taxonID	type	description	language	source
194987B15D7DFD65DA8B94518764FA2D.taxon	description	Diagnostic characters. Eyes on left side of body. Optic chiasma monotypic, right-eye nerve always dorsal. All fin rays unbranched except for middle rays of caudal fin. Pelvic fins asymmetrical, fin-base on ocular side longer than that on blind side, first ray on blind side opposite to second to fourth rays on ocular side. Pelvic-fin rays supported by cartilage of pelvic bone extending anteriorly beyond lower tip of cleithrum. Caudal-fin rays 17, middle 11 – 13 rays branched. Lateral line on ocular side with a strong curve above pectoral fin, rudimental or none on blind side. Branchiostegal membranes of each side joined. Gill arch without any tubercles except for gill rakers. Five rows of intermuscular bones. Epipleurals, ribs and first neural spine absent. Urohyal fishhook-like in shape, pointed at tip (except for Taeniopsetta in truncate). Caudal skeleton (hypural plate) with four plates, their distal half separated by clefts or closely attached. No preorbital and 3 – 5 suborbital bones on blind side (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7EFD66DA8B945682BCF91E.taxon	description	Mouth middle to large in size; maxilla extending to anterior margin to middle of lower eye or slightly beyond that point. Teeth on both jaws small to moderately large, uniserial, sometimes enlarged canine-like anteriorly; teeth on lower jaw stronger, longer, and more widely-spaced than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers slender to stout, sometimes with spines along each inner margin. Scales cycloid or ctenoid with row of feeble ctenii on posterior margin on ocular side; scales cycloid on blind side; lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; absent on blind side. Dorsal-fin without branched rays, sometimes with elongate anterior rays in adult males and / or females. Pectoral fin on ocular side not filamentous. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus, first fin ray on blind side opposite to third or fourth fin ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before anal-fin origin; urogenital pore on ocular side. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7EFD66DA8B945682BCF91E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Arnoglossus is closely related to Japonolaeops, and differs in the larger mouth, with the upper-jaw length more than 1 / 3 HL.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7FFD61DA8B920982CAF926.taxon	description	Figures 1 A – B; Tables 1 – 2	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7FFD61DA8B920982CAF926.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 100 – 108; A 77 – 84; P 12 – 14; C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 66 – 72; GR 0 + 7 – 8 = 7 – 8; vert. 10 + 33 – 34 = 43 – 44. Body elongated, greatest depth near anterior 1 / 3 part of body (33.9 – 41.1 % SL). Head small, its length about 66 – 74 % of body depth (24.3 – 28.5 % SL); front of head with slight concavity in front of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout sharply protruding, snout length shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter slightly longer than 1 / 2 of upper-jaw length; upper eye about half eye diameter away from dorsal margin of head. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital space with narrow bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior space between both eyes. Mouth large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 9.9 – 12.8 % SL; anterior tip of upper jaw on about same vertical line to anterior tip of lower jaw; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond middle part of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, upper jaw with 2 – 4 canine-like teeth on ocular side, 4 – 5 on blind side anteriorly, posteriorly gradually getting smaller; lower jaw with 8 – 16 widely spaced canine-like teeth. Gill rakers on lower limb, short and strong bearing 2 – 5 sharp spines on inner margin; entirely absent on upper limb. Scales rather large and deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Second dorsal-fin ray elongate in males (2.7 – 3.5 in HL); no elongate ray in females. Pectoral fin on ocular-side short and feeble, about half of head (13.1 – 16.5 % SL); that of blind side very short. Caudal fin round, uppermost and lowermost 3 rays simple, and middle rays deeply branched. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots; dorsal and anal fins uniformly pale brownish sometimes with darkish spots; blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 131 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 144 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7FFD61DA8B920982CAF926.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern, western and southern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7FFD61DA8B920982CAF926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles A. yamanakai in having an elongate second dorsal-fin ray in males and similar counts of D and A, but differs in having cycloid scales on the ocular side, 10 abdominal vertebrae (vs. 11 – 12 in the latter), a long upper jaw (2.15 – 2.48 in HL, vs. 2.54 – 2.92), uniserial teeth on the upper jaw (vs. biserial), longer gill rakers, and no black margin of the anterior half of the dorsal fin. Chen & Weng (1965) recognized two lots (THUP 2602, 2814) with 4 specimens of A. elongatus. The whereabouts of these specimens are unknown. However, Chen (1969) mentioned that their specimens were misidentification of the present species.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D79FD62DA8B97648746FB9C.taxon	description	Figure 1 C; Tables 1 – 2	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D79FD62DA8B97648746FB9C.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 89 – 94; A 69 – 74; P 13 – 14; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 52 – 57; GR 0 + 10 – 12 = 10 – 12; vert. 10 + 30 – 32 = 40 – 42. Body elliptical, greatest depth at about middle part of body (37.3 – 41.4 % SL). Head small, its length about half of body depth (23.3 – 25.1 % SL); front profile of head with slight concavity anterior of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout slightly shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameters distinctly shorter than upper jaw. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital ridge low, extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye. Mouth moderately large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 8.8 – 10.1 % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly behind anterior margin of lower eye; teeth on both jaws uniserial, closely set, without enlarged anterior teeth. Gill rakers only on lower limb of first arch, slender, pointed at tip and not serrate. Scales on ocular side ctenoid with row of slender ctenii, cycloid on blind side. Anteriormost four to six dorsalfin rays slender, filamentous, first ray longest, 32.9 – 64 % SL in males, 28.7 % SL in females. Pectoral fin on ocularside shorter than head, 11 – 16 % SL; that on blind-side small. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish, a dark blotch at junction of straight and curved portions of lateral line, two small blotches on middle of straight portion of lateral line; a series of five dark obscure blotches along dorsal margin and three along ventral margin of body; posterior parts of dorsal and anal fins with conspicuous black blotches basally. Blind side of body yellowish white. Size. Reaching 88 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 130 mm total length elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D79FD62DA8B97648746FB9C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific ocaens (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D79FD62DA8B97648746FB9C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is easily separated from other species of this genus in having four to six filamentous anteriormost rays of dorsal fin in males and a distinct blotch on the posterior parts of the dorsal and anal fins, respectively. The sexual dimorphism occurs in specimens larger than about 55 mm SL.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7AFD6CDA8B94E7811DFD42.taxon	description	Figures 1 D – E; Tables 1 – 2	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7AFD6CDA8B94E7811DFD42.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 110 – 113; A 85 – 86; P 14; C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 82 – 83; GR 0 + 8 – 9 = 8 – 9; vert. 11 + 35 – 36 = 46 – 47. Body elongated, greatest depth near anterior 1 / 3 part of body (36.1 – 36.7 % SL). Head small, its length about 65 – 70 % body depth (24.6 – 26.2 % SL); front of head with shallow concavity in front of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout sharply protruding, snout length slightly shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter much shorter than upper-jaw length; upper eye extremely close to dorsal margin of head. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital space high, with narrow bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior space between both eyes. Mouth large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 11.0 – 11.5 % SL; anterior tip of upper jaw protruding beyond anterior tip of lower jaw; maxilla extending to slightly behind middle part of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial except for biserial on posterior half on blind side; 4 enlarged canines on upper jaw anteriorly, protruding beyond anterior tip of lower jaw; lateral teeth of lower jaw canine-like, stronger and more apart than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and strong bearing 3 or 4 sharp spines on inner margin. Scales small and deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with row of short ctenii, cycloid on blind side. Anterior 1 – 3 rays of dorsal fin elongate in males, second ray longest, longer than 1 / 2 HL; no elongate rays in females. Pectoral fin of ocular-side short, about half of head length (10.7 – 12.9 % SL); that of blind side very short. Caudal fin round, uppermost and lowermost 3 rays simple, and middle rays divided into 2 branches. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots, snout dark; dorsal and anal fins uniformly pale brownish with a row of darkish spots; posterior part of pectoral and pelvic fins on ocular side with dark blotch, darker in males than in females. Blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 170 mm SL off Taiwan; up to about 194 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7AFD6CDA8B94E7811DFD42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; Western Pacific Ocean (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7AFD6CDA8B94E7811DFD42.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ho et al. (2009) firstly reported 2 specimens from Taiwan. This species belongs to a group of Arnoglossus with many scales on the lateral line and spines on the inner margin of the gill rakers. It resembles A. japonicus in having an elongate second dorsal-fin ray in males and a sharply protruding snout, but differs in having ctenoid scales on the ocular side, more dorsal- and anal- fin rays, more lateral-line scales and vertebrae, and a black blotch on pectoral and pelvic fins.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D74FD6CDA8B92958078F849.taxon	description	Figure 1 F; Tables 1 – 2	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D74FD6CDA8B92958078F849.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 103 – 114; A 81 – 92; P 11 – 13; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 71 – 82; GR 0 – 1 + 8 – 9 = 8 – 9; vert. 10 + 30 – 32 = 40 – 42. Body elongated, greatest depth near middle part of body (36.7 – 42.1 % SL). Head small, its length about 60 – 70 % of body depth (25.3 – 27.6 % SL); front of head with small concavity anterior of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter much shorter than upper-jaw length. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital ridge very low, extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye. Mouth moderately large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 9.7 – 10.9 % SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye or slightly beyond it. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, several pairs enlarged anteriorly; lateral teeth on lower jaw stronger and wider spaced than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb, long and serrated inner edge; 0 (rarely 1) gill raker on upper limb. Scales moderately large, ctenoid with row of short ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Few anterior dorsal-fin rays more or less elongate, longer in males than in females. Pectoral fin of ocular-side small, slightly longer than half of head length, 13.1 – 14.8 % SL; that of blind side very short. Caudal fin round, uppermost and lowermost 2 rays simple, and middle rays divided into more than 2 branches. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale greenish brown without distinct blotches or spots, all fins uniformly pale brownish without spots. Blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 172 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 240 mm TL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D74FD6CDA8B92958078F849.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D74FD6CDA8B92958078F849.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles A. oxyrhynchus, A. japonicus and A. yamanakai in having many scales on the lateral line and serration on the edge of the gill rakers. It differs however from the latter two species in having the maxilla not extended to below middle of lower eye, several anterior rays of dorsal fin elongated in males and the two uppermost and lowermost rays of the caudal fin unbranched.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6DDA8B90D582B6FA40.taxon	description	Figure 1 G; Tables 1 – 2	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6DDA8B90D582B6FA40.taxon	description	Specimens examined. NMMB-P 23199 (9, 57.3 – 62.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 3 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P 25682 (3, 59.9 – 65.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2016; NMMB-P 25684 (8, 55.2 – 64.5), Dong-gang, 11 Oct. 2016. More specimens deposited in NMMB-P collection. Diagnostic features. D 89 – 96; A 68 – 78; P 10 – 12; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 51 – 58; GR 0 + 5 – 8 = 5 – 8; vert. 10 + 28 – 30 = 38 – 40. Body elongated, greatest depth slightly anterior of middle part of body (38.4 – 48.0 % SL). Head small, its length about half of body depth (22.3 – 24.3 % SL); front of head with distinct concavity in front of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter slightly shorter than upper jaw. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital ridge low, extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye. Mouth very small, upper-jaw length on ocular side 7.3 – 8.3 % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly behind anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, closely set, not enlarged anteriorly; lower jaw teeth on ocular side curved inward, teeth on blind side slightly longer and stronger than those on ocular side. Gill rakers only on lower limb, long and slender, pointed at tip and not serrate. Scales large, deciduous, ctenoid with short ctenii on ocular side, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side much shorter than head length (13.0 – 15.4 % SL); that on blind side very short. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brown without distinct blotches or spots, all fins uniformly pale brownish without spots. Blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 65 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 120 mm total length elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6DDA8B90D582B6FA40.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6DDA8B90D582B6FA40.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles A. aspilos in having small a mouth and fewer scales on the lateral line. It differs from the latter in having slightly more dorsal- and anal-fin rays and more lateral-line scales. Shen (1983) pointed out that the specimen identified as A. aspilos by Chen & Weng (1965) is a misidentification (see above). Moreover, A. tenuis resembles A. macrolophus in body shape, small mouth, fewer dorsal- and anal-fin rays, but can be distinguished by lacking elongate anterior dorsal-fin rays and no black spots on the posterior portions of the dorsal- and anal-fin bases.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6EDA8B959A874AFC0E.taxon	description	Figure 1 H; Tables 1 – 2	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6EDA8B959A874AFC0E.taxon	description	Specimens examined. NMMB-P 22849 (2, 87.2 – 87.3), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Mar. 2015; NMMB-P 23270 (2 males, 86.2 – 97.9, 2 females, 82.7 – 88.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P 23314 (1 male, 94.9), 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB- P 25674 (3 males, 1 female, 92.7 – 95.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Dec. 2016; NMMB-P 25685 (5 males, 1 female, 89.5 – 95.7), 2 Apr. 2015; NMMB-P 25696 (1 female, 84.7), 20 Jan. 2017; NMMB-P 25715 (1 male, 1 female, 85.9 – 89.8), Ketzu-liao, 22 Apr. 2016 Diagnostic features. D 99 – 107; A 77 – 83; P 12 – 13; C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 60 – 68; GR 0 + 7 – 8 = 6 – 9; vert. 11 – 12 + 33 – 34 = 44 – 45. Body elongated, greatest depth near anterior 1 / 3 part of body (34.2 – 38.0 % SL). Head small, its length about 67 – 76 % body depth (23.8 – 27.0 % SL); front of head with very slight concavity in front of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout rather round, snout length shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter much shorter than upper jaw length; upper eye close to dorsal margin of head, its width about 1 / 3 of eye diameter. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital space with narrow bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior space between both eyes. Mouth large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 8.3 – 10.5 % SL; anterior tip of upper jaw on about same vertical line to anterior tip of lower jaw or slightly beyond; maxilla extending to or slightly behind anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws biserial, outer row larger than inner row, 55 – 71 teeth on upper jaw of ocular side, 23 – 35 teeth on lower jaw of ocular side; numerous very small inner row teeth, covered by skin. Gill rakers only on lower limb, slender with spines on inner margin of distal half. Scales rather large and very deciduous, weakly ctenoid on ocular side, cycloid on blind side. Second dorsal-fin ray elongate in males, about 1.8 – 3.6 in HL; no elongate ray in females. Pectoral fin on ocular side small, longer than half of head length (15.1 – 17.4 % SL); that on blind side very short. Caudal fin pointed, upper 2 – 3 and lower 3 rays simple, and middle rays branched into 2. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots; distal margin of dorsal fin from posterior margin of head to middle part of body dark in males, not dark in females; blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 98 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 123 mm SL in East China Sea (Fukui et al., 1990).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6EDA8B959A874AFC0E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan off Ke-tzu-liao, Kaohsiung, at depth not more than 100 m; Western Pacific Ocean (Amaoka, 2016)	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6EDA8B959A874AFC0E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles A. japonicus in having an elongate second dorsal-fin ray in males and similar numbers of dorsal- and anal- fin rays, but differs by characters described in the remarks of A. japonicus. The adult size is smaller than A. japonicus. This is the first record of the species from Taiwan.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D76FD6EDA8B945182C7F953.taxon	description	Mouth rather large in size, upper-jaw length on ocular side 9.6 – 12.9 % SL. Maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial. Gill rakers short and palmate. Scales ctenoid on ocular side, cycloid on blind side; 46 – 67 scales in lateral line. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Dorsal-fin origin on blind side in front of upper margin of lower eye, first ray elongate, separated from remaining rays. Anal-fin origin below anterior base of pectoral fin on ocular-side. Pectoral fin not elongate, without sexual dimorphism. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus, fourth or fifth ray opposite to first ray on blind side. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, all plates with deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D76FD6EDA8B945182C7F953.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Asterorhombus is closely related to Engyprosopon in having a concave interorbital space and all four plates of the caudal skeleton with deep clefts, but it differs from the latter in having palmate gill rakers and an elongate first dorsal-fin ray.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D77FD68DA8B90D58671FF3E.taxon	description	Figures 2 A – B; Table 3	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D77FD68DA8B90D58671FF3E.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 82 (79 – 82 from other localities); A 62 (59 – 62); P 11 (11 – 13); C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 55 (52 – 58); GR 0 + 9 (0 + 8 – 9); vert. 10 + 26 = 36 (10 + 25 – 26 = 35 – 36). Body ovate, greatest depth at middle part of body 55.1 (53.3 – 54.1) % SL. Head longer than half of body depth 28.8 (27.9 – 30.2) % SL; upper profile of head with slight concavity in front of upper margin of lower eye; head profile relatively steep. Snout long, its length less than 1 / 3 HL. Eyes small, separated by deep and wide space, their width slightly wider in males than in females and juveniles; surface of upper eye rarely with 1 – 9 tentacles. Mouth large, curved; upper-jaw length 11.5 (11.2 – 12.2) % SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye; posterior half of ventral margin of lower jaw with some membranous flaps. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, upper jaw teeth small and short, somewhat enlarged anteriorly, smaller and more closely set posteriorly; teeth on lower jaw similar to anterior teeth on upper jaw. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and palmate with 2 – 5 spines. Scales on ocular side rather small, ctenoid with short ctenii; cycloid scales on blind side; snout, both jaws, pectoral fin and pelvic fin scaleless. First dorsal-fin ray elongate, separated from remaining rays, with large leaf-like membrane at tip; fin membranes of anterior second to fourth rays deeply incised. Pectoral-fin short on ocular side, a little longer than half of HL 15.8 (15 – 16.2) % SL. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly yellowish brown, with many obtuse ocelli, larger than eye, and numerous small dark spots; all fins with many small dark spots except for pectoral fin; body, fins and membranous tip of first dorsal ray with red blotches in fresh specimens. Size. Reaching 98.1 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 150 mm TL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D77FD68DA8B90D58671FF3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The only record for Taiwan is from Taiping Island (Itu Aba Island), South China Sea; widespread in the Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D77FD68DA8B90D58671FF3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lin et al. (1995) identified the same specimen examined herein as Asterorhombus fijiensis, which is a junior synonym of A. cocosensis. This species has a lure originated from the first dorsal-fin ray, which resembles a small crustacean in form and coloration. Divers observed the lure to repeatedly vibrate (Amaoka et al., 1994).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D70FD69DA8B9629869FFABE.taxon	description	Figures 2 C – D; Table 3	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D70FD69DA8B9629869FFABE.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 83 (80 – 85, from other localities); A 63 (58 – 65); P 10 (10 – 12); C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17 (1 – 3 + 11 + 15 + 21 – 2 = 17); LLs 55 (50 – 57); GR 0 + 8 (0 + 8 – 11); vert. 10 + 28 = 38 (10 + 26 – 28 = 36 – 38). Body ovate, greatest depth at middle part of body 44.7 (41.3 – 50.8) % SL. Head much longer than half of body depth 24.7 (26.2 – 29.7) % SL; upper profile of head with slight concavity in front of lower margin of upper eye; head profile moderately steep. Snout round and mounded, snout length about 1.5 times of eye diameter. Eyes small, separated by deep and narrow space; interorbital width about 1 / 3 of eye diameter. Mouth large, curved; upper-jaw length 9.6 (10.7 – 12.9) % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, upper-jaw teeth small, somewhat enlarged anteriorly; teeth on lower jaw slightly larger than lateral teeth on upper jaw. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and palmate with 5 – 8 spines. Scales on ocular side rather small, ctenoid with short ctenii; cycloid scales on blind side; snout, both jaws and interorbital area scale-less. First dorsal-fin ray elongate 16.3 (8.4 – 19.5) % SL, and separated from remaining rays; pectoral fin short on ocular side 15.4 (13.0 – 17.8) % SL. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly dark brownish, 2 – 3 dark (blue in fresh specimens) blotches, larger than eye, along dorsal and ventral edges of body, obtuse blotches on lateral line, and many scattered small blotches on head and body. All fins with many dark small blotches and spots except for pectoral fin; blind side of body uniformly whitish. Size. Reaching 87.7 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 150 mm total length (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D70FD69DA8B9629869FFABE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northern Taiwan and an underwater photograph taken from around Orchid Island, southern Taiwan; widespread in the Western Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D70FD69DA8B9629869FFABE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Asterorhombus intermedius resembles A. filifer in the coloration of the body and body form, but it differs from A. filifer in having a short first dorsal-fin ray, a rough edge of the fin membrane of the first dorsal-fin ray and few scales along the lateral line (Hensley, 2005). Asterorhombus filifer is not reported from Taiwanese waters.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D71FD6ADA8B9581806EFE6A.taxon	description	Mouth small to moderately large; maxilla extends to, or somewhat beyond, anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial or biserial, no canine-like teeth. Gill rakers short to moderately long, not serrated. Scales small, ctenoid on ocular side with row of moderate ctenii on posterior margin or cycloid; scales cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin, absent on blind side. Dorsal- and anal- fin rays simple and not elongate. Pectoral fin filamentous on ocular side in males, and sometimes also in females. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, first ray on blind side opposite to fourth fin ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on opposite side of vent. Caudal skeleton consisting of four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts. Four suborbital bones on blind side. First haemal spine distinctly enlarged; haemapophyses of abdominal vertebrae expanded, extending to neighboring haemapophysis at tip.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D71FD6ADA8B9581806EFE6A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Bothus closely resembles Tosarhombus in having a deep body and many scales on the lateral line. It differs from the latter in lacking yellowish white blotches along the head margin before both eyes, having the tip of the isthmus below the middle of the lower eye, four suborbital bones on the blind side, an enlarged first haemal spine and expanded haemapophyses in the abdominal vertebrae.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D72FD6BDA8B936F8640FAB0.taxon	description	Figures 3 A – B; Table 4	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D72FD6BDA8B936F8640FAB0.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 99 – 101; A 77 – 79; P 11 – 13; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 81 – 89; GR 0 + 8 – 11 = 9 – 11; vert. 10 + 30 = 40. Body compressed; body shape changed ontogenetically, from round to elliptical, greatest depth at middle part of body (54.3 – 58.9 % SL). Head length about equal to half of body depth (27.5 – 29.9 % SL); upper profile of head with shallow, gentle concavity anterior of dorsal margin of upper eye, steep in both sexes. Snout much longer than eye diameter. Rostral spine present on tip of snout in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameter less than half of upper jaw length. Males with 3 – 4 small orbital spines on anterior margin of upper eye and 1 strong spine on anterior margin of lower eye; both eyes in mature males with several flaps. Interorbital space shallow, wide and concave, its width wider in males than in females and juveniles. Mouth large, upper-jaw length 9.1 – 10.1 % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye; large and obtuse knob on symphysis of lower jaw in males. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, somewhat enlarged anteriorly. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and slender, pointed at tip, not serrate. Scales on ocular side very small, ctenoid with moderate long ctenii on posterior margin, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side remarkably elongate in males, pectoral fin vary in length (20.9 – 65.7 % SL). Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown mottled with many dark spots; head and body with many small bluish spots and rings; a diffuse dark blotch above junction of curve and straight portions of lateral line; a darker blotch on middle of straight section of lateral line; a smaller blotch anterior to caudal peduncle; a series of dark botches along bases of dorsal and anal fins; pectoral fin on ocular side with irregular dark brown cross-bars. Blind side of body yellowish white. Size. Reaching 342 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 460 mm SL elsewhere (Norman, 1934).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D72FD6BDA8B936F8640FAB0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Around Taiwan, including Penghu, Green and Orchid islands; widespread in the Indian and Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D72FD6BDA8B936F8640FAB0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species inhabits in similar habitats as Bothus pantherinus, but differs from the latter in having a notch at the frontal margin of the head and higher meristics. Its body form changes from a round to an elliptical shape with growth. Specimens larger than 220 mm SL exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism in the interorbital width, the pectoral-fin length on the ocular side, presence of rostral and orbital spines on both eyes, and orbital flaps on both eyes.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D73FD75DA8B958B864DFBD6.taxon	description	Figures 3 C – F; Table 4	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D73FD75DA8B958B864DFBD6.taxon	description	Diagnostic Features. D 89 – 97; A 65 – 77; P 9 – 11; C 2 – 3 + 11 – 13 + 2 – 3 = 17; LLs 79 – 105; GR 0 – 5 + 5 – 8 = 9 – 11; vert. 10 + 26 – 29 = 36 – 39. Body very compressed, and round to elliptical, changing ontogenetically, greatest depth at middle part of body (51.8 – 76.6 % SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (21.8 – 27.8 % SL); upper profile of head with distinct concavity anterior of dorsal margin of upper eye, steep in both sexes. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine present on tip of snout in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameter subequal to upper jaw. Small orbital spine at anterior margins of each eye in males, absent in females and juveniles; large males with broad flap at hind margins of eyes. Interorbital space with shallow and broad concavity, its width wider in males than in females and juveniles. Mouth small, upper-jaw length 6.0 – 7.5 % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye; low and obtuse knob on symphysis of lower jaw in males. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series stronger and more wide-spaced than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw biserial in anterior section, uniserial in posterior section. Gill rakers on lower limb, short and slender, pointed at tip, not serrate; those on upper limb very small or rudimentary. Scales on ocular side very small, cycloid except for those on dorsal and ventral margins of body, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral-fin rays elongate on ocular side in both sexes, longest ray 42.1 – 65.7 % SL. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown with many dark spots; a dark blotch above junction of curve and straight section of lateral line; a dark blotch on middle of straight section of lateral line; dorsal and anal fins with a series of dark spots; posterior 1 / 3 of caudal fin blackish. Blind side of body white on front half of body; darker on posterior half with several dark cross bars, clear and dark in males, faint or missing in juveniles and females. Size. Reaching 201 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 270 mm TL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D73FD75DA8B958B864DFBD6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread around Taiwan; Indian to Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D73FD75DA8B958B864DFBD6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Body form changes from round to elliptical with growth (Amaoka, 1964). Specimens larger than 70 mm SL exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism, including changes of the interorbital width, presence of rostral and orbital spines on the lower eye, orbital flaps at hind margins of eyes, and body coloration on the blind side.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6DFD76DA8B941B82C4FCFE.taxon	description	Figures 3 G – H; Table 4	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6DFD76DA8B941B82C4FCFE.taxon	description	Specimens examined. NMMB-P 01621 (1 male, 167.6), Hou-bi-hu, Hengchun, 10 Mar. 1994; NMMB-P 04159 (1 male, 154.9), Penghu, 1 Aug. 1957; NMMB-P 07591 (1, 86.6), Shan-hai, Hengchun, 29 Jun. 2004; NMMB-P 09839 (92.1), Hai-ko, Checheng, 18 Aug. 2008; NMMB-P 23285 (1 male, 116.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 7 Apr. 2016; NMMB- P 24608 (1 male, 123.9), NMMB-P 24609 (1 female, 116.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 5 Jul. 2016; NMMB-P 24874 (4 females, 127.4 – 150.1), Ke-tzu-liao, 13 Jul. 2016; NMMB-P 24875 (4 males, 122.3 – 145.3; 4 females, 105.0 – 114.0), Ke-tzuliao, 27 Jun. 2016; more specimens in NMMB-P collection. Diagnostic Features. D 86 – 93; A 67 – 71; P 10 – 12; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 77 – 86; GR 0 – 4 + 6 – 9 = 6 – 12; vert. 10 + 27 – 29 = 37 – 39. Body compressed, ovoid, greatest depth at middle part of body (50.1 – 59.7 % SL). Head length about equal to half of body depth (26.1 – 29.3 % SL); upper profile of head without distinct concavity anterior of dorsal margin of upper eye, steep in both sexes. Snout length about equal to eye diameter. Rostral spine present on tip of snout in males, absent or low knob in females and juveniles. Eye diameter much shorter than upper jaw. Males with 1 – 4 small orbital spines at anterior margins of both eyes and one strong spine at anterior margin of lower eye in males, spines absent in females and juveniles; usually several tentacles on hind margins of both eyes in males. Interorbital space deep and wide concave, its width wider in males than females and juveniles. Mouth large, upper-jaw length 9.0 – 10.2 % SL; maxilla extending to, or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial anteriorly, uniserial posteriorly; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, anterior teeth larger than posterior ones. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and slender, pointed at tip, not serrate. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with moderate ctenii in length, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral-fin rays extremely elongate in males on ocular side, pectoral-fin length 45.8 – 106.0 % SL in mature males, 17.1 – 51.4 % SL in females or juveniles. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown mottled with numerous dark spots and rings of various size; a diffuse dark blotch above junction of curved and straight sections of lateral line; a darker and larger blotch on middle of straight section of lateral line; smaller blotch anterior of caudal peduncle; a series of dark botches along bases of dorsal and anal fins; pectoral fin on ocular side with brownish spots and irregular dark brown cross-bars. Blind side of body yellowish white. Size. Reaching 170 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 300 mm SL elsewhere (Amaoka, 2016); a doubtful record of 45 cm TL in Hensley & Amaoka (2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6DFD76DA8B941B82C4FCFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Around Taiwan, including Penghu, Green, Orchid and Dongsha islands; widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6DFD76DA8B941B82C4FCFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is sometimes confused with B. mancus that inhabits in a similar habitat, but it differs from the latter in having a smooth head margin without concavity and fewer fin rays, gill rakers and vertebrae. Specimens larger than 100 mm SL, exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism in the pectoral-fin length on the ocular side, presence of rostral and orbital spines, and orbital tentacles hind margins of both eyes. It is notable that many specimens do not show a clear sexual dimorphism in the interorbital width and the length of the pectoral fin on the ocular side. This is probably related to intersexuality observed by Amaoka et al. (1974), and which suggests the occurrence of sexual reversal.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD77DA8B90D58718F9DE.taxon	description	Figure 4 A; Table 5	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD77DA8B90D58718F9DE.taxon	description	Diagnostic Features. D 115 – 124; A 78 – 86; P 14 – 17; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 157 – 197; GR 0 + 1 – 3 = 1 – 3; vert. 17 + 38 – 40 = 55 – 57. Body elongate elliptical, rather soft and flabby; greatest depth at posterior margin of abdominal cavity (24.9 – 30.5 % SL). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth about 14 – 19 % of body depth. Head relatively large (19.8 – 22.7 % SL); upper profile of head with slight concavity anterior of dorsal margin of lower eye. Snout blunt and short, its length about 2 / 3 of eye diameter. Eyes separated by narrowly flat space, its width about 1 / 3 to 1 / 4 of eye diameter. Mouth very large, upper-jaw length 14.5 – 17.6 % SL; maxilla extending well beyond posterior margin of lower eye; tip of lower jaw reaching a little beyond tip of upper jaw. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, slender; upper-jaw teeth small on posterior half; lower-jaw teeth curved inward and depressible, posteriormost teeth smaller than others. Gill rakers on lower limb, rudimentary. Scales on both sides very small, cycloid. Anterior rays of dorsal fin somewhat elongated, free from fin membrane except for base. First ray of anal fin connected with last ray of pelvic fin by narrow membrane. Pectoral fin on both sides slender, length on ocular side 10.3 – 14.6 % SL. Caudal fin slender, with round tip. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly dark brownish with many small irregularly arranged dark blotches; light blue on peritoneum; median fins dark without marking; paired fins paler than body. Blind side of body light brownish except for light blue peritoneum. Size. Reaching 296 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 380 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD77DA8B90D58718F9DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread around Taiwan; Indian to Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka & Yamamoto, 1984).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD77DA8B90D58718F9DE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species had been regarded as two subspecies, C. lugubris lugubris from Pacific Ocean and C. lugubris danae from Atlantic Ocean (Amaoka & Yamamoto (1984). But Munroe (2003) graded up to species based on clearly different counts of the gill rakers. Recently Tongboonkua et al. (2018) showed generic divergence between C. lugubris and C. danae. We followed their results, though it may be problematic in identification of species. Caschanopsetta lugubris differs from C. prognatha in having the tip of the lower jaw slightly beyond the tip of the upper jaw and the lower-jaw length being shorter than HL (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD72DA8B96208045FE16.taxon	description	Figures 4 B, C; Table 5	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD72DA8B96208045FE16.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 121 – 135; A 82 – 93; P 14 – 17; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 176 – 208; GR 0 + 0 – 3; vert. 17 – 18 + 42 – 44 = 59 – 61. Body elongate elliptical, rather soft and flabby; greatest depth 23.0 – 29.1 % SL, at posterior margin of abdominal cavity. Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth about 4.0 – 5.7 % SL of body depth. Head relatively small (18.4 – 21.6 % SL); upper profile of head with slight concavity anterior of dorsal margin of lower eye. Snout blunt and short, its length about 2 / 3 of eye diameter. Eyes separated by narrow flat space, its width about 1 / 3 to 1 / 4 of eye diameter. Mouth extremely large, upper-jaw length 16.7 – 20.3 % SL (14.4 % in young, 132.5 mm SL); maxilla extending far beyond posterior margin of lower eye; tip of lower jaw reaching much beyond tip of upper jaw, projecting length about equal to 1 / 5 of the whole length. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, slender, curved inward and depressible; teeth on lower jaw stronger than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb, rudimentary, none on upper limb. Scales on both sides very small and deciduous, cycloid. Some anterior rays of dorsal fin slightly elongated, free from fin membrane except for base. First ray of anal fin connected with last ray of pelvic fin by narrow membrane. Pectoral fin on both sides slender, its length on ocular side about 11.5 – 16.6 % SL. Caudal fin slender, rather long and with rounded tip. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish or pale grayish without markings; peritoneum dark blue with narrow pale brownish bands; median fins and paired fins dusky, anterior dorsal-fin rays more or less pale. Blind side of body light brownish except for light blue peritoneum. Size. Reaching 313.2 mm SL in Taiwan, also the largest known specimen.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD72DA8B96208045FE16.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Dongsha Island, South China Sea; Indian to Western Pacific oceans.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD72DA8B96208045FE16.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has been confused with Chascanopsetta lugubris. However, they are easily separable by the characters shown in the key of species. Ho et al. (2009) listed 10 specimens of C. prognatha (NMMB-P 1985) which have been misidentified as C. lugubris. The presence of C. prognatha in Taiwan is confirmed based on specimens newly collected from Dongsha Island, South China Sea.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD72DA8B92698770FACC.taxon	description	Mouth rather small in size, upper-jaw length on ocular side 5.3 – 7.9 % SL (3.0 – 4.5 in HL); maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial or biserial anteriorly; uniserial on lower jaw. Scales ctenoid on ocular side with row of long ctenii along posterior margin; cycloid on blind side; 46 – 63 scales in lateral line. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Dorsal-fin origin on blind side in front of upper margin of lower eye. Anal-fin origin below anterior base of pectoral fin on ocular side. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus, fourth or fifth fin ray opposite of first ray on blind side. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, all plates or only parhypural and uppermost hypural without deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD72DA8B92698770FACC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Crossorhombus is closely related to Engyprosopon as evidenced by similar body shape, mouth size and presence of sexual dimorphism on rostral spine and interorbital width. Crossorhombus can be distinguished from Engyprosopon in having ctenoid scales with long ctenii, blind side of body stained with dark blue in male, and all four plates or uppermost and lowermost plates of caudal skeleton without deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD73DA8B9762800DFAF4.taxon	description	Figures 5 A – D; Table 6	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD73DA8B9762800DFAF4.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 86 – 92; A 66 – 73; P 12 – 13; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 52 – 63; GR 0 – 4 + 6 – 8 = 6 – 11; vert. 10 + 25 – 27 = 35 – 37. Body deeply ovate, greatest at middle part of body (50.7 – 57.1 % SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (20.5 – 24.1 % SL); upper profile of head with deep concavity in front of interorbital space; head profile steep in mature males, less so in females and juveniles. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine present on tip of snout in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameters slightly shorter than upper jaw length. Some small orbital spines at anterior margin of lower eye in males, absent in females and juveniles. Interorbital space deeply and widely concave, its width wider in males than females and juveniles. Mouth small, lipped; upper-jaw length 5.3 – 6.3 % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series larger and less closely set than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, closely set; teeth on ocular side larger than those on blind side. Gill rakers on lower limb, short and slender, pointed at tip, smooth; very small or absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side rather small, ctenoid with long ctenii along inner margin; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral-fin rays very short on ocular side, shorter than HL in both sexes (15.2 – 18.5 % SL). Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly brownish red with 2 – 3 small dark blotches on lateral line and a series of dark spots arranged along dorsal and ventral margins of body; caudal fin with 2 distinct dark bands, one at basal and one at distal regions; blind side of body in males with distinct deep-bluish pyriform pattern, uniformly whitish in female. Size. Reaching 147 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 180 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1997).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD73DA8B9762800DFAF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in the Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD73DA8B9762800DFAF4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species exhibits a distinct sexual dimorphism in specimens larger than 60 mm SL in respect to the interorbital width, presence of rostral and orbital spines of the lower eye and body coloration on the blind side. Crossorhombus kanekonis, previously reported from Taiwan by Shen in Shen et al. (1993) and Shen & Wu (2012), is a synonym of C. azureus (Hensley & Randall, 1993).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6BFD7DDA8B95CF868AFDFA.taxon	description	Figures 5 E – H; Table 6	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6BFD7DDA8B95CF868AFDFA.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 87 – 88; A 67 – 69; P 11 – 12; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 53 – 54; GR 0 + 6 = 6; vert. 10 + 25 = 35. Body short and deeply ovate, greatest depth slightly before middle part of body (59.4 % SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (23.1 – 23.9 % SL); upper profile of head with deep concavity anterior of upper margin of lower eye; head profile steep, nearly vertical in mature males, less steep in females and juveniles. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine on tip of snout, sharp and strong in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameter slightly shorter than upper-jaw length. Small orbital spines at anterior margins of either eyes in males, (absent in females and juveniles); flaps on posterior area of eyes in male. Interorbital space deeply and widely concave, wider in males than females and juveniles. Mouth small and lipped, upper-jaw length 6.2 – 6.9 % SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series larger and more widely spaced than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, similar to inner teeth of upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb short and blunt, not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with long ctenii on posterior margin; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side about as long as head in males (27.8 – 31.8 % SL) and shorter than head in females (ca. 20 % SL). Coloration. Ocular side of body yellowish brown with many dark spots and obtuse dark specks; a series of dark spots along dorsal and ventral margins of body; 4 – 5 spots along straight section of lateral line; dorsal, anal and caudal fins light with small dark specks; flaps on eyes with dark spots; blind side of body in males with distinct deep-bluish pattern in horizontal V-shape, uniformly whitish in female. Size. Reaching 103 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 107 mm SL in Lord Howe Island (Hensley & Randall, 1993).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6BFD7DDA8B95CF868AFDFA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern Taiwan off Hengchun, Pingtung; Lord Howe Island (Hensley and Randall, 1993).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6BFD7DDA8B95CF868AFDFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species exhibits a distinct, sexual dimorphism in respect to the interorbital width, presence of rostral and orbital spines, flaps on eyes (rarely on one eye), pectoral-fin length on ocular side and body coloration on the blind side. Crossorhombus howensis closely resembles C. valderostratus in having a deep-bluish horizontal V-shaped pattern in males, but differs from latter in having a shorter pectoral fin on the ocular side in males (27.8 – 31.8 % SL, vs. 32.6 – 41.9), and a caudal fin without any dark band at posterior margin. Two male paratypes were collected from Taiwan, but we were unable to obtain any further specimens. This species may be rare in Taiwan.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D65FD7FDA8B92DD80BEFF1D.taxon	description	Figures 6 A – B; Table 6 Scaeops kobensis Jordan & Starks, 1906: 170 (Type locality: Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D65FD7FDA8B92DD80BEFF1D.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. Description based on a single specimen collected from Taiwan, with additional information from other specimens. D 85 (80 – 86 from other localities); A 64 (60 – 67); P 11 (10 – 11); C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 56 (50 – 55); GR 0 + 6 = 6 (0 + 6 – 7); vert. 10 + 25 = 35 (10 + 24 – 26 = 34 – 36). Body ovate, strongly compressed, greatest depth at middle part of body 54.1 % SL (49.3 – 56.8 % SL, from other localities). Head much shorter than half of body depth 24.5 % SL (23.1 – 27.3); upper profile of head with deep concavity anterior of upper margin of lower eye; head profile steep, almost vertical in mature males (less steep in females and juveniles, from other localities). Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine on tip of snout, sharp and strong in males (absent in females and juveniles). Eye diameter shorter than upper jaw. Some small orbital spines at anterior margin of both eyes in males, (absent in females and juveniles). Interorbital space deeply and widely concave, its width wider in males than females, 10.6 % SL (5.9 – 12.3 in males, 2.0 – 5.5 in females). Mouth small, upper-jaw length 6.8 % SL (6.8 – 8.6); maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series larger and more widely spaced than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, closely set. Gill rakers on lower limb very short and slender, not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with long ctenii on posterior margin; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side filamentous, second ray longest, longer than head; pectoral-fin length 31.3 % SL (30.8 – 57.2 in males, 22.2 – 36.1 in females). Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly dark brown with obtuse dark blotches on lateral line and a series of dark spots arranged along dorsal and ventral margins of body; many very tiny elliptical black spots arranged in front of eyes and interorbital space; margins of dorsal and anal fins dark; blind side of body in males stained distinctly deep bluish at posterior 2 / 3 portion, its anterior margin without concavity, uniformly whitish in females. Size. Reaching 69 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 120 mm TL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D65FD7FDA8B92DD80BEFF1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; Southern Japan, South China Sea, East China Sea (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D65FD7FDA8B92DD80BEFF1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimens larger than 50 mm SL exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism expressed in the presence of rostral and orbital spines before both eyes and the coloration on the blind side. Crossorhombus kobensis resembles C. valderostratus in having a large dark blue pattern on the blind side of the body in males, but it differs from the latter by a rather elliptical body, 3 unbranched upper and lower rays of the caudal fin and no concavity at the anterior margin of the blue pattern on the blind side of the body in males. This species is rare in Taiwan, but rather common in Japan (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D67FD78DA8B95138255FC9A.taxon	description	Figures 6 C – F; Table 6	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D67FD78DA8B95138255FC9A.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 82 – 88; A 62 – 68; P 10 – 12; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 46 – 55; GR 0 (1) + 6 – 7 = 6 – 7; vert. 10 + 23 – 25 = 33 – 35. Body short and deeply ovate, greatest depth slightly before middle part of body (54.4 – 63.2 % SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (24.5 – 27.4 % SL); upper profile of head with deep concavity anterior of upper margin of lower eye; head profile steep, almost vertical in mature males, less steep in females and juveniles. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine on tip of snout, sharp and strong in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eyes diameter slightly shorter than upper jaw. Small orbital spines at anterior margin of both eyes in males, absent in females and juveniles. Interorbital space deeply and widely concave, its width wider in males than in females and juveniles. Mouth small and lipped, upper-jaw length 6.8 – 7.9 % SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series larger and more widely spaced than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, similar to inner teeth of upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb short and blunt, not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with long ctenii on posterior margin; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side filamentous in males, pectoral-fin length 32.6 – 41.9 % SL in males, 19.7 – 24.7 % SL in females. Coloration. Ocular side of body dark to light brown with many dark spots and obtuse dark blotches; faint large dark blotch on curve and middle of straight section of lateral line; surface of eyes with many dark spots; margins of dorsal and anal fins not dark; blind side of body in males with distinct deep-bluish pattern in horizontal V-shape, uniformly whitish in females. Size. Reaching 104 mm SL in Taiwan, up to 121 mm SL known from Kenya (Hensley and Randall 1993).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D67FD78DA8B95138255FC9A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and West Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D67FD78DA8B95138255FC9A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimens more than about 60 mm SL exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism in respect to the interorbital width, presence of rostral and orbital spines at both eyes, the pectoral-fin length on the ocular side and body coloration on the blind side. Crossorhombus valderostratus very closely resembles C. howensis from Lord Howe Islands and Taiwan, but it differs from latter in having longer pectoral fins on the ocular side in males (32.6 – 41.9 % SL, vs. 27.8 – 31.8), and a filamentous second ray of the pectoral fin. Also, C. valderostratus inhabits in deeper water than C. howensis.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D60FD78DA8B93FD82DAF97C.taxon	description	Mouth usually moderate or occasionally large in size, upper-jaw length on ocular side 2.0 – 3.6 in HL. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial or biserial; uniserial on lower jaw. Scales ctenoid on ocular side with one row of feeble ctenii along posterior margin; cycloid on blind side; lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin, with 36 – 61 scales; absent on blind side. Dorsal fin originating on blind side, anterior to upper margin of lower eye. Anal fin originating below anterior base of pectoral fin on ocular side. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus, fourth or fifth fin ray of ocular side opposite to first ray of blind side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite side of vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals, all plates with deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D60FD78DA8B93FD82DAF97C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Engyprosopon is closely related to Asterorhombus in having cleft plates on the parhypural and three hypurals. But Engyprosopon is well distinguished from Asterorhombus in lacking a lure on the first dorsal-fin ray and palmate-like gill rakers.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D61FD79DA8B92B983C5FB1B.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D61FD79DA8B92B983C5FB1B.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 83 – 85; A 64 – 67; P 12; C broken; LLs 43; GR 0 + 9 – 10 = 9 – 10; vert. 10 + 25 = 35. A deep and short body, large eyes situated close to the margin of the head, 0 + 9 – 10 smooth gill rakers, strong rostral spine on ocular side, strong upper orbital spines, small rostral spine on blind side; pectoral-fin ray on ocular-side elongate in males (41 – 58 % SL) and with a dark blue peritoneum. Size. Reaching 94 mm SL.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D61FD79DA8B92B983C5FB1B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type series collection from off Ke-tzu-liao, Kaohsiung, southwestern Taiwan.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D61FD79DA8B957C8254F8F2.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D61FD79DA8B957C8254F8F2.taxon	description	Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka & Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection. Diagnostic features. D 81 – 87; A 61 – 65; P 10 – 12; C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 40 – 45; GR 0 + 5 – 7 = 5 – 7; vert. 10 + 24 = 34. Body deeply ovoid; caudal fin with a pair of black blotches, arranged between the third and fourth fin rays from upper- and lowermost rays in the fin; pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate, and without sexual differences in its length; gill rakers very short, not serrate. Size. Reaching 83 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 122 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D61FD79DA8B957C8254F8F2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Pacific oceans (Amaoka & Ho, 2018).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D62FD7ADA8B94ED8712F99A.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D62FD7ADA8B94ED8712F99A.taxon	description	Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka & Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection. Diagnostic features. D 78 – 82; A 59 – 60; P 11 – 12; C 3 + 11 – 12 + 2 – 3; LLs 37 – 40; GR 0 + 7 = 7; vert. 10 + 24 = 34. Gill rakers slender with spines on inner margin; pelvic-fin rays on ocular side elongate in males, longest ray much longer than ocular-side pectoral fin in mature males, and its fin membrane with many black spots. Size. Reaching 58 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 66 mm SL in Japan (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D62FD7ADA8B94ED8712F99A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; southern Japan (Amaoka & Ho, 2018).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D62FD7BDA8B96FE8207FE81.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D62FD7BDA8B96FE8207FE81.taxon	description	Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka & Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection. Diagnostic features. D 85 – 94; A 64 – 69; P 10 – 12; C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 44 – 48; GR 0 – 3 + 9 – 11 = 11 – 13; vert. 10 + 25 – 26 = 35 – 36. Caudal fin without black blotches; pectoral fin on ocular side with very elongate filament in both sexes; Mouth large, upper-jaw length 8.3 – 9.8 % SL; gill rakers not serrate; upper-jaw teeth biserial. Size. Reaching 181 mm SL (Amaoka & Ho, 2018).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D62FD7BDA8B96FE8207FE81.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD7BDA8B91D98119FC05.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD7BDA8B91D98119FC05.taxon	description	Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka & Ho (2018). Diagnostic features. D 85 – 87; A 63 – 67; P 11 – 12; C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 50 – 51; GR 0 + 6 – 8 = 6 – 8; vert. 10 + 24 – 25 = 34 – 35. No concavity on head margin anterior to lower eye; gill rakers very slender, long and not serrate; narrow interorbital width; no sexual dimorphism in coloration on blind side of body; borders between each gill lamella stained with dark pigmentation. Size. Reaching 91 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 110 mm SL in the eastern Indian Ocean (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD7BDA8B91D98119FC05.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; Indian Ocean, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and Coral Sea (Amaoka & Ho, 2018).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD7BDA8B945F805AF9A7.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD7BDA8B945F805AF9A7.taxon	description	Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka & Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection. Diagnostic features. D 79 – 84; A 57 – 64; P 10 – 12; C 3 + 11 + 3; LLs 46 – 52; GR 0 + 6 – 7 = 6 – 7; vert. 10 + 24 – 25 = 34 – 35. Gill rakers with spines; mouth large, its length 14.4 – 16.4 % SL; maxilla extending to vertical through anterior 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of lower eye; interorbital width narrow in both sexes, width in males larger than that in females and juveniles; pectoral fin filamentous on ocular side, greatly elongate in males, with two dark cross bands; ventral margin of lower jaw on ocular side with 3 distinct black spots, the posteriormost especially distinct; caudal fin with irregularly scattered small dark spots and two large ones at upper and lower margins. Size. Reaching 67 mm SL (Amaoka & Ho, 2018).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD7BDA8B945F805AF9A7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; Philippines, Indian Ocean (India, Burma, Nicobar Islands and Cocos Islands) (Hensley, 2003) and Coral Sea (Amaoka, unpubl. data).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD44DA8B96F882A1F8C6.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD44DA8B96F882A1F8C6.taxon	description	Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka & Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection. Diagnostic features. D 89 – 98; A 68 – 75; P 10 – 12; C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 45 – 50; GR 0 + 6 – 7 = 6 – 7; vert. 10 + 25 – 26 = 35 – 36. Body narrowly ovate, greatest depth less than 53.5 % SL; caudal fin with a pair of black blotches, arranged between the second and fourth fin rays from the uppermost and lowermost fin rays; pectoral fin on ocularside with greatly elongate filament, longer in males than females; gill rakers not serrate. Size. Reaching 105 cm SL in Taiwan; up to 137 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD44DA8B96F882A1F8C6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; from southern Japan to possibly Mekong River (Amoaka, unpubl. data).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5CFD45DA8B9719876FFE4E.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5CFD45DA8B9719876FFE4E.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 78 – 84; A 58 – 61; P 10 – 14; C 3 + 11 + 3; LLs 49 – 52; GR 0 + 6 – 8 = 6 – 8; vert. 10 + 25 – 26 = 35 – 36. Gill rakers serrate, each raker with 2 – 5 stout spines; head 29.1 – 32.1 % SL; both-jaws teeth uniserial with anterior canines; extremely narrow or almost ridge-like interorbital in both sexes; pectoral fin on ocular side distinctly shorter than in other species (18.3 – 20.8 % SL in both sexes); small scattered spots on caudal fin. Size. Reaching 68.0 mm SL (Amaoka & Ho, 2018).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5CFD45DA8B9719876FFE4E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from off Ke-tzu-liao, Kaohsiung, southwestern Taiwan.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5DFD45DA8B9191829DFC21.taxon	description	Tables 7 – 8	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5DFD45DA8B9191829DFC21.taxon	description	Specimen examined. As listed in Amaoka & Ho (2018). Diagnostic features. D 92 (88 – 98, from other localities); A 65 (65 – 77); P 12 (12 – 13); C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 40 (39 – 50); GR 0 + 13 (0 – 6 + 13 – 18); vert. 10 + 26 = 36 (10 + 25 – 27 = 35 – 37). Anterior margin of head anterior to both eyes with about 4 – 5 pale blotches margined by dark bands; scales on front margin of head more strongly ctenoid and non-deciduous compared to body scales. Size. Reaching 89 mm in Taiwan; up to 102 mm in southern Japan (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5DFD45DA8B9191829DFC21.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; southern Japan, South China Sea, Coral Sea and Saya de Malha Bank (Amaoka & Ho 2018).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5DFD45DA8B947A8066F916.taxon	description	Mouth rather small; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth small, uniserial on both jaws, not enlarged anteriorly. Gill rakers short and smooth. Scales small, not deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with short ctenii along posterior margin; scales cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin, obscure lateral line present on blind side. Dorsal and anal fins without branched rays; 2 nd to 10 th rays of dorsal fin elongate in both sexes, but longer in males than in females. Pectoral fin on ocular side elongate with filamentous rays in males. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to third or fourth fin ray on ocular side. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5DFD45DA8B947A8066F916.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Grammatobothus closely resembles Bothus in body shape, but differs in having a narrow interorbital width without sexual difference, elongate anterior dorsal-fin rays, three suborbital bones on blind side, abdominal vertebrae not expanded, and first interhaemal spine not enlarged.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD46DA8B90D581EFFA50.taxon	description	Figures 6 G – H; Table 9	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD46DA8B90D581EFFA50.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 75 – 84; A 64 – 67; P 15 – 16; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 71 – 80; GR 2 – 5 + 7 – 9 = 12 – 13; vert. 10 + 28 = 38. Body deep ovate, deepest near middle part of body (61.8 – 66.0 % SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (26.6 – 27.8 % SL); upper profile of head steep with distinct concavity in front of ventral margin of upper eye. Snout shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent. Eye diameter slightly shorter than upper-jaw length. Interorbital space with a narrow concave space, its width about 1 / 3 of eye diameter. Mouth small, upper-jaw length 8.5 – 8.8 % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye; several short and blunt prominent spines along upper jaw. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, upper-jaw teeth becoming gradually smaller backward; all teeth of lower jaw about same size, similar to anterior teeth of upper jaw. Gill rakers very small on upper limb and slender on lower limb, all not serrated. Scales on ocular side very small, ctenoid with one row of short ctenii on posterior margin, cycloid on blind side. Second to tenth rays of dorsal fin prolonged, lengths in males longer than those in females; 4 th or 5 th rays longest, its length in males slightly longer than head; fin membranes behind prolonged rays deeply incised, and membrane on posterior surface of prolonged rays expanded, forming pinniform rays. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side very long in males, length of pectoral fin 19.7 – 37.4 % SL, not elongate in females. Coloration. Ocular side of body pale brownish, with three large prominent dark ocelli, two anteriormost above and below pectoral fin, one posteriormost midway along straight portion of lateral line, and with many more or less regularly distributed small, distinct, dark spots (light blue in fresh); one or two distinct chromosome-shaped dark bars (deep blue in fresh) above upper eye in males; dorsal and anal fins with indistinct dark blotches; pectoral fin on ocular side with broad pale cross bars. Blind side of body yellowish white. Size. Reaching 127 mm SL off Taiwan; up to about 170 mm total length elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD46DA8B90D581EFFA50.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD46DA8B90D581EFFA50.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Gramatobothus polyophthalmus differs from G. krempfi and G. pennatus in having 2 nd to 10 th dorsal-fin rays elongate (vs. 2 nd to 4 th in latter) and a deeper body (1.5 – 1.8 vs. 1.8 – 2.0 in HL). Ho et al. (2009) reported this species from Taiwanese waters for the first time.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD47DA8B95AA8240FBAB.taxon	description	Table 9	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD47DA8B95AA8240FBAB.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. The following description is adapted from Shen (1983). D 81; A 66; P 14; C 17; LLs 76; GR? + 8. Body ovate, greatest at near middle part of body (52.1 % SL); head large (29.4 % SL); upper-jaw length 10.1 % SL; pectoral fin moderately long (38.7 % SL); second to fourth rays of dorsal fin prolonged and pinniform; pelvic-fin rays prolonged and pinniform. Coloration. Ocular side of body brownish, with a series of darker blotches along dorsal and ventral margins; a large blotch at curved portion of lateral line, on middle of body and in front of caudal peduncle. Size. Reaching 99.0 mm SL off Taiwan; up to about 175 mm SL elsewhere (Chabanaud, 1929).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD47DA8B95AA8240FBAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern Taiwan (Shen, 1983); Vietnam (type locality).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD47DA8B95AA8240FBAB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Grammatobothus krempfi was reported from Taiwan by Shen (1983). The specimen (NTUM 5502, sex unknown, 99.0, Tainan, 22 Oct. 1978) was identified as G. krempfi based on the ovate body shape and some anterior rays of the dorsal fin distinctly elongated. However, the specimen is not in the collection at present and therefore the identification is based on photographs. Shen in Shen et al. (1993) and Shen & Wu (2012) also reported G. krempfi from Taiwan, but no voucher specimens were provided. The picture shown by Shen in Shen et al. (1993) is clearly Bothus pantherinus, because of the absence of elongate anterior dorsal-fin rays. On the other hand, Shen & Wu (2012) showed an illustration of G. krempfi instead of providing any photo and no voucher of that illustration was mentioned.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5FFD47DA8B948C8785F844.taxon	description	Mouth very small in size; maxilla extending slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial on upper jaw and uniserial or biserial (sometimes in narrow band) on lower jaw. Gill rakers slender, without spines along inner edge. Scales very small, deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Lateral line on ocular side with small curve section above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Dorsal and anal fins with simple rays throughout, not elongate. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate in both sexes. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to fourth ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just in front of origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite of vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5FFD47DA8B948C8785F844.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Japonolaeops is closely related to Laeops with a relatively elongate body, caudal skeleton without deep clefts, and no sexual dimorphism. The genus differs from Laeops in having teeth on both jaws, anterior rays of dorsal fin not elongate, and anterior two rays of dorsal fin connected to the following rays.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D58FD40DA8B90D58721F9E3.taxon	description	Figure 7 A; Table 10	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D58FD40DA8B90D58721F9E3.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 111 – 118; A 93 – 97; P 14 – 15; C 3 + 10 – 11 + 3 – 4 = 17; LLs 94 – 105; GR 5 – 8 + 6 – 10 = 13 – 16; vert. 11 + 39 – 42 = 50 – 53. Body elongated and strongly compressed, greatest at near anterior 1 / 3 part of body, its depth 31.1 – 36.8 % SL. Caudal peduncle narrow. Head small, more than 1 / 2 of body depth (18.1 – 20.6 % SL); front of head with deep concavity anterior of upper eye; head profile gently curved. Snout short, protruding, snout length much shorter than eye diameter. Eyes small, diameter slightly longer than upper jaw; upper eye extremely close to dorsal margin of head. Interorbital space low and narrow; inner margins of each eye with bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior interorbital space. Mouth small and asymmetrical, upper-jaw length on ocular side about 4.5 – 6.2 % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth present on both sides of both jaws; uniserial in upper jaw, teeth on blind side somewhat larger than those on ocular side; anterior teeth on lower jaw biserial, posterior teeth uniserial. Gill rakers on lower limb slender and pointed without inner serration; those on upper limb small. Scales very small and deciduous, cycloids on both sides. Dorsal and anal fins very low anteriorly and posteriorly. Pectoral fin on ocular side very short, slightly longer than half of head (10.8 – 13.7 % SL); that on blind side relatively short. Caudal fin round and slender. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly dark yellowish without distinct blotches or spots; all fins uniformly pale dark without distinct spots and blotches; middle part of caudal fin black except for basal part. Blind side of body uniformly yellowish white. Size. Reaching 153.9 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 200 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D58FD40DA8B90D58721F9E3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Western Pacific oceans, including South China Sea to southern Japan, and Coral Sea (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D58FD40DA8B90D58721F9E3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles members of Laeops in the small mouth and general appearance, but can be easily separated in the presence of teeth on both jaws of both sides and the anterior two dorsal-fin rays not being separated from the remaining fin rays. Moreover, this species is closely related to Laeops gracilis Fowler, 1934, but it differs from the latter in having smaller head and deeper body (Amoaka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D58FD42DA8B963B8609FDFA.taxon	description	Mouth extremely large; maxilla extending far beyond posterior margin of lower eye, tip of upper jaw projecting beyond tip of snout; upper-jaw length about equal to HL. Anterior half of upper jaw uniserial, with some enlarged teeth anteriorly, followed by tooth band on posterior half; teeth on lower jaw uniserial with 3 pairs of canines at anterior tip. Gill rakers small, without spines. Scales small, cycloid on both sides. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. First ray of dorsal fin slightly elongate. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate in both sexes. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, with rather short base; first ray on blind side opposite to third fin ray on ocular side. Caudal skeleton consisting of four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts. Suborbital bones 3 on blind side. Tip of vomer projecting into mouth.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D58FD42DA8B963B8609FDFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Kamoharaia is closely related to Chascanopsetta with which it shares an extremely large mouth, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the tip of the upper jaw extending beyond the tip of the snout, the presence of large canine teeth at the tip of the lower jaw, and in the tip of the vomer projecting into the mouth.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5AFD42DA8B92DD80E5F8FF.taxon	description	Figures 7 B – C; Table 10	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5AFD42DA8B92DD80E5F8FF.taxon	description	Specimens examined. NMMB-P 17856 (1, 186.6), Nan-fang-ao, 13 Oct. 2012; NMMB-P 21088 (1, 109), Donggang, 30 Mar. 2014; NMMB-P 22267 (1, 164.2), Dong-gang, 7 Nov. 2013; NMMB-P 25330 (1, 95.0), Dong-gang, 26 May 2013; NMMB-P 29037 (1, 95.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 18 Mar. 2018. More specimens deposited in NMMB-P. Diagnostic features. D 109 – 112; A 84 – 88; P 12; C 3 – 5 + 7 – 11 – 5 = 17; LLs 126 – 132; GR 0 – 3 + 7 – 8; vert. 13 + 39 – 40 = 52 – 53. Body elliptical, strongly compressed; greatest depth near tip of pectoral fin (34.1 – 38.3 % SL). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth 5.1 – 5.7 % SL. Head small, its length 17.1 – 20.1 % SL; upper profile of head deeply concave anterior of interorbital area, and more or less convex in front of upper eye. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Eyes small, about 1 / 3 of upper jaw, separated by narrow flat ridge. Mouth very large, upper-jaw length about 14.5 – 19.2 % SL; maxilla extending well beyond posterior margin of lower eye; tip of upper jaw protruding beyond tip of snout by half eye diameter. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial, 3 or 4 pairs of larger teeth anteriorly, narrow tooth band on posterior half; lower jaw teeth uniserial, anteriorly 3 pairs of large inward curved canine teeth, posterior teeth becoming smaller. Tip of vomer projecting into mouth cavity. Gill rakers short and slender without serration on lower limb, rudimentary on upper limb. Scales on both sides very small, cycloid. First ray of dorsal fin elongate, its length 2.5 – 2.8 in HL. Pectoral fin on ocular side about half of that on blind side. Caudal fin slender and round, with 3 – 5 unbranched rays dorsally and ventrally. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly brownish with many irregular dark blotches; median fins and pectoral fin on ocular side dark except for basal portion. Blind side of body yellowish white. Size. Reaching 187 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 220 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5AFD42DA8B92DD80E5F8FF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in the Indo-Australian archipelago to southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5AFD42DA8B92DD80E5F8FF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles Chascanopsetta lugubris in having an extremely large mouth, but can be easily distinguished in having the tip of the maxilla strongly extending beyond the tip of the snout, in having 3 pairs of canine teeth on the tip of the lower jaw and in the tip of the vomer projecting into the mouth cavity. In juveniles of 100 – 120 mm SL, both jaws are not particularly protruding (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5BFD43DA8B90D5823BFC67.taxon	description	Mouth very small, asymmetrical, twisted to blind side; maxilla extending slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth present only on bind side of both jaws, small, uniserial or forming narrow band. Gill rakers slender and smooth. Scales very small, deciduous, cycloids on both sides. Lateral line on ocular side with small curved section above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Dorsal- and anal- fin rays simple and unbranched. Anterior two rays of dorsal fin separated from remainder rays, or anterior three rays elongate. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, first ray on blind side opposite to fourth fin ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite to vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals, and lacking deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5BFD43DA8B90D5823BFC67.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Laeops is closely related to Japonolaeops as evidenced by the elongate body, small mouth, caudal skeleton without deep clefts, and no sexual dimorphism. It differs from Japonolaeops in having teeth only on the blind side and in the anterior two dorsal fin rays not continuous with the following rays, or rarely the anterior three rays elongate.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5BFD4DDA8B93B98272FBF2.taxon	description	Figures 7 D – E; Table 10	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5BFD4DDA8B93B98272FBF2.taxon	description	Laeops variegate (not of Franz): Chen & Weng, 1965: 69. Laeops nigrescens (not of Lloyd): Chen & Weng, 1965: 64. Specimens examined. NMMB-P 21087 (1, 130.8), Dong-gang, Mar. 30, 2014; NMMB-P 22229 (1, 149.2), Donggang, 21 Jan. 2015; NMMB-P 23185 (1, 125.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 22 Apr. 2014; NMMB-P 23188 (1 female, 134.5), NMMB-P 23268 (4, 121.2 – 130.7), 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P 23269 (5, 120.3 – 139.9), Dong-gang, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P 23270 (1, 132.2), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P 23280 (1, 120.0), Dong-gang, 16 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P 23283 (4, 103.2 – 128.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 3 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P 24846 (1, 148.3), Ke-tzu-laio, 2 Apr. 2015. Large among of specimens deposited in NMMB-P. Diagnostic features. D 103 – 117; A 87 – 92; P 12 – 15; C 2 – 3 + 11 – 13 + 2 – 4 = 17; LLs 90 – 105; GR 0 – 5 + 5 – 8 = 6 – 12; ert. 11 – 12 + 39 – 42 = 50 – 53. Body elongated and strongly compressed, greatest near anterior 1 / 4 part of body, its depth highly variable (28.5 – 36.9 % SL). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth 5.7 – 6.8 % of SL. Head extremely small, head less than 1 / 2 of body depth (14.9 – 18.4 % SL); front of head almost straight or with shallow concavity above middle of upper eye. Snout extremely short, snout length about half of eye diameter. Eyes small, diameter much larger than upper-jaw length; upper eye extremely close to dorsal margin of head. Interorbital space narrow; inner margins of eyes with high bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior interorbital space. Mouth extremely small, asymmetrical, twisted to blind side, upper-jaw length on ocular side 3.1 – 3.9 % SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye; lower jaw extending beyond tip of upper jaw. Teeth absence on ocular side of both jaws, many small teeth on blind side curved inward, in narrow bands. Gill rakers on lower limb very small and pointed, smooth; none or some small rakers on upper limb. Scales very small and deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Dorsal and anal fin rays slender, fin membranes very weak and easily broken except for basal parts; first two rays not detached from remainder of fin. Pectoral fin on ocular side very short, a little longer than half of head (9.2 – 12.3 % SL); that of blind side relatively short. Caudal fin round and slender, its length about equal to HL. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots, snout dark; distal half of dorsal, anal and caudal fins, and of pelvic fin on ocular side black; blind side of body uniformly yellowish white. Size. Reaching 149 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 164 mm SL in Japan (Amaoka 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5BFD4DDA8B93B98272FBF2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; South China Sea to southern Japan, and Korea (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5BFD4DDA8B93B98272FBF2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Laeops tongkongensis Chen & Weng, 1965 is synonymized with Laeops kitaharae (Smith & Pope, 1906) based on the examination of the type specimens of both species for this study. We cannot separate L. tongkongensis from L. kitaharae based on the diagnosis of both species provided in the key of Chen & Weng (1965). The body depth of type series of L. tongkongensis are 28.3 – 29.8 % SL versus 34.5 % SL in holotype and 28.5 – 36.9 % SL in Taiwanese specimens of L. kitaharae. The head length of type series of L. tongkongensis are 15.5 – 16.2 % SL, versus 17.2 % SL and 14.9 – 18.4 % SL, respectively, of Laeops kitaharae. Moreover, both species could not be discriminated in counts and other morphometric characters. As a consequence, L. tongkongensis is recognized as a junior synonym of L. kitaharae. In addition, eight species in the genus Laeops were reported from Taiwan (Chen & Weng, 1965). They probably also represent Laeops kitaharae, which is known for its broad morphological variations in proportional measurements (Amaoka, 1969). The pictures of L. kitaharae shown by Shen & Wu (2012) represent a reversal specimen of Plagiopsetta glossa.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D55FD4DDA8B94C5814BF8E0.taxon	description	Mouth medium in size; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial; anterior teeth enlarged, canine-like. Gill rakers slender and smooth. Scales very small, deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Lateral line on ocular side with short curved section above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Dorsal- and anal- fin rays simple. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate, starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to fourth ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side just in front of origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side opposite to vent. Caudal skeleton composed of four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D55FD4DDA8B94C5814BF8E0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Neolaeops resembles Laeops and Japonolaeops in the elongate body, the caudal skeleton without deep clefts, no sexual dimorphism and very small scales. It differs from Laeops in the presence of teeth on both jaws on both sides of body and in the larger mouth, and from Japonolaeops in having uniserial teeth on both jaws, a larger mouth and more abdominal vertebrae.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D55FD4EDA8B973B8020FAE2.taxon	description	Figure 8 A; Table 10	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D55FD4EDA8B973B8020FAE2.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 104 – 112; A 81 – 92; P 13 – 16; C 2 – 4 + 10 – 12 + 2 – 4 = 17; LLs 93 – 104; GR 3 – 6 + 6 – 10 = 12 – 16; vert. 13 + 37 – 38 = 50 – 51. Body elongated and strongly compressed, deepest near anterior 1 / 3 part of body (38.9 – 43.5 % SL). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth 6.0 – 6.9 % SL. Head small, its length about half of body depth (19.5 – 21.5 % SL); front of head with deep concavity anterior of upper eye; head profile round. Snout slightly protruding, snout length slightly longer than eye diameter. Eyes small, diameter about 1 / 2 of upper jaw length; upper eye extremely close to dorsal margin of head. Interorbital space narrow, bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior interorbital space. Mouth moderate and almost symmetrical, upper-jaw length on ocular side about 7.4 – 8.8 % SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, with enlarged and canine-like teeth anteriorly, small and close-set laterally on upper jaw, lateral teeth on lower jaw stronger and wider spaced than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers absent on upper limb, those on lower limb slender, pointed, and smooth. Scales very small and deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Pectoral fin on ocular side very short, about half of head length (10.0 – 11.9 % SL); that on blind side shorter and more feeble. Caudal fin round and slender. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots, snout dark; dorsal and anal fins and pelvic fin on ocular side black; several middle rays of caudal fin black distally. Blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 169 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 210 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D55FD4EDA8B973B8020FAE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Western Pacific oceans, including South China Sea, East China Sea, southern Japan, East Africa (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D55FD4EDA8B973B8020FAE2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species superficially resembles members of Japonolaeops and Laeops, but is readily distinguished by its deeper body, larger mouth and smaller eyes.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D56FD4FDA8B95348028FEDA.taxon	description	Mouth large; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye or somewhat beyond. Teeth on both jaws usually uniserial, rarely biserial in upper jaw; teeth slightly enlarged anteriorly. Gill rakers moderately long, usually not serrated, absent on upper limb. Scales rather not deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with row of moderately long ctenii along posterior margin; scales cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Dorsal and anal fins with simple rays. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongated in both sexes. Pelvic fin starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to third or fourth ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just in front of origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals; no deep clefts on distal margin.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D56FD4FDA8B95348028FEDA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parabothus closely resembles Tosarhombus in having ctenoid scales on the ocular side bearing moderately long spines, caudal plates lacking clefts, and sexual dimorphism of the interorbital width. It differs from Tosarhombus in having a narrower interorbital space, usually absence of a rostral spine in male, a more elongate body, and the anterior head margin lacking clear blotches.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D57FD4FDA8B92A78103F899.taxon	description	Figures 8 B – C; Table 11	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D57FD4FDA8B92A78103F899.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 110 – 117; A 89 – 95; P 12 – 14; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 87 – 95; GR 0 + 8 – 9 = 8 – 9; vert. 10 + 33 = 43. Body elliptical, deepest slightly anterior of middle of body (38.6 – 42.3 % SL). Head relatively small (26.2 – 26.8 % SL); upper profile of head with slight concavity in front of interorbital space. Snout round, relatively long, its length shorter than eye diameter. Eye diameter smaller than upper jaw length. Interorbital space deeply concave, its width narrower than eye diameter, wider in males than females and juveniles, 3.0 – 3.4 % SL in males, 1.4 – 2.0 % SL in females or juveniles. Mouth moderately large, upper-jaw length 9 % SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Prominent knob on mandibular symphysis. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial, some pairs of anterior teeth enlarged, canine-like; lateral teeth on lower jaw somewhat larger than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb of first arch, moderate in size, not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales small, ctenoid with moderate ctenii on ocular side; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral fin on ocular side short (14.3 – 15.2 % SL). Coloration. Ocular side of body grayish brown; a series of obtuse greenish yellow blotches with dark margins near dorsal and ventral margins of body; two dark small spots on junction between curve and straight portion of lateral line, two on middle and one on posterior portions; head with greenish yellow spots and dashes, each with dark margins; dorsal and anal fins with a regularly arranged series of dark blotches; body on blind side milky white. Size. Reaching 189 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 225 mm SL in Japan (Amaoka, 1969)	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D57FD4FDA8B92A78103F899.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; southern Japan to Coral Sea, Hawaii Islands (Amaoka et al., 1997).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D57FD4FDA8B92A78103F899.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles Parabothus kiensis in body shape, but differs in smaller eyes, smaller scales and the shape and abundance of blotches on the body. This species exhibits sexually dimorphism and ontogenetic changes of the interorbital width.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D50FD49DA8B977F827FFB9F.taxon	description	Figures 8 D – E; Table 11	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D50FD49DA8B977F827FFB9F.taxon	description	Specimens examined. NMMB-P 12622 (1 male, 1 female, 153.0 – 168.7), Dong-gang, 25 Mar. 2011; NMMB- P 18021 (1 male 133.0), Dong-gang, date unknown; NMMB-P 22239 (1, 164.6), Dong-gang, 21 Jan. 2015; NMMB- P 22265 (1 female, 118.3), Dong-gang, 11 Feb. 2015; NMMB-P 25744 (1 female, 120.1), Dong-gang, 22 Mar. 2017; NMMB-P 28992 (1 female 141.3), 18 Mar. 2018; NTUM 05402 (1, 126.3), Tungkong, 19 Nov. 1976. Diagnostic features. D 100 – 114; A 84 – 89; P 12 – 13; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 78 – 83; GR 0 + 7 – 9 = 7 – 9; vert. 10 + 31 – 32 = 41 – 42. Body elliptical, deepest slightly anterior of middle of body (38.0 – 42.2 % SL). Head rather small (25.9 – 27.6 % SL); upper profile of head with slight concavity anterior to interorbital space. Snout round, longer than half of eye diameter. Eye diameter about equal to upper-jaw length. Interorbital space deeply concave, its width narrower than eye diameter, wider in males than in females and juveniles, 4.1 – 4.9 % SL in males, 1.0 – 2.0 % in females. Mouth moderately large, upper-jaw length 8.1 – 10.1 % SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Prominent knob on mandibular symphysis in males, feeble or absent in females and juveniles. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial, some pairs of anterior teeth enlarged; lateral teeth on lower jaw somewhat stronger than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb moderate in size, not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side ctenoid with long ctenii; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral fin on ocular side moderately large, not elongated (13.7 – 16.5 % SL). Coloration. Ocular side of body grayish brown with indistinct dark spots and yellowish green blotches of irregular form; no distinct blotches on any fins; body on blind side milky white. Size. Reaching 132 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 203 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D50FD49DA8B977F827FFB9F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Western Pacific Ocean off southern Japan to Indonesia, northern Australia and Coral Sea (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D50FD49DA8B977F827FFB9F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles Parabothus coarctatus in body shape, but it differs from the latter in having larger eye (3.0 – 3.5 vs. 3.5 – 3.9 in HL), fewer lateral-line scales (78 – 83 vs. 87 – 95), and lacking dark spots on lateral line and along upper margin of upper eye. The specimen identified by Shen (1983) as Parabothus chlorospilus is a female of P. kiensis.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D51FD4BDA8B94E7816BFE6A.taxon	description	Figure 8 F; Table 11	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D51FD4BDA8B94E7816BFE6A.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 89; A 67; P 10; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 86; GR 0 + 8 = 8; vert. 10 + 27 = 37. Body elliptical, deepest slightly anterior of middle of body (46.2 % SL). Head longer than half of body depth (27.7 % SL); front profile of head with shallow concavity anterior of ventral margin of lower eye. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. No rostral spine on snout tip. Eye diameter shorter than upper-jaw length. Orbital spine absent. Interorbital space narrow, deeply concave, its width narrower than eye diameter, 4 % HL (based on one female only). Mouth moderate large, upper-jaw length 9.7 % SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, moderately conical, some pairs of anterior teeth enlarged; lateral teeth on lower jaw somewhat stronger than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb moderate large in size, smooth; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side ctenoid with moderately long ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side moderate large, not elongate (16.6 % SL). Coloration. Ocular side of body dark brown with an obtuse, large dark blotch at junction of straight and curved sections of lateral line, and a dark obtuse blotch on middle section of straight lateral line; a conspicuous black blotch on dorsal fin above anterior margin of upper eye; a series of large faint rings along dorsal and ventral edges of body; vertical fins with faint dark spots at base; pectoral fin with three indistinct dark cross bars; pelvic fin with a black spot on membrane between third and fourth rays; body on blind side grayish white. Size. Reaching 120 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 130 mm SL in Sri Lanka (Norman, 1934).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D51FD4BDA8B94E7816BFE6A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan off Ke-tzu-liao at depths less than 100 m; Sri Lanka at depths 59 – 64 m (de Bruin et al., 1995).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D51FD4BDA8B94E7816BFE6A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was first recorded from Taiwan on the bases of a single female specimen. This species can be separated from the three other Taiwanese species of Parabothus in having fewer dorsal- and anal- fin rays and vertebrae. Currently, no male specimen was examined by the authors and the characters of males are unknown. This species may exhibit sexually dimorphism and ontogenetic changes on interorbital width and presence or absence of rostral spine as other congeners.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D53FD54DA8B924D8660FB2E.taxon	description	Figures 9 A – B; Table 11	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D53FD54DA8B924D8660FB2E.taxon	description	Specimens examined. NMMB-P 23214 (1 female, 101.6), Ke-tzu-liao, 17 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P 23219 (2, 73.0 – 85.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 30 Apr. 2015; NMMB-P 23232 (3 males, 1 female, 91.8 – 132.2), Ke-tzu-liao, 31 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P 23272 (1 male, 1 female, 116.3 – 129.6), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P 23305 (1 male, 1 female, 92.7 – 95.6), Ke-tzu-liao, 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P 24854 (1 male, 1 female, 116.7 – 124.8), NMMB-P 25710 (1 male, 117.6), NMMB-P 25713 (2 males, 100.8 – 123.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 2 Apr. 2015; NMMB-P 25725 (2 males, 98.8 – 122.3), Ke-tzu-liao, 11 Mar. 2017. More specimens deposited in NMMB-P. Diagnostic features. D 98 – 110; A 77 – 87; P 11 – 14; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 61 – 67; GR 0 + 7 – 8 = 7 – 8; vert. 10 + 28 – 30 = 38 – 40. Body elliptical, deepest at anterior 1 / 3 of body (36.8 – 45.6 % SL). Head slightly longer than half of body depth (22.0 – 28.1 % SL); upper profile of head with deep concavity in front of interorbital space. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine on snout tip blunt in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameter slightly shorter than upper-jaw length. Orbital spine absent in either sex. Interorbital space narrow, deeply concave, its width narrower than eye diameter, wider in males than females and juveniles, 3.0 – 3.5 % SL in males, 2.3 – 2.6 % SL in females, 1.2 – 1.3 % SL in juveniles. Mouth moderate, upper-jaw length 7.4 – 12.7 % SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Prominent knob on mandibular symphysis in males, feeble or absent in females and juveniles. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those in outer series stronger and more widely spaced than those in inner series; some anterior teeth canine-like; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, nearly equal in size and spacing to inner-row teeth of upper jaw. Gill rakers only on lower limb, moderate in size, not serrate. Scales on ocular side ctenoid with long ctenii; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral fin on ocular side very short (13.5 – 22.3 % SL). Coloration. Ocular side of body grayish brown without any distinct color pattern (body pale purple when scales are removed); body on blind side grayish white. All fins on both sides uniformly grayish brown without any noticeable spots or blotches. Size. Reaching 130 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 153 mm SL in East China Sea (Yamada et al., 2007).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D53FD54DA8B924D8660FB2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan, at depth not deeper than 100 m (present study); East China Sea (Yamada et al., 2007).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D53FD54DA8B924D8660FB2E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species can be easily separated from P. polylepis in having more dorsal- and anal-fin rays, and from Parabothus kiensis and P. coarctatus in having clearly fewer lateral-line scales. This species exhibits sexually dimorphism and ontogenetic changes of interorbital width and presence or absence of a rostral spine and mandibular knob. Parabothus sp. and Crossorhombus sp. reported by Shen (1983) may in fact represent the same species.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4CFD54DA8B9571814EF832.taxon	description	Mouth small; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws small, not enlarged anteriorly; teeth on upper jaw uniserial or biserial, those on lower jaw uniserial. Gill rakers few, small, slender and smooth. Scales small, not deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with row of long ctenii along posterior margin; cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin, absent on blind side. Dorsal- and anal-fin rays simple, none elongated. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongated in both sexes. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to fourth ray on ocular side. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4CFD54DA8B9571814EF832.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Psettina is recognized by its rather small and elliptical body, ctenoid scales with a row of long spines along posterior margin, caudal skeleton without deep clefts, no sexual differences in rostral and orbital spines, interorbital width, shape of dorsal profile of body and coloration. There are currently 10 species recognized in Psettina, all restricted to the Indian and Western Pacific oceans; four species are recognized in Taiwan.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848.taxon	description	Figure 9 C; Table 12 – 13	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 92 – 102; A 74 – 82; P 11 – 13; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 56 – 63; GR 0 + 6 – 8 = 6 – 8; vert. 10 + 29 – 30 = 39 – 40. Body compressed, elliptical, deepest at anterior 1 / 3 of body (44.1 – 47.4 % SL). Head more than half of body depth (22.7 – 26.8 % SL); front profile of head with slight concavity anterior of ventral margin of lower eye; head profile gently convex. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Eye diameter subequal to upper jaw. Interorbital space very narrow, concave, sometimes with ridges on anterior and posterior portions. Mouth rather large for this genus, upper-jaw length on ocular side 7.4 – 8.9 % SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Short knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw regularly biserial; those in inner row larger than outer row, somewhat enlarged anteriorly; teeth on lower jaw uniserial. Gill rakers short, pointed at tip and not serrated on lower limb; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with row of long ctenii, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side short (15.4 – 18.1 % SL); that of blind side very short, about 2 / 3 of ocular side. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown with a row of indistinct dark ringed blotches along dorsal and ventral margins of body; snout and both jaws dark; blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 110 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 130 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; southern Indonesia, northeastern Australia to southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species differs from its congeners in lacking distinct blotches on body and fins. Small individuals were sometimes confused with P. tosana, but can be separated by having more lateral-line scales and a larger mouth.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; from Coral Sea throughout southern Indonesia, to southern Japan and southern Korea (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. brevirictus and P. variegatus in body shape, coloration and position of blotches. It, however differs from the former in having many more scales in the lateral line, fewer gill rakers on the lower limb, and from the latter in having fewer scales in the lateral line and fewer gill rakers on the lower limb. Chen & Weng (1965) recorded 56 lateral-line scales for a specimen which they described as P. brevirictus but which actually belongs to P. iijimae.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4EFD56DA8B90D587BDFB42.taxon	description	Figure 9 D; Table 12 – 13 Engyprosopon iijimae Jordan & Starks, 1904: 626 (Type locality: Suruga Bay, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4EFD56DA8B90D587BDFB42.taxon	description	Specimens examined. NMMB-P 01725 (1, 75.0), Hain-da, Kaohsiung, 3 Nov. 1983; NMMB-P 05573 (3, 65.6 – 71.6), Anping, Tainan, 1 Oct. 1963; NMMB-P 12221 (82.5), Daxi, 22 Jan. 2010; NMMB-P 26402 (3, 66.9 – 74.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2017; NMMB-P 29421 (1, 51.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 25 Apr. 2018. Diagnostic features. D 89 – 91; A 66 – 71; P 11 – 13; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 55 – 61; GR 2 – 4 + 5 – 6 = 7 – 10; vert. 10 + 26 – 28 = 36 – 38. Body compressed, elliptical, deepest at middle part of body (43.8 – 47.3 % SL). Head small, about half of body depth (23.0 – 24.8 % SL); front profile of head almost smooth, without distinct concavity anterior of eyes; head profile gentle curve. Snout shorter than 1 / 2 of eye diameter. Eye diameter longer than upper-jaw length. Interorbital ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye. Mouth very small, upper-jaw length on ocular side 5.8 – 6.3 % SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Small mandibular knob at symphysis. Dentition on blind side more developed that on ocular side, teeth on both jaws uniserial, close-set, gradually becoming small posteriorly. Gill rakers short, slender, pointed at tip and not serrate; rakers on upper limb smaller than those on lower limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with one row of long hair-like ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side much shorter than head (10.4 – 19.4 % SL); that of blind side very short, about 2 / 3 of that of ocular side. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown with a row of 6 distinct dark blotches along dorsal margin of body and 5 along ventral margin of body, these blotches entering to dorsal and anal fins; large blackish blotch at junction between curved and straight section of lateral line, at middle straight section and near caudal peduncle on lateral line; distal part of pectoral fin and hind part of caudal fin with blackish band. Blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 83 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 85 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4EFD50DA8B94948209FE16.taxon	description	Figure 9 E; Table 12 – 13	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4EFD50DA8B94948209FE16.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 90 – 98; A 71 – 80; P 10 – 12; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 46 – 51; GR 0 + 6 – 8 = 6 – 8; vert. 10 + 28 – 30 = 38 – 40. Body compressed, elliptical, deepest at middle of body (40.2 – 46.5 % SL). Head more than half of body depth (22.9 – 25.5 % SL); front profile of head with slight concavity in front of ventral margin of upper eye; head profile smoothly convex. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Eye diameter much shorter than upper-jaw length. Interorbital space with low ridge. Mouth small, upper-jaw length on ocular side 6.6 – 7.4 % SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Mandibular knob very small at symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw regularly biserial; teeth on inner row larger than outer row; teeth on lower jaw uniserial. Gill rakers short, pointed at tip, not serrate on lower limb, absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side rather large, ctenoid with row of long ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side short (19.0 – 24.3 % SL), subequal to head length; that of blind side about 2 / 3 of that on ocular side. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly brown, 7 dark rings along dorsal, and 6 along ventral margins of body, respectively; 4 dark rings above and 2 below lateral line, respectively. Scattered small dark blotches on body; snout and both jaws pale brown. All fins pale; median fins with faint dark blotches; blind side of body uniformly milky white. Size. Reaching 82 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 120 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4EFD50DA8B94948209FE16.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; East China Sea and southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4EFD50DA8B94948209FE16.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles small specimen of P. gigantea, but can be distinguished by fewer lateral-line scales and dorsal- and anal- fin rays. Otherwise, P. tosana is smaller in size and inhabits in shallower waters than P. gigantea.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D48FD50DA8B9269865CF8DE.taxon	description	Figure 9 F; Table 12 – 13	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D48FD50DA8B9269865CF8DE.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 101 – 107; A 78 – 82; P 12 – 13; C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17; LLs 75 – 77; GR 0 + 7 – 8 = 7 – 8; vert. 10 + 28 – 29 = 38 – 39. Body compressed, oblong, deepest at middle part of body (38.8 – 43.3 % SL). Head rather large, about half of body depth (24.1 – 27.4 % SL); front profile of head with shallow concavity in front of upper eye. Snout longer than 1 / 2 of eye diameter. Eye diameter about equal to upper jaw. Interorbital ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye. Mouth very small, upper-jaw length on ocular side 7.1 – 8.9 % SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye; maxillary head with obtuse knob, a tiny knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, close-set, gradually becoming large and more widely spaced anteriorly. Gill rakers on lower limb, short, slender, pointed at tip and not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with one row of long hair-like ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side much shorter than head (16.9 – 18.8 % SL); that of blind side very short, about 1 / 2 of that of ocular side. Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown with 3 large dark blotches and small, obscure, irregularly shaped black spots; first blotch on junction between curved and straight sections of lateral line, second on middle of straight section of lateral line, and posteriormost blotch near caudal peduncle; a series of 5 dark obscure blotches along dorsal margin of body and 4 along ventral margin of body, extending to bases of dorsal and anal fins; caudal fin with large black blotch at its center; pectoral fin on ocular side with irregular shaped blackish bands; blind side of body milky white stained with dark in places. Size. Reaching 122 mm SL in Taiwan, the largest known record.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D48FD50DA8B9269865CF8DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan off Ke-tzu-liao, Kaohsiung, at depth not more than 100 m; the Philippines, Hong Kong, and Western Australia (Amaoka & Larson, 1999).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D48FD50DA8B9269865CF8DE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the first record of the species in Taiwan. It resembles P. brevirictus and P. iijimae in body shape, coloration and position of blotches. However, it can be easily distinguished from the other two species in having more lateral-line scales and growing to a larger size. The figures of Parabothus chlorospilus and Psettina iijimae provided by Shen in Shen et al. (1993) and the figure of Parabothus chlorospilus provided by Shen & Wu (2012) are here all identified as Psettina vairegata by us.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D48FD51DA8B97218270FD37.taxon	description	Dorsal and anal fins with elongate rays in either sexes or males only; all rays simple. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting behind tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to second ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite side of vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts. Five suborbital bones on blind side.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D48FD51DA8B97218270FD37.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Taeniopsetta was assigned to the Paralichthyidae based on the position and asymmetrical degree of pelvic fins (Norman, 1934). Subsequently, it was assigned to the Bothidae because of the presence of intermuscular bones and lack of a first neural spine by Amaoka (1969). Taeniopsetta differs from other bothids in having a somewhat narrower base of the pelvic fin on the ocular side, its origin behind the tip of the isthmus, and many suborbital bones on blind side.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D49FD51DA8B93098648F83D.taxon	description	Figures 10 A – C; Table 12 – 13	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D49FD51DA8B93098648F83D.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 87 – 95; A 73 – 78; P 12 – 14; C 3 + 11 + 3 = 17; LLs 102 – 104; GR 0 + 5 – 6 = 5 – 6; vert. 10 + 31 – 32 = 41 – 42. Body deeply ovate, deepest at middle of body (51.0 – 63.5 % SL). Head slightly shorter than half of body depth (21.4 – 27.3 % SL); front profile of head with slight concavity anterior to interorbital space. Snout length about half of eye diameter. Rostral spine on snout tip strong in males, absent or feeble in females and juveniles. Eye diameter longer than upper jaw. Strong orbital spines at anterior margin of eyes in males, none or feeble in females and juveniles. Interorbital space with low ridges separated by extremely narrow concavity. Mouth small, upper-jaw length 5.7 – 8.0 % SL, maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Symphysial knob strong on lower jaw. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial. Gill rakers on lower limb, short and slender, smooth; absent on upper limb. Scales on both sides cycloid, small, not deciduous. Twelfth to 20 th rays of dorsal fin and first to 7 th rays of anal fin extended in males, but not in females. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongated. Pelvic-fin origin below posterior margin of lower eye, length of fin base and ray on ocular side slightly longer than those on blind side; first ray on blind side opposite to second ray on ocular side. Coloration. Ocular side of body light brownish red with 4 and 3 U-shaped dark blotches along dorsal and ventral margins respectively; 3 smaller, blotches above and below middle of lateral line; median fins with many dark brownish spots and streaks. Posterior half of body on blind side dark brown in males, light brown in females. Size. Reaches 108 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 190 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley & Amaoka, 2001).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D49FD51DA8B93098648F83D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific oceans (southern Japan, Saya de Malha Bank, New Caledonia, Admiralty Islands) (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D49FD51DA8B93098648F83D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species exhibits a distinct sexual dimorphism in the presence or absence of a rostral spine, orbital spines in front of the both eyes, the symphysial knob at the tip of the lower jaw, the length of the dorsal and anal fin rays and the body coloration of the blind side. Ho et al. (2009) listed this species for Taiwan based on a single specimen transferred from Tunghai University. We examined 3 additional juveniles from southern Taiwan.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4BFD53DA8B90D5873AFC2F.taxon	description	Mouth large; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial (rarely biserial); teeth on lower jaw uniserial, nearly same size on both sides. Gill rakers moderately long, usually not serrated, absent in upper limb. Scales generally not deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with one row of long ctenii along posterior margin; scales cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Pectoral fin rays on ocular side filamentous in males. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, and on a vertical through posterior margin of lower eye; first ray on blind side opposite to third fin ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite side of vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts on distal margins.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4BFD53DA8B90D5873AFC2F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Tosarhombus closely resembles Parabothus in having ctenoid scales with long spines on the ocular side, caudal plates lacking cleft, and sexual dimorphism in interorbital width. It differs from Parabothus in having a much wider interorbital space in males, a rostral spine present in males, a deeper body and a row of yellowish white blotches on the anterior margin of the head. It also resembles Crossorhombus in the deep body, the broad interorbital space in males, and ctenoid scales with long spines on the ocular side. It differs from Crossorhombus in the tip of the isthmus below the posterior margin of the lower eye, no blotch on the blind side of the body in both sexes and the first pelvic fin ray on the blind side opposite to the third ray on the ocular side.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4BFD5CDA8B94628106F818.taxon	description	Figures 10 D – E; Table 12 – 13	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4BFD5CDA8B94628106F818.taxon	description	Diagnostic features. D 104 (96 – 104 from other localities); A 78 (76 – 82); P 13 (12 – 13); C 2 + 13 + 2 = 17 (2 + 13 + 2 = 17); LLs 66 (59 – 66); GR 0 + 7 = 7 (0 + 6 – 8 = 6 – 8); vert. 10 + 29 = 39 (10 + 28 – 30 = 38 – 40). Description based on a single specimen collected from Taiwan with additional information from other specimens shown in parentheses. Body ovate, deepest at anterior 1 / 3 of body, its depth 50.0 % SL (45.4 – 50.7 % SL, from other localities). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth about 10.4 (9.4 – 11.1) % SL. Head rather small 26.0 (25.1 – 27.8) % SL; upper profile of head with distinct concavity in front of dorsal margin of upper eye. Snout round, short, its length much shorter than eye diameter. Short obtuse rostral spine on tip of snout in males, (absent in females and juveniles from other localities). Eye diameter about equal to upper jaw length. Short and low orbital spine anterior of upper eye in males, (absent in females and juveniles). Interorbital space broad and shallow concave, its width about equal to eye diameter, 8.8 % SL (9.1 – 12.9 in males, 4.2 – 8.3 in females), (wider in males than in females and juveniles). Mouth large, upper-jaw length 7.9 (7.8 – 8.9) % SL; maxilla extending to middle of lower eye. Prominent knob on mandibular symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw small, biserial, those on outer row much shorter and widely spaced than those on inner row; teeth on lower jaw uniserial and close-set. Gill rakers only on lower limb, moderately long, pointed at tip, and not serrated, absent on upper limb. Scales small, ctenoid with long ctenii on ocular side; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side moderately large, and elongate in males, its length 26.5 % SL (22.4 – 31.4 in males, 18.5 – 20.4 in females and juveniles). Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly bluish purple; 6 yellowish white blotches with black rims on anterior margin of head; body on blind side milky white. Size. Reaches 111.0 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 162 mm SL (Amaoka, 1969).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4BFD5CDA8B94628106F818.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Taiwan; southern Japan to Philippines (Amaoka, 2016).	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4BFD5CDA8B94628106F818.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species exhibits sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic changes of the interorbital width, the length of the pectoral fin on the ocular side, and the presence or absence of a rostral spine. Amaoka & Rivaton (1991) reported larvae of T. octoculatus from the Ryukyu Islands and eastern Taiwan. Ho et al. (2009) recorded a single adult male specimen from Taiwan. Photos of two large individuals collected from Penghu (Pescadores) Islands were also examined, but might now be lost.	en	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
