identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C03B6BFF99FFF5FF7B2910FD6BF8DE.text	03C03B6BFF99FFF5FF7B2910FD6BF8DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) dulcis Sharp 1886	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) dulcis Sharp</p> <p>Euconnus dulcis Sharp, 1886: 47. Redescribed by Hoshina, 2019c: 201.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) dulcis Sharp; Csiki, 1919: 47.</p> <p>(Figs 1–8)</p> <p>Type material studied. Lectotype (here designated): ♂ (Figs 1–2), mounted on thick cardboard with annotation: “ Euconnus / dulcis Type / D.S. / Nagasaki / 28.5.81. Lewis”, with three labels: “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313” [creamy white, printed], “Type / H.T.” [round white label with red margin, printed], “SYN- / TYPE” [round white label with blue margin] (NHM). Paralectotype: ♂, mounted in a similar way as lectotype and with same annotation on mounting card, with two labels: “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313” [creamy white, printed], “SYN- / TYPE” [round white label with blue margin] (NHM).</p> <p>Additional material studied. HONSHU: Ibaraki Pref.: 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Ishige-machi ad Tsukuba-shi, banks of Kokai-gawa River, 17.05.2003, sifted flood debris, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ). One more male from Saga Prefecture (Kyushu) was also seen (NSMT).</p> <p>Emended diagnosis. Among Japanese species, E. dulcis can be identified by: tiny anteromedian clypeal denticle present in both sexes; thick setae distributed on tempora and sides of pronotum; antennae with loose tetramerous club, in both sexes with elongate antennomeres 1–7, in males also 8–11 elongate, in female each about as long as broad; pronotum sub-parallel in posterior half, anteriorly strongly narrowing, with a pair of lateral antebasal pits connected by transverse groove (in one studied specimen groove vestigial); abdomen in male strongly modified, with a pair of lateral teeth directed posteromesad on sternites 6 and 7, posterior margin between teeth concave, additionally region between teeth on sternite 6 with two transverse, dense lateral groups of peg-like cuticular projections directed caudad and slightly unevenly and asymmetrically distributed; aedeagus with median lobe in ventral view broadest in subapical region, with conspicuously narrow median apical projection, symmetrical endophallic structures, and monstrously modified parameres, each strongly broadened, strongly bent in lateral view, with asymmetrical apex and bearing two groups of subapical lateral (outer) setae, in ventral view apex of each paramere developed as subtriangular projection directed distomesad.</p> <p>Redescription. Body of male (Fig. 1: lectotype) slender, strongly convex, BL 1.45–1.69 mm; cuticle glossy, pigmentation moderately light brown, vestiture of setae light brown.</p> <p>Head rhomboidal, slightly transverse and broadest at eyes, HL 0.28–0.33 mm, HW 0.33–0.38 mm; tempora in dorsal view distinctly longer than eyes and strongly converging posterad; vertex and frons confluent, weakly and evenly convex, posterior margin of vertex rounded, posteriorly convex, not bulging posterodorsad; supraantennal tubercles barely marked; frons between antennae steeply declining; clypeus with tiny anteromedian subtriangular tubercle (Fig. 3; arrowhead). Eyes moderately large, finely faceted, distinctly but not strongly projecting laterad from the head silhouette, in lateral view oval. Punctures on vertex and frons inconspicuous, fine and sparse; setae short and sparse, suberect, tempora densely covered with thick bristles directed laterocaudad. Antennae slender and loosely assembled, AnL 0.80–0.88 mm; all antennomeres distinctly elongate, club tetramerous but antennomere 7 distinctly longer and broader than 6 so that club is not sharply delimited.</p> <p>Pronotum bell-shaped, with widest site variable, but close to middle (in some specimens indistinctly behind middle, in some indistinctly in front of middle), PL 0.35–0.41 mm, PW 0.38–0.41 mm; anterior margin arcuate and much shorter than posterior margin, anterior corners not marked, sides of pronotum in anterior 1/3–1/2 rounded and strongly converging anterad, sides in posterior half weakly convex and sub-parallel or indistinctly convergent posterad; posterior corners indistinctly obtuse-angled, distinctly marked; posterior margin nearly straight. Pronotal base with long transverse groove connecting lateral pair of minute and shallow pits, a pair of short but distinct longitudinal sublateral carinae and a pair of outer antebasal pits situated just laterad each carina, barely discernible in dorsal view and elongate. Disc dorsally covered with fine, inconspicuous punctures and moderately dense thin suberect setae, sides with dense thick bristles.</p> <p>Elytra oval, broadest slightly in front of middle, EL 0.80–0.90 mm, EW 0.63–0.68 mm, EI 1.23–1.33; basal impressions short and shallow, humeral calli prominent and elongate, each delimited from adscutellar region by elongate impression running posterolaterad, elytral apices separately rounded. Punctures on elytral disc fine, inconspicuous; setae long, sparse (but longer than spaces between their insertions) and strongly erect. Hind wings long, functional.</p> <p>Legs moderately long and slender, unmodified.</p> <p>Abdomen (Fig. 4) modified, with sternites 6 and 7 each with a lateral pair of tubercles directed posteromesad, posterior margin between tubercles concave, sternite 6 between tubercles with two lateral transverse groups of densely and unevenly distributed peg-like cuticular projections.</p> <p>Aedeagus (Figs 5–8) stout, AeL 0.25 mm; median lobe in ventral view broadest in subapical region, ventral apical plate with slender, nearly parallel-sided distal projection truncate at apex; endophallic structures symmetrical, with small sclerotized subapical median complex composed of short median tubular structure and a pair of slender sclerites convergent distad; parameres monstrously modified, strongly broadened, in lateral view strongly bent and with asymmetrical apices, each with triangular apex in ventral view directed distomesad, and with two groups of subapical setae.</p> <p>Female. Only one female was available for this study; it differs from all males in stouter elytra, antennomeres 8–11 distinctly shorter, not elongate, and unmodified abdomen. The clypeal denticle is present in female, although slightly smaller. BL 1.48 mm; HL 0.28 mm, HW 0.35 mm, AnL 0.80 mm; PL 0.38 mm, PW 0.40 mm; EL 0.83 mm, EW 0.70 mm, EI 1.18.</p> <p>Distribution. Japan: Honshu, Kyushu.</p> <p>Remarks. This species can be easily identified by external characters, including the unique body form, large, broad and somewhat flattened head, clypeal denticle, loose antennal structure, and conspicuous modifications of the abdomen in males. Known variability includes a wide range of body length, in males from 1.45 to 1.69 mm, proportions of the pronotum and elytra (especially the pronotum can be indistinctly longer than wide, as long as wide or indistinctly wider than long), and the pronotal sculpture: in one specimen the transverse antebasal groove connecting lateral pits was found very shallow and barely observable, with an indistinct deepening at middle that may appear as a median pit, but in fact is a rudiment of the groove.</p> <p>Euconnus dulcis was redescribed by Hoshina (2019c). However, his description and illustrations are highly inaccurate. The body silhouette (Hoshina 2019c: fig. 1) is incorrect, both in proportions of body parts and in the shape of the pronotum. Moreover, each of the two syntypes have a deep and distinct antebasal transverse impression connecting the inner pair of pronotal pits, and a pair of short sublateral antebasal carinae separating inner and outer pits (the latter situated more laterally then illustrated by Hoshina and much smaller) but these features were neither illustrated nor mentioned in the redescription. The conspicuous median clypeal denticle and modified abdominal sternites, the most remarkable external features of this species, were not even mentioned. The aedeagus illustrated in Hoshina (2019c: figs 2–4) is unskillfully drawn and the shape and proportions of the apical region (especially in lateral view), the shape of parameres, and the distribution and number of parameral setae do not agree with features seen in the lectotype male and non-type specimens examined during the present study.</p> <p>Euconnus dulcis was placed in the nominotypical subgenus by Csiki (1919). Hoshina (2019c) apparently did not know about this long-established placement, as he stated: “I do not put Euconnus dulcis in a subgenus at this time”. I confirm Csiki’s decision as correct. Euconnus dulcis belongs in Euconnus (s. str.) based on the tetramerous and in males unmodified antennal club, the bell-shaped pronotum with an even number of antebasal pits, and the aedeagus with non-emarginate apical region.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF99FFF5FF7B2910FD6BF8DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF9EFFFDFF7B2BC0FD3EF82A.text	03C03B6BFF9EFFFDFF7B2BC0FD3EF82A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) fustiger (Sharp 1874)	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) fustiger (Sharp)</p> <p>Scydmaenus fustiger Sharp, 1874: 128. Redescribed by Hoshina, 2019b: 97.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) fustiger (Sharp); Franz, 1975: 55.</p> <p>Euconnus (Eupentarius) fustiger (Sharp); Jałoszyński, 2021a: 156, implied, by placing Euconophron as junior synonym of Eupentarius.</p> <p>Euconnus Lewisii Sharp, 1886: 47. Placed as junior synonym of E. fustiger by Hoshina, 2019b: 97.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) Lewisii Sharp; Csiki, 1919: 50.</p> <p>Euconnus (Napochus) lewisii (Sharp); Hoshina, 2004a: 21; back to Euconnus s. str. in Jałoszyński, 2021b: 268 (implied, by placing Napochus as junior synonym of Euconnus s. str.).</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) miyawakianus Franz, 1976: 56. Synonymized with E. lewisii by Hoshina, 2004a: 21.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) miyawakainus, misspelling in Hoshina, 2019b: 97.</p> <p>Euconnus Schönfeldti Reitter, 1891: 19; syn. n.</p> <p>(Figs 9–49)</p> <p>Type material studied. Holotype of Scydmaenus fustiger Sharp: sex unknown (probably ♀) (Fig. 9), three labels (Fig. 10): “ Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320.” [white with horizontal orange line, printed], “ Scydmaenus / fustiger / Type. D.S.” [white with black frame, handwritten and printed], “Type / H.T.” [circular label with red margin, printed] (NHM). Lectotype of Euconnus lewisii Sharp (here designated): ♂ (Fig. 13), mounted on thick cardboard (Fg. 14) with annotation: “ Euconnus / lewisius / D.S. / Nagasaki / 8.4.91 {below crossed out 9.... illegible} / Lewis”, and two labels (Fig. 14) “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.” [darkened white, printed], circular label “Syn- / type” [white with blue margins, printed] (NHM). Paralectotypes of Euconnus lewisii Sharp (3 exx): ♀ (Fig. 11), mounted in the same way as lectotype, on thick cardboard (Fig. 12) with annotation: “ Euconnus / lewisius Type / D.S. / Nagasaki / 8.4.91. Lewis ”, and three labels (Fig. 12) “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.” [darkened white, printed], circular label “Type / H.T.” [white with red margin, printed], and circular label “Syn- / type” [white with blue margins, printed] (NHM); ♀, mounted on a thick cardboard narrower than that for lectotype male, annotated: “ Euconnus / lewisius / var. / Nagasaki / 9.4.91 {“9” in “91” upside down, appearing as “6”}, and two labels “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.” [darkened white, printed], circular label “Syn- / type” [white with blue margins, printed] (NHM); 1 ex. of unknown sex (abdomen destroyed, but no genital preparation attached), mounted on modern card, with four labels: “ Euconnus / lewisius” [white, handwritten], circular label “Syn- / type” [white with blue margins, printed], “ Nagasaki / 13.II.- 21.IV.81” [white, printed], and “ Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320.” [white with horizontal orange line, printed] (NHM). Holotype of Euconnus miyawakianus Franz: ♂ (Fig. 19), four labels (Fig. 20), “ Japan 1974 / lg.H.FRANZ” [whte, printed], “ Mt.Kasuga b. / Nara, Honshu ” [white, printed], “ Euconnus / (Euconophron) / miyawakianus” / ♂ det. H.Franz m.” [white, handwritten and printed], “ Typus ” [red, handwritten] (NHMW). Paratype of Euconnus miyawakianus Franz: ♀, same data as for holotype, except for red label “ Allotypus ” (NHMW). Lectotype of Euconnus schoenfeldti Reitter (here designated): ♂ (Fig. 25), three labels (Fig. 26), “ Euconnus / Schönfeldti m. / Japonia 1890” [darkened white, handwritten], “Typus 1891. / E. Schönfeldti / Reitt. / Coll. Reitter ” [white with red frame, printed and handwritten], and “ Japán ” [white, printed] (HNHM).</p> <p>Additional material studied (123 exx): HONSHU: Aichi Pref.: 4 exx, Misawa-chô, Seto City, 10.07.1999, T. Mizusawa leg. (cPJ); Chiba Pref.: 2 exx., Okuno, Ichihara City, 16– 18.04.2001, T. Shimada &amp; S. Hatsushiba leg. (cPJ); Fukushima Pref.: 1 ex., Hibara, Kitashiobara V., 26.10.2003, T. Watanabe leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Koishigahama, Aizuwakamatsu City, 30.05– 01.06.1999, T. Shimada leg. (cPJ); Gunma Pref.: 3 exx, Hôshi Spa, Niiharu-mura, 600 m, 20.10.2001, P. Jałoszyński leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Akaya-goe, Minakami-machi, 550 m, 20.10.2001, P. Jałoszyński leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Mt. Asamakakure-yama, 1450 m, Kurabuchi vill., 11.10.2002, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); Hiroshima Pref.: 9 exx., near Mitaka Dam, Nishinômi-jima, 25.08.2002, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); 2 exx., Mt. Hôdai-yama, 400 m, Nishinômijima, 25.08.2002, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Miyama-no-taki, 240 m, Kure City, 22– 23.08.2002, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); Hyôgo Pref.: 5 exx, Miki City, Shizimi-machi, 19.03.2002, S. Nagashima leg. (cPJ); Ibaraki Pref.: 4 exx., Mt. Tsukuba, 500–700 m, 02.12.2001, P. Jałoszyński leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 08.06.2002 (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 14.10.2002 (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 19.07.2003 (cPJ); 2 exx., same data but 20.07.2003 (cPJ); 1 ex. same data but 03.06.2006 (cPJ); 2 exx, Mt. Tsukuba, foot of the mountain, 03.04.2004, P. Jałoszyński leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Mt. Tsukuba, 50–100 m, SE slope, along stream in bamboo- Cryptomeria forest with Alnus trees, 06.04.2001, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); 1 ex, same data but 23.04.2002 (cPJ); 1 ex., Mt. Tsukuba, 50–100 m, 07.04.2001, P. Jałoszyński leg. (cPJ); 1 ex. same data but 05.04.2002 (cPJ); 5 exx, same data but 02.11.2002 (cPJ); 1 ex., hill near Mt. Tsukuba, bamboo forest at low alt., 29.09.2001, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); 2 exx, same data but 06.10.2001 (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 11.10.2001 (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 11.2001 (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 13.11.2001 (cPJ); 3 exx, same data but 13.01.2002 (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 19.01.2002 (cPJ); 3 exx, same data but 06.07.2002 (cPJ); 1 ex., Tsukuba City env., 04.2007, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); 3 exx., suburbs of Tsukuba City, bamboo- Cryptomeria forest, 10.11.2001, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); 1 ex., Shishitsuka ad Tsuchiura, lowland degenerated forest, 14.09.2002, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); Kanagawa Pref.: 3 exx., Mt. Takamatsu-yama, Atsugi City, 11.04.2001, H. Mizushima leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Sagamiko env., 25.05.2002, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 14.07.2002 (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 05.10.2002 (cPJ); 1 ex., same data but 01.11.2003 (cPJ); 4 exx. same data but 19.04.2003 (cPJ); 1 ex., Manazuru Penins., 04.11.2006, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); 6 exx. Yokosuka-shi, Oppama-chô, 11.08.1998, T. Mizusawa leg. (cPJ); 9 exx., same data but 12.01.1999 (cPJ); 2 exx, Kamakura, hills around city, 09.03.2002, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); 1 ex., Zigoku-sawa, Mt. Koma-yama, Ohiso town, 06.-5.2002, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); Nara Pref.: 1 ex., Mt. Obako-dake, 1300 m, near Nosegawa-mura, 26.03.2006, P. Jałoszyński leg. (cPJ); Saitama Pref.: 3 exx, Mt. Ryogami-san, Kiyotaki-goya, 1300 m, date unknown, T. Shimada leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Shiga, Ranzan, 18.11.2002, K. Toyoda leg. (cPJ); 1ex., Mt. Shioyama, Ranzan, 17.06.2000, K. Toyoda leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Marugami-no-taki, Ryougami-mura, 01.08.1999, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Kasuga-jinja, Tamagawa vil., 02.10.1999, K. Toyoda leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Mt. Arima-yama, Naguri vill., 1200 m, 08.05.2004, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); Tochigi Pref.: 2 exx. Nikko City env., 23.09.2006, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); Tokyo Pref.: 2 exx., Nippara Valley near Okutama, 03.08.2003, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); Yamagata Pref.: 1 ex., Mt. Haguro, broad-leaved primary forest, 19.09.2010, T. Lackner leg. (cPH); KYUSHU: Kagoshima Pref.: 1 ex., Ohsumi Lake, Kanoya City, Ohsumi Pen., 24.08.2001, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); 1 ex., Kirishima-jingu, 450 m, Makizono town, 27.08.2001, S. Arai leg. (cPJ); SHIKOKU: Ehime Pref.: 1 ex., Saragamine, Toon-shi, 100-years old dec. mountain forest, 16.05.2018, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); Kagawa Pref.: 2 exx., Nagara-dam, Ayakami-chô, 05.05.2003, S. Nagashima leg. (cPJ). Additionally, specimens from Saga Pref. (Kyushu) were also seen (NSMT).</p> <p>Emended diagnosis. Body middle-sized (BL ~ 1.3–1.6 mm), thick bristles distributed on tempora and sides of pronotum; antennal club tetramerous, sharply delimited from compactly assembled proximal portion of funicle; vertex bulging posterodorsad, with rounded posterior margin; tempora in dorsal view much longer than eyes; pronotum subconical, broadest shortly in front of base, with weakly rounded sides strongly converging anterad; anterior pronotal margin much shorter than posterior margin; pronotum with two pairs of variously distinct small antebasal pits, lacking transverse groove, with sublateral carinae barely discernible or lacking; elytra densely setose; male legs and abdomen unmodified; aedeagus in lateral view with apical projections directed dorsad or distodorsad, thin-walled and stout median lobe, and endophallic structures situated in distal half of median lobe, darkly sclerotized, symmetrical, with lateral pair of strongly elongate structures forming a broad letter “V” in ventral view.</p> <p>Redescription. Body of male (Figs 13, 19, 25, 31) moderately slender, strongly convex, BL 1.33–1.53 mm; cuticle glossy, pigmentation variable, from light to very dark brown, vestiture of setae lighter than cuticle.</p> <p>Head rhomboidal, distinctly elongate and broadest at eyes, HL 0.30–0.35 mm, HW 0.25–0.30 mm; tempora in dorsal view about three times as long as eyes and strongly converging posterad; vertex and frons confluent, weakly and evenly convex, posterior margin of vertex rounded, slightly bulging posterodorsad; supraantennal tubercles barely marked; frons between antennae steeply declining; clypeus unmodified. Eyes moderately large, finely faceted, distinctly but not strongly projecting laterad from the head silhouette, in lateral view oval. Punctures on vertex and frons inconspicuous, fine and sparse; setae short and sparse, suberect, tempora and posterior margin of vertex densely covered with thick bristles directed laterocaudad. Antennae moderately slender, with compact proximal portion of funicle and moderately loosely assembled, strongly broadened and sharply delimited tetramerous club, AnL 0.50–0.58 mm; antennomeres 1 and 2 each elongate, 3–6 each about as long as broad or indistinctly elongate, 7 slightly narrower than 6, indistinctly elongate, 8 much broader than 7, slightly transverse, 9 and 10 each strongly transverse and indistinctly broader, but distinctly shorter than 8, 11 indistinctly narrower than 10, about as long as broad.</p> <p>Pronotum subconical with weakly rounded sides, broadest just in front of base, PL 0.33–0.38 mm, PW 0.33–0.38 mm; anterior margin nearly straight and much shorter than posterior margin, anterior corners weakly marked, sides of pronotum weakly, evenly rounded and strongly converging anterad; posterior corners distinctly obtuse-angled, well-marked; posterior margin nearly straight. Pronotal base with two lateral pairs of tiny and shallow pits showing some variability among studied specimens, with a tendency toward reduction (all pits can be barely discernible or distinct, and inner or outer pair may be barely discernible), transverse groove lacking, sublateral carinae indistinct or lacking. Disc dorsally covered with fine, inconspicuous punctures and moderately dense thin suberect setae, sides with dense thick bristles that obscure the shape of pronotum.</p> <p>Elytra oval, broadest slightly in front of middle, EL 0.70–0.80 mm, EW 0.53–0.63 mm, EI 1.21–1.37; basal impressions short and shallow, humeral calli moderately strongly elevated, elongate, each delimited from adscutellar region by shallow elongate impression running posterolaterad, elytral apices separately rounded. Punctures on elytral disc fine, inconspicuous; setae long, moderately dense, suberect. Hind wings long, functional.</p> <p>Legs moderately long and slender, unmodified.</p> <p>Abdomen unmodified.</p> <p>Aedeagus (Figs 15–18, 21–24, 27–30, 32–48) stout, AeL 0.15–0.25 mm; median lobe thin-walled and extremely prone to distortions during preparation, in ventral view broadest in sub-basal region, ventral apical plate lacking distal projection; distolateral regions of median lobe in ventral view variable, from rounded and inconspicuous to forming a pair of variously shaped, elongate lobes projecting distad and bearing tiny setae (in many studied specimens setae were broken off during preparation and only setal sockets could be recognized), in lateral view distal region of median lobe forming variously shaped, often fin-like distodorsal projection; endophallic structures symmetrical in intact aedeagi, but preparation may cause various displacements and endophallus may appear slightly asymmetrical; constant structures are a pair of long lateral sclerites forming a letter “V”, these are in fact composed of two elongate structures each, and one pair may be displaced toward middle of median lobe (as in Fig. 36), also median subapical subconical structure is constant, but it can rotate and in ventral view appears as a highly variable elongate or circular object, and in some cases is indiscernible; entire endophallus can be everted (also artificially, during preparation) so that median lobe becomes easily distorted and its distal region flips ventrad (as in Fig. 22). Parameres slender and short, not reaching apex of median lobe, in lateral view strongly bent and each with one apical seta. See also remarks on genital variability below.</p> <p>Female. Externally slightly stouter than male, but otherwise indistinguishable. All females dissected during the present study are wingless. BL 1.31–1.58 mm; HL 0.31–0.35 mm, HW 0.25–0.30 mm, AnL 0.48–0.60 mm; PL 0.33–0.38 mm, PW 0.33–0.38 mm; EL 0.68–0.83 mm, EW 0.53–0.68 mm, EI 1.16–1.33.</p> <p>Distribution. Japan: Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku.</p> <p>Remarks. Hoshina (2019b) redescribed this species and in the “Specimens examined” section listed: “ Holotype of Scydmaenus fustiger, ♂, Nagasaki (preserved in Natural History Museum, London (...) Syntypes of Euconnus lewisii, 2♂♂, Nagasaki”. The holotype of Scydmaenus fustiger preserved at NHM is a specimen of unknown sex, which has been dissected in the past (by Hoshina?), and the abdomen has been damaged. The specimen is not accompanied by any genital preparation. Its stout elytra suggest that it may in fact be a female, as it is similar to females included in the type series of E. lewisii (compare Fig. 9 and 11), but this is not possible to prove by any existing evidence. As for the syntypes of E. lewisii, at NHM there are four specimens: 2 females; one specimen that has been remounted and at least an attempt at dissection has been made, judging from a condition of the abdomen, but this specimen is not accompanied by a genital preparation; and one male (designated here as lectotype; Figs 13‒ 18) with a genital preparation attached. The aedeagus of the latter is illustrated in the present paper (Figs 15‒18), and it differs in some details from the one illustrated by Hoshina (2019b: figs 3‒5) for E. fustiger. However, I do agree with Hoshina (2019b) that E. fustiger is a senior synonym of E. lewisii, as there are no external differences that could be used to distinguish the holotype of E. fustiger and the syntypes of E. lewisii. I also agree with Hoshina (2004a) that E. miyawakianus Franz is identical with E. lewisii and E. fustiger, as I have not found any external characters to justify a separate position of E. miyawakianus. Interestingly, Franz (1976: fig. 5) illustrated the aedeagus of E. miyawakianus as strikingly different from what is illustrated here (Figs 21‒24), based on the same male holotype (the only paratype is a female). It seems that Franz’s illustration was based on the aedeagus oriented in euparal not ventrally or dorsally up, but rotated in such a way that the apical region was directed more towards observer. Remounting from euparal into Canada balsam might have also distorted the aedeagus. However, shapes of ventral and dorsal apical regions and endophallic structures in E. fustiger are highly variable and those in the type specimens of E. lewisii and E. miyawakianus fall within this variability.</p> <p>Euconnus schoenfeldti Reitter, whose lectotype male is here illustrated (Figs 25‒30) for the first time, does not differ from E. fustiger in any features, including the aedeagus, and this name is placed as one more junior synonym of E. fustiger.</p> <p>All studied type specimens of E. fustiger, E. lewisii, E. miyawakianus, and E. schoenfeldti have similar body lengths, ranging from 1.40 to 1.50 mm. Over 120 additional specimens from all over Japanese mainland (collected in 17 prefectures) were examined during the present study and results confirm that E. fustiger is a broadly distributed species, with a relatively narrow range of body length (extremely small specimens measure 1.31 mm, and the largest ones 1.58 mm). The studied specimens show some variability in pigmentation (from light to dark brown), and in proportions of body parts. For instance, the elytral index among males can be as low as 1.21 or as high as 1.37, and among females 1.16‒1.33. Moreover, the two pairs of antebasal pronotal pits are highly variable. In most specimens, all four pits are discernible, although they can be equally distinct, equally indistinct, or the outer or inner pair nearly obliterated. In a few specimens all antebasal pits are so minute that barely discernible under 100× magnification of stereomicroscope and in such cases the pronotum is virtually devoid of any antebasal sculpture. The most unusual, however, is variability found in the structures of the aedeagus (examples are shown in Figs 32‒49). The aedeagus in this species group is extremely thin-walled, and therefore prone to distortion during preparation. The distal sclerotized region in erected or semi-erected aedeagus is flipped distoventrad (see Fig. 22), and when the aedeagus is fully erected the endophallus is everted through the ostium, and then usually also the median lobe is distorted (narrowed or swollen). This condition causes the endophallic sclerites to displace in such a way that it is not possible to make sure that an erected aedeagus is identical with one preserved in a resting position. Maceration in KOH or NaOH strongly promotes artificial erection and may lead to obtaining preparations of variously erected aedeagi, which look so different that several distinct species can be erroneously identified in a sample collected in the same spot. Among specimens examined during the present study, I found variability (true variability, and not caused by inappropriate preparation method) in: (1) the shape of the lateral distal region of the median lobe, which can form distinct, projecting lobes, differing in shape and size in various specimens; (2) shape of the dorsal apical region in lateral view; (3) shape and arrangement of endophallic structures; and (4) shape of dorsal apical plate. The lateral elongate, darkly sclerotized endophallic structures (visible e.g., in Fig. 32) are in fact composed of two pairs of elongate sclerites, which in resting position overlap and appear as one pair. However, the narrower and usually more basally and mesally situated pair of sclerites can move mesad and become clearly discernible (as in Fig. 36). This may appear as a species-specific difference, which it is not. Moreover, the thick median subconical structure with truncate apex (well-visible in Fig. 36 in subapical region, presumably functioning as a distal flagellar armature with the true gonopore) is integrated with the movable endophallus and any rotation inside the median lobe changes remarkably the shape of this element in ventral view, from elongate and distinct (Fig. 36) to entirely indiscernible (e.g., Fig 38), and intermediary states can also be found (e.g., in Fig. 32 this median element is displaced close to middle of aedeagus and appears as a short, round sclerotization). Shapes of all structures strongly change with even slight rotations of the aedeagus in solid medium, which additionally complicates comparisons. I was not able to find any correlation of the observed variability with geographic factors, and often specimens collected from the same spot and externally indistinguishable show differences in genital structures. I conclude that E. fustiger is either a single species showing a great variability in male genital structures, or a complex of many local populations that still maintain a limited gene flow, and such populations have a potential to evolve into separate species if they become physically separated. This phenomenon requires comprehensive genetic studies.</p> <p>Previously, this species was placed in the subgenera Euconophron Reitter, 1909 (currently a junior synonym of Eupentarius Reitter, 1907) (by Franz (1975, 1976)) or Napochus Thomson, 1859 (currently a junior synonym of Euconnus s. str.) (by Csiki (1919)). After redefining Euconophron /Eupentarius (Jałoszyński 2017b; d, 2021a; Vít 2005) and Euconnus s. str. (Jałoszyński 2021b), the placement of E. fustiger in Euconnus s. str. can be confirmed.</p> <p>This is the commonest of mainland Japanese Euconnus (s. str.) species; it inhabits leaf litter in lowland and mountainous deciduous and mixed forests.</p> <p>Efforts should be made to obtain non-distorted preparations (by avoiding maceration in alkali!), and descriptions of new species belonging to this complex should be supported by a profound understanding of geographical variation and character variability. I have seen many Japanese specimens of Euconnus which markedly differ in body length from E. fustiger (being either much smaller or much larger), showing the same form of aedeagus. Unfortunately, many such species have already been described (see comments in further parts of this paper), based on single or few specimens with strongly distorted aedeagi, which makes it impossible to unambiguously identify some (or all) of them. The taxonomy of the Japanese ‘ Euconnus fustiger group’ seems to have reached the level of chaos that makes future studies extremely difficult, if not impossible.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF9EFFFDFF7B2BC0FD3EF82A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF97FFF8FF7B2E9BFE10FE66.text	03C03B6BFF97FFF8FF7B2E9BFE10FE66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) impar Sharp 1886	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) impar Sharp</p> <p>Euconnus impar Sharp, 1886: 46.</p> <p>Euconnus (Pycnophus) impar Sharp; Hoshina &amp; Arai 2003: 11.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) impar Sharp; Jałoszyński 2021b: 268 (implied, by placing Pycnophus as junior synonym of Euconnus s. str.).</p> <p>Euconnus (Pycnophus) otorii Hoshina &amp; S. Arai in Hoshina et al. (2003): 30. Synonymized by Hoshina &amp; Arai 2003: 11. (Figs 50–57)</p> <p>Type material studied. Lectotype of Euconnus impar Sharp (here designated): ♂ (Fig. 50), mounted on thick cardboard (Fig. 51) annotated: “ Euconnus / impar. Type / D.S. / Nagasaki / 28.5.81. Lewis”, and with three labels (Fig. 51): “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.” [darkened white, printed], circular label “Type / H.T.” [white with red margin, printed], and circular label “SYN- / TYPE” [white with blue margin, printed] (NHM). Paralectotypes of E. impar (3 exx): 2 ♂♂, mounted on one thick card and annotated as lectotype, with two labels: “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.” [darkened white, printed], and circular label “SYN- / TYPE” [white with blue margin, printed] (NHM); 1 ♂, mounted on a separate thick card and annotated as lectotype, with two labels: “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.” [darkened white, printed], and circular label “SYN- / TYPE” [white with blue margin, printed] (NHM).</p> <p>Additional material studied. HONSHU: Ibaraki Pref.: 6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Shishitsuka ad Tsuchiura, 14– 23.09.2002, all collected from surface of mud under decaying plant debris on rice paddies after harvest, leg. P. Jałoszyński (cPJ). Additionally, specimens from Saga Prefecture were also seen (NSMT).</p> <p>Emended diagnosis. Among Japanese species, E. impar can be identified by: nearly asetose head and elytra and densely setose pronotum with thick bristles; slender and loosely assembled tetramerous antennal club; pronotum lacking antebasal pits, groove and sublateral carinae, broadest indistinctly behind middle; male protarsi modified, with tarsomere 1 forming long and blunt projection directed ventrad; and aedeagus strongly elongate and with heavily sclerotized median lobe, with a pair of long rod-like distolateral projections and long ventrodistal plate slightly broadening toward truncate apex.</p> <p>Redescription. Body of male (Fig. 50: lectotype) moderately slender, strongly convex, BL 1.60–1.80 mm; cuticle glossy, pigmentation light brown with reddish hue, vestiture of setae and bristles slightly lighter than cuticle.</p> <p>Head rounded, slightly transverse and broadest at eyes, HL 0.30–0.35 mm, HW 0.33–0.38 mm; tempora in dorsal view slightly less than twice as long as eyes and strongly converging posterad; vertex and frons confluent, weakly and evenly convex, posterior margin of vertex rounded, posteriorly convex, not bulging posterodorsad; supraantennal tubercles barely marked; frons between antennae steeply declining; clypeus unmodified. Eyes moderately large, finely faceted, weakly projecting laterad from the head silhouette, in lateral view oval. Head virtually impunctate and asetose, except for sparse setae on clypeus and several on vertex; thick bristles lacking. Antennae slender and loosely assembled, with slender tetramerous clubs, AnL 0.80–0.90 mm; antennomeres 1–8 distinctly elongate, 9 and 10 each about as long as broad, 11 about 1.8 × as long as broad.</p> <p>Pronotum bell-shaped, widest slightly behind middle, but dense vestiture obscures the shape, PL 0.40–0.45 mm, PW 0.38–0.44 mm; anterior margin strongly arcuate and much shorter than posterior margin, anterior corners indistinct, sides of pronotum strongly rounded and strongly converging anterad; posterior corners strongly obtuseangled, well-marked; posterior margin shallowly bisinuate. Pronotal base lacking pits, sublateral carinae and transverse groove. Disc virtually impunctate, densely covered with thin, suberect setae and thick, straight bristles distributed not only on sides, but also on dorsum.</p> <p>Elytra oval, broadest slightly or distinctly in front of middle, EL 0.90–1.03 mm, EW 0.68–0.75 mm, EI 1.23– 1.37; basal impressions short and shallow, humeral calli prominent and only slightly elongate, each delimited from adscutellar region by elongate impression running posterolaterad, elytral apices separately rounded. Punctures on elytral disc inconspicuous; setae erect, long and very sparse, only a few can be seen, mainly on anterior half of each elytron, where setal insertions are separated by spaces subequal to lengths of setae. Hind wings long, functional.</p> <p>Legs moderately long and slender, modified: profemora strongly thickened, pro- and mesotibiae weakly sinuate, protarsi (Fig. 53) with tarsomere 1 forming blunt, short projection directed ventrad, all tarsomeres of fore legs with conspicuously long setae.</p> <p>Abdomen unmodified.</p> <p>Aedeagus (Figs 54–57) strongly elongate,AeL 0.45–0.50 mm; median lobe in ventral view broadest in submedian region, ventral apical plate strongly elongate, broadening distad and with truncate apex, apical region with a pair of long and slender sclerotized lateral rod-like projections flanking median ventral plate; endophallic structures symmetrical, with a pair of elongate, approximate subapical sclerites touching each other along midline, and with lateral groups of needle-like sclerites projecting laterad beyond silhouette of median lobe; parameres slender and moderately long, not reaching apex of median lobe, in lateral view strongly curved in proximal half, each with two long apical setae.</p> <p>Female. Externally easily distinguishable from males by markedly slenderer profemora (Fig. 52 vs. 50) and unmodified tarsomere 1 of protarsi. Wings well developed, functional. BL 1.68–1.75 mm; HL 0.33 mm, HW 0.35– 0.38 mm, AnL 0.80–0.83 mm; PL 0.43 mm, PW 0.39–0.43 mm; EL 0.93–1.00 mm, EW 0.70–0.75 mm, EI 1.23– 1.38.</p> <p>Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), South Korea.</p> <p>Remarks. This is one of the most remarkable Japanese species of Euconnus (s. str.), identifiable by external characters. Although adults of E. impar show some variability in the body length (the smallest studied specimen is 1.60 mm long, whereas the largest is 1.75 mm), and in proportions of body parts (especially the elytra: the elytral index in males is 1.23–1.37, and in females 1.23–1.38), their body form and setal pattern are constant and allow for easy identification. Hoshina et al. (2003) mentioned a difference in shape and thickness of femora between males and females, but overlooked the striking sexual dimorphism in the first tarsomere of fore legs (Fig. 53), which is unique among Japanese Euconnus.</p> <p>According to Hoshina et al. (2003), adults of E. impar were collected on Honshu (prefectures Saitama, Tochigi, and Yamanashi) in wetlands near ponds and from leaf litter in a dried riverbed, where humidity was still high. These observations agree with my experience—I have collected and observed individuals of this species walking on very wet mud under a thin layer of decomposing plant remains on drained rice paddies, surrounded by deciduous and strongly disturbed and fragmented forests in a generally agricultural countryside. It seems that E. impar may be associated with ephemeral habitats of decomposing plant debris on wet soils, and as both sexes have well-developed wings, it can be expected that they fly to actively search for new suitable places, and flight intercept traps may be effective to collect this species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF97FFF8FF7B2E9BFE10FE66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF94FFE7FF7B2BC0FC97FC5A.text	03C03B6BFF94FFE7FF7B2BC0FC97FC5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) japonicus (Sharp 1874)	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) japonicus (Sharp)</p> <p>Scydmaenus (Euconnus) japonicus Sharp, 1874: 127. Aedeagus illustrated in Hoshina et al. 2020: 76.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) japonicus Sharp; Csiki, 1919: 49.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) ohnoensis Hoshina, 2006: 44; syn. n. Aedeagus illustrated also in Hoshina et al., 2020: 76.</p> <p>(Figs 58–63)</p> <p>Type material studied. Lectotype of Scydmaenus japonicus Sharp (here designated): unknown sex (Fig. 58), mounted on a simple, thin and not annotated card, with four labels (Fig. 59): “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.” [darkened white, printed], “ Scydmaenus / japonicus / Type. D.S.” [white with black frame, handwritten and printed], circular label “Type / H.T.” [white with red margin, printed], circular label “SYN- / TYPE” [white with blue margin, printed], and “ Japan / G. Lewis. ” [white with orange horizontal line, printed] (NHM). Paralectotype of S. japonicus: ♂, mounted on modern card, same labels as lectotype but without the red-margined “Type / H.T.” (NHM).</p> <p>Emended diagnosis. Among Japanese species, E. japonicus can be identified by: nearly asetose head, densely setose pronotum with thick bristles, and sparsely but distinctly setose elytra with long, erect setae longer than spaces between their insertions; slender, loosely assembled and gradually thickened antennae with all antennomeres elongate; pronotum widest at base, with one pair of somewhat transverse antebasal pits, connected by a barely discernible trace of transverse groove and with a pair of short but distinct sublateral carinae; legs in male unmodified; and aedeagus strongly elongate, with a pair of elongate and recurved distolateral projections flanking long dorsodistal plate forming strikingly long median distal projection with slightly broadened and truncate apex.</p> <p>Redescription. Body of male and female (Fig. 58: lectotype) moderately slender, strongly convex, BL 1.60; cuticle glossy, pigmentation light brown with umbra or slightly reddish hue, vestiture of setae and bristles slightly lighter than cuticle.</p> <p>Head rhomboidal, slightly transverse and broadest at eyes, HL 0.25 mm, HW 0.30 mm; tempora in dorsal view about as long as eyes (but in lateral view shorter) and strongly converging posterad, nearly straight; vertex and frons confluent, weakly and evenly convex, posterior margin of vertex rounded, posteriorly convex, not bulging posterodorsad; supraantennal tubercles feebly marked; frons between antennae steeply declining; clypeus unmodified. Eyes large and moderately coarsely faceted, weakly projecting laterad from the head silhouette, in lateral view oval. Head virtually impunctate and asetose, except for sparse setae on clypeus and several long setae on vertex, thick bristles lacking. Antennae slender and loosely assembled, gradually thickening distad, AnL 0.85– 0.88 mm; all antennomeres distinctly elongate, antennomere 11 twice as long as broad.</p> <p>Pronotum subconical with rounded sides, widest at base, but dense vestiture obscures the shape, PL 0.43 mm, PW 0.38 mm; anterior margin slightly arcuate and much shorter than posterior margin, anterior corners indistinct, sides of pronotum strongly rounded and strongly converging anterad; posterior corners strongly obtuse-angled, well-marked; posterior margin weakly arcuate. Pronotal base with one pair of minute lateral antebasal pits each situated in small transverse impression, transverse groove developed as vestigial, barely discernible superficial impression, sublateral carinae sharply marked. Disc virtually impunctate, densely covered with thin, suberect setae and thick, straight bristles distributed not only on sides, but also on dorsum.</p> <p>Elytra oval, broadest slightly in front of middle, EL 0.93 mm, EW 0.70–0.73 mm, EI 1.28–1.32; basal impressions shallow but distinct, humeral calli prominent and elongate, each delimited from adscutellar region by elongate impression running posterolaterad, suture near base distinctly elevated and narrow adsutural area delimited by shallow longitudinal groove; elytral apices separately rounded. Punctures on elytral disc inconspicuous; setae erect, long and sparse, but distributed on entire surface and much longer than distances between their insertions. Hind wings long, functional.</p> <p>Legs moderately long and slender, unmodified.</p> <p>Abdomen unmodified.</p> <p>Aedeagus (Figs 60–63) strongly elongate, AeL 0.50 mm; median lobe in ventral view broadest near middle, barrel-shaped, ventral apical plate with median distal projection short, subtriangular and rounded at apex, dorsal apical plate with strikingly long and slender median distal projection narrowing slightly towards apex, but very short apical region broadened and truncate; median lobe with a pair of elongate, slender and recurved distolateral projections; endophallic structures symmetrical, with elongate median tubular structure and a pair of arcuate sclerites in subapical region. Parameres slender and moderately long, not reaching apex of median lobe, in ventral view apex of each paramere distinctly, gradually broadened and truncate, in lateral view parameres strongly curved in proximal half, each with two long apical setae.</p> <p>Female. Lectotype was not dissected, and the male paralectotype does not bear any observable male secondary sexual characters; they are both of nearly identical measurements. Female, therefore, is either not known, or externally indistinguishable from male.</p> <p>Distribution. Japan: Honshu, Kyushu.</p> <p>Remarks. This species can be easily distinguished from its Japanese congeners by characteristic body form (strikingly small head with nearly straight tempora about as long as eyes, small pronotum and large elytra), slender, gradually thickened and loosely assembled antennae with all antennomeres elongate, setal pattern (nearly asetose head, sparsely setose elytra with long and erect setae longer than spaces between their insertions, and pronotum densely covered with setae and bristles), and unique aedeagus with a pair of long lateral subapical projections flanking strikingly long and truncate at apex distomedian projection of the dorsal plate.</p> <p>Although Sharp (1874) stated that this species is “common in marshes, especially at Urakami, Nagasaki ”, only two syntypes are preserved at NHM (Urakami is a northern area of the Nagasaki City, the ground zero of the 1945 atomic bomb explosion). Additional specimens studied by Hoshina (2006) (as E. ohnoensis) come from Tsumadaira Wetland in Fukui Prefecture, which supports close association of E. japonicus with marshes.</p> <p>Hoshina (2006) described Euconnus ohnoensis and stated that this new species was similar to E. japonicus, but smaller (BL 1.4 vs. ~ 1.6 mm in E. japonicus), pigmentation reddish brown (vs. “light brown to brown”), and the median lobe of the aedeagus was “robust, 1.8 times as long as wide in ventral view”, vs. in E. japonicus slender, ~2.5 times as long as wide. The aedeagi of E. ohnoensis and E. japonicus were illustrated on one page in Hoshina et al. (2020), which allows for direct comparisons. My conclusions are: (1) the aedeagus of E. ohnoensis is illustrated with a fully erected endophallus, which strongly distorts the shape of the median lobe, and therefore using the feature of more robust vs. slenderer aedeagus is unreliable; (2) all endophallic structures, although erected and displaced in E. ohnoensis, can be easily homologized with those illustrated in the resting position for E. japonicus, especially a pair of long outer arcuate sclerites and a pair of much smaller, also elongate inner sclerites are clearly the same; (3) differences seen in the shapes and lengths of ventral and dorsal apical plates are results of opening the ostium by flipping the ventral plate ventrad, and therefore the perspective is changed for the apical structures when the aedeagus is observed in ventral view; (4) the aedeagus illustrated by Hoshina et al. (2020) for E. japonicus is drawn inaccurately, especially the general shape of the median lobe, the shape of the ventral apical plate and dorsal apical plate with its distomedian projection, and to a lesser extent the shape and lengths of the lateral subapical projections, endophallic sclerites and parameres differ from those in the paralectotype male illustrated in the present paper (Figs 60‒63); (5) differences in pigmentation and the body length ranging from 1.4 to 1.6 mm, which means the mean BL equals 1.5 ± 0.1 mm, are not unusual within a species. Adding to these observations the same antennal structure, body form, nearly straight tempora, the same setal pattern and antebasal pronotal sculpture, Euconnus ohnoensis must be regarded as a junior synonym of E. japonicus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF94FFE7FF7B2BC0FC97FC5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF8AFFE5FF7B2F4CFC6BFAEA.text	03C03B6BFF8AFFE5FF7B2F4CFC6BFAEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) oscillans Sharp 1886	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) oscillans Sharp</p> <p>Euconnus oscillans Sharp, 1886: 48.</p> <p>(Figs 64–69)</p> <p>Type material studied. Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 64), mounted on thick card with annotation: “ Euconnus osci- / lans. Type / D.S. / Hitoyoshi. / 3.5.81. Lewis.”, with two labels (Fig. 65): “ Japan / G. Lewis. / 1910-320” [white with orange horizontal line, printed], and circular label “Type / H.T.” [white with red margin, printed] (NHM).</p> <p>Additional material studied. HONSHU: Nara Pref.: ♀, near Mt. Kasuga-yama, Nara City, 05.05.2001, T. Tsuru leg. (cPJ).</p> <p>Emended diagnosis. Among Japanese species, E. oscillans can be identified by: small body (BL ~ 1.2 mm); conspicuous setal pattern: head covered with very thin and short, moderately dense suberect setae, lacking thick bristles, pronotum densely covered with setae and bristles, and elytra moderately densely covered with suberect setae much longer and thicker than those on head; relatively compact antennae with antennomeres 3–7 each about as long as broad and distinct tetramerous club; head covered densely with fine punctures, pronotum with inconspicuously fine punctures, but elytra densely, deeply, distinctly punctate; pronotum with one pair of shallow lateral antebasal pits, connected by superficial transverse impression covered densely with fine punctures, and with a pair of short but distinct sublateral carinae, broadest indistinctly behind middle; legs in male unmodified; and aedeagus stout, with presumably subtriangular apex of mediodistal region of dorsal plate and a complex set of strongly asymmetrically distributed endophallic sclerites.</p> <p>Redescription. Body of male (Fig. 64: holotype) moderately slender, strongly convex, BL 1.14 mm; cuticle glossy, pigmentation light brown with slightly reddish hue, vestiture of setae and bristles slightly lighter than cuticle.</p> <p>Head elliptical, slightly elongate and broadest at eyes, HL 0.23 mm, HW 0.25 mm; tempora in dorsal view about twice as long as eyes and weakly converging posterad, weakly but distinctly rounded; vertex and frons confluent, weakly and evenly convex, posterior margin of vertex rounded, posteriorly convex, not bulging posterodorsad; supraantennal tubercles feebly marked; frons between antennae steeply declining; clypeus unmodified. Eyes moderately large and finely faceted, weakly projecting laterad from the head silhouette, in lateral view oval. Head densely covered with fine and superficial punctures, so that surface of vertex and frons appears semi-glossy; setae moderately dense and long, suberect, directed posterad, thick bristles lacking. Antennae slender and moderately compactly assembled, with distinct tetramerous clubs, AnL 0.53 mm; antennomeres 1–2 distinctly elongate, 3–7 each about as long as brad, 8–10 each distinctly transverse, 11 slightly elongate, as broad as 10.</p> <p>Pronotum bell-shaped with rounded sides, widest slightly behind middle, but dense vestiture in intact specimens may obscure the shape, PL 0.26 mm, PW 0.28 mm; anterior margin nearly straight and much shorter than posterior margin, anterior corners indistinct, sides of pronotum strongly rounded and strongly converging anterad; posterior corners strongly obtuse-angled, well-marked; posterior margin weakly arcuate. Pronotal base with shallow transverse impression covered densely with fine and shallow punctures, one pair of lateral antebasal pits is situated within this impression, sublateral carinae sharply marked. Disc covered with inconspicuously fine punctures, densely covered with thin, suberect setae and thick, straight bristles distributed not only on sides, but also on dorsum (in holotype male partly broken off).</p> <p>Elytra oval, broadest distinctly in front of middle, EL 0.65 mm, EW 0.50 mm, EI 1.30; basal impressions shallow but distinct, humeral calli prominent and weakly elongate, each delimited from adscutellar region by round impression; elytral apices separately rounded. Punctures on elytral disc conspicuously large and dense, those on anterior half separated by spaces subequal to their diameters, punctures reducing in diameter and depth toward sides and apices; setae moderately dense and long, but clearly longer than those on head, suberect. Hind wings long, functional.</p> <p>Legs moderately long and slender, unmodified.</p> <p>Abdomen unmodified.</p> <p>Aedeagus (Figs 66–69) in the only known male slightly damaged, with apex of median lobe broken off and proximal half of median lobe distorted; stout, AeL 0.19 mm; median lobe in ventral view broadest in subapical region, ventral apical plate subtriangular with rounded apex, dorsal apical plate longer, presumably with subtriangular median projection; endophallic structures asymmetrical, with several elongate and curved sclerites of various shapes and lengths distributed in sub-median and subapical regions. Parameres slender and long, but not reaching apex of median lobe, in lateral view parameres weakly curved in proximal half, each with 3–4 long subapical setae.</p> <p>Female. Externally indistinguishable from male. BL 1.20 mm; HL 0.23 mm, HW 0.25 mm, AnL 0.53 mm; PL 0.28 mm, PW 0.30 mm; EL 0.70 mm, EW 0.53 mm, EI 1.33.</p> <p>Distribution. Japan: Honshu, Kyushu.</p> <p>Remarks. The aedeagus of the only known male of E. oscillans has been partly damaged during a previous, unskillful preparation, and the true shape of the dorsal mediodistal plate remains unknown. It closely resembles the aedeagus illustrated by Hoshina (2020) for E. akane, based on a male collected on Shikoku. However, the shapes and arrangement of the endophallic sclerites in E. akane, if illustrated correctly, seem different (although also as strikingly asymmetrical as those in E. oscillans). According to Hoshina (2020), adults of E. akane measure 1.42‒1.43 mm of body length and have inconspicuous punctures on the elytra. In contrast, the male and female of E. oscillans examined during the present study measure 1.14‒1.20 mm, and have strikingly dense, deep and distinct elytral punctures. Therefore, it seems that these are two distinct species. The conspicuous elytral punctation of E. oscillans is unique among Japanese species.</p> <p>Euconnus oscillans is here placed in Euconnus (s. str.), based on a tetramerous antennal club, pronotum bellshaped, broadest behind middle, lack of the median antebasal pronotal pit and a non-emarginate aedeagal apex.</p> <p>The holotype male of Euconnus oscillans comes from Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto Prefecture, southern Kyushu, and collecting circumstances remain unknown. The only additional specimen available to my study was found in Nara City, (Nara Prefecture, SC Honshu), nearly 550 km NE of the terra typica. Unfortunately, no additional collecting data are available, except for near Mt. Kasuga, Tullgren. This suggests sifted leaf litter, as Mt. Kasuga east of Nara is covered with and surrounded by the Mt. Kasuga Primeval Forest.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF8AFFE5FF7B2F4CFC6BFAEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF88FFE3FF7B2E9CFBE0FDF2.text	03C03B6BFF88FFE3FF7B2E9CFBE0FDF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) raucus Sharp 1886	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) raucus Sharp</p> <p>Euconnus raucus Sharp, 1886: Redescribed by Hoshina, 2019b: 99.</p> <p>(Figs 70–71)</p> <p>Type material studied. Holotype: ♀ (Fig. 70), mounted on thick card with annotation: “ Euconnus / raucus Type / D.S. / Nagasaki. / 26.3.81. Lewis.”, with two labels (Fig. 71): “ Japan / G. Lewis. / 1910-320” [white with orange horizontal line, printed], and circular label “Type / H.T.” [white with red margin, printed] (NHM).</p> <p>Emended diagnosis. The only known female of this species matches diagnosis of E. fustiger, with exception of distinctly larger body: BL 1.75 mm. See Remarks.</p> <p>Redescription. Body of female (Fig. 70) moderately slender, strongly convex, BL 1.75 mm; cuticle glossy, pigmentation dark brown, vestiture of setae lighter than cuticle.</p> <p>Head rhomboidal, distinctly elongate and broadest at eyes, HL 0.40 mm, HW 0.35 mm; tempora in dorsal view about 2.5 times as long as eyes and strongly converging posterad; vertex and frons confluent, weakly and evenly convex, posterior margin of vertex rounded, slightly bulging posterodorsad; supraantennal tubercles barely marked; frons between antennae steeply declining; clypeus unmodified. Eyes moderately large, finely faceted, distinctly but not strongly projecting laterad from the head silhouette, in lateral view oval. Punctures on vertex and frons inconspicuous, fine and sparse; setae short and sparse, suberect, tempora densely covered with thick bristles directed laterocaudad. Antennae moderately slender, with compact proximal portion of funicle and moderately loosely assembled, strongly broadened and sharply delimited tetramerous club, AnL 0.70 mm; antennomeres 1 and 2 each elongate, 3–6 each about as long as broad, 7 slightly narrower than 6, indistinctly elongate, 8 much broader than 7, slightly transverse, 9 and 10 each strongly transverse and indistinctly broader, but distinctly shorter than 8, 11 indistinctly narrower than 10, slightly transverse.</p> <p>Pronotum subconical with weakly rounded sides, broadest at base, PL 0.45 mm, PW 0.48 mm; anterior margin nearly straight and much shorter than posterior margin, anterior corners weakly marked, sides of pronotum weakly, evenly rounded and strongly converging anterad; posterior corners distinctly obtuse-angled, well-marked; posterior margin nearly straight. Pronotal base with two lateral pairs of tiny and shallow pits, transverse groove and sublateral carinae lacking. Disc dorsally covered with fine, inconspicuous punctures and moderately dense thin suberect setae, sides with dense thick bristles.</p> <p>Elytra oval, broadest distinctly in front of middle, EL 0.90 mm, EW 0.73 mm, EI 1.24; basal impressions short and shallow, humeral calli moderately strongly elevated, elongate, each delimited from adscutellar region by shallow elongate impression running posterolaterad, elytral apices separately rounded. Punctures on elytral disc fine, inconspicuous; setae long, moderately dense, suberect. Hind wings lacking.</p> <p>Legs moderately long and slender, unmodified.</p> <p>Abdomen unmodified.</p> <p>Male. Unknown (see Remarks).</p> <p>Distribution. Japan: Kyushu.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was ‘redescribed’ by Hoshina (2019b). However, the single known type specimen preserved at NHM is a rather unremarkable female and it remains unknown how a male has been unambiguously assigned to this species. I have seen many similar specimens from Kyushu and Honshu, mostly from mountainous areas, matching the body length and form of the holotype female of E. raucus, but they represented several species whose males differ in genital structures. However, it is possible that these differences will turn out to be a morphocline, as seems to be the case for the smaller-bodied and broadly distributed E. fustiger. The female of E. raucus seems to differ from females of E. fustiger in a slightly stouter head and a shorter antennomere 11 (which is slightly transverse, whereas in most females of E. fustiger it is at least as long as broad). A larger sample of similarly large-bodied specimens from many localities is necessary to clarify the status of E. raucus.</p> <p>If the Hoshina’s (2019b) identification is correct, then the aedeagus of E. raucus differs from that of E. fustiger in a long median, asymmetrical pointed endophallic sclerite with a subapical projection. However, this illustration of Hoshina also shows a genital organ distorted by improper preparation, with the endophallus partly extruded, which may in future make identifications based on non-distorted preparations difficult, if not impossible. Hoshina later described several extremely similar, large-bodied Euconnus species with similar (and often also distorted) aedeagi. I found it impossible to clarify whether these are distinct species or some are identical with E. raucus, or what actually E. raucus is (i.e., whether it is a distinct species or the holotype female is only an unusually large specimen of the variable E. fustiger). None of the large-bodied, E. fustiger -like species in my collection match the aedeagal structures illustrated by Hoshina for ‘ E. raucus ’ and his other similar species, suggesting that this species complex is large and taxonomically challenging. The current situation caused by carelessly describing new species based on distorted aedeagi may already pose problems impossible to solve by morphological study.</p> <p>Euconnus raucus is here placed in Euconnus (s. str.), based on the tetramerous antennal club, the pronotum bellshaped, broadest behind middle, and lack of the median antebasal pronotal pit.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF88FFE3FF7B2E9CFBE0FDF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF8EFFE1FF7B29E4FAACF92D.text	03C03B6BFF8EFFE1FF7B29E4FAACF92D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Psomophus) debilis (Sharp 1874)	<div><p>Euconnus (Psomophus) debilis (Sharp)</p> <p>Scydmaenus debilis Sharp, 1874: 127. Aedeagus illustrated in Kurbatov, 2006: 29.</p> <p>Euconnus (Microscydmus) debilis (Sharp); Csiki, 1919: 55.</p> <p>Euconnus (Psomophus) debilis (Sharp); Kurbatov, 2006: 27.</p> <p>(Figs 72–78)</p> <p>Type material studied. Lectotype of Scydmaenus debilis Sharp (here designated): ♂ (Fig. 72), mounted on simple and not annotated card, with six labels (Fig. 73): “Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.” [darkened white, printed], “ Scydmaenus / debilis / Type. D.S.” [white with black frame, handwritten and printed], circular label “Type / H.T.” [white with red margin, printed], circular label “SYN- / TYPE” [white with blue margin, printed], “ Japan / G. Lewis. ” [white with orange horizontal line, printed], and “ Euconnus / debilis (Sharp) / det. S. Kurbatov, 1994” [white, handwritten] (NHM). Paralectotypes (3 exx): 2 ♂♂ and 1 ex. of unknown sex (with legs bent under body), same labels as for lectotype except without the circular red-margined one (NHM).</p> <p>Additional material studied. HONSHU: Fukushima Pref.: ♂, Numayama Moor (700 m), Shimagô-machi, Aizu, 18.10.2003, S. Nomura leg. (cPJ); Hiroshima Pref.: ♀, Yawatabara, Geihoku-chô, 27.06.1987, S. Nomura leg. (NSMT); Wakayama Pref.: ♂, Hoihoi-dani (riverside), Mt. Ohto, 06.05.1994, S. Nomura leg. (NSMT); SHIKOKU: Ehime Pref.: ♂, Syukuno-machi, Matsuyama-shi, 05.05.2002, T. Kurihara leg. (EUMJ); Kôchi Pref.: ♂, Usa, Tosa City, 16– 18.08.1970, Ken Itô leg. {correctly identified as E. debilis by S. Hisamatsu in 1984} (EUMJ);</p> <p>Tokushima Pref.: ♂, Akui, 25.09.1965, M. Sakai leg. (EUMJ). RUYUKYUS: Kagoshima Pref.: 19 exx, Tokara Islands, Takarajima Island, Oh-ike, 20- 23.03.1992, S. Nomura leg. (NSMT, cPJ). Additionally, two specimens from Kyushu, Saga Pref. were seen (NSMT).</p> <p>Emended diagnosis. Small-bodied Psomophus (Bl ~ 1.2 mm) with slender antennal club, antennomere 11 slightly less than twice as long as broad; pronotum broadest behind middle, with one pair of small lateral antebasal pits connected by distinct transverse groove, and with short but distinct sublateral carinae; punctures on head, pronotum and elytra inconspicuous; protibiae in male with strongly bent apical regions; aedeagus in ventral view pear-shaped, broadest in sub-basal region, with broadly rounded sides and distinctly delimited apical region composed of shorter ventral apical plate with short, median subtriangular distal projection, and much longer and slenderer dorsal apical plate with sides rounded and strongly converging distad toward subtriangular and blunt apex; endophallus with conspicuous submedian elongate oval median structure; parameres in lateral view almost evenly curved, each with two long apical setae.</p> <p>Redescription. Body of male (Fig. 72: lectotype) moderately slender, strongly convex, BL 1.16–1.20 mm; cuticle glossy, pigmentation light brown, in fully pigmented specimens antennal club slightly to distinctly darker than rest of body, vestiture of setae and bristles slightly lighter than cuticle.</p> <p>Head rhomboidal, as long as broad or indistinctly transverse, broadest at eyes, HL 0.23–0.25 mm, HW 0.25 mm; tempora in dorsal view about 1.5 times as long as eyes and strongly converging posterad, weakly rounded or nearly straight; vertex and frons confluent, weakly and evenly convex, posterior margin of vertex rounded, posteriorly convex, not bulging posterodorsad; supraantennal tubercles feebly marked; frons between antennae steeply declining; clypeus unmodified. Eyes moderately large and finely faceted, weakly projecting laterad from the head silhouette, in lateral view oval. Head with fine and inconspicuous punctures; setae moderately dense and long, suberect, directed posterad, thick bristles distributed on tempora and relatively sparse. Antennae slender and moderately compactly assembled, with distinct trimerous clubs, AnL 0.53–0.55 mm; antennomeres 1–2 distinctly elongate, 3–10 each about as long as brad, 11 slightly less than twice as long as broad, indistinctly broader than 10.</p> <p>Pronotum bell-shaped with rounded sides, in most specimens widest slightly behind middle, but dense vestiture in intact specimens may obscure the shape, which is slightly variable, PL 0.28–0.30 mm, PW 0.26–0.30 mm; anterior margin nearly straight and much shorter than posterior margin, anterior corners indistinct, sides of pronotum strongly rounded in anterior half or 1/3 and strongly converging anterad, in posterior half weakly rounded and slightly converging posterad or slightly sinuate; posterior corners strongly obtuse-angled, well-marked; posterior margin weakly arcuate. Pronotal base with distinct transverse groove connecting one pair of small lateral pits, in some specimens groove slightly shallower at middle, sublateral carinae sharply marked. Disc covered with inconspicuously fine punctures, densely covered with thin, suberect setae and thick, straight bristles distributed not only on sides, but also on dorsum (setae and bristles easily brake off during preparation!).</p> <p>Elytra oval, broadest distinctly in front of middle, EL 0.60–0.70 mm, EW 0.45–0.51 mm, EI 1.27–1.42; basal impressions shallow but distinct, humeral calli prominent and weakly elongate, each delimited from adscutellar region by elongate impression; elytral apices separately rounded. Punctures on elytral disc fine, inconspicuous; setae moderately sparse and long, but much longer and thicker than those on head and pronotum, suberect, setae clearly longer than distances between their insertions. Hind wings long, functional.</p> <p>Legs moderately long and slender, protibiae (Fig. 74) modified, with short apical portion strongly bent mesad.</p> <p>Abdomen unmodified.</p> <p>Aedeagus (Figs 75–78) moderately elongate, AeL 0.20–0.26 mm; median lobe in ventral view pear-shaped, broadest in sub-basal region, with broadly rounded sides and distinctly delimited apical region composed of shorter and subtrapezoidal ventral apical plate bearing short median subtriangular distal projection, and much longer and slenderer dorsal apical plate with sides rounded and strongly converging distad toward subtriangular and blunt apex; endophallus with conspicuous submedian elongate oval median structure; parameres slender, not reaching apex of median lobe, in lateral view almost evenly curved, each with two long apical setae.</p> <p>Female. Externally similar to male but with protibiae very weakly curved; winged. BL 1.13–1.20 mm; HL 0.23 mm, HW 0.25 mm, AnL 0.50–0.55 mm; PL 0.28–0.30 mm, PW 0.28–0.30 mm; EL 0.63–0.68 mm, EW 0.48–0.50 mm, EI 1.25–1.37.</p> <p>Distribution. Japan: Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Ryukyus (Tokara Islands).</p> <p>Remarks. Among described Japanese Euconnus species, E. debilis is the only member of the subgenus Psomophus and can be distinguished by the subgeneric feature: the trimerous antennal club. As discussed by Jałoszyński (2017c), Psomophus is a somehow problematic subgenus and it may in future be merged with the large and morphologically diverse Euconnus s. str. Additional findings in Japanese fauna support this view (Jałoszyński, in preparation), as there are more (new) species that inhabit Japanese Islands and have distinctly or indistinctly trimerous clubs, and diverse remaining characters. This problem will be treated separately. Here, however, it should be noted that there are at least 4‒5 undescribed species in Japan that highly resemble E. debilis, and at least three of them have males with the protibiae modified in a very similar way as those in E. debilis. Moreover, their distributional ranges overlap. For this reason, in order to identify any male of Euconnus with body form similar to that illustrated in Fig. 72, trimerous antennal club and bent apices of profemora, examination of aedeagus is indispensable.</p> <p>Euconnus debilis has a broad distribution, currently known localities range from Fukushima Prefecture in the CN region of Honshu, through Shikoku and Kyushu and the south-western Tokara Islands. Aedeagi of specimens distributed on different islands do not show any differences that could be attributed to separate species or subspecies. However, external morphology of this species is somewhat variable, and although the body form, setal pattern and distribution of punctures are constant, adults of E. debilis can have noticeably different proportions of body parts, best visible in the elytral index, which in the small studied sample ranges 1.27‒1.42 among males and 1.25‒1.37 among females. In fully pigmented specimens the antennal club is slightly to distinctly darker than the remaining portion of antenna, but most commonly the antennae are uniformly light brown. There is another, externally similar, and yet undescribed Psomophus broadly distributed in the Ryukyus, from Tokara Islands to Okinawa-jima, which can be easily confused with E. debilis, but clearly differs in the male genitalia (Jałoszyński, in preparation).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF8EFFE1FF7B29E4FAACF92D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B2BC0FB67FE79.text	03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B2BC0FB67FE79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) akane Hoshina 2020	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) akane Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus akane Hoshina, 2020: 71.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) akane Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur in Shikoku, and is similar to E. oscillans. However, the body of E. oscillans is distinctly smaller (BL 1.14–1.20 mm vs. 1.42–1.43 mm in E. akane), it has distinct, remarkable punctures on elytra (inconspicuous in E. nakane), and clearly a different shape and arrangement of endophallic sclerites.</p> <p>Hoshina (2020) did not place this species in subgenus. Euconnus akane is here placed in Euconnus (s. str.), based on the antennal and pronotal structures, and non-bifurcate apex of the median lobe.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B2BC0FB67FE79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B296AFE0BFB11.text	03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B296AFE0BFB11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) iouzensis Hoshina & Nakata 2018	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) iouzensis Hoshina &amp; Nakata</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) iouzensis Hoshina &amp; Nakata, 2018: 219.</p> <p>Euconnus (Eupentarius) iouzensis Hoshina &amp; Nakata; Jałoszyński, 2021a: 156, implied, by placing Euconophron as junior synonym of Eupentarius.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) iouzensis Hoshina &amp; Nakata; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur in Honshu, and it belongs to the E. fustiger group. It was described as reaching the body length of 1.70‒1.80 mm, which seems to be distinctly more than in E. fustiger. However, the only known female of E. raucus falls within this range, and it cannot be excluded that these two species are identical. The aedeagus illustrated by Hoshina &amp; Nakata (2018: figs. 3‒5) is slightly distorted, the ventral apical plate is partly flipped out ventrad, and therefore the endophallus is slightly displaced in relation to intact aedeagi. Status of this species is currently not possible to clarify; it may be a distinct species, or may turn out to be identical with E. raucus.</p> <p>Hoshina &amp; Nakata (2018) placed this species in the subgenus Euconophron (currently a junior synonym of Eupentarius). However, E. iouzensis does not show diagnostic characters of this subgenus, and its placement is here corrected to Euconnus (s. str.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B296AFE0BFB11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B2F84FE87F967.text	03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B2F84FE87F967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) kojiroi Hoshina 2004	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) kojiroi Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) kojiroi Hoshina, 2004a: 17.</p> <p>Euconnus (Eupentarius) kojiroi Hoshina; Jałoszyński, 2021a: 156, implied, by placing Euconophron as junior synonym of Eupentarius.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) kojiroi Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur in Honshu, and it belongs to the E. fustiger group. It was described as reaching the body length 1.9 mm, which seems to be distinctly more than in E. fustiger, E. iouzensis, and E. raucus. Unfortunately, the aedeagus illustrated by Hoshina (2004a: figs 4‒6) is distorted, the ventral apical plate is strongly flipped ventrad and consequently the endophallus is also displaced. Comparisons with intact aedeagi are difficult or not possible and so are comparisons with apparently similar species that belong in the E. fustiger group. Status of this species remains unclear. See also remarks for E. takachihoi, E. miyatai, E. sayakai, and E. itsuki.</p> <p>Hoshina (2004a) placed this species in the subgenus Euconophron (currently a junior synonym of Eupentarius). However, E. kojiroi does not show diagnostic characters of this subgenus, and its placement is here corrected to Euconnus (s. str.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF83FFEEFF7B2F84FE87F967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF83FFEFFF7B2C6CFC0CFAEA.text	03C03B6BFF83FFEFFF7B2C6CFC0CFAEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) kumejimensis Hoshina 2013	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) kumejimensis Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) kumejimensis Hoshina, 2013: 285. Aedeagus also illustrated in Hoshina, 2019a: figs 10‒12. Euconnus (Eupentarius) kumejimensis Hoshina; Jałoszyński, 2021a: 156, implied, by placing Euconophron as junior synonym of Eupentarius.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) kumejimensis Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on Kumejima, a small island near Okinawa-jima, the main island of the Ryukyu Archipelago. It belongs to the Euconnus alesi species group, which is broadly distributed throughout entire Ryukyuan Arch, from Koshikishima rettô near the western cost of Kyushu to Yonaguni-jima in the south, and E. alesi Vít, 2011 is known to occur in the Chinese province of Fujian. This strongly suggests that similar species should be also expected to occur in Taiwan. All these beetles share similar body form, conspicuous modifications of the head in males (a transverse glandular groove or impression that dorsally demarcates a slightly bulging median frontal region), distinctly tetramerous antennal clubs, and aedeagal structures. There are differences between samples from different islands of the Ryukyus that I have examined, including the shape of the male cephalic glandular structure and the aedeagus. However, there also seems to be some variability within populations inhabiting large islands. The taxonomic situation is complicated by several factors: (1) the aedeagus in this group, similarly as that in the E. fustiger group, is thin-walled and highly prone to distortions during preparation; (2) the aedeagus of E. alesi was illustrated based on a slightly damaged specimen, with the median lobe cracked and lacking parameres; (3) the aedeagus of the unique male included in the type series of E. kumejimensis is fully erected, which means that the entire endophallus is everted outside the median lobe, with its sclerotized structures displaced, and the ventral apical plate is flipped ventrad to open the ostium; and (4) another member of this group, E. touko, was described from Shimokoshiki Island and although its illustrated aedeagus is intact, it is impossible to compare it with the one illustrated for E. kumejimensis. Moreover, Hoshina (2013) stated that “both parameres of aedeagus bent at a right {angle} in lateral view”, but in fact in the aedeagus illustrated in the lateral view in his fig. 5, the structure that appears as a paramere is a hybrid of a paramere (proximal half) with the dorsal apical plate, which gives an impression of a slender ‘paramere’ bent at a right angle. As illustrated in figures 3‒4 in the same study, the parameres are short and do not reach the apex of median lobe. Hoshina (2019a) illustrated again an aedeagus supposedly belonging to E. kumejimensis, but he did not explain where this male specimen came from. The aedeagus shown in that paper in ventral and dorsal views seems almost intact (but almost certainly highly simplified), whereas that in the lateral view is fully erected. These illustrations can hardly be compared with those in the original description, and may or may not show the same species. This only adds uncertainty regarding the taxonomy of the E. alesi species complex.</p> <p>Fortunately, Kumejima, where the male holotype of E. kumejimensis comes from, is a small island with the longest diameter ~ 12‒13 km and a rather limited forested area suitable for leaf-litter Scydmaeninae. It should be possible to collect new material and properly redescribe this interesting species, which is a prerequisite to analyze populations from other islands of the Ryukyus, possibly Taiwan, and the Chinese coast in Fujian. At the moment taxonomic treatment of this group is not possible, despite an interesting sample of specimens from various Ryukyuan islands that I have examined (and have not been able to identify to species level).</p> <p>Vít (2011) placed E.alesi in Euconophron, and also Hoshina (2013) placed E. kumejimensis in the same subgenus. However, as redefined by Jałoszyński (2017b, d; 2021a), Eupentarius (a senior synonym of Euconophron) has a median antebasal pronotal pit and a clearly bifurcate or deeply emarginate aedeagal apex, features that these two Far Eastern species lack. Their placement is here corrected to Euconnus (s. str.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF83FFEFFF7B2C6CFC0CFAEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF82FFEFFF7B2E9CFDD8F837.text	03C03B6BFF82FFEFFF7B2E9CFDD8F837.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) matsunoyamensis Hoshina & Nagano 2005	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) matsunoyamensis Hoshina &amp; Nagano</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) matsunoyamensis Hoshina &amp; Nagano, 2005: 2.</p> <p>Euconnus (Eupentarius) matsunoyamensis Hoshina &amp; Nagano; Jałoszyński, 2021a: 156, implied, by placing Euconophron as junior synonym of Eupentarius.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) matsunoyamensis Hoshina &amp; Nagano; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur in Honshu, and it is yet another member of the E. fustiger group. It was described based on a single male as small as merely 0.9 mm, which means that this is one of the smallest Euconnus species in the world. As such, E. matsunoyamensis seems unique and possibly easily distinguishable from all remaining Japanese species with a similar, E. fustiger -like aedeagus.</p> <p>Hoshina &amp; Nagano (2005) placed this species in the subgenus Euconophron (currently a junior synonym of Eupentarius). However, E. matsunoyamensis does not show diagnostic characters of this subgenus, and its placement is here corrected to Euconnus (s. str.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF82FFEFFF7B2E9CFDD8F837	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF81FFECFF7B2BC0FDFBFC98.text	03C03B6BFF81FFECFF7B2BC0FDFBFC98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) miyatai Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) miyatai Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus miyatai Hoshina, 2019a: 51.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) miyatai Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur in Honshu and Shikoku, and it is yet another member of the difficult E. fustiger group. It was described based on a single male whose body length is similar to that of E. raucus (i.e., 1.70 mm), and several other species of this complex, all with unclear status. Hoshina (2019a) stated that E. miyatai is most similar to E. kojiroi, but it differs in having a “hornlike projection” near the apical margin of the median lobe. The illustration of the aedeagus in Hoshina (2019a: figs 10‒12) shows a strongly distorted genital organ, with a partly extruded endophallus that lacks any sclerotized structures. The dorsal apical plate indeed is illustrated with a distal median elongate projection, which clearly differentiates this species from E. kojiroi, but due to distortions identifications may be difficult, if not impossible. Euconnus miyatai seems to clearly differ from E. fustiger in the same feature as from E. kojiroi, and also in a distinctly larger body, but it is impossible to know whether it is different from E. raucus or not. Status of this species remains unclear, and identifications based on the original description may not be possible.</p> <p>Hoshina (2019a) did not place this species in any subgenus. As all other members of E. fustiger group, E. miyatai belongs in Euconnus s. str.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF81FFECFF7B2BC0FDFBFC98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF81FFECFF7B280AFDC4FA43.text	03C03B6BFF81FFECFF7B280AFDC4FA43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) nanashi Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) nanashi Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus nanashi Hoshina, 2019a: 56.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) nanashi Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on the Ryukyuan Yakushima Island, and it is also a member of the E. fustiger group. The type series included two males, and the body length of this species, ranging from 1.39 to 1.41 mm, falls within the size of E. fustiger.</p> <p>Hoshina (2019a) stated that E. nanashi is similar to E. matsunoyamensis, but differs in “having the relatively large body (about 1.4 mm) and median lobe of aedeagus projected upwardly in lateral view”, vs. E. matsunoyamensis having a “relatively small body (about 0.9 mm) and the median lobe projected ventrally in lateral view” (not clear what difference in the median lobe in lateral view the author meant). Even though the illustrated aedeagus is distorted (as can be seen by comparing the illustration in ventral and dorsal views, which differ markedly in the silhouette of the median lobe), the shape of the dorsal apical projection seems unique among Japanese Euconnus species, and may allow for species identification when new specimens are found and correctly prepared aedeagi are compared.</p> <p>Hoshina (2019a) did not place this species in any subgenus. As all other members of E. fustiger group, E. nanashi belongs in Euconnus s. str.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF81FFECFF7B280AFDC4FA43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF81FFEDFF7B2D75FDF1FF46.text	03C03B6BFF81FFEDFF7B2D75FDF1FF46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) sayaka Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) sayaka Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus sayaka Hoshina, 2019a: 54.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) sayaka Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on Shikoku, and it is also a member of the E. fustiger group. The type series included only one male, and the body length of this species, ranging from 1.60 to 1.79 mm, is slightly larger than that of E. fustiger, but similar to that of E. raucus.</p> <p>Hoshina (2019a) stated that E. sayaka is similar to E. kojiroi, but differs in “the median lobe of the aedeagus distinctly concave at apical margin in ventral view. In contrast, E. kojiroi has the median lobe weakly curved inwardly at apical margin in ventral view”. In fact, due to a strong distortion (the aedeagus illustrated for E. sayaka has a fully everted endophallus and strongly distorted median lobe) it is not possible to make any reasonable comparisons, nor to decide whether this species is or is not identical to E. kojiroi, or any other middle-sized Euconnus belonging in the fustiger group. Status of E. sayaka remains unclear.</p> <p>Hoshina (2019a) did not place this species in any subgenus. As all other members of E. fustiger group, E. sayaka belongs in Euconnus s. str.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF81FFEDFF7B2D75FDF1FF46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF80FFEDFF7B2A70FE24FD74.text	03C03B6BFF80FFEDFF7B2A70FE24FD74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) sayo Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) sayo Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus sayo Hoshina, 2020: 70.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) sayo Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on Shikoku, and it is also a member of the E. fustiger group. Known from only a single male with the body length 1.80 mm, which is clearly larger than that of E. fustiger, but similar to that of E. raucus. This species may in fact be identical with E. raucus, E. yoshidai, or any similarly large-bodied member of the same group. Although its aedeagus illustrated in the original description seems to be intact, and at least the lateral elongate sclerotized structures are similar to those in E. fustiger, it is not possible for me to decide whether this is a distinct species or one of other, poorly described ones.</p> <p>Hoshina (2020) did not place this species in any subgenus. As all other members of E. fustiger group, E. sayo belongs in Euconnus s. str.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF80FFEDFF7B2A70FE24FD74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF80FFEAFF7B286FFBAEFE3E.text	03C03B6BFF80FFEAFF7B286FFBAEFE3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) takachihoi Hoshina 2015	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) takachihoi Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) takachihoi Hoshina, 2015: 195.</p> <p>Euconnus (Eupentarius) takachihoi Hoshina; Jałoszyński, 2021a: 156, implied, by placing Euconophron as junior synonym of Eupentarius.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) takachihoi Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Euconnus kusunokii Hoshina, 2019a: 52; syn. n.</p> <p>Euconnus itsuki Hoshina, 2019a: 56; syn. n.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, and also belongs to the E. fustiger group.</p> <p>The type series of E. takachihoi included four males, the aedeagus was illustrated possibly intact, and the body length of this species, ranging from 1.70 to 1.90 mm, is similar to that of E. raucus. In fact, the aedeagus illustrated for E. raucus by Hoshina (2019b) is similar in shape to that of E. takachihoi, and has a similar unpaired elongate median sclerite in the endophallus. However, the genital organ shown in Hoshina (2019b) is partly erected, its median lobe clearly distorted, the ventral apical plate flipped ventrad, and the endophallic sclerites displaced. For this reason, it is not possible to directly compare these illustrations. It cannot be excluded that they show the same species. The situation is complicated by the fact that it is unclear whether the aedeagus illustrated by Hoshina (2019b) truly belongs to E. raucus (see remarks in previous section of this study, at E. raucus). Hoshina (2015) stated that E. takachihoi differs from E. raucus in having the HW/PW ratio 0.86 vs. 0.69 in E. raucus. I measured the HW/PW in the holotype of E. raucus as 0.73, and some variability in proportions of body parts is not unusual within one species of Euconnus. The body length approaching 1.9 mm suggests that E. takachihoi may also be similar to E. kojiroi. The aedeagi seem to differ, although the erected condition in the illustrated aedeagus of E. kojiroi makes comparisons hardly possible. I conclude that status of E. takachihoi remains unclear.</p> <p>Hoshina (2019a) described E. kusunokii and made a remark that it is similar to E. takachihoi, but differs in having “the median lobe of aedeagus box-shaped in ventral and dorsal views and bearing a bifurcated projection whose apexes are remarkably extended”. As already described in previous paragraphs, and illustrated in Figs 32–49, the shape of the thin-walled median lobe of all species within the E. fustiger group is highly prone to distortions and it is difficult to obtain two preparations from a long series of specimens collected on the same spot with exactly the same shape. Judging from the variability found among specimens of E. fustiger, E. kusunokii is a junior synonym of E. takachihoi.</p> <p>In the same paper, Hoshina (2019a) described E. itsuki and compared it to E. kojiroi. It is supposed to differ from the latter in “having the median lobe of aedeagus with a pointed projection at a ventro-apical corner”, vs. E. kojirioi having “the median lobe without projections at a ventro-apical corner”. It is true that this feature differentiates the analyzed illustrations. However, the most similar species to E. itsuki is in fact E. takachihoi, judging from descriptions and illustrations. The aedeagus illustrated for E. itsuki is badly distorted (the median lobe is misshaped, the silhouette of the median lobe presented in ventral and dorsal views strikingly differs, and the endophallus is partly extruded), but it seems that the male genitalia of E. itsuki, E. kusunokii and E. takachihoi are nearly identical. The differences seen in figures are either artifacts of preparation (distorted shape of the median lobe and altered arrangement of endophallic structures) or fall within interspecific variability (shape of the dorsal median apical plate). My conclusion is that E. itsuki is a junior synonym of E. takachihoi. However, I cannot exclude a possibility that all these names are junior synonyms of E. kojiroi</p> <p>As a member of E. fustiger group, E. takachihoi also belongs in Euconnus s. str.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF80FFEAFF7B286FFBAEFE3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF87FFEAFF7B2AA8FE24FB28.text	03C03B6BFF87FFEAFF7B2AA8FE24FB28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) touko Hoshina 2019	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) touko Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus touko Hoshina, 2019a: 56.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) touko Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on Shimokoshiki-jima, a small island off NW coast of Kyushu. It seems to be a member of the E. alesi species group. Three males are known, with the body length 1.47‒1.53, which overlaps with variability of E. kumejimensis (1.5‒1.7 mm), a species similar to E. alesi. Hoshina (2019a) concluded that E. touko differs from E. kumejimensis “in the median lobe of aedeagus sharply curved ventrally, but can be separated from it by having the median lobe of aedeagus with the apex at a ventro-apical corner, which is distinctly projected at middle and both corners of apical margin in ventral and dorsal views”, vs. E. kumejimensis having “the median lobe with the apex simply round in ventral and dorsal views”. The aedeagus illustrated for E. kumejimensis in Hoshina (2013) has a partly everted endophallus, and even the one later figured in Hoshina (2019a) is inconclusive, as it is also partly distorted and simplified. The aedeagus of E. touko illustrated in Hoshina (2019a) seems almost non-distorted, and it is not possible to compare shapes of the apical structures (entirely obscured and distorted by the erected endophallus in the holotype of E. kumejimensis). Comparisons will be possible only when non-erected aedeagi of both species are illustrated, and the cephalic modification in males properly studied (preferably by scanning electron microscopy). Therefore, the status of E. touko remains unclear.</p> <p>Hoshina (2019a) did not place this species in any subgenus. As all other members of the E. alesi group, E. touko belongs in Euconnus s. str.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF87FFEAFF7B2AA8FE24FB28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF87FFE8FF7B2E5BFBCFFF46.text	03C03B6BFF87FFE8FF7B2E5BFBCFFF46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) tsugaruensis Hoshina & S. Arai 2003	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) tsugaruensis Hoshina &amp; S. Arai</p> <p>Euconnus (Pycnophus) tsugaruensis Hoshina &amp; Arai in Hoshina et al. (2003): 28.</p> <p>Euconnus tugaruensis; misspelling in Hoshina &amp; Arai 2003: 11.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) tsugaruensis Hoshina &amp; S. Arai; Jałoszyński, 2021b: 268, implied, by placing Pycnophus as junior synonym of Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) hosakae Hoshina et al., 2020: 72; syn. n.</p> <p>(Figs 79–83)</p> <p>Material examined. HONSHU: Fukushima Pref.: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Ten-ei-mura, Futamata Valley, 850 m, 19.10.2003, P. Jałoszyński (cPJ); 1 ex. Minamiaizu, Kamabusayama Mt., Asahida V., 16.07.1949, K. Nagayama leg. (NSMT);</p> <p>Gunma Pref.: 1 ex., Kumanotaira, Usui Pass, Matsuida T., 17.06.1995, S. Nomura leg. (NSMT); Ibaraki Pref.: 1 ex., Nishi-Kanasago Shr., Kanasago-mura, 04.06.1994, S. Ohmomo leg. (NSMT).</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on Honshu. Hoshina et al. (2003) described E. tsugaruensis based on a single male and two females. The body length of the male was given as 1.7 mm; the aedeagus was illustrated in a resting position, not distorted, which makes it possible to identify this species. The only enigmatic part of the description is “metasternum (...) with a high median carina; mesosternum smooth and convex”, which is repeated without any changes also for E. otorii a few pages further on. It is possible that the authors confused mesoventrite with metaventrite. Several years later, Hoshina et al. (2020) described the very same species again, under the name of E. hosakae. Interestingly, they compared the newly described species to E. ohnoensis, whose aedeagus is not very similar to that illustrated for E. hosakae, but did not make any remarks concerning the similarity to E. tsugaruensis. The type series of E. hosakae included two males and one female, and the body length is given as 1.51–1.58 mm. I examined six specimens that match descriptions of both E. tsugaruensis and E. hosakae, and their body lengths range from 1.53 to 1.60 mm; a range 1.51–1.70 is not unusual within one Euconnus species. The aedeagi illustrated for E. tsugaruensis and E. hosakae are identical; differences are results of unskillful drawing, as already demonstrated e.g., for E. dulcis redescribed by Hoshina (2019c); see remarks at the latter species in earlier section of this paper. Although the general shape of the median lobe illustrated for E. tsugaruensis and E. hosakae are slightly different, the aedeagus illustrated in the present paper (Figs 80–83) demonstrates that the endophallic structures in all examples are exactly the same, only simplified in a different way in Hoshina et al. (2003) and Hoshina et al. (2020). Without doubt, E. tsugaruensis and E. hosakae are identical.</p> <p>Apart from the unique aedeagus, E. tsugaruensis can be easily distinguished from remaining nominal Euconnus species known to occur in Japan by the conspicuous body form (Fig.79), slender antennae almost gradually thickening toward apices, the remarkable shape of the head, which has particularly long and slightly concave tempora and narrow vertex, and the setal pattern (nearly asetose head, pronotum with dense setae and bristles, and elytra with sparse, long, erect setae).</p> <p>The placement of E. tsugaruensis in the subgenus Pycnophus Casey, 1897 (currently a junior synonym of Euconnus s. str.), and E. hosakae in Euconnus s. str., is here confirmed as correct.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF87FFE8FF7B2E5BFBCFFF46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF85FFE8FF7B2A70FD76FCF8.text	03C03B6BFF85FFE8FF7B2A70FD76FCF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) unpini Hoshina, 2007 2007	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) unpini Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) unpini Hoshina, 2007: 18.</p> <p>Euconnus (Eupentarius) unpini Hoshina; Jałoszyński, 2021a: 156, implied, by placing Euconophron as junior synonym of Eupentarius.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) unpini Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on Honshu, and it seems to be unique, judging from the extremely small body (BL ~ 0.9 mm), and the aedeagus that is not similar to male copulatory organs of any other nominal Euconnus species known to occur in Japan. However, this species is known from a single male holotype, whose aedeagus has been distorted during preparation, the parameres seem to be missing, and the endophallus is partially everted, so that endophallic sclerites are almost certainly displaced in relation to their resting position. For this reason, it may be difficult to identify specimens with appropriately prepared aedeagi.</p> <p>Hoshina (2007) placed E. unpini in Euconophron (currently junior synonym of Eupentarius). However, this species does not show diagnostic characters of Eupentarius, and before Jałoszyński (2021b) it should have been placed in Napochus, which the latter author placed as a junior synonym of Euconnus s. str. Consequently, E. unpini is transferred to the nominotypical subgenus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF85FFE8FF7B2A70FD76FCF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFF85FFE8FF7B28E9FDCEFA82.text	03C03B6BFF85FFE8FF7B28E9FDCEFA82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) yoshidai Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) yoshidai Hoshina</p> <p>Euconnus yoshidai Hoshina, 2020: 68.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) yoshidai Hoshina; here placed in Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is known to occur on Shikoku, and is a member of the E. fustiger group. It may be identical with E. raucus, E. sayo or any similarly large-bodied member of the same group (see remarks for E. sayo); I regard status of this species as unclear.</p> <p>Hoshina (2020) did not place this species in any subgenus. As all other members of E. fustiger group, E. yoshidai belongs in Euconnus s. str.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFF85FFE8FF7B28E9FDCEFA82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2E63FAB5FAE1.text	03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2E63FAB5FAE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Cladoconnus) matsuae Hoshina 2004	<div><p>Euconnus (Cladoconnus) matsuae Hoshina</p> <p>[Japan: Honshu]</p> <p>Euconnus (Cladoconnus) matsuae Hoshina, 2004b: 119. Partial redescription in Jałoszyński, 2019: 483.</p> <p>Euconnus (Cladoconnus) nakahamai Hoshina &amp; Takasuke Miyata [Japan: Shikoku]</p> <p>Euconnus (Cladoconnus) nakahamai Hoshina &amp; Miyata in Hoshina et al., 2018: 296. Authorship clarified and partial redescription in Jałoszyński, 2019: 483.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2E63FAB5FAE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2E2BFD45FA4D.text	03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2E2BFD45FA4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Cladoconnus) nakahamai Hoshina & Takasuke Miyata	<div><p>Euconnus (Cladoconnus) nakahamai Hoshina &amp; Takasuke Miyata [Japan: Shikoku]</p> <p>Euconnus (Cladoconnus) nakahamai Hoshina &amp; Miyata in Hoshina et al., 2018: 296. Authorship clarified and partial redescription in Jałoszyński, 2019: 483.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2E2BFD45FA4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2D03FBD8F925.text	03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2D03FBD8F925.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) dulcis Sharp 1886	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) dulcis Sharp</p> <p>[Japan: Honshu, Kyushu]</p> <p>Euconnus dulcis Sharp, 1886: 47. Redescribed by Hoshina 2019c: 201, and in current paper.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) dulcis Sharp; placement in subgenus in current paper.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBBFFD6FF7B2D03FBD8F925	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBBFFD7FF7B2D97FD3CFE8E.text	03C03B6BFFBBFFD7FF7B2D97FD3CFE8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) fustiger (Sharp 1874)	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) fustiger (Sharp)</p> <p>[Japan: Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku]</p> <p>Scydmaenus fustiger Sharp, 1874: 128. Redescribed by Hoshina, 2019b: 97, and in current paper.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) fustiger (Sharp); Franz, 1975: 55.</p> <p>Euconnus (Eupentarius) fustiger (Sharp); Jałoszyński, 2021a: 156, implied, by placing Euconophron as junior synonym of Eupentarius.</p> <p>Euconnus Lewisii Sharp, 1886: 47. Placed as junior synonym of E. fustiger by Hoshina, 2019b: 97.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) Lewisii Sharp; Csiki, 1919: 50.</p> <p>Euconnus (Napochus) lewisii Sharp; Hoshina, 2004a: 21; back to Euconnus s. str. in Jałoszyński, 2021b: 268, implied, by placing Napochus as junior synonym of Euconnus s. str.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) miyawakianus Franz, 1976: 56. Synonymized with E. lewisii by Hoshina, 2004a: 21.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconophron) miyawakainus, misspelling in Hoshina, 2019b: 97.</p> <p>Euconnus Schönfeldti Reitter, 1891: 19; syn. n.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBBFFD7FF7B2D97FD3CFE8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2974FF5DFD62.text	03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2974FF5DFD62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) japonicus (Sharp)	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) japonicus (Sharp)</p> <p>[Japan: Honshu, Kyushu]</p> <p>Scydmaenus (Euconnus) japonicus Sharp, 1874: 127. Aedeagus illustrated in Hoshina et al., 2020: 76. Redescribed in current paper.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) japonicus (Sharp); Csiki, 1919: 49.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) ohnoensis Hoshina, 2006: 44; syn. n. Aedeagus illustrated also in Hoshina et al. 2020: 76.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2974FF5DFD62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2EB8FB8DF9C2.text	03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2EB8FB8DF9C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) miyatai Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) miyatai Hoshina [Japan: Shikoku]</p> <p>Euconnus miyatai Hoshina, 2019a: 51.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) miyatai Hoshina; placement in subgenus in current paper.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2EB8FB8DF9C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2D0CFB96F92E.text	03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2D0CFB96F92E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) nanashi Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) nanashi Hoshina</p> <p>[Japan: Yakushima Is.]</p> <p>Euconnus nanashi Hoshina, 2019a: 56.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) nanashi Hoshina; placement in subgenus in current paper.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2D0CFB96F92E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2D90FBB9F8BA.text	03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2D90FBB9F8BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) oscillans Sharp 1886	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) oscillans Sharp</p> <p>[Japan: Kyushu, Shikoku]</p> <p>Euconnus oscillans Sharp, 1886: 48. Redescribed in current paper.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) oscillans Sharp; placement in subgenus in current paper.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2D90FBB9F8BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2C64FBA1F806.text	03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2C64FBA1F806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) raucus Sharp 1886	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) raucus Sharp</p> <p>[Japan: Kyushu]</p> <p>Euconnus raucus Sharp, 1886: Redescribed by Hoshina, 2019b: 99, and in current paper.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) raucus Sharp; placement in subgenus in current paper.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBAFFD7FF7B2C64FBA1F806	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFBAFFD4FF7B2CC8FB83FF22.text	03C03B6BFFBAFFD4FF7B2CC8FB83FF22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) sayaka Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) sayaka Hoshina</p> <p>[Japan: Shikoku]</p> <p>Euconnus sayaka Hoshina, 2019a: 54.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) sayaka Hoshina; placement in subgenus in current paper.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFBAFFD4FF7B2CC8FB83FF22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2BECFBACFE8E.text	03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2BECFBACFE8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) sayo Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) sayo Hoshina</p> <p>[Japan: Shikoku]</p> <p>Euconnus sayo Hoshina, 2020: 70.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) sayo Hoshina; placement in subgenus in current paper.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2BECFBACFE8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2F68FB90FB32.text	03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2F68FB90FB32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Euconnus) yoshidai Hoshina	<div><p>Euconnus (Euconnus) yoshidai Hoshina</p> <p>[Japan: Shikoku]</p> <p>Euconnus yoshidai Hoshina, 2020: 68.</p> <p>Euconnus (Euconnus) yoshidai Hoshina; placement in subgenus in current paper.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2F68FB90FB32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2FFCFC8AFAC6.text	03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2FFCFC8AFAC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euconnus (Psomophus) debilis (Sharp 1874)	<div><p>Euconnus (Psomophus) debilis (Sharp)</p> <p>[Japan: Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku]</p> <p>Scydmaenus debilis Sharp, 1874: 127. Aedeagus illustrated in Kurbatov, 2006: 29. Redescribed in current paper.</p> <p>Scydmaenus (Microscydmus) debilis (Sharp); Csiki, 1919: 55.</p> <p>Euconnus (Psomophus) debilis (Sharp); Kurbatov, 2006: 27.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C03B6BFFB9FFD4FF7B2FFCFC8AFAC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jałoszyński, Paweł	Jałoszyński, Paweł (2022): Euconnus Thomson of Japan: redescriptions of species established by Reitter, Sharp and Franz, new synonyms, and summary of current state of knowledge (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 5093 (1): 1-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.1.1
