identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E187A1FFCDFFCDD2E9D96DD768F900.text	03E187A1FFCDFFCDD2E9D96DD768F900.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus dorycerus Loew 1864	<div><p>Dolichopus dorycerus Loew, 1864a</p> <p>(Figs 1–9)</p> <p>Dolichopus dorycerus Loew, 1864a: 93.</p> <p>Dolichopus hurleyi Runyon, 2008: 368, syn. nov.</p> <p>Nematode. Apparent Mermithidae.</p> <p>Demasculinized male examined. Holotype ♂ of Dolichopus hurleyi: USA, Pennsylvania, Centre County, Black Moshannon State Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.04307&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.889935" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.04307/lat 40.889935)">Moss-Hanne Trail</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.04307&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.889935" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.04307/lat 40.889935)">Shirks Run</a>, 580 m, 18 June 2007, N 40°53.396′ W78°02.584′, JB Runyon, from vegetation in wooded swamp (USNM) [abdomen partly cut open to reveal mermithid-like nematode within].</p> <p>Remarks. The demasculinized male has smaller than normal genitalia (cf. Figs 1, 2) that are held off-center beneath abdomen, a less-well developed lamella on arista (cf. Figs 3, 4), wider silvery face (cf. Figs 7, 8), and lacking costal enlargement at apex of R 1. MSSCs of the legs that are lacking include the longer black setae on posterior surface of front femur and the slightly raised, minutely pilose area on posterior surface of the hind tibia (a characteristic of this species group). Notably, the size of lobes of the modified front tarsi are reduced with tarsomere 5 wholly black (mostly white in normal males) (cf. Figs 5, 6). Numerous normal males of D. dorycerus were collected at this site with the single demasculinized specimen.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFCDFFCDD2E9D96DD768F900	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCDFFCCD2E9DB95D5DCFE87.text	03E187A1FFCDFFCCD2E9DB95D5DCFE87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus partitus Melander & Brues 1900	<div><p>Dolichopus partitus Melander &amp; Brues, 1900</p> <p>(Figs 10–12, 16, 17)</p> <p>Dolichopus partitus Melander &amp; Brues, 1900: 135.</p> <p>Nematode. Apparent Mermithidae.</p> <p>Demasculinized male examined. 1 ♂, USA, Montana, Granite County, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-113.55637&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.06099" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -113.55637/lat 46.06099)">Copper Creek</a>, wetland, N46.06099° W113.55637°, 22 July 2020, JB Runyon (MTEC).</p> <p>Remarks. The demasculinized specimen has small, very poorly rotated genitalia with darker cerci (cf. Figs 16, 17), a wider face (cf. Figs 10, 11), pterostigma absent, and with the long ventral ciliation of hind femora greatly reduced. The infected specimen was collected with a normal male of D. partitus in a sedge-dominated boggy wetland with scattered willows.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFCDFFCCD2E9DB95D5DCFE87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFCCFFCAD2E9DB48D7D8FEDB.text	03E187A1FFCCFFCAD2E9DB48D7D8FEDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus sincerus Melander 1900	<div><p>Dolichopus sincerus Melander, 1900</p> <p>(Figs 13–15, 18, 19)</p> <p>Dolichopus sincerus Melander, 1900: 3.</p> <p>Dolichopus subdirectus Van Duzee, 1921: 118.</p> <p>Dolichopus frosti Runyon, 2008: 370, syn. nov.</p> <p>Nematode. Apparent Mermithidae.</p> <p>Demasculinized males examined. 4 ♂ (including holotype of Dolichopus frosti), USA, Pennsylvania, Centre County, Black Moshannon State Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.04307&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.889935" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.04307/lat 40.889935)">Moss-Hanne Trail</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.04307&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.889935" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.04307/lat 40.889935)">Shirks Run</a>, 580 m, 23 July 2006, N 40°53.396’ W78°02.584’, muddy trail through sphagnum bog, JB Runyon; 4 ♂, same as previous, 26 July 2007 (MTEC, PSUC, USNM).</p> <p>Remarks. Infected specimens of D. sincerus differ from normal specimens in having unusually small and incompletely rotated genitalia (cf. Figs 18, 19), a wider face with silver pruinosity (cf. Figs 13, 14), costa without or with at most indistinct enlargement at apex of R 1, abdominal sternite 2 with longer ventral hairs (similar to female), and in lacking a broad, lustrous, posterodorsal spur at apex of the hind tibia. Twenty-three normal males of D. sincerus were collected at the site with eight demasculinized male specimens.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFCCFFCAD2E9DB48D7D8FEDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC9FFC9D2E9DDDCD00CFD52.text	03E187A1FFC9FFC9D2E9DDDCD00CFD52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhaphium signiferum (Osten Sacken 1878)	<div><p>Rhaphium signiferum (Osten Sacken), 1878</p> <p>(Figs 20–26)</p> <p>Rhaphium signiferum (Osten Sacken), 1878: 242.</p> <p>Nematode. Apparent Mermithidae.</p> <p>Demasculinized male examined. 1 ♂, USA, Pennsylvania, Centre Co., Black Moshannon State Park, Moss- Hanne Trail, Shirks Run, 580 m, 20 June 2007, JB Runyon (MTEC).</p> <p>Remarks. The demasculinized specimen was initially thought to represent an undescribed species. Recognition that two species of Dolichopus from this site were infected by mermithid-like nematodes (D. dorycerus and D. sincerus) spurred re-examination that indicated this specimen to be a demasculinized form of R. signiferum, a common species at the site. The genitalia of the infected specimen is smaller and not fully centered beneath the abdomen. Most MSSCs are weakly developed in the infected specimen, including: postpedicel shorter with longer arista and smaller apical lamella (cf. Figs 20, 21), face broader (cf. Figs 24, 25), postocular setae scarcely flattened, mid coxa with poorly developed cluster of fused apical setae (cf. Figs 22, 23), weak development of longer white setae on front and mid femora, and smaller apical swelling of the front basitarsus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC9FFC9D2E9DDDCD00CFD52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC8FFC8D2E9DDDCD1A7FA51.text	03E187A1FFC8FFC8D2E9DDDCD1A7FA51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tachytrechus sanus Osten Sacken 1877	<div><p>Tachytrechus sanus Osten Sacken, 1877</p> <p>(Figs 27–39)</p> <p>Tachytrechus sanus Osten Sacken, 1877: 316.</p> <p>Tetrechus spinitarsus Van Duzee, 1924: 43.</p> <p>Tachytrechus boharti Harmston, 1968: 15, syn. nov.</p> <p>Tachytrechus duplicatus Harmston, 1972: 157, syn. nov.</p> <p>Tachytrechus mchughi Harmston, 1972: 156, syn. nov.</p> <p>Nematode. Parasitylenchus myiophagus Poinar &amp; Runyon (Parasitylenchidae).</p> <p>Demasculinized males examined. Holotype ♂ of Tachytrechus boharti, USA, California, Sierra County, Yuba Pass, 7 July 1964, RM <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Bohart</a> (UCDC) [photos]; holotype ♂ of Tachytrechus duplicatus, USA, Oregon, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Baker</a> [City], 25 July 1965, FC Harmston (CAS) [photos]; holotype ♂ of Tachytrechus mchughi, USA, Oregon, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Latourele</a> [Latourell] <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Falls</a>, 2 August 1962, RA McHugh (CAS) [photos]; 1 ♂, USA, California, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Trinity County</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Scott Mountains</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Stoddard Mine</a>, 7200 ft, 25 July 1981, DM <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Gordon</a> (MTEC); 2 ♂, USA, Montana, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Ravalli County</a>, 0.8 km NW Skalkaho Pass, roadside seep, 18 August 2002, 7270 ft, R <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Hurley</a> &amp; J Runyon (MTEC); 4 ♂, USA, Montana, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Gallatin County</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Bridger Mountains</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.02683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.962166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.02683/lat 45.962166)">Johnson Canyon</a>, large hillside spring, 30 July 2010, N45°57.73′ W111°01.61′, JB Runyon (MTEC).</p> <p>Remarks. Demasculinized males of T. sanus are characterized by having: (1) a wider face that is light yellow to wholly silver (cf. Figs 27, 28), (2) arista shorter with reduced lamella, but arista length and size of lamella is variable (Figs 33–39), (3) legs darker: fore coxa mostly dark, all femora with approximately basal half dark brown, mid and hind tibiae brown on apical third or more (cf. Figs 30, 31), (4) the posterior row of setae on front tibia reduced in size (noticeably thickened and flattened in normal males) and usually in number (4–8 in infected versus 8–10 in normal males), (5) front tarsus lacking silvery pile, and (6) hypopygium unusually small and incompletely rotated (cf. Figs 30, 31). The darker legs are an interesting example of infected males converging with the female form. Females of T. sanus have wholly dark front coxae and mostly dark femora and tibiae, but these are mostly yellow in normal males. The characters above vary considerably across the infected specimens (especially the arista, extent of brown on legs, size and number of setae on front tibia, and size of the genitalia), perhaps related to the extent of nematode infection.</p> <p>Harmston described T. boharti from one male collected at Yuba Pass, California noting that it is distinguished by the spear-shaped arista (Fig. 37). Tachytrechus duplicatus was described from one male collected at Baker, Oregon and T. mchughi from two males collected at Latourell Falls, Oregon. A close resemblance of both species to T. boharti was noted. Although the presence of nematode(s) within the holotypes of T. boharti, T. duplicatus, and T. mchughi have not been confirmed, synonymy with T. sanus is proposed based on: (1) demasculinized specimens of T. sanus match the descriptions of T. boharti, T. duplicatus, and T. mchughi (Harmston 1968, 1972), and (2) the holotypes each show signs of nematode-caused demasculinization that fall within the spectrum of variation caused by nematode-induced demasculinization of T. sanus (see above). Normal males of T. sanus were collected with demasculinized specimens at most sites, including four normal specimens with the T. boharti holotype (UCDC).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC8FFC8D2E9DDDCD1A7FA51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DDDCD161FE6A.text	03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DDDCD161FE6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus abbreviatus Van Duzee 1921	<div><p>Dolichopus abbreviatus Van Duzee, 1921: 144</p> <p>Potential infected species: unknown.</p> <p>Dolichopus abbreviatus was described from two male specimens, one from Labrador, Canada and one from Maine, USA. The face is wide and the hypopygium is “remarkably short” with small cerci. Van Duzee remarked that D. abbreviatus is similar to D. cuniculus Van Duzee and D. ramifer Loew (Van Duzee 1921: 145). Dolichopus cuniculus is also potentially demasculinized (see below) and might prove synonymous with D. abbreviatus. Dolichopus ramifer is not likely to be the host species since both sexes have a stump vein (lacking in D. abbreviatus) and shiny bluish frons (green in D. abbreviatus), characters that are not expected to be altered by nematode infection.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DDDCD161FE6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DF0AD620FC01.text	03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DF0AD620FC01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus beatus Van Duzee 1921	<div><p>Dolichopus beatus Van Duzee, 1921: 63</p> <p>Potential infected species: Dolichopus bisetosus Van Duzee, 1921: 77.</p> <p>Dolichopus beatus was described from one male collected at Craig Mountain, Idaho, USA. The male is described as having a wide face and a very small hypopygium that is “about the size of the fifth abdominal segment”. Eight males of the putative host species, D. bisetosus, were also collected at Craig Mountain, Idaho. Both species belong to Group B of the North American species of Dolichopus (Van Duzee 1921) and differ in width of the face, size of the postabdomen, and extent of yellow on the middle femur (in D. beatus the femur is darker and more like the female which has black femora).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DF0AD620FC01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DEA7D1A5FB64.text	03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DEA7D1A5FB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus bolsteri Van Duzee 1921	<div><p>Dolichopus bolsteri Van Duzee, 1921: 249</p> <p>Potential infected species: unknown.</p> <p>Dolichopus bolsteri was described from one male collected at Little River, Newfoundland, Canada. The male is described having a wide face and rather short postabdomen with small cerci. Photos of the holotype male (MCZ, https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/ MCZ:Ent:7615) show clear signs of demasculinization: the hypopygium is characteristically small and poorly rotated (and in one photo can be seen projecting out to one side of abdomen).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DEA7D1A5FB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9D80FD4FEF9E0.text	03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9D80FD4FEF9E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus brevicauda Van Duzee 1921	<div><p>Dolichopus brevicauda Van Duzee, 1921: 108</p> <p>Potential infected species: Dolichopus xanthocnemus Loew, 1864b: 31.</p> <p>Dolichopus brevicauda was described from one male from Mount Washington, New Hampshire, USA. The face is wide and hypopygium is small and not much larger than the cerci. Dolichopus xanthocnemus, also collected at Mount Washington, is possibly the infected species. Dolichopus brevicauda differs from D. xanthocnemus by the small genitalia with darker cerci, lack of yellow cilia on hind femur, and lacking a knot-like enlargement on the costa.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9D80FD4FEF9E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DB8BD5E1F86C.text	03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DB8BD5E1F86C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus comptus Van Duzee 1921	<div><p>Dolichopus comptus Van Duzee, 1921: 160</p> <p>Potential infected species: Dolichopus hastatus Loew, 1864b: 59.</p> <p>Dolichopus comptus was described from one male collected near Lake Tahoe, California, USA. Van Duzee noted that this species is very similar to D. hastatus but differs in having a much shorter hypopygium with very much smaller cerci, a less enlarged lamella on the arista, and a less sinuous posterior margin of the wing. Illustrations of the arista (Van Duzee et al. 1921, figs 109a, b) suggest that the D. comptus arista could be a demasculinized form of the arista of D. hastatus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC6FFC6D2E9DB8BD5E1F86C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DDDCD542FD3E.text	03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DDDCD542FD3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus cuniculus Van Duzee 1921	<div><p>Dolichopus cuniculus Van Duzee, 1921: 145 (= Dolichopus remotus Walker, 1849: 666)</p> <p>Potential infected species: possibly Dolichopus remotus.</p> <p>Dolichopus cuniculus was described from one male collected on Grand Island, New York, USA. This male has a short, rather slender hypopygium and Van Duzee commented “The name was suggested by the small hypopygium which reminded me of a rabbit’s tail” (Van Duzee 1921: 146). The illustration of the apex of the abdomen and postabdomen (Van Duzee et al. 1921, fig. 98) shows a small and improperly rotated hypopygium that is characteristic of nematode infection.</p> <p>Parent (1934) synonymized D. cuniculus with D. remotus but gave no justification. It is possible that types of both species are demasculinized. Van Duzee noted the similarity of D. cuniculus to D. abbreviatus (see above) and the widespread species D. ramifer (Van Duzee 1921: 145). Dolichopus ramifer is unlikely to be the host species since both sexes have a stump vein (lacking in D. cuniculus) and shiny bluish frons (green in D. cuniculus), characters not predicted to be affected by nematode infection. Dolichopus abbreviatus, on the other hand, could be synonymous with D. cuniculus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DDDCD542FD3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DFBED1BBFC78.text	03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DFBED1BBFC78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus imperfectus Van Duzee 1921	<div><p>Dolichopus imperfectus Van Duzee, 1921: 240</p> <p>Potential demasculinized species: unknown.</p> <p>Dolichopus imperfectus was described from one male collected in Illinois, USA. Although the face is “rather narrow”, the hypopygium is unlike any other in Dolichopus being very small with what appears to be rudiments of cerci (Van Duzee et al. 1921, fig. 176). Such poorly developed genitalia could be caused by nematode infection.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9DFBED1BBFC78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D97FD546FAF3.text	03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D97FD546FAF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus sporadicus Harmston & Knowlton 1942	<div><p>Dolichopus sporadicus Harmston &amp; Knowlton, 1942: 17</p> <p>Potential infected species: Dolichopus plumipes (Scopoli, 1763: 334).</p> <p>Dolichopus sporadicus was based on one male from Utah, USA. The male face is wide and the hypopygium is small with extremely small cerci. Harmston and Knowlton noted the similarity to D. plumipes (common in Utah) with D. sporadicus differing in lacking a fringe of setae on the middle basitarsus and having small genitalia. Demasculinized specimens of D. plumipes are reported from Europe and have twice been mistakenly described as new species (Kahanpää 2008).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D97FD546FAF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D8F0D172F932.text	03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D8F0D172F932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus tarsipictis Harmston & Knowlton 1963	<div><p>Dolichopus tarsipictis Harmston &amp; Knowlton, 1963: 236</p> <p>Potential infected species: unknown.</p> <p>Dolichopus tarsipictis was described from one male collected at Baker, Oregon, USA. Nematode infection is suggested by the wide face and hypopygium that is “small for the genus”. Harmston and Knowlton noted similarities to several species in the D. latipennis species group (= Hygroceleuthus Loew) and to D. cavatus Van Duzee.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC5FFC5D2E9D8F0D172F932	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
03E187A1FFC5FFC4D2E9DBB2D17DFF4F.text	03E187A1FFC5FFC4D2E9DBB2D17DFF4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichopus umbrosus Van Duzee 1921	<div><p>Dolichopus umbrosus Van Duzee, 1921: 100</p> <p>Potential demasculinized species: unknown.</p> <p>Dolichopus umbrosus was described from one male from Wisconsin, USA. Signs of nematode infection include the male having a wide face and a very small hypopygium with dark yellow cerci. Illustration of the genitalia (Van Duzee et al. 1921, fig. 57a) suggests they are not fully rotated and not centered beneath the abdomen. This species is also reported from Ontario, Canada (Pollet et al. 2004). Dissection of material from Ontario could determine if this species is demasculinized and might identify the host species, if collected with the unparasitized counterpart.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187A1FFC5FFC4D2E9DBB2D17DFF4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Runyon, Justin B.	Runyon, Justin B. (2022): Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms. Zootaxa 5092 (5): 545-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.3
