identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
372887D33E6B4A3CEEF0FAD1AAF5F855.text	372887D33E6B4A3CEEF0FAD1AAF5F855.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria Brown and Aarvik 2023	<div><p>Gibbalaria Brown and Aarvik, new genus</p> <p>Type species: Sericoris scabellana Zeller, 1852.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Gibbalaria are superficially similar to those of Thylacandra Diakonoff (Grapholitini) and Astronauta Diakonoff (Olethreutini), with a broadly triangular forewing that is mottled dark brownish black, lacking distinct pattern elements, and bears small rounded patches of curled or raised opalescent scales. The forewing pattern of Gibbalaria is also quite similar to that of Taiteccopsis Razowski, but the latter lacks raised scales. Males of five of the eight recognized species of Gibbalaria bear a characteristic patch of dark androconial scales on the underside of the hindwing—a feature lacking in putatively related genera. Gibbalaria is also superficially similar to the Indo-Australian Diakonoffiana Koçak, but the female genitalia have little in common—two large hollow signa in Diakonoffiana vs. a small reticulated area with a shallow pocket in Gibbalaria.</p> <p>Two species of Gibbalaria (i.e., G. occidentana and G. chiloanei) show some similarities to Cosmopoda in regards to the male genitalia, with a distinctive elongate-rectangular uncus and a patch of exceedingly long setae from the junction of the cucullus and the sacculus. Although the female genitalia of these two species of Gibbalaria convincingly associate them with Gibbalaria, the female of Cosmopoda is unknown, so the relationship between the two genera remains unclear. The small diverticulum of the ductus bursae of females of Gibbalaria is somewhat reminiscent of that of Astronauta sinastra Razowski &amp; Wojtusiak, 2012 (see Razowski &amp; Wojtusiak 2012: fig. 59).</p> <p>The male genitalia of most Gibbalaria are similar to those of Afroploce Aarvik (Neopotamia group of Olethreutini), with the valva composed of a broad basal half and a somewhat long-rectangular distal half, with a pair of large, socketed spines near the outer edge of the valva just beyond the sacculus; a distinct subbasal process from the costa of the valva usually bearing spines; and the bases of the socii confluent with the dorsal part of the tegumen, often forming a distally attenuate, membranous, uncus-like structure. However, the two genera are superficially very dissimilar. The forewing pattern of Afroploce is most similar to that of many species of Megalota and Eccopsis of the Neopotamia group (sensu Diakonoff 1973; Aarvik 2004b), and the forewing lacks raised scale patches. Also, males of Afroploce have a long anal roll of secondary scales at the base of the hindwing that is found in many Olethreutini, but lacking in Gibbalaria. The female genitalia of Gibbalaria share some features with members of the Neopotamia group (sensu Diakonoff 1973; Aarvik 2004b), but the signum is unlike members of the group, reminiscent of that of Endothenia. That is, females of Gibbalaria typically have a patch of small rough sclerites surrounding a shallow invaginated pocket.</p> <p>Description. Head: Vertex with a pair of subdorsal patches of long gray and pale brown scales meeting along longitudinal line at mid-vertex; upper frons rough scaled with bronze and gray scales directed ventro-anterad; lower frons with smooth, appressed, dark gray scales; labial palpus upturned with pale brown scales, third segment short, barely exposed, all segments combined ca. 1.2 times horizontal height of compound eye; haustellum present, presumably functional; ocellus small, diameter ca. 0.1 that of base of scape; antenna slightly longer than 0.5 forewing length, pale orange scales in one row per segment, sensory setae extremely short in both sexes. Thorax: Tegula conspicuous; a pair of small, bronze metathoracic tufts in both sexes; male hindleg with broad brush of white scales from femur and second longer hair pencil from tibia just before junction with femur; venter of thorax mostly white, with white hair pencil from subdorso-anterior edge of mesothorax; legs mostly pale brown. Forewing length 5.5–8.5 mm, broad, about 2.1 times as long as wide, weakly expanding terminad; costa evenly arched throughout, apex slightly rounded, termen straight or slightly convex (Figs 1–18); no costal fold in male; all veins separate, CuP well developed at margin, chorda present, M-stem present; forewing ground color gray brown to purplish gray, with irregular streaks of darker brown, red brown, and gray, with small, somewhat evenly spaced patches of raised leaden gray opalescent scales curled distally, but modified scales lacking in distal 0.25 of wing, mostly pale ocherous with an oblong spot of ground color at apex and irregular patch of cream or white scales extending from hind margin immediately before tornus to about end of discal cell; small, purple-black basal patch. Fringe concolorous with forewing. Hindwing usually whitish, more or less evenly overlaid with darker gray, including fringe, in male; mostly brown to fuscous gray, including fringe, in female (Figs 7, 11, 13, 15); males with irregularly rounded to subrectangular patch of pale gray to dark gray (nearly black) scales near middle of wing on underside (Figs 16–18) (lacking in G. occidentana and G. chiloanei); all veins present, M 1 and M 2 widely separated, M 3 and M 4 connate, CuA2 originating about 0.7 length of discal cell, cubital pecten present in both sexes, patch of longer, slender scales along most of 1A+2A. Fringe pale gray to brown, mostly concolorous with forewing; scales in anal area of male conspicuously larger and white, rounded apically; scales in anal area of female brown, narrower, forked apically. Abdomen: Pale gray dorsally, white to cream ventrally; smooth scaled without external modification. Male genitalia (Figs 19–29) with uncus variable among groups, short, attenuate fused with base of socius, lacking setae apically, or long, broad, expanding terminad, concave apically with patch of long slender spines; socii fused to tegumen throughout their length, including basal portion of uncus, which appears to represent a dorsal extension of the fused bases of the socii; gnathos weak; tegumen triangular, either attenuate or broadly rounded dorsally, pedunculi not curved, vinculum U-shaped; valva broad basally, abruptly narrowed at middle, distal 0.5 nearly uniform in width, somewhat long-rectangular; sacculus with broad flange in distal 0.3, with patch of variable hairlike setae (Spc 2), usually with a pair of large socketed spinelike setae (Spc 1) at distal termination of sacculus; basal cavity broad with small setose prominence subdorsally just beneath a lobe-like, protruding, setose flange forming baso-dorsal margin of basal cavity; cucullus occupying distal 0.5 of valva. Phallus ca. 0.5 length of valva, weakly curved in distal 0.2, with patch of 2–6 non-deciduous cornuti (variable within and among species), one cornutus with a broader rounded base. Female genitalia (Figs 30–36) with papillae anales mostly parallel-sided, unmodified; apophyses long and slender, anteriores slightly longer than posteriores; sterigma moderate, triangular or semicircular, in form of two lateral plates extending from elongate dorsal part, with sclerotized edges in postvaginalis; ostium large; antrum broad with two lateral dilations, sclerotized, asymmetrical, either parallel-sided or weakly expanded anteriorly; ductus bursae membranous, conspicuously elbowed with short diverticulum on left side immediately anterad of antrum, remainder narrow, frail; corpus bursae rounded-oblong; signum a large, coarse, pocketlike scobinate plate, often with a single longer tooth.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism in most species is slight. Females lack the male secondary scaling of the hindwing undersurface and scale pencils of the hind tibia. Also, in the female, the pale markings in the terminal region of the forewing typical of males are overscaled with darker scales, rendering an overall more uniform darker appearance; and females have a much darker brown hindwing.</p> <p>DNA barcodes. Sequence data are available for five of the eight species provisionally assigned to Gibbalaria. Both ML and Bayesian trees (Figs 1, 2) provide evidence that Gibbalaria is monophyletic, comprising two distinct lineages, consistent with morphology: one that includes G. divergana, G. occidentana, and G. chiloanei, and the other that includes the remaining species. The analyses also suggest a close relationship with Eccopsis, but with less support.</p> <p>Relationships. Although Diakonoff (1973) transferred sistrata to Celypha in the subtribe Olethreutae (based on the male only), Gibbalaria appears to be related to members of Neopotamiae (Diakonoff 1973, Aarvik 2004b) on the basis of features of the male genitalia, but closer to Endothenia based on the signum in the female genitalia. The male genitalia and barcodes indicate a close relationship to Afroploce among members of the Neopotamia group. Autapomorphies of the genus include the patches of raised scales of the forewing, the patch of male secondary scaling on the underside of the hindwing (absent in three species), the fusion of the socii to the basal part of the uncus (absent in two species), the flange from the lower margin of the valva immediately basal of the cucullus, and the short diverticulum of the ductus bursae.</p> <p>Distribution and Biology. As presently defined, Gibbalaria includes eight species recorded from South Africa, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Kenya, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, occurring from near sea level in the Western Cape Province of South Africa to about 1600 m in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The early stages are unknown.</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name is from the Latin “gibba,” meaning bump or hump, and “alar,” meaning wing, and refers to the raised scales of the forewing. It is interpreted as feminine.</p> <p>Remarks. Subtle variation in features of the male and female genitalia within and among some of the species are difficult to quantify, making it challenging to precisely circumscribe some taxa. In addition, DNA barcode data show patterns of divergence that are difficult to associate with morphology. Hence, some of the species defined herein may represent species complexes (e.g., G. scabellana), and the proposed synonymies are not beyond question. For example, although the genitalia of two male specimens included in G. chiloanei show variation which we consider to represent species-level differences, DNA barcodes convincingly place the two together in the same BIN, as conspecific. At the other end of the spectrum, we can find no compelling morphological characters for separating specimens we consider to represent G. scabellana, yet DNA barcodes suggest there are at least two species concealed under our concept. Consequently, we must consider our circumscribed species as merely “estimates,” some of which lack distinct morphological boundaries. Nonetheless, we hope this contribution provides a framework for additional work on the genus when more specimens and DNA barcodes become available.</p> <p>Key to males of Gibbalaria</p> <p>1. Underside of hindwing without patch of gray to black secondary scales; uncus long with distinct junction at top of tegumen; socii not fused to base of uncus; costa of valva with a basal or subbasal process or region bearing slender spines......... 2</p> <p>1’. Underside of hindwing with conspicuous patch of gray to black secondary scales; uncus broad basally (short or ill defined), without distinct junction at top of tegumen; socii fused to base of uncus; costa of valva without a basal process or region of slender spines........................................................................................ 3</p> <p>2. Flange at lower base of cucullus broad, with inner patch of setae not exceeding basal width of flange......... occidentana</p> <p>2’. Flange at lower base of cucullus narrow, with inner patch of setae exceeding basal width of flange.............. chiloanei</p> <p>3. Sacculus with dense patch of spiniform setae (Spc 2) above “flange,” immediately below base of cucullus................ 4</p> <p>3’. Sacculus with dense patch of spiniform setae (Spc 2) basal to “flange”................................... bagamoyo</p> <p>4. Tegumen broadly rounded in dorso-posterior half....................................................... analcis</p> <p>4’. Tegumen more narrowly rounded dorso-posteriorly.......................................................... 5</p> <p>5. Phallus conspicuously elongate and attenuate in distal half............................................ longiphallus</p> <p>5’. Phallus more-or-less truncate distally...................................................................... 6</p> <p>6. Uncus greatly reduced....................................................................... mabalingwae</p> <p>6’ Uncus short, tapering distally................................................................... scabellana</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E6B4A3CEEF0FAD1AAF5F855	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E604A33EEF0FF08AE30FB6C.text	372887D33E604A33EEF0FF08AE30FB6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria divergana Brown and Aarvik 2023	<div><p>Gibbalaria divergana Brown and Aarvik, new species</p> <p>Figs 3, 30</p> <p>Diagnosis. Gibbalaria divergana is superficially most similar to G. occidentana; unfortunately, the male of G. divergana is unknown. Gibbalaria divergana has about the same forewing length as G. occidentana, and is slightly smaller than G. chiloanei, but this is based on exceedingly few specimens. Gibbalaria divergana appears to have a slightly darker forewing pattern, with a well-defined, sub-rectangular bar extending from mid-termen that represents the remnant of the post-median fascia, and darker markings in general. In the female genitalia, the antrum of G. divergana is slightly shorter than that of G. occidentana and G. chiloanei, and the diverticulum at the posterior end of the ductus bursae is small and lobe-like. DNA barcodes provide additional evidence that is it distinct from those two species (Figs 1, 2).</p> <p>Description. Male unknown. Female. Head: As described for genus. Thorax: As described for genus; with distinct metathoracic tuft with distal scales slightly metallic bluish; forewing length 7.0 mm (n = 1); forewing with a series of ill-defined, parallel, outwardly oblique fascia, starting at about mid-costa, basal-most brown, followed by narrow silver-gray, then pale brown, then silver-gray, with a distinct, sub-rectangular, dark brown bar near midtornus (Fig. 3). Abdomen: Genitalia (Fig. 30) as described for genus; sterigma a short, semicircular, shield-like plate, antrum with posterior edge (= ostium) nearly straight, weakly bilobed anteriorly, slightly shorter than that of congeners; ductus bursae membranous, about as long as corpus bursae, with characteristic small diverticulum immediately anterad of antrum on left side; corpus bursae rounded-oblong; signum a small, coarsely reticulated area with a very shallow pocket with a single long tooth; anterior end of corpus bursae with a tiny lobe-like extension.</p> <p>DNA barcodes. The DNA barcode from the holotype is joined by a specimen from BOLD to form a BIN (BOLD: ACN9260) that is 3.37% different from its nearest neighbor.</p> <p>Types. Holotype ♀, South Africa, Eastern Cape <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.5256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.3106" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.5256/lat -30.3106)">Makhanda</a> [Grahamstown], 550 m, 30.3106°S, 26.5256°E, 12 Nov 2013, J. Brown (USNM), USNM slide 145,609. [Grahamstown has officially been renamed Makhanda, and the latter name is used throughout the manuscript.]</p> <p>Distribution. This species is known only from one specimen from Makhanda, Eastern Cape Province, and one from The Crags, Western Cape Province, South Africa. The holotype was collected in March.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the slightly divergent appearance of the species, with a rather bold forewing pattern.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E604A33EEF0FF08AE30FB6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E604A31EEF0FB6CAA20FEAB.text	372887D33E604A31EEF0FB6CAA20FEAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria occidentana Brown and Aarvik 2023	<div><p>Gibbalaria occidentana Brown and Aarvik, new species</p> <p>Figs 6, 7, 19, 31</p> <p>Diagnosis. Gibbalaria occidentana has about the same forewing length as G. divergana, and is slightly smaller and darker than G. chiloanei. The male genitalia of G. occidentana can be distinguished from those of G. chiloanei by the size of the rounded-triangular flange at base of cucullus (distal end of sacculus), which is broader in G. occidentana, and the configuration of the associated patch of long setae at the base of the flange, which extends beyond the width of the short flange in G. chiloanei but does not extending beyond the width of the flange in G. occidentana. The female genitalia of G. occidentana are very similar to those of G. divergana and G. chiloanei, but the signum lacks the small tooth present in G. divergana, and the lobe-like diverticulum of the ductus bursae is more square than round and lobe-like.</p> <p>Description. Head: As described for genus. Thorax: As described for genus; forewing length 7.0 mm (n = 2); male hindwing lacking patch of secondary scales on ventral surface. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Fig. 19) with uncus distinctly differentiated from top of tegumen, slightly narrowed subbasally to about 0.75 its distal width, with apical portion bearing a few long, fine setae from venter; top of tegumen somewhat rounded; socii ill defined, fused to margin of tegumen; valva broad basally, abruptly narrowed at middle, distal 0.5 nearly uniform in width, somewhat long-rectangular, rounded apically; costa of valva with distinct subtriangular basal process bearing three slender spines; rounded-triangular flange at base of cucullus (distal end of sacculus) bearing one large socketed spine and patch of long, fine, copper-colored setae, with patch confined to valva immediately adjacent flange; second patch of similar setae midway between base and termination of sacculus; phallus as described for genus, vesica with two thorn-like, non-deciduous cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 31) as described for genus; sterigma a semicircular shieldlike plate, antrum with nearly straight posterior edge (= ostium), bifurcate anteriorly; ductus bursae membranous, about as long as corpus bursae, with characteristic small diverticulum immediately anterad of antrum on left side; corpus bursae rounded-oblong; signum a small, coarsely reticulated area with a very shallow pocket; anterior end of corpus bursae narrowed, rounded-triangular.</p> <p>DNA barcodes. Neither the holotype nor paratype yielded DNA sequence data.</p> <p>Types. Holotype ♁, South Africa, Western Cape Province, above Brackenhill Falls, 9 km E Knysna, 175 m, eucalyptus litter, 16 Mar 1978, M. Davis, USNM slide 145,608 (USNM).</p> <p>Paratype (1♀). South Africa: Western Cape Province: Brackenhill Falls, 9 km E Knysna, 175 m, eucalyptus litter, 15–16 Mar 1978, D. &amp; M. Davis &amp; B. Akerbergs, USNM slide 145,620 (USNM).</p> <p>Distribution. This species is known only from near Knysna at the eastern edge of the Western Cape Province of South Africa, at an elevation of 175 m, the lowest elevation records from the genus. Specimens were collected in March (n = 2).</p> <p>Etymology. The Latin “occidentalis” means west, and refers to the western distribution of this species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E604A31EEF0FB6CAA20FEAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E634A30EEF0FF08AED0F9C7.text	372887D33E634A30EEF0FF08AED0F9C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria chiloanei Brown and Aarvik 2023	<div><p>Gibbalaria chiloanei Brown and Aarvik, new species</p> <p>Figs 4, 20, 21, 32</p> <p>Diagnosis. Superficially, G. chiloanei has a slightly greater forewing than G. divergana and G. occidentana, and the forewing pattern includes a pair of pale markings in the distal 0.3 that are more pronounced (i.e., in greater contrast to the ground color) than in those species. The male genitalia of G. chiloanei are extremely similar to those of G. occidentana, but they can be distinguished from those of the latter by the length of the valva (longer in G. chiloanei), the size of the rectangular flange at the base of the cucullus (narrower in G. chiloanei), and the configuration of the associated patch of long setae at the base of the flange (extending beyond the width of the flange in G. chiloanei, not extending beyond the flange in G. occidentana).</p> <p>The genitalia of the two males included under this species (Figs 20, 21) have many subtle differences, enough that based on morphology alone, we initially considered them to represent different species. However, DNA barcodes convincingly place them as conspecifics. Whether morphological differences actually represent individual variation, or the DNA barcodes are misleading, can be determined only with additional material.</p> <p>Description. Head: As described for genus. Thorax: As described for genus. Forewing length 7.5–8.0 mm (mean = 7.7 mm; n = 4); forewing pattern as in G. divergana but less defined (Fig. 4); male hindwing lacking patch of secondary scales on ventral surface. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Figs 20, 21) with uncus distinctly differentiated from top of tegumen, slightly narrowed subbasally to about 0.75 its distal width, with apical portion bearing a few long, fine setae from venter; top of tegumen somewhat rounded; socii ill defined, fused to margin of tegumen; valva broad basally, abruptly narrowed at middle, distal 0.6 nearly uniform in width, somewhat long-rectangular, rounded apically; costa of valva with triangular basal process bearing three slender spines; rectangular flange at base of cucullus (distal end of sacculus) bearing one large socketed spine and patch of long, fine, copper-colored setae, with patch extending basad beyond the width of the flange; second patch of finer setae midway between base and termination of sacculus; phallus as described for genus, vesica with two large, thorn-like, non-deciduous cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 32) as described for genus; sterigma a semicircular shield-like plate, antrum with nearly straight posterior edge (= ostium), bifurcate anteriorly; ductus bursae membranous, about as long as corpus bursae, with characteristic small diverticulum immediately anterad of antrum on left side; corpus bursae rounded-oblong; signum a small, coarsely reticulated area with a very shallow pocket; anterior end of corpus bursae attenuate.</p> <p>DNA barcodes. DNA barcodes of the holotype and three paratypes form a distinct BIN (BOLD: AAY9224) separated from its nearest neighbor, G. divergana, by a difference of 3.37 %</p> <p>Types. Holotype ♁, South Africa, Eastern Cape, Makhanda (Grahamstown), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.5163&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.33136" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.5163/lat -33.33136)">Rhodes University</a> botanical garden, ca. 580 m, -33.33136, 26.5163, 6 Mar 2014, Timm, Chiloane &amp; Lancaster (USNM), USNM slide 145,619.</p> <p>Paratypes (1♁, 3♀). South Africa: Eastern Cape Province: Makhanda [Grahamstown], 18 Aug 2014 (1♁), D. V. Chiloane (USNM), USNM slide 145,615; 2 Sep 2014 (1♀), 3 Sep 2014 (1♁, 1♀), D. V. Chiloane (USNM), USNM slide 145,797.</p> <p>Distribution. This species is known only from Makhanda in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Specimens were collected in March (n = 1), late August (n = 1), September (n = 3), likely represented two broods.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name is a patronym for D. Chiloane, who played a role in the collection of all the specimens of this species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E634A30EEF0FF08AED0F9C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E634A36EEF0F9C4ABDFF817.text	372887D33E634A36EEF0F9C4ABDFF817.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria scabellana (Brown & Aarvik & Timm 1852) Brown & Aarvik & Timm 2023	<div><p>Gibbalaria scabellana (Zeller), new combination</p> <p>Figs 10, 11, 16, 22, 23, 33, 34</p> <p>Sericoris scabellana Zeller, 1852: 81; Diakonoff 1957: 72.</p> <p>Afroploce scabellana (Zeller): Aarvik 2019: 324.</p> <p>Argyroploce sistrata Meyrick, 1911: 228; Clarke 1955: 287, new synonymy.</p> <p>Olethreutes sistrata: Clarke 1958: 548.</p> <p>Celypha sistrata: Diakonoff 1973: 498; Brown 2005: 168.</p> <p>Diagnosis.As currently defined (see Remarks below), Gibbalaria scabellana is superficially nearly indistinguishable from other species of Gibbalaria, except for the species that lack the dark scale patch on the undersurface of the hindwing (D. occidentana and G. chiloanei). Its male genitalia can be distinguished from those of G. longiphallus by the shorter and more truncate phallus, and from those of G. mabalingwae by the presence of a short-triangular uncus. From G. bagamoyo it differs in the location of the patch of spiniform setae basal to the flange of the sacculus, and from G. analcis it differs by a more constricted (i.e., less rounded) tegumen.</p> <p>Redescription. Head: Brown; posterior half of labial palpus black. Thorax: Brown-gray, tegula brown proximally. Forewing length 7.5–8.5 mm; forewing ground color mottled with brown and gray, slightly tinged with pinkish subterminally, grayish near costa, with some faint refractive bluish spots, suffusions and spots brownish and blackish. Fringe gray, blackish terminally. Hindwing pale brownish gray above; fringe cream; male under side with irregularly ovoid patch of brownish gray secondary scales near middle of wing; hindwing conspicuously darker brown in female. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Figs 22, 23) with uncus short-triangular; socii fused to tegumen; valva broad to middle with short, small hairy lobe at basal edge of basal cavity; sacculus terminating in rounded flange, with long group of dense setae (Spc 1) above ventral edge, two stout spines at base of cucullus; cucullus moderately uniform in width, slightly narrowing postmedially; phallus moderately broad, short; vesica with five to seven cornuti, one with a larger base. Female genitalia (Figs 33, 34) with sclerite surrounding ostium bursae large, postostial sterigma fairly long with slender lateroterminal lobes; antrum mostly sclerotized with variably developed mediolateral diverticulum; signum with single proximal lobe.</p> <p>DNA barcodes. Ten specimens of this species in BOLD form a BIN (BOLD: ABW0591) with an average difference of 0.21% among the samples. Three specimens from Makhanda [Grahamstown], Eastern Cape, South Africa (listed below) form a separate BIN (BOLD: ADE2779). Because we are unable to find convincing morphological characters to separate specimens of the two BINs, we tentatively assign all to G. scabellana. In the trees (Figs 1, 2) the three specimens from Makhanda are listed as “ scabellana.”</p> <p>Types. Holotype ♀ (scabellana), South Africa, Kaffraria (NHRS).</p> <p>Lectotype ♁ (sistrata), South Africa, Natal, Pinetown, Jan 1909, G.S. #9404 (NHMUK). Paralectotypes (sistrata), South Africa, Transvaal, A.I.D., Barberton, 18 Jan 1911 (1♀), G.S. #6625 (NHMUK), Transvaal, C.I.S., Zoutpansberg, 13 Dec 1909 (1♁), G.S. #6624 (NHMUK).</p> <p>Additional material examined (24♁, 6♀). South Africa: Eastern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.304" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.528/lat -33.304)">Makhanda</a> [Grahamstown], 33.304°S, 26.528°E, 10‒12 Feb 2015 (2♁, 1♀), J. Brown &amp; A. Timm, USNM slides 145,603 (♁), 145,652 (♀) (USNM). Eastern Free State: Modderpoort, 1818 Dec 1927 (1♀), A. J. T. Janse (DMP). Gauteng: Hekpoort, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.6567&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.9492" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.6567/lat -25.9492)">Mogale’s Gate Biodiversity Center</a>, -25.9492, 27.6567, 1500 m, 15 Feb 2012 (3♁), P. Hebert &amp; J. DeWaard (UOG); 25.9492, 27.6267, 1660 m, 16 Feb 2012 (1♀), P. Hebert &amp; J. DeWaard (UOG); nr. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.6389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.9383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.6389/lat -25.9383)">Bush Camp</a>, -25.9383, 27.6389, 1420 m, 14 Feb 2012 (1♁), P. Hebert &amp; J. DeWaard (UOG). 3 air km SE Hekpoort, 1361 m, 7 Feb 2015 (1♁), Gilligan, Brown &amp; Staude (TGC). Magaliesburg Nature Reserve, Steynshoop Mountain Lodge, 1526 m, 6‒8 Feb 2015 (15♁, 5♀), T. Gilligan (TGC). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.6348&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.9642" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.6348/lat -25.9642)">Mogale’s Gate Natural Reserve</a>, site #2, riparian woods, -25.9642, 27.6348, 31 Jan 2015 (1♁), J. Brown &amp; T. Gilligan (USNM). Magaliesburg, Golden Valley, Highveld grassland, 1538 m, 20‒21 Nov 2015 (2♁), T. Gilligan &amp; H. Staude (TGC). Heidelberg, 10 Dec 1915 (1♁), A. J. T. Janse (DMP). Pretoria, 17 Nov 1913 (1♁), A. J. T. Janse (DMP). Limpopo: Shiluvane, Nov 1902 (1♀), Junod (DMP). Northern Cape: Three Sisters 5 Mar 1911 (1♁), 8 Mar 1911 (1♁), 23 Feb 1911 (1♁), 13 Mar 1911 (1♁), A. J. T. Janse (2 DMP, 2 AMNH). Rooiplaat, 18 Feb 1923 (1♁), C. J. Swierstra (DMP). Mpumalanga: Blyde River, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.766666/lat -23.566668)">Forever Resort</a>, 23°34’S, 30°46’E, 1180 m, 20‒21 Nov 2016 (3♁), G, Bassi (GBC). Transvaal: 5 mi WE Warmbad, 24‒25 Feb 1968 (1♁, 1♀), Krombein &amp; Spangler, male slide 144,616 (USNM). Woodbush Village, 13 Dec 2009 (1♁), C. J. Swierstra (DMP). Waterval-Boven, 28‒29 Oct 2002 (4♁, 1♀), H.W. v.d, Wolf, NHMO slide 4112 NHMO (1♁) and 4113 (1♀) (NHMO). KwaZulu-Natal: ca. 3 km S Rietvlei, Blackheath Farm, 1375 m, 20–25 Feb 1978 (1♁), D. &amp; M. Davis &amp; B. Akerbergs, USNM slide 144,873 (USNM). Sarnia, Nov 1919 (1♁), A. Janse (DMP). Western Cape: C.P., Wilderness, 12‒13 Mar 1968 (1♁), P. Spangler (USNM). Unknown Province: Minastone 16–25 Feb 1919 (1♁), H. G. Bryer (DMP). Malta, Ptbg., 1 Feb 1927 (1♁), G. v. Son (DMP).</p> <p>Distribution. As presented circumscribed, this species is widely distributed throughout South Africa, from sea level to about 1660 m elevation. Nothing is known of the life history.</p> <p>Remarks. Sericoris scabellana was described from a single female; the genitalia were illustrated by Diakonoff (1957). The male genitalia of the lectotype of Argyroploce sistrata were illustrated by Clarke (1958: 548). Both male and female genitalia of G. scabellana present a rather baffling array of variation, even though subtle, and indicate that additional cryptic species may be involved. This assumption is supported by results from DNA-barcoding (Figs 1, 2).</p> <p>Aarvik (2019) synonymized G. mabalingwae with G. scabellana, but in the present study based on additional material from South Africa, that synonymy probably was incorrect; hence, we reinstate G. mabalingwae as a valid species. Study of the type material of Argyroploce sistrata in NHMUK shows that this species falls within our concept of G. scabellana. To add further confusion, DNA barcodes indicate that three specimens from Makhanda, South Africa form a distinct cluster outside of scabellana. However, because we are unable to separate these from typical scabellana based on morphology, we include them in our broad concept of scabellana.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E634A36EEF0F9C4ABDFF817	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E664A35EEF0FF08ABCDFC93.text	372887D33E664A35EEF0FF08ABCDFC93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria longiphallus Brown and Aarvik 2023	<div><p>Gibbalaria longiphallus Brown and Aarvik, new species</p> <p>Figs 8, 24</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species is described from a single male from Knysna, South Africa, identified by Razowski (2015) as Afroploce mabalingwae. It is superficially and morphologically extremely similar to other congeners, G. scabellana in particular, but can be distinguished by the exaggerated distal portion of the phallus.</p> <p>Description. Head: Brown; posterior half of labial palpus black. Thorax: Brown-gray, tegula brown proximally. Forewing length 8.0 mm; forewing ground color mixed gray and brown, grayish near costa, with some faint refractive bluish spots, suffusions and spots brownish and blackish (Fig. 8). Fringe gray, blackish terminally. Hindwing pale brownish cream above; fringe cream; male under side with irregularly ovoid patch of brownish gray secondary scales near middle of wing. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Fig. 24) with uncus short-triangular; socii fused to tegumen; valva broad to middle with short, small hairy lobe at basal edge of basal cavity; sacculus terminating in rounded flange, with long group of dense setae (Spc 1) above ventral edge, two stout spines at base of cucullus; cucullus moderately uniform in width, slightly narrowing postmedially; phallus moderately broad, short; vesica with one large and two smaller cornuti. Female unknown.</p> <p>Type. Holotype ♁, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, 5 Feb 1966, G. Bassi, slide Bassi 6441 (GBC).</p> <p>Distribution. This species is known only from the holotype collected near Knysna in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the comparatively long phallus of this species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E664A35EEF0FF08ABCDFC93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E664A35EEF0FC30ABE3F844.text	372887D33E664A35EEF0FC30ABE3F844.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria mabalingwae (Razowski)	<div><p>Gibbalaria mabalingwae (Razowski), revised status, new combination</p> <p>Figs 9, 18, 25</p> <p>Afroploce mabalingwae Razowski, 2008a: 63; 2015: 34.</p> <p>Afroploce mabalinguae Razowski, 2008a: 57, 63, 66, 67, 68. [misspelling]</p> <p>Diagnosis. Gibbalaria mabalingwae is nearly identical to G. scabellana, with a comparable forewing length and pattern (Figs 9, 18). However, the male genitalia can be distinguished from those of its relatives by the greatly reduced uncus (Fig. 25).</p> <p>Types. Holotype ♁ (mabalingwae), South Africa, Limpopo [Northern] Province, Mabalingwe, 25 km W Warmbaths, SE 24 28 Cd, [ca. 1115 m], 21 Mar 1996, B. Dombrowsky, light trap, Razowski slide 311 (DMP).</p> <p>Paratypes (5♁, 3♀). South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Royal Natal National Park, Tendele camp, 1600 m, 6–13 Dec 2004, M. Kopec, 23 Oct 2003, 25 Oct 2003, 27 Oct 2003, at light, L. Przybylowicz (ISEZ). Drakensberg Park, Cathedral Peak, Didima, 1400 m, 26 Nov–2 Dec 2004 (1♁), M. Kopec (ISEZ). [These paratypes listed by Razowski are of uncertain species assignment.]</p> <p>Remarks. The male holotype was collected near Warmbaths in far northern South Africa. The paratypes were collected further south, in Drakensberg in KwaZulu-Natal. Consequently, it is uncertain whether the paratypes are conspecific with the holotype. Further research may show that G. mabalingwae falls within the variation of scabellana. However, we provisionally treat it as a separate species because the greatly reduced uncus of the holotype appears to be unique to the genus.</p> <p>In his original description of Afroploce mabalingwae, Razowski (2008a) indicates 5♁ and 3♀ paratypes (cited above); however, in his list of paratypes, there is no indication of which are males and which are females; and it is uncertain whether all of the females represent the same species. In a later paper, Razowski (2015) assigned the following specimens to Afroploce mabalingwae: Three specimens from Republic of South Africa (Cape Province, Knysna, 5.II.1996, at light, GS 6441; Free State, Clarens, 1750 m, 10.II.1996, at light, GS 6454; and KwaZulu-Natal, Champagne Castle Hotel, Winterton, 1600 m, 12‒13.II.1996, all leg. G. BASSI GBC). We examined the male from Knysna (GBC) and it is smaller than the holotype of A. mabalingwae, and the phallus is considerably longer than that of any congener. Hence, it is described as a new species (G. longiphallus) above.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E664A35EEF0FC30ABE3F844	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E674A2BEEF0F974ABC5FA53.text	372887D33E674A2BEEF0F974ABC5FA53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria bagamoyo (Razowski & Wojtusiak 2014) Brown & Aarvik & Timm 2023	<div><p>Gibbalaria bagamoyo (Razowski &amp; Wojtusiak, 2014), new combination</p> <p>Figs 17, 27, 35</p> <p>Afroploce bagamoyo Razowski &amp; Wojtusiak, 2014: 212.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The male of Gibbalaria bagamoyo has a dark blackish gray patch of androconial scales on the underside of the hindwing and a dense patch of spiniform setae basal of the flange in the male genitalia. Gibbalaria bagamoyo can be separated by the more attenuate and dorso-posteriorly narrowed tegmen, the short uncus, and especially by the location of the patch of spiniform setae basal to the flange of the sacculus. The patch of male secondary scales on the underside of the hindwing is more compact and darker than in G. scabellana.</p> <p>Redescription. Head: Brownish. Thorax: Brownish with darker markings. Forewing length 5.5‒7.0 mm (n = 19); forewing slightly expanding distally; costa nearly straight; apex rounded; termen straight, somewhat oblique. Ground color cream sprinkled and suffused grayish brown; a diffuse dark median fascia with blackish brown median and costal spots; subterminal and apical fascia concolorous. Fringe damaged. Hindwing cream gray; cilia [remnants] creamish. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Fig. 27) with uncus short, tapering distally; socius broad, fused to tegumen laterally, densely hairy; gnathos weakly sclerotized, simple; valva broad to end of sacculus which is convex postbasally, with a plate-shaped ventroterminal lobe beyond which there is a strong, socketed spine; a second spine dorsad to latter at base of cucullus; patch of bronzy orange setae above concavity of sacculus; basal cavity broad with small hairy prominence subdorsally. Phallus large, slender, tapering distally; vesica with 3‒5 non-deciduous cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 35) generally as in G. scabellana; antrum with variably developed diverticulum; signum an oval dentate plate with 5‒7 larger anteriorly directed teeth.</p> <p>DNA barcodes. The four sequenced specimens form a BIN with the nearest neighbor as G. scabellana.</p> <p>Type. Holotype ♁, Tanzania, Mandera, 150 km W Bagamoyo, 15 Dec 1988, J. Wojtusiak, GS 1471 (MJUK).</p> <p>Additional Material Examined. Kenya: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.36497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.4843889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.36497/lat -0.4843889)">Rift Valley Province</a>: Nakuru District, 5km ENE of Gilgil, 00°29’03.8”S, 36°21’53.9”E, 2108 m, 27 Nov‒1 Dec 2010 (1♁), T. Gilligan (TGC). The same locality as the previous, 22‒24 Nov 2008 (1♁), L. Aarvik, D. Agassiz, A. Kingston, NHMO slide 4150 (NHMO). Malawi [Nyasaland], Limke, [no date] (1♁), H. Barlow, USNM slide 145,637 (USNM). Tanzania: Morogoro: Uluguru Mountains, road to Nyandira, 10 Jul 2009 (1♁, 1♀), J. &amp; W. De Prins, USNM slide 144,519 (RMCA). Mazimbu Orchard, 500 m 10 May 2010 (1♁), J. &amp; W. De Prins (RMCA). Morogoro Distr. &amp; Town, 550‒600 m, 14 Nov 1991 (1♁), slide LA 2006 (NHMO); same data 15‒29 Nov 1992 (6♁, 1♀), slide NHMO 4119 (♁) and 4116 (♀); same data (2♁), 20 Dec 1992, slide NHMO 4115 and 4151; same data (1♀), 22 Jun 1993, slide LA 2307 (NHMO). Morogoro Distr.: Mindu Forest Reserve, 600 m, 24 Jan 1993 (1♁), L. Aarvik (NHMO). Uganda, Mpigi District: Mpanga Forest, 1200 m, 25–29 Oct 2014 (2♁), L. Aarvik &amp; K. Larsen, slide NHMO 4114 (NHMO). Zimbabwe: Bulawayo, [20.1325°S, 28.6265°E], 15–23 Dec 1919 (1♁), A. J. T. Janse, USNM slide 145,796 (DMP).</p> <p>Remarks. Although identified as the holotype, the adult illustrated by Razowski &amp; Wojtusiak (2014: fig. 12) is not the holotype of G. bagamoyo (J. Razowski, personal communication); it is a second specimen that likely is not conspecific with the holotype. It differs dramatically from its congeners in facies. Razowski &amp; Wojtusiak (2014) describe the facies of the female and state that it has a wing span of 27 mm, over twice that of the male holotype (i.e., 12 mm); dimorphism in size of other congeners is exceedingly limited, and none show such a great difference in forewing length. Razowski &amp; Wojtusiak (2014) provide neither an illustration of the female nor a description of its genitalia (perhaps it has no abdomen), and do not cite its collection data in the specimens examined. Hence, we suspect it may not be conspecific with the holotype. Our concept of this species is based solely on the text description of the male, the illustration of its genitalia, and correspondence with J. Razowski.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E674A2BEEF0F974ABC5FA53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E784A2AEEF0FA71ABB0F9BB.text	372887D33E784A2AEEF0FA71ABB0F9BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbalaria analcis (Razowski 2015) Brown & Aarvik & Timm 2023	<div><p>Gibbalaria analcis (Razowski, 2015), new combination</p> <p>Figs 14, 15, 28, 29</p> <p>Afroploce analcis Razowski 2015: 34.</p> <p>Nepheloploce prodroma Razowski 2015: 35 (in part).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Males of G. analcis has a dark grayish black patch of androconial scales on the undersurface of the hindwing, as in many congeners. However, in G. analcis the patch continues into the lower portion of the discal cell, whereas in all other species the patch of scales is restricted to the area below the cell. Gibbalaria analcis can be further distinguished superficially by its forewing maculation, which has a considerably broader area of pale scaling in the tornal and subterminal regions. The male genitalia of G. analcis (Figs 28, 29) are easily distinguished by the rounded dorso-posterior half of the tegumen, in combination with a very short uncus.</p> <p>Redescription. Head: Rough scaled, grayish brown; labial palpus mostly pale tan on outer surface, mostly cream on inner surface. Thorax: Dorsum grayish brown mixed with darker markings; metathoracic tuft scales pale gray with white tips [lost on most specimens]. Forewing length 7.3–8.0 mm (mean = 7.5 mm; n = 5) in males, 8.0 mm (n = 1) in female; forewing broad, weakly expanding distally; costa evenly convex; termen slightly oblique, indistinctly convex; in male, ground color pinkish white in distal 0.33 of wing, remainder mixed with brown, diffusely strigulated dark brown with some faint, refractive, slight raised grayish spots; ill-defined, small patch of darker scales at base and at costa ca. 0.33 and ca. 0.65 distance from base to apex; apical region pale, with cream and pale gray scales, pale brown at apex; in female darker throughout. Fringe blackish gray [mostly lacking]. Hindwing cream and pale gray above in male; brown in female; in male, fringe cream to white, with scales at inner angle much larger, round-tipped; in female, fringe mostly brown throughout, with scales at inner angle forked; male underside with irregularly ovoid patch of blackish gray secondary scales near middle of wing, with a few paler brown scales along inner margin of discal cell; female underside without secondary scales; scales fork-tipped at inner angle. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Figs 28, 29) with uncus short, but at least partially parallel-sided, confluent with top of tegumen; socius broad, fused to tegumen laterally throughout their length; gnathos membranous, ill defined; tegumen triangular, somewhat ovoid in top half; valva broad basally, abruptly narrowed at middle, distal 0.5 (= cucullus) nearly uniform in width, somewhat long-rectangular, but slightly broadened and rounded apically; subbasal process of costa of valva large, rounded-triangular, densely covered with fine setae dorsally; sacculus with subrectangular flange in distal 0.3, with brush of bronze-orange, hairlike setae (Spc 2) basal to flange; a pair of strong, conspicuously socketed setae between basal portion of cucullus and flange of sacculus. Phallus ca. 0.5 length of valva, nearly straight, vesica with two deciduous cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 36) with papillae anales broadest near middle, rounded at each end; apophyses posteriors and anteriores about equal in length; ostium with narrow, sclerotized edges laterally, with edges approaching each other posterad; antrum parallel-sided, lightly sclerotized, about as wide as ostium, followed by membranous ductus bursae with short triangular diverticulum on left side.</p> <p>DNA barcodes. DNA barcodes from two specimens, one from the Democratic Republic of Congo and one from Gabon, represent a BIN (BOLD: ADE2144).</p> <p>Types. Holotype ♁, Republic of Cameroon, Dint Efok, 40 km NE Yaounde, 29‒31 Oct 1986, G. Bassi, GS 6476 (GBC). [male photo; genitalia photo]</p> <p>Paratype (♁). Republic of Cameroon: Dint Efok, 40 km NE Yaounde, 29‒31 Oct 1986, G. Bassi, GS 6480 (GBC).</p> <p>Additional Material Examined. Cameroon: Dint. Efok, 40 km NE Yaounde, 29‒31 Oct 1986 (1♀), G. Bassi, Bassi 6468 [paratype of N. prodroma] (GBC). Congo Belge [Democratic Republic of Congo]: P.N.A. [Parc National Albert], 13 Nov 1956 (1♁), 13 Oct 1956 (3♁), 8 Nov 1956 (1♀), P. Vanschuybroeck, USNM slides 145,605 (♀), 144,470 (♁), 145,651 (♁) (RMCA). Bas-Congo, Nat. Res. Luki-Mayumbe, 320 m, 5°37, 13°05’, 23 May 2007 (1♁), J. &amp; W. De Prins (RMCA), USNM slide 145,604.</p> <p>Distribution. This species is known from Gabon (sequence in BOLD), the Republic of Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.</p> <p>Remarks. A female paratype of Nepheloploce prodroma Razowski, 2015 is almost certainly the opposite sex of the holotype of Afroploce analcis —it was collected at the same locality and during the same dates. Also, we assign five specimens from the Democratic Republic of Congo to this name based on a high degree of similarity in facies and male genitalia with the holotype of G. analcis. Although the uncus of the holotype of G. analcis (from Cameroon) is slightly shorter and more triangular than in specimens from the Congo (the holotype slide is extremely flattened, so the genitalia are slightly distorted), all other features are fairly consistent, including the shape of the flange and position of the patch of setae associated with the sacculus, the shape of the subbasal process from the costa of the valva, and the presence of two cornuti in the vesica. Nonetheless, given their disjunct occurrence and subtle differences, it is possible that specimens from the Congo represent an undescribed species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E784A2AEEF0FA71ABB0F9BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
372887D33E794A28EEF0F959AEABFDD7.text	372887D33E794A28EEF0F959AEABFDD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmopoda graziani (Razowski 2015) Brown & Aarvik & Timm 2023	<div><p>Cosmopoda graziani (Razowski, 2015), new combination</p> <p>Figs 37, 38</p> <p>Diakonoffiana graziani Razowski, 2015: 36.</p> <p>Remarks. Although described in Diakonoffiana Koçak, 1981, the male genitalia of Cosmopoda graziani have little in common with those of Diakonoffiana cyanitis (Diakonoff, 1983), the type species of Diakonoffiana. The species is transferred to Cosmopoda on the basis of the overall similarity of the uncus, tegumen, and valvae to those of Cosmopoda aenopus Diakonoff, 1981, described from Madagascar.</p> <p>Superficially, C. graziani is similar to G. divergana, G. occidentana, and G. chiloanei, but the hindwing is weakly lobed at the anal angle and there is dense patch of thick secondary setae from the base of the hindwing (Fig. 37). The male genitalia (Fig. 38) are extremely similar to those of C. aenopus (see Razowski 2015: fig. 22). Whereas the tegumen, uncus, and socii are similar to those of G. divergana, G. occidentana, and G. chiloanei, the valvae are dramatically different, conspicuously constricted basad of the cucullus resulting in a narrow neck that bears a patch of exceedingly long setae; and the flange at the base of the cucullus is lobe-like bearing a single long, strong spine and a small patch of shorter setae (Fig. 38).</p> <p>Types. Holotype ♁, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Champagne Castle Hotel, Winterton 1600 m, 12–13 Feb 1996, G. Bassi (GBC), Razowski slide 6420.</p> <p>Paratypes (1♁). South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Champagne Castle Hotel, Winterton 1600 m, 12–13 Feb 1996, G. Bassi (GBC), GS 6480.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/372887D33E794A28EEF0F959AEABFDD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, John W.;Aarvik, Leif;Timm, Alicia	Brown, John W., Aarvik, Leif, Timm, Alicia (2023): Gibbalaria: A new genus of Olethreutini from the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), and a new combination in Cosmopoda Diakonoff. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 217-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.3
