taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E187A1FFCDFFCDD2E9D96DD768F900.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 9)	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCDFFCDD2E9D96DD768F900.taxon	description	Demasculinized male examined. Holotype ♂ of Dolichopus hurleyi: USA, Pennsylvania, Centre County, Black Moshannon State Park, Moss-Hanne Trail, Shirks Run, 580 m, 18 June 2007, N 40 ° 53.396 ′ W 78 ° 02.584 ′, JB Runyon, from vegetation in wooded swamp (USNM) [abdomen partly cut open to reveal mermithid-like nematode within].	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCDFFCDD2E9D96DD768F900.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The demasculinized male has smaller than normal genitalia (cf. Figs 1, 2) that are held off-center beneath abdomen, a less-well developed lamella on arista (cf. Figs 3, 4), wider silvery face (cf. Figs 7, 8), and lacking costal enlargement at apex of R 1. MSSCs of the legs that are lacking include the longer black setae on posterior surface of front femur and the slightly raised, minutely pilose area on posterior surface of the hind tibia (a characteristic of this species group). Notably, the size of lobes of the modified front tarsi are reduced with tarsomere 5 wholly black (mostly white in normal males) (cf. Figs 5, 6). Numerous normal males of D. dorycerus were collected at this site with the single demasculinized specimen.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCDFFCCD2E9DB95D5DCFE87.taxon	description	(Figs 10 – 12, 16, 17)	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCDFFCCD2E9DB95D5DCFE87.taxon	description	Demasculinized male examined. 1 ♂, USA, Montana, Granite County, Copper Creek, wetland, N 46.06099 ° W 113.55637 °, 22 July 2020, JB Runyon (MTEC).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCDFFCCD2E9DB95D5DCFE87.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The demasculinized specimen has small, very poorly rotated genitalia with darker cerci (cf. Figs 16, 17), a wider face (cf. Figs 10, 11), pterostigma absent, and with the long ventral ciliation of hind femora greatly reduced. The infected specimen was collected with a normal male of D. partitus in a sedge-dominated boggy wetland with scattered willows.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCCFFCAD2E9DB48D7D8FEDB.taxon	description	(Figs 13 – 15, 18, 19)	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCCFFCAD2E9DB48D7D8FEDB.taxon	description	Demasculinized males examined. 4 ♂ (including holotype of Dolichopus frosti), USA, Pennsylvania, Centre County, Black Moshannon State Park, Moss-Hanne Trail, Shirks Run, 580 m, 23 July 2006, N 40 ° 53.396 ’ W 78 ° 02.584 ’, muddy trail through sphagnum bog, JB Runyon; 4 ♂, same as previous, 26 July 2007 (MTEC, PSUC, USNM).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCCFFCAD2E9DB48D7D8FEDB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Infected specimens of D. sincerus differ from normal specimens in having unusually small and incompletely rotated genitalia (cf. Figs 18, 19), a wider face with silver pruinosity (cf. Figs 13, 14), costa without or with at most indistinct enlargement at apex of R 1, abdominal sternite 2 with longer ventral hairs (similar to female), and in lacking a broad, lustrous, posterodorsal spur at apex of the hind tibia. Twenty-three normal males of D. sincerus were collected at the site with eight demasculinized male specimens.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC9FFC9D2E9DDDCD00CFD52.taxon	description	(Figs 20 – 26) Rhaphium signiferum (Osten Sacken), 1878: 242. Nematode. Apparent Mermithidae. Demasculinized male examined. 1 ♂, USA, Pennsylvania, Centre Co., Black Moshannon State Park, Moss- Hanne Trail, Shirks Run, 580 m, 20 June 2007, JB Runyon (MTEC).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC9FFC9D2E9DDDCD00CFD52.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The demasculinized specimen was initially thought to represent an undescribed species. Recognition that two species of Dolichopus from this site were infected by mermithid-like nematodes (D. dorycerus and D. sincerus) spurred re-examination that indicated this specimen to be a demasculinized form of R. signiferum, a common species at the site. The genitalia of the infected specimen is smaller and not fully centered beneath the abdomen. Most MSSCs are weakly developed in the infected specimen, including: postpedicel shorter with longer arista and smaller apical lamella (cf. Figs 20, 21), face broader (cf. Figs 24, 25), postocular setae scarcely flattened, mid coxa with poorly developed cluster of fused apical setae (cf. Figs 22, 23), weak development of longer white setae on front and mid femora, and smaller apical swelling of the front basitarsus.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC8FFC8D2E9DDDCD1A7FA51.taxon	description	(Figs 27 – 39)	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC8FFC8D2E9DDDCD1A7FA51.taxon	description	Demasculinized males examined. Holotype ♂ of Tachytrechus boharti, USA, California, Sierra County, Yuba Pass, 7 July 1964, RM Bohart (UCDC) [photos]; holotype ♂ of Tachytrechus duplicatus, USA, Oregon, Baker [City], 25 July 1965, FC Harmston (CAS) [photos]; holotype ♂ of Tachytrechus mchughi, USA, Oregon, Latourele [Latourell] Falls, 2 August 1962, RA McHugh (CAS) [photos]; 1 ♂, USA, California, Trinity County, Scott Mountains, Stoddard Mine, 7200 ft, 25 July 1981, DM Gordon (MTEC); 2 ♂, USA, Montana, Ravalli County, 0.8 km NW Skalkaho Pass, roadside seep, 18 August 2002, 7270 ft, R Hurley & J Runyon (MTEC); 4 ♂, USA, Montana, Gallatin County, Bridger Mountains, Johnson Canyon, large hillside spring, 30 July 2010, N 45 ° 57.73 ′ W 111 ° 01.61 ′, JB Runyon (MTEC).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC8FFC8D2E9DDDCD1A7FA51.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Demasculinized males of T. sanus are characterized by having: (1) a wider face that is light yellow to wholly silver (cf. Figs 27, 28), (2) arista shorter with reduced lamella, but arista length and size of lamella is variable (Figs 33 – 39), (3) legs darker: fore coxa mostly dark, all femora with approximately basal half dark brown, mid and hind tibiae brown on apical third or more (cf. Figs 30, 31), (4) the posterior row of setae on front tibia reduced in size (noticeably thickened and flattened in normal males) and usually in number (4 – 8 in infected versus 8 – 10 in normal males), (5) front tarsus lacking silvery pile, and (6) hypopygium unusually small and incompletely rotated (cf. Figs 30, 31). The darker legs are an interesting example of infected males converging with the female form. Females of T. sanus have wholly dark front coxae and mostly dark femora and tibiae, but these are mostly yellow in normal males. The characters above vary considerably across the infected specimens (especially the arista, extent of brown on legs, size and number of setae on front tibia, and size of the genitalia), perhaps related to the extent of nematode infection. Harmston described T. boharti from one male collected at Yuba Pass, California noting that it is distinguished by the spear-shaped arista (Fig. 37). Tachytrechus duplicatus was described from one male collected at Baker, Oregon and T. mchughi from two males collected at Latourell Falls, Oregon. A close resemblance of both species to T. boharti was noted. Although the presence of nematode (s) within the holotypes of T. boharti, T. duplicatus, and T. mchughi have not been confirmed, synonymy with T. sanus is proposed based on: (1) demasculinized specimens of T. sanus match the descriptions of T. boharti, T. duplicatus, and T. mchughi (Harmston 1968, 1972), and (2) the holotypes each show signs of nematode-caused demasculinization that fall within the spectrum of variation caused by nematode-induced demasculinization of T. sanus (see above). Normal males of T. sanus were collected with demasculinized specimens at most sites, including four normal specimens with the T. boharti holotype (UCDC).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DDDCD161FE6A.taxon	description	Dolichopus abbreviatus was described from two male specimens, one from Labrador, Canada and one from Maine, USA. The face is wide and the hypopygium is “ remarkably short ” with small cerci. Van Duzee remarked that D. abbreviatus is similar to D. cuniculus Van Duzee and D. ramifer Loew (Van Duzee 1921: 145). Dolichopus cuniculus is also potentially demasculinized (see below) and might prove synonymous with D. abbreviatus. Dolichopus ramifer is not likely to be the host species since both sexes have a stump vein (lacking in D. abbreviatus) and shiny bluish frons (green in D. abbreviatus), characters that are not expected to be altered by nematode infection.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DF0AD620FC01.taxon	discussion	Potential infected species: Dolichopus bisetosus Van Duzee, 1921: 77.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DF0AD620FC01.taxon	description	Dolichopus beatus was described from one male collected at Craig Mountain, Idaho, USA. The male is described as having a wide face and a very small hypopygium that is “ about the size of the fifth abdominal segment ”. Eight males of the putative host species, D. bisetosus, were also collected at Craig Mountain, Idaho. Both species belong to Group B of the North American species of Dolichopus (Van Duzee 1921) and differ in width of the face, size of the postabdomen, and extent of yellow on the middle femur (in D. beatus the femur is darker and more like the female which has black femora).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DEA7D1A5FB64.taxon	description	Dolichopus bolsteri was described from one male collected at Little River, Newfoundland, Canada. The male is described having a wide face and rather short postabdomen with small cerci. Photos of the holotype male (MCZ, https: // mczbase. mcz. harvard. edu / guid / MCZ: Ent: 7615) show clear signs of demasculinization: the hypopygium is characteristically small and poorly rotated (and in one photo can be seen projecting out to one side of abdomen).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9D80FD4FEF9E0.taxon	discussion	Potential infected species: Dolichopus xanthocnemus Loew, 1864 b: 31.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9D80FD4FEF9E0.taxon	description	Dolichopus brevicauda was described from one male from Mount Washington, New Hampshire, USA. The face is wide and hypopygium is small and not much larger than the cerci. Dolichopus xanthocnemus, also collected at Mount Washington, is possibly the infected species. Dolichopus brevicauda differs from D. xanthocnemus by the small genitalia with darker cerci, lack of yellow cilia on hind femur, and lacking a knot-like enlargement on the costa.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DB8BD5E1F86C.taxon	discussion	Potential infected species: Dolichopus hastatus Loew, 1864 b: 59.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DB8BD5E1F86C.taxon	description	Dolichopus comptus was described from one male collected near Lake Tahoe, California, USA. Van Duzee noted that this species is very similar to D. hastatus but differs in having a much shorter hypopygium with very much smaller cerci, a less enlarged lamella on the arista, and a less sinuous posterior margin of the wing. Illustrations of the arista (Van Duzee et al. 1921, figs 109 a, b) suggest that the D. comptus arista could be a demasculinized form of the arista of D. hastatus.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DDDCD542FD3E.taxon	discussion	Potential infected species: possibly Dolichopus remotus.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DDDCD542FD3E.taxon	description	Dolichopus cuniculus was described from one male collected on Grand Island, New York, USA. This male has a short, rather slender hypopygium and Van Duzee commented “ The name was suggested by the small hypopygium which reminded me of a rabbit’s tail ” (Van Duzee 1921: 146). The illustration of the apex of the abdomen and postabdomen (Van Duzee et al. 1921, fig. 98) shows a small and improperly rotated hypopygium that is characteristic of nematode infection. Parent (1934) synonymized D. cuniculus with D. remotus but gave no justification. It is possible that types of both species are demasculinized. Van Duzee noted the similarity of D. cuniculus to D. abbreviatus (see above) and the widespread species D. ramifer (Van Duzee 1921: 145). Dolichopus ramifer is unlikely to be the host species since both sexes have a stump vein (lacking in D. cuniculus) and shiny bluish frons (green in D. cuniculus), characters not predicted to be affected by nematode infection. Dolichopus abbreviatus, on the other hand, could be synonymous with D. cuniculus.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DFBED1BBFC78.taxon	description	Dolichopus imperfectus was described from one male collected in Illinois, USA. Although the face is “ rather narrow ”, the hypopygium is unlike any other in Dolichopus being very small with what appears to be rudiments of cerci (Van Duzee et al. 1921, fig. 176). Such poorly developed genitalia could be caused by nematode infection.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D97FD546FAF3.taxon	discussion	Potential infected species: Dolichopus plumipes (Scopoli, 1763: 334).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D97FD546FAF3.taxon	description	Dolichopus sporadicus was based on one male from Utah, USA. The male face is wide and the hypopygium is small with extremely small cerci. Harmston and Knowlton noted the similarity to D. plumipes (common in Utah) with D. sporadicus differing in lacking a fringe of setae on the middle basitarsus and having small genitalia. Demasculinized specimens of D. plumipes are reported from Europe and have twice been mistakenly described as new species (Kahanpää 2008).	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D8F0D172F932.taxon	description	Dolichopus tarsipictis was described from one male collected at Baker, Oregon, USA. Nematode infection is suggested by the wide face and hypopygium that is “ small for the genus ”. Harmston and Knowlton noted similarities to several species in the D. latipennis species group (= Hygroceleuthus Loew) and to D. cavatus Van Duzee.	en	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
