taxonID	type	description	language	source
1B4D7B583F30FFF50985FB84985869E1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Epeira lineata Lucas, 1846 (by monotypy). Gender female.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F30FFF50985FB84985869E1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The wider diagnosis of Larinia followed here (Harrod et al. 1991; Framenau & Scharff 2008) characterises the genus by several synapomorphic characters, including an elongate abdomen (often pointy anteriorly) with a white median ventral streak. This is in contrast to that of other nucteneines (sensu Scharff et al. 2020), Nuctenea and Larinioides, which have a shorter, ovoid abdomen (Levi 1974, Šestáková et al. 2014). The epigynum is lightly sclerotized and has a wrinkled scape with a lip at its tip (as in Araneus Clerck, 1757), but in contrast to Nuctenea and Larinioides, which have a narrow, tapering scape without terminal lip (Levi 1974, Šestáková et al. 2014). There are two setae on the male pedipalpal patella. The conductor sits on the rim of the tegulum and there is no paramedian apophysis. The tip of the heavily sclerotised embolus rests on the lightly sclerotised conductor, which is attached to the tegulum as a white, irregularly shaped cushion. The median apophysis is situated proximally to the embolus and often has a distal and basal projection or spine. In contrast, the median apophysis is transversally elongate with a bipartite tip in both Nuctenea and Larinioides (Levi 1974, Šestáková et al. 2014). The tegulum may have a flat extension or lobe. Distal structures to the embolus, the terminal and stipes apophysis, are difficult to homologise between species, pending a comprehensive morphological revision of the genus (Framenau & Scharff 2008). Within an Australian context, Larinia is somatically most similar to Lariniophora Framenau, 2011 due to the elongate abdomen with similar colour pattern (Framenau 2011). Males of Larinia differ from those of Lariniophora by the presence of two patellar spines on the pedipalp (only one in Lariniophora). The epigynum of Larinia is not elevated as it is in Lariniophora. Included species (Australia only). Larinia delicata Rainbow, 1920, L. jamberoo Framenau & Scharff, 2008, L. montagui Hogg, 1914, L. phthisica (L. Koch, 1871), L. sexta n. sp., L. tabida (L. Koch, 1872), L. tumulus n. sp.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F33FFF20985FAC49E736F6C.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 3, 7. Larinia VWF sp. 1023. Majer et al. 2013, 31.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F33FFF20985FAC49E736F6C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Male holotype from Barrow Island, old administration building, plot N 23 (20 ° 49`09 ” S, 115 ° 23`40 ” E, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA), 6 May 2006, S. Callan, R. Graham, night hand collecting (WAM T 80638). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 male, Barrow Island, old drill workshops, plot N 22, 20 ° 49`55 ” S, 115 ° 25`13 ” E, 1 May 2007, S. Callan, K. Edwards, night hand collecting (WAM T 88943); 1 female, Barrow Island, site 22, 20 ° 47`12 ” S, 115 ° 27`17 ” E, 17 May 2005, Callan, S. et al., hand collecting, night (WAM T 77403); 1 female, 2 juv., Barrow Island, future construction village, 20 ° 49`00 ” S, 115 ° 26`16 ” E, 6 May 2006, Callan, S. Graham, R., nocturnal hand collecting (WAM T 77404); 1 female, Barrow Island, 20 ° 44`41.98 ” S, 115 ° 24`02.91 ” E, N. Gunawardene, night hand collection, 27 August 2010 (HBI N 2969 - 4); 1 female, Barrow Island, 20 ° 47`46.342 ” S, 115 ° 25`59.710 ” E, 31 August 2017, S. O’Connor, night hand collecting (HBI N 4572 - 1); 1 female, Barrow Island, 20 ° 44`57.650 ” S, 115 ° 27`47.386 ” E, V. W. Framenau, 12 August 2019, night hand collecting (HBI N 15965 - 8); 1 female, Barrow Island, 20 ° 49`40.774 ” S, 115 ° 26`49.884 ” E, S. O’Connor, 30 September 2019, vehicle vibration (HBI N 16286 - 7); 1 female, 20 ° 44`57.939 ” S, 115 ° 27`48.540 ” E, F. Bokhari, 12 August 2019, vehicle vibration (HBI N 15963 - 7); 1 female, Canning Stock Route, No. 23 Well, 23 ° 05`S, 123 ° 13`E, 9 August 1989, A. F. deJong (WAM T 74426); 1 female, same data (WAM T 80639).	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F33FFF20985FAC49E736F6C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective in apposition derived from the Latin word for ‘ sixth’ (sextus), indicating this being the sixth species of Larinia reported from Australia.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F33FFF20985FAC49E736F6C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male and female L. sexta n. sp. key out to L. phthisica (L. Koch, 1871) in Framenau & Scharff (2008); however, L. sexta n. sp. males differ from those of that species in a number of characters, particularly the relatively shorter abdomen which is more than three times longer than wide in L. phthisica, but not so in L. sexta n. sp. (Fig. 1 A, B). Males also vastly differ in their pedipalpal morphology (Figs 1 C, D; 3 A, B). Most evident are the lack of a tegular extension in L. sexta n. sp. (present in L. phthisica). In addition, the distance between the median apophysis prongs is smaller in L. phthisica and the prongs are of different size, whereas they are much more separated in L. sexta sp. nov. and of similar size. The epigynum has a much broader posterior rim in L. sexta n. sp. (Figs 2 C, 3 D) than in L. phthisica.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F33FFF20985FAC49E736F6C.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype). Total length 4.05 Carapace (Fig. 1 A): 2.21 long, 1.43 wide; yellow-brown, narrow dark median band and dark discolourations and spots in cephalic area; areas around eyes black. Eyes: AME 0.18, ALE 0.13, PME 0.14, PLE 0.09; row of eyes: AME 0.40, PME 0.34, PLE 083. Sternum (Fig. 1 B): 0.98 long, 0.72 wide; yellow-brown; with dark irregular spots, denser towards margins. Labium (Fig. 1 B): wider than long; basal half light brown with darker pigmentation, anterior part forms a nearly semi-circular white rim. Chelicerae (Fig. 1 B): yellow-brown; three promarginal teeth, with the central one largest; three retromarginal teeth, with the basal smallest. Pedipalp (Figs. 1 C, D; 3 A, B): conductor slightly curved and membranous; median apophysis with two pointed and curved prongs; embolus strongly sclerotised and almost straight; terminal apophysis forms hood over embolus. Legs (Figs. 1 A, B; 3 A, B): leg formula I> II> IV> III; uniformly yellow, with small black spots and black setal bases; lengths of segments (femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus): pedipalp 0.65 + 0.26 + 0.33 + - + 0.59 = 1.82, I 2.28 + 0.91 + 2.28 + 2.54 + 0.91 = 8.91, II 2.08 + + 0.85 + 2.02 + 0.90 + 0.85 = 6.69, III 1.43 + 0.52 + 0.78 + 1.04 + 0.65 = 4.42, IV 1.50 + 0.52 + 0.85 + 1.63 + 0.72 = 5.20. Abdomen (Fig. 1 A, B): 2.23 long, 1.08 wide; greenishbrown with darker folium pattern; reddish-brown irregular median line; venter olive-green with two light indistinct lateral lines; spinnerets olive-green (Fig. 1 B). Female (from Barrow Island; WAM T 77403). Somatic characters of the female agree in general details with the male, except that dorsal median brown band on the abdomen is less distinct and the ventral light lateral bands are broader (Figs 2 A, B). Total length 5.33. Carapace: 2.41 long, 1.63 wide. Eyes: AME 0.16, ALE 0.11, PME 0.11, PLE 0.11; row of eyes: AME 0.45, PME 0.34, PLE 0.88. Sternum: 1.11 long, 0.98 wide. Legs: leg formula I> II> IV> III; lengths of segments (femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus): pedipalp 0.78 + 0.33 + 0.46 + - + 0.85 = 2.41, I 2.21 + 1.24 + 2.21 + 2.41 + 0.98 = 9.04, II 1.95 + 0.98 + 1.89 + 0.90 + 0.91 = 6.62, III 1.56 + 0.59 + 0.85 + 0.91 + 0.59 = 4.49, IV 1.69 + 0.85 + 1.63 + 1.50 + 0.72 = 6.37. Abdomen: 3.90 long, 2.86 wide. Genitalia (Figs 2 C – E, 3 C, D): epigynum strongly sclerotised with large antero-lateral lobes; scape broken off in all specimens examined, but base narrow with parallel borders (Fig. 3 D); spermathecae ovoid, slightly kidneyshaped in dorsal view, much less than their radius apart. Variation. Total length males 4.05 – 4.20 (n = 2), females 4.85 – 5.40 (n = 8). There is very little colour variation between specimens of L. sexta n. sp., although the light median band on the abdomen can be somewhat more prominent than illustrated in the female (Fig. 2 A). The scape was broken off in all females examined, but partially present in one (Fig. 3 D) indicating it to have parallel borders.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F33FFF20985FAC49E736F6C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently only known from Barrow Island and a single locality in central Western Australia (Fig. 7). Habitat preferences and life history. Mature spiders of L. sexta n. sp. have so far only been found in May, August and September, i. e. in the dry season. Locations where the species was found are generally dominated by spinifex (Triodia spp.) grassland with sparse bushy vegetation.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F37FFFE0985FE889C366F6C.taxon	description	Figs 4 – 7.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F37FFFE0985FE889C366F6C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Male holotype from Barrow Island (20 ° 47 ’ 08.718 ” S, 115 ° 27 ’ 26.904 ” E, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA), N. Gunawardene, 27 September 2015, suction sample (WAM T 153634). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 female, Barrow Island, 20 ° 41 ’ 34.962 ” S, 115 ° 25 ’ 07.854 ” E, N. Gunawardene, 26 September 2015, litter sample (WAM T 153635; 1 female, Barrow Island, 20 ° 49 ’ 31.884 ” S, 115 ° 26 ’ 38.958 ” E, M. Hamilton, 17 November 2017, window trap (HBI N 5134 - 1); 1 male, Barrow Island, 20 ° 47 ’ 59 ” S, 115 ° 27 ’ 00 ” E, S. Callan, 15 March 2006, suction sample, low limestone ridge (WAM T 99446); 1 female, Barrow Island, 20 ° 47 ’ 12 ” S, 115 ° 27 ’ 17 ” E, 24 April 2005, S. Callan, night hand collecting (WAM T 99447); 1 male, Barrow Island, WAPET Camp, 20 ° 49 ’ 43 ” S, 115 ° 26 ’ 40 ” E, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, 5 November – 3 December 1993 (WAM T 57659).	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F37FFFE0985FE889C366F6C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a masculine noun in apposition derived from the Latin word for barrow (tumulus), referring to the type locality, Barrow Island.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F37FFFE0985FE889C366F6C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Larinia tumulus n. sp. is by far the smallest Larinia species in Australia (Fig. 3 A, B) (body length males <3 mm, females <4 mm; all other species: males> 4 mm, females> 5 mm (Framenau & Scharff 2008 )). The median apophysis of the male pedipalp is unique amongst Australian species with two spine-like dorsal prongs (Figs 4 C, 6 A); most similar is L. sexta n. sp. but the prongs in that species are much stronger (Figs 1 C, 3 A). Similarly, the large, ovoid, flat epigynum is unique amongst Australian Larinia, that of L. sexta n. sp. has a much more pronounced median septum (Figs 2 C, 3 D, 4 C, 6 D).	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F37FFFE0985FE889C366F6C.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype). Total length 2.57. Carapace (Fig. 4 A): 1.02 long, 0.81 wide; yellow-brown, light brown with dark olive-green median band that is forked into three at margin of cephalic area; lateral margins dark olive-green. Eyes: AME 0.13, ALE 0.07, PME 0.11, PLE 0.07; row of eyes: AME 0.34, PME 0.23, PLE 0.50. Sternum (Fig. 4 B): 0.50 long, 0.40 wide; yellow with irregular olive-green margin. Labium (Fig. 4 B): wider than long; basal half with olive-green pigmentation, anterior part forms a nearly semi-circular whitish rim. Chelicerae (Fig. 4 B): yellow; promarginal and retromarginal teeth not counted to avoid major damage of the very small spider. Pedipalp (Figs. 4 C, D, 6 A, B): conductor finger-like with rounded, sclerotised tip; embolus slightly arched with pointed tip and longer than tegulum border; tegulum with small pointed lobe; median apophysis kidney-shaped, with two prongs of different sizes, the basal longer and curved; stipes apophysis strongly sclerotized and slightly S-bent; terminal apophysis partially forming hood over embolus. Legs (Fig. 4 A, B): leg formula I> II> IV (> III) (but leg three missing); yellow, legs I and II with dorsal longitudinal dark band; lengths of segments (femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus): pedipalp 0.19 + 0.12 + 0.06 + - + 0.34 = 0.71, I 1.52 + 0.56 + 1.46 + 1.86 + 0.62 = 6.01, II 1.46 + 0.43 + 1.21 + 0.90 + 0.59 = 4.50, III both legs missing, IV 1.18 + 0.28 + 0.96 + 1.02 + 0.40 = 3.84. Abdomen (Fig. 4 A, B): 1.46 long, 0.93 wide; olive-green darker folium pattern which incorporates two intermittent white longitudinal lines; venter irregular olive-green, somewhat lighter centrally; spinnerets yellow-brown with olive-green (Fig. 4 B). Female (from Barrow Island; WAM T 153635). Somatic characters of the female agree in general details with the male, except the dark lines on the legs are more irregular (see Fig. 5 A, B). Total length 3.10. Carapace: 1.18 long, 0.78 wide. Eyes: AME 0.13, ALE 0.05, PME 0.09, PLE 0.05; row of eyes: AME 0.32, PME 0.25, PLE 0.54. Sternum: 0.50 long, 0.47 wide. Legs: leg formula I> II> IV> III; lengths of segments (femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus): pedipalpu 0.37 + 0.12 + 0.19 + - + 0.37 = 1.05, I 1.36 + 0.56 + 1.49 + 1.55 + 0.59 = 5.55, II 1.15 + 0.40 + 1.09 + 0.90 + 0.43 = 3.97, III 0.74 + 0.28 + 0.43 + 0.47 + 0.28 = 2.20, IV 1.12 + 0.40 + 0.99 + 1.05 + 0.43 = 4.00. Abdomen: 2.26 long, 1.40 wide. Genitalia (Figs 5 C – E, 6 C, D): epigynum ovoid, wider than long and poorly sclerotised with narrow rim; no scape or scape rudiments evident; spermathecae ovoid, touching medially. Variation. Total length males 2.50 – 2.65 (n = 3), females 3.05 – 3.20 (n = 4). Similar to L. sexta n. sp. there is no marked colour variation in the specimens of L. tumulus n. sp. examined by us, although in males the dark spots on the abdomen are sometimes less pronounced. A scape was not present in any of the females examined by us and no clear breakage point was evident.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
1B4D7B583F37FFFE0985FE889C366F6C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently only known from Barrow Island (Fig. 7). Habitat preferences and life history. The habitat of L. tumulus n. sp. on Barrow Island is dominated by low spinifex (Triodia spp.) grassland and it occurs there mainly along the coast. Mature spiders have so far been found from September to December and from March to April, but numbers are too low for a reliable assessment of its phenology.	en	Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. (2022): Two new species in the orb-weaving spider genus Larinia Simon, 1874 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 5092 (3): 350-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.6
