identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8C6587D7FFA7FFE0156375A3FBB55CD0.text	8C6587D7FFA7FFE0156375A3FBB55CD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Velutininae Gray 1840	<div><p>Subfamily Velutininae</p> <p>Velutininae are distributed in all Arctic and temperate areas. They have the same radular formula as Marseniopsinae and Hainotinae (2:1:1:1:2), but with a larger base on the lateral and central teeth. In this group, the jaws have a characteristic appearance, being composed of scale-like elements (as in Marseniopsinae) presenting a denticulation on the masticatory side (Fig. 11A, M). Velutininae were thought to include all velutinid species with a shell completely or partly exposed (some with a small fissure in the centre of the dorsum). However, we found at least nine additional species, belonging to two new genera in subfamily Lamellariinae and one in Marseniopsinae, that possess a small fissure on the dorsal mantle, showing that this morphological character is not diagnostic at the subfamily level.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFA7FFE0156375A3FBB55CD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFA7FFE7156373E4FDA25BAB.text	8C6587D7FFA7FFE7156373E4FDA25BAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamellariinae d'Orbigny 1841	<div><p>Subfamily Lamellariinae</p> <p>The subfamily Lamellariinae is by far the largest in terms of the number of genera and species. It can be found from shallow to deep sea, in all tropical areas and in the temperate northern Atlantic. Many of the taxa included in this subfamily, even if phylogenetically distant, can have overlapping morphologies, making them very hard to distinguish without a genetic analysis. Traditionally, lamellariine taxonomy is based on a short list of morphological characters, some of which were confirmed in our molecular results to be diagnostic at the genus level (e.g. shape of the radular teeth). The jaws, shell and protoconch can be useful additional characters for those genera showing peculiar shapes but are often similar across the whole subfamily and therefore hard to use alone as diagnostic characters. Regarding shell shape, only macro-differences [such as high vs. low spire, well calcified vs. less calcified (here termed as membranaceus)] are diagnostic. Fretter &amp; Graham (1962: 319–322) described differences between the shells of Lamellaria latens and ‘ Lamellaria ’ perspicua, but in fact, when several specimens, from both sexes and of different sizes, are observed and compared, many of these alleged morphological differences turn out to represent a gradient of shapes overlapping between different species (e.g. Fig. 8C, D). Bergh (1887) had suggested using the conformation of the vas deferens, forming either a loop or several folds in the haemocoel (between the body wall and the base of the penis), as a genus-level diagnostic character. Simone (2004) considered this character as ‘additive’ because of its ontogeny, because a clearly distinguishable loop was visible only in mature males. Our results suggest that molecular congeners can present different states of this character, and even at the species level its reliability is questionable.</p> <p>Within the subfamily Lamellariinae, diagnosed by a synapomorphic radula lacking marginal teeth (formula 0:1:1:1:0), we recognize the following seven phylogenetic lineages consistent with genus-level taxonomic ranking: Calyptoconcha Bouchet &amp; Warén, 1993 (‘F’), Variolipallium Fassio, Bouchet &amp; Oliverio (‘G’), Pacifica Fassio, Bouchet &amp; Oliverio (‘H’), Djiboutia Vayssière, 1912 (‘I’), Coriocella (‘J’), Lamellaria (‘K’) and Marsenia Oken, 1823 (‘L’); plus Marseniella, not present in our molecular dataset.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFA7FFE7156373E4FDA25BAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFA1FFEA15D772ECFEA0594A.text	8C6587D7FFA1FFEA15D772ECFEA0594A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Velutinidae Gray 1840	<div><p>FAMILY VELUTINIDAE GRAY, 1840</p> <p>Velutinidae Gray, 1840: 90;</p> <p>type genus Velutina J. Fleming, 1820.</p> <p>Included subfamilies: Hainotinae Fassio, Bouchet, Schiaparelli &amp; Oliverio subfam. nov., Lamellariinae d’Orbigny, 1841, Marseniopsinae Fassio, Bouchet, Schiaparelli &amp; Oliverio subfam. nov., Velutininae Gray, 1840.</p> <p>Description: Small to medium size for the superfamily, 0.5–11.5 cm total length. Shell exposed to completely Marseniella Uniform Norway? Marsenia Uniform Indo-West Pacific, Mediter- ranean Sea, Caribbean Sea – 214 0 Lamellaria Uniform and Tropical Temperate eastern Pacific Tropical, Atlantic, north-eastern Atlantic, Mediterra- Sea nean, North Sea 61 0 – Coriocella Uniform Indo-West Pacific – 0 18 Djiboutia Uniform Indo-West Pacific –101 0 Pacifica Uniform Indo-West Pacific 20 – 244 Variolipallium Uniform Tropical West New, Pacific Zealand,, Caribbean South tip of, America Africa South 1573 – 42 Calyptoconcha Uniform Northern temperate, Atlantic, Sea Alboran South, Africa Uru- Brazil, guay 58 – 4500 Lamellariinae Uniform Worldwide temperate tropical, regions 4500 0 – Velutininae Scale-like elements, Arctic worldwide temperate regions 0– 1200 Hainotinae ? North-eastern, South Pacific, Australia New Zealand 0 45 –, Continued Marseniopsinae Scale-like elements Southern Ocean Argen- south tinian waters 668 75 –. Table 2 Character Composition Geograph- distri- ical bution m (Depth)</p> <p>Table 2. Continued</p> <p>enclosed by the mantle, thin to very thin, from strongly calcified to membranaceus; ear, shield or cap shaped, low to high spired, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines. Periostracum from thick and hairy to not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 0.76–2.10 whorls; protoconch I of 0.25–1.20 whorls, smooth or with microgranules, with or without subsutural axial folds, nucleus diameter 54–875 μm; protoconch II with or without marked axial ribs or growth lines; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Echinospira planktotrophic larva with double larval shell: the outer periostracal planispiral, smooth and rounded or strongly carinate, the inner helicoid.</p> <p>Mantle flat (Fig. 4C) or dome shaped (Fig. 4A), outline from above rounded (Fig. 4J) or polygonal (Fig. 4B, H); thick or thin, with or without dorsal warts or tubercles; with or without anterior (inhalant) and right lateral (exhalant) siphon folds; texture smooth, wrinkled, jelly-like or velvet-like; colour highly variable, almost transparent to white, grey, beige, yellow, orange, red, violet, blue, dark green, brown, black, often patterned.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle; with or without a lateral subterminal papilla; with or without tip of the seminal duct protruding from the penis tip. Vas deferens with or without a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula taenioglossate (with formula 2:1:1:1:2) or reduced taenioglossate (if lacking marginal teeth, formula 0:1:1:1:0); rachidian tooth base rectangular (broad or elongated) or bifurcated (inverted V-shape), rachidian cusp with or without several external denticles; lateral teeth broad or elongated, with a pointed, triangular, internal or external cusp or one external cusp plus one truncated projection, with or without denticles; marginals, when present, narrow, with or without denticles.</p> <p>Jaw s of v a r i a b l e s h a p e, s h o r t t o e l o n g at e d; homogeneous or composed of scale-like elements; with or without uniform masticatory denticles.</p> <p>Distribution: Worldwide, from shallow to abyssal waters (0–4500 m).</p> <p>Remarks: Velutinids differ from the other two velutinoidean families (Triviidae and Eratoidae) chiefly in their thin to very thin, helicoid shell, with expanded aperture (vs. solid, cowry-like, with narrow aperture in triviids and eratoids) and the planispiral outer layer of the echinospira larval shell (vs. helicoid in triviids and eratoids). Also, the siphon is proportionally shorter in velutinids than in triviids and eratoids.</p> <p>Many velutinid species are reported to live and feed on ascidians (Wilson, 1998), and the colour and texture of the dorsal mantle can mimic the ascidian host. Both hermaphroditic and gonochoristic species are reported (Wilson, 1998). Egg capsules are flask shaped (Diehl, 1956; Fretter &amp; Graham, 1962) and are laid in holes in the tunic of the ascidians (Peck et al., 2006; Fassio et al., 2019).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFA1FFEA15D772ECFEA0594A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFADFFEA16D27672FB115AB9.text	8C6587D7FFADFFEA16D27672FB115AB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marseniopsinae Fassio, Bouchet, Schiaparelli & Oliverio 2023	<div><p>MARSENIOPSINAE FASSIO, BOUCHET, SCHIAPARELLI &amp; OLIVERIO SUBFAM. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 4A, B, 6A, 9A, 10A, 11A, M)</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 0FF5505F-49D2-4814-8E81-CA559340917E</p> <p>Type genus: Marseniopsis Bergh, 1866.</p> <p>Included genera: Marseniopsis Bergh, 1866, Lamellariopsis Vayssière, 1906 (probably a synonym of Marseniopsis Bergh, 1866).</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the family, 0.5–11.5 cm total length. Shell very thin, weakly calcified to membranaceus; ear shaped, high spired, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum thin to not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 0.76–1.9.0 whorls; protoconch I of 0.25–0.73 whorls, with or without granular sculpture, nucleus diameter 150–875 μm; protoconch II with or without marked longitudinal ribs; protoconch– teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded or polygonal; often thick, but sometimes thin, with or without warts; with anterior siphonal fold; texture smooth to wrinkled or jelly-like; colour highly variable, almost transparent to white, grey, beige, yellow, orange, red or brown, frequently patterned with dots and/or polygonal lines.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle; with or without a lateral subterminal papilla. Vas deferens with a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula taenioglossate, formula 2: 1:1: 1: 2; rachidian tooth elongated, with rectangular base, elongated; rachidian cusp with three or four small to pronounced external denticles on each side; lateral teeth elongated, with pointed triangular external cusp, with two or three small to pronounced denticles on the internal side and one or two small to large denticles on the external side; marginals narrow, without denticles.</p> <p>Jaws elongated, composed of scale-like elements.</p> <p>Distribution: Southern Ocean and south Argentinian waters; 75–668 m deep.</p> <p>Remarks: Fassio et al. (2019) suggested that the radiation of velutinids in Antarctica might represent a lineage worthy of taxonomic recognition at subfamily level. This is here confirmed, and the geographical range is now extended outside the Southern Ocean to Argentina, with the record of M5 (= new MOTU P) from north of Isla de los Estados (USNM 1137366, 54°27ʹ19.1″S, 63°52ʹ39.4″W, 108 m depth). Marseniopsinae can be diagnosed by the radular formula combined with the elongated shape of the rachidian tooth with a rectangular base, and by an ear-shaped shell, not well calcified, with a high spire.</p> <p>Lamellariopsis is probably a synonym of Marseniopsis, but the genetic analysis of type or topotypical material is needed to check it. Two types of protoconchs, potentially indicating a difference in the length of the larval phase, have been described for this subfamily (see Fassio et al., 2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFADFFEA16D27672FB115AB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFADFFE915087403FDE55B58.text	8C6587D7FFADFFE915087403FDE55B58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hainotinae Fassio, Bouchet, Schiaparelli & Oliverio 2023	<div><p>HAINOTINAE FASSIO, BOUCHET, SCHIAPARELLI &amp; OLIVERIO SUBFAM. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 4G, 6B)</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: A356DC93-B469-4DC0-B075-ED51CAEBDAA4</p> <p>Type genus: Hainotis F. Riedel, 2000.</p> <p>Included genera: Hainotis F. Riedel, 2000, Mysticoncha J. K. Allan, 1936.</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size, 0.5– 5.0 cm total length. Shell thin to very thin, weakly calcified, ear shaped, high spire, with expanded aperture, smooth, with or without growth lines, completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum thin to moderately developed and hairy.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.7–2.1 whorls; protoconch I of 0.6 whorls, smooth or with weak growth striations, nucleus diameter 86 µm; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle dome shaped, outline rounded or polygonal (low ridges dividing the mantle into six areas, from a raised hexagonal area at the centre of the dorsum); thin to thick; with anterior elongated siphonal fold; colour highly variable, almost transparent to white, grey, beige, yellow, orange, red, violet, brown or black, frequently patterned with dots and/or polygonal shape lines.</p> <p>Penis and vas deferens unknown.</p> <p>Radula taenioglossate, formula 2:1:1:1:2; rachidian tooth elongated, with rectangular base; rachidian cusp with two external denticles on each side; lateral teeth elongated, with a pointed external cusp, with one denticle on the internal side and two on the external side; marginals narrow, with one small denticle on the internal side.</p> <p>Jaws elongated, with masticatory denticles.</p> <p>Distribution: North-eastern Pacific (from Oregon to northern Mexico), South Australia, New Zealand; 0–45 m deep.</p> <p>Remarks: This subfamily is represented in the phylogenetic tree only by specimens of Hainotis sharonae described from the coast of California (type locality: Anaheim Bay, Orange County, CA, USA; Willett, 1939). This lineage is diagnosed by its shell with a higher spire, a radular formula of 2:1:1:1:2 with elongated central and lateral teeth, and an elongated anterior siphonal fold.</p> <p>Pending further molecular analysis, we suggest also including the genus Mysticoncha in this subfamily because its radular formula and shape, shell shape, siphon shape and temperate distribution (South Australia, Victoria and New Zealand) are consistent with those of the type genus, Hainotis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFADFFE915087403FDE55B58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFAEFFE9170E7460FC465F21.text	8C6587D7FFAEFFE9170E7460FC465F21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Velutininae Gray 1840	<div><p>VELUTININAE GRAY, 1840</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 4C–F, 6C, D, 9B, 10B, C, 11B, C, N, O)</p> <p>Velutininae Gray, 1840: 90;</p> <p>type genus Velutina J. Fleming, 1820.</p> <p>Marseninidae Odhner, 1913: 9 [as Marsenininae];</p> <p>type genus Marsenina Gray, 1850.</p> <p>Sacculidae Thiele, 1929: 266;</p> <p>type genus Sacculus Hirase, 1927 [permanently invalid, being the type genus a junior homonym of Sacculus Grosse, 1851 (Rotifera)].</p> <p>Pseudosacculidae Kuroda, 1933: 186 [replacement name for Sacculidae Thiele];</p> <p>type genus Pseudosacculus Hirase, 1928.</p> <p>Capulacmaeidae Golikov &amp; Gulbin, 1990: 108 [as Capulacmaeinae];</p> <p>type genus Capulacmaea M. Sars, 1859.</p> <p>Included genera: CartilagoƲelutina Golikov &amp; Gulbin, 1990, CiliatoƲelutina Golikov &amp; Gulbin, 1990, Cilifera Golikov &amp; Gulbin, 1990, Limneria H.Adams &amp; A. Adams, 1851, Marsenina Gray, 1850, Onchidiopsis Bergh, 1853, Piliscus Lovén, 1859, Pseudosacculus Hirase, 1928, Pseudotorellia Warén, 1989, TorelliƲelutina J. H. McLean, 2000, Velutina J. Fleming, 1820.</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the family, 0.5–11.0 cm total length. Shell moderately thin to thick, weakly to strongly calcified; ear, shield or cap shaped, low to high spire, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; exposed or completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum moderately or well developed, occasionally hairy.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.1–2.0 whorls; protoconch I of 0.50– 0.64 whorls, nucleus diameter 125–186 μm, smooth or with microgranules; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always visible.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded; thick or thin, with or without dorsal tubercles; with or without anterior and right lateral siphonal folds; texture smooth, wrinkled or jelly-like; colour highly variable, almost transparent to white, grey, beige, yellow, orange, brown, often patterned.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle, with tip of the seminal duct protruding from the penis tip. Vas deferens without a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula taenioglossate, formula 2:1:1:1:2, rachidian tooth squared, with broad base, rachidian cusp with or without one to six pronounced external denticles; lateral teeth squared or elongated, with a pointed triangular internal or external cusp, with or without one to six denticles on both sides; marginals narrow, with or without one small denticle on the internal side.</p> <p>Jaws short to elongated, composed of scale-like elements, with denticles on the masticatory margin.</p> <p>Distribution: Arctic and temperate regions worldwide, 0–1200 m deep.</p> <p>Remarks: Velutinines can be diagnosed by their squared rachidian tooth with a broad base, and the jaws composed of scale-like elements, with denticles. Their shells can range from strongly calcified and completely exposed (e.g. Velutina) to almost without calcification and completely enveloped by the mantle (e.g. Onchidiopsis). Some genera (e.g. Velutina and Limneria) also have a hairy periostracum. In addition to the anterior inhalant siphon, an exhalant siphon is made by a right lateral mantle fold in some genera (e.g. Marsenina and Onchidiopsis). Before the present study, six genera (two of them with subgenera; see Gulbin &amp; Golikov, 1997) were classified in this subfamily. However, the present molecular phylogeny suggests that Limneria and Velutina might be synonyms. In addition, pending molecular analysis of the type material, we propose to place Pseudosacculus in this subfamily, based on the description of the only included species, Pseudosacculus okai (Hirase, 1927). The radular formula (2:1:1:1:2) and morphology (Hirase, 1927: 125, fig. 8) and the presence of a small dorsal aperture in the mantle are congruent with this placement. It should be noted that Pelseneer (1935) suggested that Pseudosacculus okai might be classifiable in Marsenina, which would make Pseudosacculus a junior synonym.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFAEFFE9170E7460FC465F21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFAFFFE8174E77C5FC0C5A15.text	8C6587D7FFAFFFE8174E77C5FC0C5A15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamellariinae d'Orbigny 1841	<div><p>LAMELLARIINAE D’ORBIGNY, 1841</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 4H–J, 5A–I, 7A–D, 8A–D, 9C–L, 10D–L, 11D–L)</p> <p>Lamellariinae d’Orbigny, 1841: 200;</p> <p>type genus Lamellaria Montagu, 1816.</p> <p>Coriocellidae Troschel, 1848: 545;</p> <p>type genus Coriocella Blainville, 1824.</p> <p>Lamellariidae d’Orbigny, 1841: 200;</p> <p>type genus Lamellaria Montagu, 1816.</p> <p>Marseniidae Leach in Gray, 1842: 268 [as Marseniadae];</p> <p>type genus Marsenia Oken, 1823.</p> <p>Included genera: Calyptoconcha Bouchet &amp; Warén, 1993, Coriocella Blainville, 1824, Djiboutia Vayssière, 1912, Lamellaria Montagu, 1816, Marseniella Bergh, 1886, Marsenia Oken, 1823, Pacifica Fassio, Bouchet &amp; Oliverio gen. nov., Variolipallium Fassio, Bouchet &amp; Oliverio gen. nov.</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the family, 0.5–10.0 cm total length. Shell thin to very thin, from strongly calcified to membranaceus; ear shaped, low to high spire, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle or with a small dorsal fissure. Periostracum thin to not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of one to two whorls; protoconch I of 0.46–1.20 whorls, smooth, with subsutural axial folds, nucleus diameter 54–250 μm; protoconch II with or without axial growth lines; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded or polygonal; thick or thin, with or without dorsal warts or tubercles; with anterior siphon fold; texture smooth, wrinkled, jelly- or velvet-like; colour highly variable, almost transparent to white, grey, beige, yellow, orange, red, violet, blue, dark green, brown or black, often patterned with dots, lines or irregular colour patches.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle, with or without a lateral subterminal papilla.Vas deferens with or without a free loop or, less frequently, several folds in the haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated or rectangular; rachidian cusp with or without several external denticles; lateral teeth elongated, with a single external pointed cusp, or composed of an external, pointed and bold cusp plus a internal truncated projection; in both cases with or without several denticles.</p> <p>Jaws homogeneous, short to elongated.</p> <p>Distribution: Temperate and tropical regions worldwide; 0–4500 m deep.</p> <p>Remarks: Lamellariines are diagnosed by their reduced taenioglossate radula lacking marginals (formula 0:1:1:1:0), a mantle completely enclosing the shell in most species (the only exception so far being Variolipallium regium) and an anterior siphon.</p> <p>The name Echinospira was introduced by Krohn, 1853 for Echinospira diaphana Krohn, 1853, based on a (velutinid?) larva collected in the plankton of the Messina Strait (Italy). Based on the original description, we have no clues confidently to identify this animal, which might be one of the cryptic species in either of the two genera (Lamellaria and Marsenia) present in the Central Mediterranean.</p> <p>Within the examined material, we have recognized the following six lineages that merit recognition at genus level.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFAFFFE8174E77C5FC0C5A15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFAFFFEF152975A7FE075A98.text	8C6587D7FFAFFFEF152975A7FE075A98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calyptoconcha Bouchet & Waren 1993	<div><p>CALYPTOCONCHA BOUCHET &amp; WARÉN, 1993</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 7A, 9C, 10D, 11D)</p> <p>Calyptoconcha Bouchet &amp; Warén, 1993: 742.</p> <p>Type species Lamellaria pellucida A. E. Verrill, 1880, by original designation.</p> <p>Included species: Calyptoconcha branca (Simone, 2004) comb. nov., Calyptoconcha capensis (Bergh, 1907) comb. nov., Calyptoconcha pellucida (A. E. Verrill, 1880).</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the subfamily, 1–4 cm total length. Shell very thin, weakly calcified to membranaceus; ear shaped, high spired with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.77–1.80 whorls; protoconch I of 0.58–1.00 whorls, smooth, nucleus diameter 54–75 μm; protoconch II with axial growth lines; protoconch– teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded; thick to very thick, with anterior and right lateral siphon folds; texture smooth or wrinkled; colour variability unknown.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle, with a subterminal lateral papilla. Vas deferens with a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base squared; rachidian cusp with several small external denticles; lateral teeth elongated, triangular with a single external pointed cusp, with several small denticles on both sides.</p> <p>Jaws homogeneous, short, with a small vertical protrusion in the centre.</p> <p>Distribution: Northern temperate Atlantic, Alboran Sea, South Africa, Brazil, Uruguay; 58–4500 m deep.</p> <p>R e m a r k s: T h e g e n u s C a l y p t o c o n c h a c a n b e distinguished by the combination of a reduced taenioglossate radula (formula 0:1:1:1:0), a rachidian tooth with a squared base, and a non-calcified internal vestigial shell (often broken in dredged specimens and difficult to remove from the body) with a comparatively higher spire. The protoconch is also different from the rest of the subfamily in having a small diameter of the nucleus, a small diameter of the first whorl and lacking subsutural axial folds on protoconch I. The jaws show a diagnostic small vertical protrusion in the centre.</p> <p>Based on the radular formula, the shape of the rachidian tooth and composition of the shell, we include in this genus the South African Marsenia capensis (Cape Point, 239–1463 m). We also suggest including Lamellaria branca (type locality: Brazil, off Sao Paulo state, in 78 m) based on its radula and shell shape, although the shell seems to be calcified compared with the other two congeners, which might be related to its shallower water habitat.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFAFFFEF152975A7FE075A98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFA8FFEE168A7420FD685D14.text	8C6587D7FFA8FFEE168A7420FD685D14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Variolipallium Fassio, Bouchet & Oliverio 2023	<div><p>VARIOLIPALLIUM FASSIO, BOUCHET &amp; OLIVERIO GEN. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 4H–J, 7B, 9D, 10E, F, 11E, F)</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 170D2A4B-E62D-4612-9737-FFC39B639EFA</p> <p>Type species: Variolipallium regium Fassio, Bouchet &amp; Oliverio sp. nov.</p> <p>Included species: Variolipallium cerebroides (Hutton, 1882) comb. nov., Variolipallium elatum (Strebel, 1906) comb. nov., Variolipallium leptoconcha (Bergh, 1907) comb. nov., Variolipalliumnodosum (Ev.Marcus, 1987) comb. nov., Variolipallium patagonicum (E. A. Smith, 1881) comb. nov. and Variolipallium regium Fassio, Bouchet, Oliverio sp. nov.</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the subfamily, 0.5–3.0 cm total length. Shell very thin, weakly calcified to membranaceus; ear shaped, high spired, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle or presenting a small dorsal fissure. Periostracum not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.24–1.70 whorls; protoconch I of 0.48– 1.20 whorls, nucleus diameter 100–150 μm, smooth, with subsutural axial folds; protoconch II with axial growth lines; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded or polygonal; thick to thin, often with a few to several dorsal tubercles; with anterior siphon fold; texture smooth to wrinkled (resembling the convolutions of a brain); colour variable, almost transparent to white, grey, yellow, orange to red, pink to violet, light blue, brown, dark green, occasionally patterned with spots. Cephalic tentacle tips can be white, lime yellow or almost transparent.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle, with or without a lateral subterminal papilla. Vas deferens without a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated; rachidian cusp with few to several, very small to pronounced external denticles; lateral teeth elongated, with a pointed triangular external cusp, with few to several, very small to pronounced denticles on both sides or only on the internal side.</p> <p>Jaws homogeneous, short to elongated.</p> <p>Distribution: Tropical West Pacific (South China Sea, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia), New Zealand; Caribbean; tip of South America (Chile, Argentina, Falkland Islands), South Africa; 42–1573 m deep.</p> <p>Etymology: From Variola, the Latin name for smallpox, and pallium, meaning ‘mantle’, referring to the coloured small tubercles on the mantle of the type species and other members of the group. Gender neuter.</p> <p>Remarks: Variolipallium can be diagnosed by a membranaceous to weakly calcified shell with high spire (similar to that of Calyptoconcha and Marseniopsis) and a bifurcated rachidian tooth (like Lamellaria, Marsenia, etc.), although in Variolipallium the ‘V’-shaped base of the rachidian tooth can be comparatively less marked.</p> <p>All the species included in this genus have been found at depths&gt; 95 m.</p> <p>The dorsal appearance of the mantle varies from wrinkled, with several tubercles (resembling the convolutions of a brain), to rather smooth and studded with fewer small tubercles of different colour, to completely smooth. Several species (Variolipallium cerebroides, Variolipallium cf. patagonicum, Variolipallium cf. elatum, Variolipallium sp. L10, Variolipallium sp. L11, Variolipallium sp. L12, Variolipallium sp. L14 and Variolipallium regium) include specimens with a small to very small dorsal mantle fissure, occasionally marked by a small black spot (visible also in preserved specimens).</p> <p>Lamellaria patagonica E. A. Smith, 1881 (type locality: Trinidad Channel, Chile, in 54 m) and Lamellaria elata Strebel, 1906 (type locality: Puerto Condor, Chile) belong to this genus based on their fragile and high-spired shells, smooth mantle and radular formula and shape. Variolipallium patagonicum and Variolipallium elatum can be distinguished by a more rapidly expanding first whorl in the former and, consequently, a higher shell in the latter, also resulting in a flatter body in Variolipallium patagonicum and a more globose one in Variolipallium elatum.</p> <p>Lamellariaampla Strebel, 1906 (Ushuaia, Argentina) might also belong here (based on shell shape and shell consistency), but further analysis of the type material is necessary, because the radula, in particular, is not described in the original description. However, the general description, in particular the jelly-like mantle, wrinkled, grey with darker spots, would also be compatible with a position in Marseniopsinae.</p> <p>Lamellaria leptoconcha (South Africa, Cape Point, in 1097–1280 m) is included in Variolipallium based on the membranaceus texture of the shell and the shape of the rachidian tooth. Bergh (1907: pl. IX, fig. 18) sketched a rachidian tooth with a not marked but visible ‘V’-shaped base (similar to our SEM photographs; Fig. 10E, F), and in the description underlined that the difference between this species and Marsenia leptolemma (= Calyptoconcha pellucida) was the shape of the rachidian tooth (that in Calyptoconcha indeed has a squared base).</p> <p>Lamellaria cerebroides (Auckland, New Zealand) is included in Variolipallium based on the radular formula and shape, and the wrinkled dorsum appearance. Lamellaria Ʋerrucosa (= Lamellaria nodosa) (Auckland Islands) is also included in this genus based on the membranaceus texture of the shell, the rugose appearance of the dorsum, and the radular formula and shape. Odhner (1924) described it as being similar to Marseniopsis mollis, but the radular formula of Lamellaria Ʋerrucosa clearly indicates that it belongs to the subfamily Lamellariinae.</p> <p>The original description of Lamellaria ophione Gray, 1850 is general (fitting most lamellariine genera) and does not report any information regarding diagnostic characters. However, considering the type locality (Auckland, New Zealand), there is a chance that this species also belongs to this genus, because this is the only lamellarine genus recorded in this area so far.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFA8FFEE168A7420FD685D14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFA9FFED157E7181FDF35EE3.text	8C6587D7FFA9FFED157E7181FDF35EE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pacifica Fassio, Bouchet & Oliverio 2023	<div><p>PACIFICA FASSIO, BOUCHET &amp; OLIVERIO GEN. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 5A, B, 7C, D, 9E, F, 10G, H, 11G, H)</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: BC75A004-F0A8-40C5-9636-2B3CFDC96EEF</p> <p>Type species: Pacifica lentiginosa Fassio, Bouchet &amp; Oliverio sp. nov.</p> <p>Included species: Pacifica indecora (Bergh, 1886) comb. nov., Pacifica lentiginosa Fassio, Bouchet &amp; Oliverio sp. nov.</p> <p>Description: Body of small size for the subfamily, 0.5– 1.0 cm total length. Shell very thin, weakly calcified; ear shaped, low spire, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.6–1.8 whorls; nucleus diameter 110–135 μm; protoconch I 1.1–1.2 whorls, smooth, with subsutural axial folds; protoconch II with axial growth lines;protoconch–teleoconchboundarynotalwaysdistinct.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded; thin; with anterior siphon folds; texture smooth; colour almost transparent to white, grey, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, patterned with many small and big spots or colour patches.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle; with a lateral subterminal papilla. Vas deferens with or without a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated; rachidian cusp with three or four external long denticles on each side; lateral teeth elongated, with a pointed triangular external cusp, with four to seven long denticles on each side side.</p> <p>Jaws short, with an external protrusion on the upper side.</p> <p>Distribution: Indo-West Pacific (Madagascar, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu); 20–244 m deep.</p> <p>Etymology: From the Latin adjective pacifica, meaning ‘peaceful’, as a symbolic quest for peace from the scientific community. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Remarks: This lineage includes a few Indo-West Pacific species with a peculiar radula (both rachidian and lateral teeth with long denticles) and a unique jaw shape, small and with an external protrusion on the upper side. The two specimens photographed alive showed a dorsal mantle with several coloured spots.</p> <p>Marsenia indecora Bergh, 1886 (Philippines Sea) belongs to this genus because of its peculiar jaw shape and radular shape. Bergh (1886b) himself regarded this species as remarkably different from all other species he described from the Philippines (that are now included in the genus Marsenia).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFA9FFED157E7181FDF35EE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFAAFFED169E71DCFB215E3A.text	8C6587D7FFAAFFED169E71DCFB215E3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Velutinidae Fassio & Stefani & Russini & Buge & Bouchet & Treneman & Malaquias & Schiaparelli & Modica & Oliverio 2023	<div><p>PACIFICA LENTIGINOSA FASSIO, BOUCHET &amp; OLIVERIO SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 5A, 7C, 9E, 10G, 11G)</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 210F01F5-C95D-4F27-A63D-9715015E67EE</p> <p>Type material: Holotype: MNHN-IM-2009-16140 (Sud Madagascar, Lavanono West sector, ATIMO VATAE/ BP21, 25°23.1–23.2ʹS, 44°51.4–51.6ʹE, 20 m deep, female).</p> <p>Material examined: MNHN-IM-2009-16140 (Sud Madagascar, Lavanono West sector, ATIMO VATAE/ BP21, 25°23.1–23.2ʹS, 44°51.4–51.6ʹE, 20 m deep, female).</p> <p>Description: Body of medium size for the genus, 1 cm total length. Shell very thin, weakly calcified; ear shaped, low spire, with expanded aperture; weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.6 whorls; nucleus diameter 110 μm; protoconch I 1.2 whorls, smooth, with subsutural axial folds; protoconch II with axial growth lines; protoconch–teleoconch boundary distinct.</p> <p>Mantle dome shaped, outline rounded; thin; with anterior siphon folds; texture slightly wrinkled; dorsal mantle colour light violet, patterned with several small white and beige spots, fewer bigger orange spots and some brown patches.</p> <p>Penis unknown; vas deferens unknown.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated; rachidian cusp with three external long denticles on each side; lateral teeth elongated, with a pointed triangular external cusp, with four or five long denticles on each side.</p> <p>Jaws short; with an external protrusion on the upper side.</p> <p>Distribution: So far known only from the type locality (southern Madagascar), 20 m deep.</p> <p>Etymology: From the Latin adjective lentiginosa, meaning ‘freckled’, referring to the dorsal coloration of the holotype.</p> <p>Remarks: This species is known only from shallow waters of southern Madagascar. Owing to the high variability in shell shape and mantle coloration in this family, the most reliable way to identify this species remains by molecular analysis.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFAAFFED169E71DCFB215E3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFAAFFEC15877182FD675D51.text	8C6587D7FFAAFFEC15877182FD675D51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Djiboutia Vayssiere 1912	<div><p>DJIBOUTIA VAYSSIÈRE, 1912</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 5C, 8A, 9E, 10I, 11I)</p> <p>Djiboutia Vayssière, 1912: 121;</p> <p>type species Djiboutia Ʋerrucosa Vayssière, 1912 by monotypy.</p> <p>Included species: Djiboutia australis (Basedow, 1905) comb. nov., Djiboutia sibogae (Bergh, 1908) comb. nov., Djiboutia Ʋerrucosa Vayssière, 1912.</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the subfamily, 0.5–3.3 cm total length. Shell thin to very thin, weakly calcified; ear shaped, low spire, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.30–1.75 whorls; nucleus diameter 120–145 μm; protoconch I 0.75–1.00 whorls, smooth, with subsutural axial folds; protoconch II with axial growth lines; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded; thin; with anterior siphon folds; texture smooth; colour highly variable, almost transparent to white, grey, beige, yellow, orange, red, violet, brown, black, often patterned with dots or patches of colour.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle; with or without a lateral subterminal papilla. Vas deferens without a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated; rachidian cusp smooth and slim; lateral teeth elongated, composed of a smooth, external, pointed and bold cusp, plus a smooth internal truncated projection.</p> <p>Jaws short.</p> <p>Distribution: Indo-West Pacific (Madagascar, Gulf of Tadjoura, Papua New Guinea, Sulawesi, southern Australia and Tasmania, New Caledonia); 0–101 m deep.</p> <p>Remarks: The key character to recognize this genus is the rachidian tooth (bifurcated, smooth and slim, without denticles) that represents a unique combination in this family. Based on this character and on an overall similar morphology, we suggest that Lamellaria australis and Marsenia sibogae belong to this genus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFAAFFEC15877182FD675D51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFABFFEC17597263FC4D5EC0.text	8C6587D7FFABFFEC17597263FC4D5EC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coriocella Blainville 1824	<div><p>CORIOCELLA BLAINVILLE, 1824</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 5D, E, 8B, 9H, 10J, 11J)</p> <p>Coriocella Blainville, 1824: 259;</p> <p>type species Coriocella nigra Blainville, 1824 by monotypy.</p> <p>Chelinotus Swainson, 1840: 355;</p> <p>type species: Sigaretus tonganus Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1832 by monotypy.</p> <p>Chelyonotus Herrmannsen, 1846: 221; unnecessary replacement name for Chelinotus Swainson.</p> <p>Included species: Coriocella hibyae Wellens, 1991, Coriocella jayi Wellens, 1996, Coriocella nigra Blainville, 1824, Coriocella safagae Wellens, 1999, Coriocella semperi (Bergh, 1875), Coriocella tongana (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1832).</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the subfamily, 1.5–8.5 cm. Shell thin, strongly to moderately calcified; ear shaped, low spire, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum thin.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.0–1.3 whorls; protoconch I 0.46–1.10 whorls, nucleus diameter 122–150 μm, smooth, with subsutural axial folds; protoconch II with or without axial growth lines; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle dome shaped, outline rounded; thick, with two to six warts on the dorsum; with anterior siphon folds; smooth, wrinkled, often velvet-like in texture; colour highly variable, beige, yellow, red, violet, blue, dark green, brown, black, often patterned with irregular colour patches or spots.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle; with tip of the seminal duct protruded from the penis tip. Vas deferens without a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, with formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated; rachidian cusp with several external small denticles; lateral teeth elongated, with one external triangular pointed and bold cusp with small denticles on the external side, plus one truncated projection with small denticles on the distal side.</p> <p>Jaws elongated.</p> <p>Distribution: Indo-West Pacific (Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius, Red Sea, Maldives, Philippines, northern Australia, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Tonga); 0–18 m deep.</p> <p>Remarks: Coriocella is probably the lamellarine genus that can be recognized best from the external morphology only, thanks to the presence of a variable, species-specific number of warts, well evident on the dorsum of living animals (e.g. three for Coriocella nigra; five for Coriocella safage Wellens, 1999, Coriocella hibyae, Coriocella semperi and Coriocella tongana (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1832); and six for Coriocella jayi), and the typical light brown or dark velvet-like coloration. However, the warts can become barely visible and the colour often vanishes once the specimen is preserved in alcohol. The shell shape is hardly distinguishable from the other low-spired lamellariine genera (Lamellaria, Marsenia and Djiboutia). However, most adult specimens of Coriocella show a higher level of shell calcification compared with the rest of the subfamily.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFABFFEC17597263FC4D5EC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FFABFFD315FB71F0FA185908.text	8C6587D7FFABFFD315FB71F0FA185908.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamellaria Montagu 1816	<div><p>LAMELLARIA MONTAGU, 1816</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 5F, G, 8C, 9I, J, 10K, L, 11K)</p> <p>Lamellaria Montagu, 1816: 184;</p> <p>type species Lamellaria tentaculata Montagu, 1816 by subsequent designation of Wenz, 1940: 955 as Bulla latens O. F. Muller, 1776.</p> <p>Cryptocella H. Adams &amp; A. Adams, 1853: 202;</p> <p>type species Lamellaria tentaculata Montagu, 1816 by subsequent designation of Kobelt, 1876 –1881: 78.</p> <p>Included species: Lamellaria diegoensis Dall, 1885, Lamellaria fella (Er. Marcus &amp; Ev. Marcus, 1970) comb. nov., Lamellaria inflata (C. B. Adams, 1852), Lamellaria latens (O. F. Müller, 1776), Lamellaria mopsicolor Ev. Marcus, 1958.</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the subfamily, 0.3–1.1 cm total length. Shell thin, weakly calcified; ear shaped, low spire, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.1–2.0 whorls; protoconch I 0.56–1.10 whorls, nucleus diameter 125–214 μm, smooth, with subsutural axial folds; protoconch II with or without axial growth lines; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded; thick or thin, rarely with dorsum tubercles; with anterior siphon folds; texture smooth/wrinkled/jelly-like; colour highly variable, almost transparent to white, grey, beige, yellow, orange, red, violet, brown, often patterned with dots or streaks of colour.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle; with or without a lateral subterminal papilla. Vas deferens with or without a free loop or several folds in the haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, with formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated; rachidian cusp with few to several small external denticles on the right side only; lateral teeth elongated, composed of an external, pointed and bold cusp without denticles, plus an internal truncated projection, with several small denticles on the distal side.</p> <p>Jaws short to elongated.</p> <p>Distribution: Tropical and temperate Eastern Pacific, Tropical Atlantic, north-eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea; 0–61 m deep.</p> <p>Remarks: The genus Lamellaria can be distinguished from the others thanks to the rachidian tooth with a bifurcated base and denticles only on the left side of the cusp and the lateral tooth composed of one cusp and one projection. Species of this genus can be divided in two main lineages: one present in the temperate north-eastern Atlantic and one in the central–western Atlantic tropics and in the tropical and temperate eastern Pacific. Our analyses indicate that the type species, Lamellaria latens, is part of a monophyletic complex of cryptic species (at least four).</p> <p>We include in this genus Coriocella fella, owing to its characteristic rachidian tooth, unilaterally denticulated, the general shape of the shell and the absence of the typical mantle dorsal warts of Coriocella.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FFABFFD315FB71F0FA185908	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FF94FFD215A176B0FD895B3C.text	8C6587D7FF94FFD215A176B0FD895B3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marsenia Oken 1823	<div><p>MARSENIA OKEN, 1823</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 5H, I, 8D, 9K, L, 10M–O, 11L)</p> <p>Marsenia Oken, 1823: columns 458, 460;</p> <p>type species Bulla haliotoidea Montagu, 1803 = Helix perspicua Linnaeus, 1758 by monotypy.</p> <p>Included species: Marsenia herberti (Drivas &amp; Jay, 1990) comb. nov., Marsenia perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758), Marsenia affinis Bergh, 1886 [taxon inquirendum], Marsenia cabulana Bergh, 1886 [taxon inquirendum], Marsenia dubia Bergh,1886 [taxoninquirendum], Marseniagemma Bergh, 1875 [taxon inquirendum], Marsenia isabellina Bergh, 1875 [taxon inquirendum], Marsenia perspicua var. lara Bergh, 1899 [taxon inquirendum].</p> <p>Description: Body of small to medium size for the subfamily, 0.3–10.0 cm total length. Shell thin, weakly calcified; ear shaped, low to high spire, with expanded aperture; smooth or weakly sculptured by axial growth lines; completely enclosed by the mantle or presenting a small dorsal fissure. Periostracum not visible.</p> <p>Protoconch of 1.2–1.6 whorls; protoconch I 0.6–0.75 whorls, nucleus diameter 100–250 μm, smooth, with subsutural axial folds; protoconch II with or without axial growth lines; protoconch–teleoconch boundary not always distinct.</p> <p>Mantle flat or dome shaped, outline rounded; thick or thin, with or without tubercles on dorsum; with anterior siphon folds; texture smooth/wrinkled/jellylike; colour highly variable, almost transparent to white, grey, beige, yellow, orange, red, violet, brown, often patterned with dots, streaks or patches of colour.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle; with or without a lateral subterminal papilla. Vas deferens with or without a free loop in haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, with formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated; rachidian cusp with several external denticles; lateral teeth elongated, with a pointed triangular external cusp, with several denticles on both sides.</p> <p>Jaws short to elongated.</p> <p>Distribution: Indo-West Pacific (Madagascar, Reunion, Red Sea, Taiwan, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Tasmania, New Caledonia, Hawaii), Mediterranean Sea (Corsica and Alboran Sea), Caribbean Sea (Martinique and French Guiana); 0–214 m deep.</p> <p>Remarks: The type species, Marsenia perspicua, is part of a complex of at least two cryptic species.</p> <p>This widely distributed lineage is present in the tropical areas of the Indo-Pacific and the Atlantic, and in the Mediterranean Sea. It would be difficult to recognize this genus from other lamellarines with a low spire and moderately calcified shell, if it was not for its radula, characterized by a rachidian tooth bifurcated at the base, with small denticles on both sides and elongated lateral teeth with pointed, triangular and external cusps, with small denticles on both sides.</p> <p>In one species (Marsenia sp. L45), a specimen with a shell not completely enclosed by the mantle but presenting a small dorsal fissure (similar to that of some Variolipallium specimens) was observed.</p> <p>We think that, based on the original descriptions, several taxa inquirenda described by Bergh (1886b) from Philippines and Cape Verde material (Marsenia affinis, Marsenia cabulana, Marsenia dubia, Marsenia gemma, Marsenia isabellina and Marsenia perspicua var. lara) might belong to this genus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FF94FFD215A176B0FD895B3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
8C6587D7FF95FFD2176F747CFC395BE0.text	8C6587D7FF95FFD2176F747CFC395BE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marseniella Bergh 1886	<div><p>MARSENIELLA BERGH, 1886</p> <p>Marseniella Bergh, 1886a: 14;</p> <p>type species Marseniella borealis Bergh, 1886 by monotypy.</p> <p>Included species: Marseniella borealis Bergh, 1886.</p> <p>Description: Body of medium size for the subfamily, 2.2 cm total length. Shell thin, membranaceus, weakly calcified; ear shaped, low spire, last whorl wide and detached from the spire at the back, with expanded aperture; completely enclosed by the mantle. Periostracum unknown.</p> <p>Protoconch unknown.</p> <p>Mantle flat, outline rounded; with coarse and fine knots on the dorsum; with anterior siphon folds; texture unknown; colour unknown.</p> <p>Penis to the right of the right cephalic tentacle; with a lateral subterminal papilla. Vas deferens with a free loop and several folds in the haemocoel.</p> <p>Radula reduced taenioglossate, formula 0:1:1:1:0; rachidian tooth base bifurcated; rachidian cusp with several denticles on both sides; lateral tooth elongated, with a pointed triangular external cusp, with several denticles on both sides.</p> <p>Jaws short.</p> <p>Distribution: Known only from Florø, north of Bergen (Norway); depth unknown.</p> <p>Remarks: Bergh (1886a, b, 1887) described this monotypic genus from a single specimen collected in Norwegian waters. Bergh described it as very similar to velutinids that we call here Lamellaria and Marsenia, but different enough to deserve a separate name. The radular formula and the ‘V’-arched rachidian tooth confirm that it belongs to the Lamellariinae. The rachidian tooth with denticle on both sides and a lateral tooth elongated, with a pointed triangular external cusp, with several denticles on both sides might be compatible with the genus Marsenia (but we have not found any Marsenia in Norwegian waters, from where we have examined only Lamellaria specimens). The vas deferens producing several folds in the haemocoel has been observed in the genus Lamellaria, but we do not consider this character as diagnostic at the genus level. Above all, Bergh (1886a, b, 1887) described for Marsenia borealis a very unusual corneous shell, only partly calcified, somehow similar in texture to that of Onchidiopsis. The described shape is also unusual, flatter than Lamellaria and Marsenia, with a very wide last whorl detached from the spire at the back (a shell shape not observed in any other velutinid examined so far) (Bergh 1887: pl. X figs 1, 2).</p> <p>For these reasons, pending further analysis, we provisionally keep Marseniella as a valid genus in the subfamily Lamellariinae, not present in our molecular dataset.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587D7FF95FFD2176F747CFC395BE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fassio, Giulia;Stefani, Matteo;Russini, Valeria;Buge, Barbara;Bouchet, Philippe;Treneman, Nancy;Malaquias, Manuel António E.;Schiaparelli, Stefano;Modica, Maria Vittoria;Oliverio, Marco	Fassio, Giulia, Stefani, Matteo, Russini, Valeria, Buge, Barbara, Bouchet, Philippe, Treneman, Nancy, Malaquias, Manuel António E., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Oliverio, Marco (2023): Neither slugs nor snails: a molecular reappraisal of the gastropod family Velutinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4): 924-964, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac091
