margin and the size of antennal basicerite spine are more useful in separating the species of the “ P. martia ” group. Plesionika martia has the postrostral carina not laminar, upper part of the orbital margin almost vertically straight, and the antennal basicerite spine overreaching the posterior end of the lateral margin of the scaphocerite. Plesionika orientalis has the postrostral carina elevated and distinctly laminar, upper part of the orbital margin more or less vertically straight or slightly convex, and the basicerite spine more or less extending to the posterior end of the lateral margin of the scaphocerite. Plesionika semilaevis has the postrostral carina elevated and distinctly laminar, upper part of the orbital margin strongly convex and curved backwards, and the basicerite spine far overreaching the posterior end of the lateral scaphocerite margin. Plesionika parvimartia differs from the other three species of the group in having a much smaller size and with the anteriormost dorsal rostral tooth generally situated anterior to the antennular peduncle (the other three species of the “ P. martia ” group have dorsal rostral tooth generally restricted behind the tip of the anennular peduncle), the postrostral carina elevated and laminar, orbital margin vertical but regularly convex, and the basicerite spine just overreaching the posterior end of the lateral scaphocerite margin. Nevertheless, the abundant material of this group recently collected from various Indo-West Pacific locali- ties by the French MUSORSTOM-TDSB expeditions (see Richer de Forges et al. 2013) indicates that there are highly likely more species in the “ P. martia ” group according to the variations in the living coloration, shape of the orbital margin and the size of the basicerite spine.</p> <p>Plesionika martia was firstly reported in Indian waters from the western side of the Andaman Islands (Wood- Mason &amp; Alcock 1892) and subsequently off the various coasts of India (Alcock 1901; George &amp; Rao 1967; Suseelan 1974; Rajan et al. 2001; Kurup et al. 2008; Rajool Shanis et al. 2012). The present specimen was collected from the Andaman Sea in a locality (west of Great Nicobar Islands) adjacent to the first record of this species in Indian waters. To provide more insights on the taxonomic status of the present Andaman Sea specimen, its COI sequence was compared with topotypic material of the four species in the “ P. martia ” group as well as an Indian specimen from the Laccadive Sea registered as P. martia (KU708836) in the GenBank (Table 2). There are very high genetic divergences (14.7-22.1%) amongst the topotypic material of the four species in the “ P. martia ” group as defined by Chan &amp; Crosnier (1997). The Andaman Sea specimen, though with high sequence divergence, is more similar to P. martia than P. orientalis. Moreover, the very high genetic differences (20.4-22.1%) between the topotypic specimens of P. orientalis and P. martia confirm that they are indeed distinct species instead of subspecies. The other sequence from a specimen from India, identified with P. martia (KU708836) in the GenBank, have more than 20% sequence divergence from both the present specimen and the Atlantic material. On the other hand, this KU708836 sequence showed 99.5% sequence similarity with two sequences (KX530799, KX530800) referred to P. alcocki in the GenBank, and therefore, is most probably a misidentification of P. alcocki. The high genetic difference of the Andaman Sea specimen from the topotypic P. martia material also suggested that it represents a distinct species. However, taxonomy of the P. martia group is quite complicate as P. cottei Kotte, 1903 described from the Indian Ocean is sometimes treated as a synonym of P. martia or P. orientalis (Holthuis 1980; Chace, 1985; De Grave &amp; Fransen 2011). Moreover, the types of P. semilaevis contains the holotype of P. orientalis (see Chace 1985) and there are at least two species present in the topotypic P. semilaevis Philippines material as defined by Chan &amp; Crosnier (1997) (see Remarks under P. semilaevis). A full revision of the “ P. martia ” group including the re-examination of the types of P. cottei, P. orientalis and P. semilaevis are necessary to determine the taxonomic status of the Andaman Sea material. For the time being, the present Andaman Sea specimen is assigned to P. martia following the definition of Chan &amp; Crosnier (1997). Whether those P. martia material reported before from off the India mainland is assignable to this species remains to be confirmed.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/150087CBFFE8056A06CAF8B59FA2FBC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chan, Tin-Yam;Hsu, Chia-Yu;Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju;Chang, Su-Ching	Chan, Tin-Yam, Hsu, Chia-Yu, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju, Chang, Su-Ching (2020): On the “ Plesionika martia ” (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883) species group in Indian waters. Zootaxa 4729 (1): 67-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4729.1.4
150087CBFFED056906CAFBA599AAFC75.text	150087CBFFED056906CAFBA599AAFC75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plesionika semilaevis Bate 1888	<div><p>Plesionika semilaevis Bate, 1888</p> <p>(Figs. 1B, D, E, 2)</p> <p>Plesionika semilaevis Bate, 1888: 644, pl. 113-fig. 3 (type locality: Moro Gulf east of Basilan Strait, Philippines); Chace 1985: 113, figs 51-52; Hanamura &amp; Takeda 1987: 116, fig. 3c, d; Ohtomi &amp; Hayashi 1995: 1035, fig. 1; Hanamura &amp; Evan, 1996: 15; Chan &amp; Crosnier 1997: 213; De Grave &amp; Fransen 2011: 450; Li &amp; Chan 2013: 147, fig. 4A; Kuberan et al. 2017: 21, fig. 1.</p> <p>Pandalus (Plesionika) martius— Alcock 1901: 95 (in part).[not A. Milne-Edwards, 1883]</p> <p>Plesionika martia —George &amp; Rao 1967: 330 (? in part); Suseelan 1974: 500, fig. 2 (? in part); Holthuis 1980: 146 (in part); Rajool Shanis et al. 2012: 40 (in part); Radhakrishnan et al. 2012: 68 (? in part); Samuel et al. 2016: 8985 (in part). [not A. Milne-Edwards, 1883]</p> <p>Material examined. Sakthikulangara fishing harbour, Kollam district, Kerala, 20 March 2017, 1 ovigerous female cl 18.6 mm (DABFUK /AR-PLE-25); 4 March 2019, 1 ovigerous female cl 20.7 mm (DABFUK /AR-PLE-26), 1 ovigerous female cl 19.4 mm (DABFUK /AR-PLE-27), 1 ovigerous female cl 18.1 mm (DABFUK /AR-PLE-28), 4 ovigerous females cl 17.7-20.8 mm (DABFUK /AR-PLE-29-32).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Rostrum long and far overreaching scaphocerite, 1.8–2.1 times longer than carapace, curved downwards at basal part but curved upwards and straight distal to antennular peduncle; dorsal margin only with basal part bearing 6-8 teeth and all situated behind distal end of antennular peduncle, none with barbed tip, posterior 2 or 3 teeth situated behind orbital margin while posterior 1 or 2 teeth with incomplete basal suture; ventral margin bearing 41–50 closely spaced teeth. Carapace postrostral ridge extending to about middle of carapace, distinctly elevated and laminate along entire length. Lateral carapace without carina or groove, only with hepatic region more or not depressed as a small pit; antennal and pterygostomian spines moderately large, former spine longer than latter; orbital margin with upper part slightly convex and strongly inclined backwards, lower part convex. Eye kidney shaped and with distinct ocellus. Stylocerite obtuse but distally pointed, laterally strongly folded upwards, extending to second segment of antennular peduncle. Scaphocerite slender, 0.8–0.9 times carapace length and 4.2–5.0 times as long as maximum width; distolateral tooth more or less reaching distal margin of lamina; basicerite spine long and slightly overreaching proximal end of lateral margin of scaphocerite. Maxilliped III and anterior 4 pereiopods bearing well developed, strap-like epiopods. Maxilliped III with penultimate segment1.2–1.4 times longer than terminal segment. Pereiopod II subequal, carpus divided into 19–29 articles. Pereiopod III overreaching scaphocerite by length of 0.2–0.8 carpus, propodus and dactylus; dactylus 0.3 times as long as propodus, somewhat paddle-shaped, terminal spine minute, accessory spine on flexor margin absent. Abdomen with posterior margin of tergite III rounded, pleuron IV posteroventrally rounded and pleuron V posteroventrally pointed, somite VI 2.2–2.5 times as long as maximum height; telson more or less as long as somite VI, usually with 3 pairs of dorsolateral spines (excluding pair adjacent to posterior margin of telson).</p> <p>Coloration. Body semitransparent and molted with pinkish red color (Fig. 2). Anterior carapace, basal part of rostrum and scaphocerite somewhat whitish. Eyes black brown. Basal segments of pereiopods somewhat pale pink. Chela of pereiopod II somewhat pale yellowish. Exopod of uropod with distal white spot. Eggs bright blue but becoming dark red when near hatching.</p> <p>Distribution. Indo-West Pacific; reported from India, Indonesia, the Philippines, South and East China Sea, Japan, Australia and French Polynesia, at depths of 164–888 m (see Li &amp; Chan 2013).</p> <p>Remarks. The southwestern Indian material has the upper part of the orbital margin strongly inclined backwards, and therefore fits well with the definition of P. semilaevis instead of P. martia according to both Chace (1985) and Chan &amp; Crosnier (1997). Thus, the present work supports Kuberan et al. (2017) in considering those P. martia records from southwestern India are misidentification of P. semilaevis. Nevertheless, there are several discrepancies in the description provided by Kuberan et al. (2017) with the present material. The rostrum is slightly longer (2.2 times carapace length versus maximum 2.1 times) and may have less ventral teeth (35 versus minimum 41), and the pereiopod III only overreaching the scaphocerite by dactylus (versus by the combined length of 0.2–0.8 carpus, propodus and dactylus) in Kuberan et al. (2017). The differences in the rostrum likely represent normal variations but the much shorter pereiopod III is likely abnormal or incorrect. Of the present eight specimens examined, two specimens have a complete pereiopod III while only one specimen has a complete pereiopod IV. The only complete pereiopod IV in the present material overreaches the scaphocerite by about half carpus plus propodus and dactylus and has the dactylus 0.1 times as long as the propodus. None of the present material has an intact pereiopod V.</p> <p>Genetic comparisons between the present Indian and topotypic Philippines material of P. semilaevis reveal an interesting situation. The present Indian material has 95.4% sequence similarities with one of the two Philippines specimens analyzed, and there are 13.8–14.3% sequence divergences from the other Philippines specimen. On the other hand, the genetic divergence of the two Philippines P. semilaevis specimens is as high as 14.0%. Although species of Plesionika often found to have high genetic differences (see Matzen da Saliva et al. 2013; Chakraborty et al. 2015; Chan et al. 2018), more than 10% COI sequence divergence is generally considered as interspecific differences in crustaceans (Jones &amp; Macpherson, 2007; Cabezas et al. 2008; Chang et al., 2014; Zheng et al. 2019). Therefore, it is highly likely that topotypic Philippines material of P. semilaevis actually containing two species. Which form is the true P. semilaevis will need a full revision of the “ P. martia ” groups with the re-examination of at least the types of P. semilaevis, P. orientalis and P. cottei. On the other hand, the present Indian material has 97.6–97.7% COI sequence similarities with two other Indian P. semilaevis sequences also from the southwestern coast (Kalamukku) in the GenBank (KX364192, KX364193) but 19.5% sequence divergence from another Indian P. semilaevis sequences (KX781157, no specific locality). Moreover, this KX781157 sequence has 19.2–22.7% sequence divergence from all other “ P. martia ” group material analyzed. Such great genetic difference implies that the specimen for the KX781157 sequence is misidentified and this species even does not belong to the “ P. martia ” group, though it has no positive match with any other COI sequence available in the GenBank. Hence, the four Indian sequences considered by the present work as belonging to P. semilaevis have 97.6–100% similarities and with 4.6–5.7% divergence from one of the topotypic Philippines specimens. Such a genetic difference is moderately high but still lower than the 5.8–8.4% reported between the Indian and topotypic Philippines P. quasigrandis Chace, 1985 material (Chakraborty et al. 2015) that without noticeable morphological and color difference. The coloration of the Indian material (Fig. 2) is almost identical with a P. semilaevis specimen from the Philippines (Li &amp; Chan 2013: fig. 4A) and only with the pale markings at the tips of the uropod exopods more yellowish.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/150087CBFFED056906CAFBA599AAFC75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chan, Tin-Yam;Hsu, Chia-Yu;Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju;Chang, Su-Ching	Chan, Tin-Yam, Hsu, Chia-Yu, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju, Chang, Su-Ching (2020): On the “ Plesionika martia ” (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883) species group in Indian waters. Zootaxa 4729 (1): 67-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4729.1.4
