identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
194987B15D7DFD65DA8B94518764FA2D.text	194987B15D7DFD65DA8B94518764FA2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothidae Smitt 1892	<div><p>Family Bothidae</p><p>ľũ</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Eyes on left side of body. Optic chiasma monotypic, right-eye nerve always dorsal. All fin rays unbranched except for middle rays of caudal fin. Pelvic fins asymmetrical, fin-base on ocular side longer than that on blind side, first ray on blind side opposite to second to fourth rays on ocular side. Pelvic-fin rays supported by cartilage of pelvic bone extending anteriorly beyond lower tip of cleithrum. Caudal-fin rays 17, middle 11–13 rays branched.</p><p>Lateral line on ocular side with a strong curve above pectoral fin, rudimental or none on blind side. Branchiostegal membranes of each side joined. Gill arch without any tubercles except for gill rakers. Five rows of intermuscular bones. Epipleurals, ribs and first neural spine absent. Urohyal fishhook-like in shape, pointed at tip (except for Taeniopsetta in truncate). Caudal skeleton (hypural plate) with four plates, their distal half separated by clefts or closely attached. No preorbital and 3–5 suborbital bones on blind side (Amaoka, 1969).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D7DFD65DA8B94518764FA2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7DFD66DA8B96768694FC0D.text	194987B15D7DFD66DA8B96768694FC0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothidae Smitt 1892	<div><p>Key to genera of Bothidae in Taiwan</p><p>1A. First pelvic-fin ray on blind side opposite to second ray on ocular side; origin of pelvic fin on ocular side slightly behind tip of isthmus, their distance subequal to base length of pelvic fin on ocular side; lower part of urohyal truncate distally........................................................................................... Taeniopsetta (1 species)</p><p>1B. First pelvic-fin ray on blind side opposite to third or fourth ray on ocular side; origin of pelvic fin on ocular side at or near tip of isthmus; lower part of urohyal pointed distally............................................................ 2</p><p>2A. Mouth extremely large, maxillary length more than half of HL; end of upper jaw extend to or well behind posterior margin of eye................................................................................................. 3</p><p>2B. Mouth small to moderate large, maxillary length less than half of HL; end of upper jaw before posterior margin of eye..... 4</p><p>3A. Anterior tip of upper jaw extending beyond snout tip; pectoral-fin length on ocular side longer than HL..... Kamoharaia (1)</p><p>3B. Anterior tip of upper jaw not extending beyond snout tip; pectoral-fin length on ocular side shorter than HL.................................................................................................. Chascanopsetta (2)</p><p>4A. Eyes separated by a broad concave space; interorbital space wider in males than in females and in large specimens than small ones of same sex; rostral spine usually present in males....................................................... 5</p><p>4B. Eyes separated by a bony ridge or distinctly narrow anteriorly, no sexual dimorphism on interorbital space; no rostral spine.. .................................................................................................. 11</p><p>5A. First dorsal-fin ray elongate, lure-like, longer than and free from the second ray; gill rakers palmate...... Asterorhombus (2)</p><p>5B. First dorsal-fin ray shorter than second, connected to each other by fin membrane; gill rakers not palmate in shape........ 6</p><p>6A. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of eye............................................................... 7</p><p>6B. Tip of isthmus below middle to anterior margin of eye........................................................ 8</p><p>7A. Body long elliptical, body depth &lt;46.2% SL................................................... Parabothus (4)</p><p>7B. Body ovoid, body depth&gt; 50% SL.......................................................... Tosarhombus (1)</p><p>8A. LLs&gt; 76............................................................................................ 9</p><p>8B. LLs &lt;61........................................................................................... 10</p><p>9A. Anterior dorsal-fin rays elongate; 3 clear ocelli on body....................................... Grammatobothus (2)</p><p>9B. Anterior dorsal-fin rays not elongate; no clear ocelli on body............................................ Bothus (3)</p><p>10A. Scales ctenoid, with long hair like spines on posterior margin; body dark brown, with a large dark blue blotch on blind side in males................................................................................. Crossorhombus (4)</p><p>10B. Scales ctenoid, with short spines on posterior margin; body greyish or greenish brown, light grayish on blind side in males........................................................................................ Engyprosopon (9)</p><p>11A. HL&gt; 22% SL; vert. &lt;45.............................................................................. 12</p><p>11B. HL &lt;21% SL; vert.&gt; 49.............................................................................. 13</p><p>12A. Upper-jaw length about equal to eye diameter; scales with long hair like spines on posterior margin............ Psettina (4)</p><p>12B. Upper-jaw length longer than eye diameter; scales cycloids or ctenoids with short spines on posterior margin.................................................................................................... Arnoglossus (6)</p><p>13A. Upper-jaw length 3.1–6.2% SL, lower-jaw length 5.6–7.8%, upper-eye diameter 4.8–6.2%; vert. 11–12+37–42=48–54.... 14</p><p>13B. Upper-jaw length 7.5–8.8% SL, lower-jaw length 10.2–11.5, upper-eye diameter 3.3–4.5; vert. 13+37–38=50–51................................................................................................... Neolaeops (1)</p><p>14A. Teeth present on both jaws of ocular side; upper-jaw length about equal to eye diameter; HL 18.1–20.6% SL.................................................................................................... Japonolaeops (1)</p><p>14B. Teeth absent on both jaws of ocular side; upper-jaw length much shorter than eye diameter; HL 14.9–17.6% SL...................................................................................................... Laeops (1)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D7DFD66DA8B96768694FC0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7EFD66DA8B945682BCF91E.text	194987B15D7EFD66DA8B945682BCF91E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arnoglossus Bleeker 1862	<div><p>Arnoglossus Bleeker, 1862</p><p>¥6ľƌ</p><p>Arnoglossus Bleeker, 1862:427 . Type species: Pleuronects arnoglossus Schneider, 1801 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body elongate, elliptical. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye. Dorsal profile of head not changing in both sexes and with growth. Eyes separated by ridge or very narrow concave; interorbital width same in both sexes. No rostral, orbital and mandibular spines in both sexes.</p><p>Mouth middle to large in size; maxilla extending to anterior margin to middle of lower eye or slightly beyond that point. Teeth on both jaws small to moderately large, uniserial, sometimes enlarged canine-like anteriorly; teeth on lower jaw stronger, longer, and more widely-spaced than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers slender to stout, sometimes with spines along each inner margin.</p><p>Scales cycloid or ctenoid with row of feeble ctenii on posterior margin on ocular side; scales cycloid on blind side; lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal-fin without branched rays, sometimes with elongate anterior rays in adult males and/or females. Pectoral fin on ocular side not filamentous. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus, first fin ray on blind side opposite to third or fourth fin ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before anal-fin origin; urogenital pore on ocular side. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Arnoglossus is closely related to Japonolaeops, and differs in the larger mouth, with the upper-jaw length more than 1/3 HL.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D7EFD66DA8B945682BCF91E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7EFD67DA8B97618694FE34.text	194987B15D7EFD67DA8B97618694FE34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arnoglossus Bleeker 1862	<div><p>Key to species of Arnoglossus in Taiwan</p><p>1A. First to fourth dorsal-fin rays filamentous (&gt; 50 mm SL); a large black spot on rear end of dorsal- and anal-fin bases................................................................................................ A. macrolophus</p><p>1B. Anterior four rays of dorsal fin not elongate, except for some anterior rays slightly elongate or only second ray elongate in males; no spots on same region.......................................................................... 2</p><p>2A. LLs&gt; 60; D 99–114; A 77–92; gill rakers with serration along inner margin; upper-jaw length 8.3–12.8% SL............ 3</p><p>2B. LLs 51–58; D 89–96; A 68–78; gill rakers without serration along inner margin; upper-jaw length 6.7–8.3% SL.... A. tenuis</p><p>3A. Upper limb of first gill arch with 1 raker; maxilla extends to anterior margin or anterior 1/3 of lower eye; uppermost and lowermost 2 caudal-fin rays unbranched; anterior few dorsal-fin rays more or less elongate in males............. A. polyspilus</p><p>3B. No gill rakers on upper limb of first gill arch; maxilla extends to middle of lower eye, or slightly behind it; uppermost and lowermost 3 caudal-fin rays unbranched; second dorsal-fin ray elongate in males................................... 4</p><p>4A. LLs 82–83; D 110–113; A 85–86; vert. 11+35–36=46–47; pectoral fin and pelvic fin with black blotches..... A. oxyrhynchus</p><p>4B. LLs 60–72; D 99–108; A 77–84; vert. 10–12+33–34=43–45; pectoral and pelvic fins without black blotch............... 5</p><p>5A. Gill rakers short, somewhat palmate; cycloid scales on both sides; shortest distance between upper eye and dorsal margin of head nearly equal to half eye diameter; abdominal vertebrae 10........................................ A. japonicus</p><p>5B. Gill rakers slender, distal half of each gill raker with spines; scales weakly ctenoid on ocular side, cycloid on blind side; shortest distance between upper eye and dorsal margin of head about 1/3 of eye diameter; abdominal vertebrae 11–12...................................................................................................... A. yamanakai</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D7EFD67DA8B97618694FE34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7FFD61DA8B920982CAF926.text	194987B15D7FFD61DA8B920982CAF926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arnoglossus japonicus Hubbs 1915	<div><p>Arnoglossus japonicus Hubbs, 1915</p><p>Japanese lefteye flounder; ıƾ¥6ľ</p><p>Figures 1 A–B; Tables 1–2</p><p>Arnoglossus japonicus Hubbs, 1915:454 (Type locality: south of Kyushu, Japan). Chen, 1969:214; Shen, 1984:450; Chen &amp; Yu, 1986:817; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:566; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:747.</p><p>Arnoglossus polyspilus (not of Günther): Shen in Shen et al., 1993:567.</p><p>Arnoglossus elongatus (not of Weber): Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:43; Chen &amp; Yu, 1986:817.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P02249 (1 male, 1 female, 118.7–121.6), Taiwan, 20 Jun. 1983; NMMB-P22222 (1 male, 1 female, 90.3–109.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 11 Feb. 2015; NMMB-P23187 (2 males, 2 females, 100.2–121.0), Ke-tzu-liao, 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P23207 (1 female, 116.9), Dong-gang, 5 Mar. 2016 ; NMMB-P23315 (3 males, 2 females, 110.0–110.1), Ke-tzu-liao, 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P24852 (2, 112.5–145), Ke-tzu-liao, 4 Apr. 2015; NMMB-P25680 (1 female, 130.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2016; NMMB-P25707 (1 male, 115.1), Ke-tzu-liao, 2 Apr. 2015; NMMB-P25709 (1 male, 105), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Feb. 2017 . More specimens are deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 100–108; A 77–84; P 12–14; C 3+11+3=17; LLs 66–72; GR 0+7–8=7–8; vert. 10+33– 34=43–44.</p><p>Body elongated, greatest depth near anterior 1/3 part of body (33.9–41.1% SL). Head small, its length about 66–74% of body depth (24.3–28.5% SL); front of head with slight concavity in front of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout sharply protruding, snout length shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter slightly longer than 1/2 of upper-jaw length; upper eye about half eye diameter away from dorsal margin of head. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital space with narrow bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior space between both eyes.</p><p>Mouth large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 9.9–12.8% SL; anterior tip of upper jaw on about same vertical line to anterior tip of lower jaw; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond middle part of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, upper jaw with 2–4 canine-like teeth on ocular side, 4–5 on blind side anteriorly, posteriorly gradually getting smaller; lower jaw with 8–16 widely spaced canine-like teeth. Gill rakers on lower limb, short and strong bearing 2–5 sharp spines on inner margin; entirely absent on upper limb.</p><p>Scales rather large and deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Second dorsal-fin ray elongate in males (2.7–3.5 in HL); no elongate ray in females. Pectoral fin on ocular-side short and feeble, about half of head (13.1–16.5% SL); that of blind side very short. Caudal fin round, uppermost and lowermost 3 rays simple, and middle rays deeply branched.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots; dorsal and anal fins uniformly pale brownish sometimes with darkish spots; blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 131 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 144 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern, western and southern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles A. yamanakai in having an elongate second dorsal-fin ray in males and similar counts of D and A, but differs in having cycloid scales on the ocular side, 10 abdominal vertebrae (vs. 11–12 in the latter), a long upper jaw (2.15–2.48 in HL, vs. 2.54–2.92), uniserial teeth on the upper jaw (vs. biserial), longer gill rakers, and no black margin of the anterior half of the dorsal fin.</p><p>Chen &amp; Weng (1965) recognized two lots (THUP 2602, 2814) with 4 specimens of A. elongatus . The whereabouts of these specimens are unknown. However, Chen (1969) mentioned that their specimens were misidentification of the present species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D7FFD61DA8B920982CAF926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D79FD62DA8B97648746FB9C.text	194987B15D79FD62DA8B97648746FB9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arnoglossus macrolophus Alcock 1889	<div><p>Arnoglossus macrolophus Alcock, 1889</p><p>Largecrested lefteye flounder; łī¥6ľ</p><p>Figure 1C; Tables 1–2</p><p>Arnoglossus macrolophus Alcock, 1889:280, pl. 18, fig. 2 (Type locality: south of Ganjam, Bay of Bengal). Arai &amp; Amaoka, 1996:359; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:747.</p><p>Arnoglossus tapeinosoma: Shen in Shen et al., 1993:567; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:748.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P1786 (1 male, 59.8), Daxi, 9 Sep. 2003; NMMB-P8215 (1 female, 87.5), Donggang, 16 Jun. 2004; NMMB-P23204 (1 male, 81.1), Ke-tzu-liao, 31 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P29430 (1 male, 74.2), Ke-tzu-liao, 24 Apr. 2018</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 89–94; A 69–74; P 13–14; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 52–57; GR 0+10–12=10–12; vert. 10+30–32=40–42.</p><p>Body elliptical, greatest depth at about middle part of body (37.3–41.4% SL). Head small, its length about half of body depth (23.3–25.1% SL); front profile of head with slight concavity anterior of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout slightly shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameters distinctly shorter than upper jaw. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital ridge low, extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye.</p><p>Mouth moderately large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 8.8–10.1% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly behind anterior margin of lower eye; teeth on both jaws uniserial, closely set, without enlarged anterior teeth. Gill rakers only on lower limb of first arch, slender, pointed at tip and not serrate.</p><p>Scales on ocular side ctenoid with row of slender ctenii, cycloid on blind side. Anteriormost four to six dorsalfin rays slender, filamentous, first ray longest, 32.9–64% SL in males, 28.7% SL in females. Pectoral fin on ocularside shorter than head, 11–16% SL; that on blind-side small.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish, a dark blotch at junction of straight and curved portions of lateral line, two small blotches on middle of straight portion of lateral line; a series of five dark obscure blotches along dorsal margin and three along ventral margin of body; posterior parts of dorsal and anal fins with conspicuous black blotches basally. Blind side of body yellowish white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 88 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 130 mm total length elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific ocaens (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species is easily separated from other species of this genus in having four to six filamentous anteriormost rays of dorsal fin in males and a distinct blotch on the posterior parts of the dorsal and anal fins, respectively. The sexual dimorphism occurs in specimens larger than about 55 mm SL.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D79FD62DA8B97648746FB9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D7AFD6CDA8B94E7811DFD42.text	194987B15D7AFD6CDA8B94E7811DFD42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arnoglossus oxyrhynchus Amaoka 1969	<div><p>Arnoglossus oxyrhynchus Amaoka, 1969</p><p>Sharpsnout lefteye flounder; ṱ9¥6ľ</p><p>Figures 1 D–E; Tables 1–2</p><p>Arnoglossus oxyrhynchus Amaoka, 1969:135 (Type locality: Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan). Ho et al., 2009:5 (new record).</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P23317 (1 male, 1 female, 148.0–171.1), Ke-tzu-liao, 22 Apr. 2016 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 110–113; A 85–86; P 14; C 3+11+3=17; LLs 82–83; GR 0+8–9=8–9; vert. 11+35– 36=46–47.</p><p>Body elongated, greatest depth near anterior 1/3 part of body (36.1–36.7% SL). Head small, its length about 65–70% body depth (24.6–26.2% SL); front of head with shallow concavity in front of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout sharply protruding, snout length slightly shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter much shorter than upper-jaw length; upper eye extremely close to dorsal margin of head. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital space high, with narrow bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior space between both eyes.</p><p>Mouth large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 11.0–11.5% SL; anterior tip of upper jaw protruding beyond anterior tip of lower jaw; maxilla extending to slightly behind middle part of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial except for biserial on posterior half on blind side; 4 enlarged canines on upper jaw anteriorly, protruding beyond anterior tip of lower jaw; lateral teeth of lower jaw canine-like, stronger and more apart than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and strong bearing 3 or 4 sharp spines on inner margin.</p><p>Scales small and deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with row of short ctenii, cycloid on blind side. Anterior 1–3 rays of dorsal fin elongate in males, second ray longest, longer than 1/2 HL; no elongate rays in females. Pectoral fin of ocular-side short, about half of head length (10.7–12.9% SL); that of blind side very short. Caudal fin round, uppermost and lowermost 3 rays simple, and middle rays divided into 2 branches.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots, snout dark; dorsal and anal fins uniformly pale brownish with a row of darkish spots; posterior part of pectoral and pelvic fins on ocular side with dark blotch, darker in males than in females. Blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 170 mm SL off Taiwan; up to about 194 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; Western Pacific Ocean (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. Ho et al. (2009) firstly reported 2 specimens from Taiwan. This species belongs to a group of Arnoglossus with many scales on the lateral line and spines on the inner margin of the gill rakers. It resembles A. japonicus in having an elongate second dorsal-fin ray in males and a sharply protruding snout, but differs in having ctenoid scales on the ocular side, more dorsal- and anal- fin rays, more lateral-line scales and vertebrae, and a black blotch on pectoral and pelvic fins.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D7AFD6CDA8B94E7811DFD42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D74FD6CDA8B92958078F849.text	194987B15D74FD6CDA8B92958078F849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arnoglossus polyspilus (Gunther 1880)	<div><p>Arnoglossus polyspilus (Günther, 1880)</p><p>Manyspotted lefteye flounder; ŧṯ¥6ľ</p><p>Figure 1F; Tables 1–2</p><p>Anticitharus polyspilus Günther, 1880:48 (Type locality: Kei Island, Arafura Sea, Indonesia).</p><p>Arnoglossus polyspilus: Norman, 1927:20; Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:42; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:747.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P22241 (10, 116.8–168.7), NMMB-P22266 (3, 150.0–155.0), Ke-tzu-liao, 21 Jan. 2015; NMMB-P23271 (5, 142.9–171.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB 29041 (1 male, 164 mm), Ke-tzu-liao, 18 Mar. 2018 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 103–114; A 81–92; P 11–13; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 71–82; GR 0–1+8–9=8–9; vert. 10+30–32=40–42.</p><p>Body elongated, greatest depth near middle part of body (36.7–42.1% SL). Head small, its length about 60–70% of body depth (25.3–27.6% SL); front of head with small concavity anterior of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter much shorter than upper-jaw length. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital ridge very low, extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye.</p><p>Mouth moderately large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 9.7–10.9% SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye or slightly beyond it. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, several pairs enlarged anteriorly; lateral teeth on lower jaw stronger and wider spaced than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb, long and serrated inner edge; 0 (rarely 1) gill raker on upper limb.</p><p>Scales moderately large, ctenoid with row of short ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Few anterior dorsal-fin rays more or less elongate, longer in males than in females. Pectoral fin of ocular-side small, slightly longer than half of head length, 13.1–14.8% SL; that of blind side very short. Caudal fin round, uppermost and lowermost 2 rays simple, and middle rays divided into more than 2 branches.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale greenish brown without distinct blotches or spots, all fins uniformly pale brownish without spots. Blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 172 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 240 mm TL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles A. oxyrhynchus, A. japonicus and A. yamanakai in having many scales on the lateral line and serration on the edge of the gill rakers. It differs however from the latter two species in having the maxilla not extended to below middle of lower eye, several anterior rays of dorsal fin elongated in males and the two uppermost and lowermost rays of the caudal fin unbranched.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D74FD6CDA8B92958078F849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6DDA8B90D582B6FA40.text	194987B15D75FD6DDA8B90D582B6FA40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arnoglossus tenuis Gunther 1880	<div><p>Arnoglossus tenuis Günther, 1880</p><p>Dwarf lefteye flounder; AE¥6ľ</p><p>Figure 1G; Tables 1–2</p><p>Arnoglossus tenuis Günther, 1880:55 (Type locality: Hong Kong, China). Shen, 1984:450; Chen &amp; Yu, 1986:817; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:567; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:748.</p><p>Arnoglossus aspilos (not of Bleeker, 1851):? Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:41;? Chen, 1969:214;? Chen &amp; Yu, 1986:817;? Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:747.</p><p>Arnoglossus thori (not of Kyle, 1913):? Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:40.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P23199 (9, 57.3–62.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 3 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P25682 (3, 59.9–65.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2016; NMMB-P25684 (8, 55.2–64.5), Dong-gang, 11 Oct. 2016 . More specimens deposited in NMMB-P collection.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 89–96; A 68–78; P 10–12; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 51–58; GR 0+5–8=5–8; vert. 10+28– 30=38–40.</p><p>Body elongated, greatest depth slightly anterior of middle part of body (38.4–48.0% SL). Head small, its length about half of body depth (22.3–24.3% SL); front of head with distinct concavity in front of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter slightly shorter than upper jaw. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital ridge low, extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye.</p><p>Mouth very small, upper-jaw length on ocular side 7.3–8.3% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly behind anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, closely set, not enlarged anteriorly; lower jaw teeth on ocular side curved inward, teeth on blind side slightly longer and stronger than those on ocular side. Gill rakers only on lower limb, long and slender, pointed at tip and not serrate.</p><p>Scales large, deciduous, ctenoid with short ctenii on ocular side, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side much shorter than head length (13.0–15.4% SL); that on blind side very short.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brown without distinct blotches or spots, all fins uniformly pale brownish without spots. Blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 65 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 120 mm total length elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles A. aspilos in having small a mouth and fewer scales on the lateral line. It differs from the latter in having slightly more dorsal- and anal-fin rays and more lateral-line scales. Shen (1983) pointed out that the specimen identified as A. aspilos by Chen &amp; Weng (1965) is a misidentification (see above). Moreover, A. tenuis resembles A. macrolophus in body shape, small mouth, fewer dorsal- and anal-fin rays, but can be distinguished by lacking elongate anterior dorsal-fin rays and no black spots on the posterior portions of the dorsal- and anal-fin bases.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D75FD6DDA8B90D582B6FA40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D75FD6EDA8B959A874AFC0E.text	194987B15D75FD6EDA8B959A874AFC0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arnoglossus yamanakai Fukui, Yamada & Ozawa 1988	<div><p>Arnoglossus yamanakai Fukui &amp; Ozawa, 1988</p><p>Tokai lefteye flounder; Ɯvr¥6ľ</p><p>Figure 1H; Tables 1–2</p><p>Arnoglossus yamanakai Fukui &amp; Ozawa, 1988:923 (Type locality: South China Sea). Fukui et al. (1990):215.</p><p>Arnoglossus japonicus Hubbs, 1915:454 (in part, paratype).</p><p>Arnoglosus sp. A: Ozawa &amp; Fukui, 1986:384, 409 (larvae).</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P22849 (2, 87.2–87.3), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Mar. 2015; NMMB-P23270 (2 males, 86.2– 97.9, 2 females, 82.7–88.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P23314 (1 male, 94.9), 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB- P25674 (3 males, 1 female, 92.7–95.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Dec. 2016; NMMB-P25685 (5 males, 1 female, 89.5–95.7), 2 Apr. 2015; NMMB-P25696 (1 female, 84.7), 20 Jan. 2017; NMMB-P25715 (1 male, 1 female, 85.9–89.8), Ketzu-liao, 22 Apr. 2016</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 99–107; A 77–83; P 12–13; C 3+11+3=17; LLs 60–68; GR 0+7–8=6–9; vert. 11– 12+33–34=44–45.</p><p>Body elongated, greatest depth near anterior 1/3 part of body (34.2–38.0% SL). Head small, its length about 67–76% body depth (23.8–27.0% SL); front of head with very slight concavity in front of upper eye; head profile gentle, same in both sexes. Snout rather round, snout length shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent on tip of snout in both sexes. Eye diameter much shorter than upper jaw length; upper eye close to dorsal margin of head, its width about 1/3 of eye diameter. No orbital spines in both sexes. Interorbital space with narrow bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior space between both eyes.</p><p>Mouth large, upper-jaw length on ocular side 8.3–10.5% SL; anterior tip of upper jaw on about same vertical line to anterior tip of lower jaw or slightly beyond; maxilla extending to or slightly behind anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws biserial, outer row larger than inner row, 55–71 teeth on upper jaw of ocular side, 23–35 teeth on lower jaw of ocular side; numerous very small inner row teeth, covered by skin. Gill rakers only on lower limb, slender with spines on inner margin of distal half.</p><p>Scales rather large and very deciduous, weakly ctenoid on ocular side, cycloid on blind side. Second dorsal-fin ray elongate in males, about 1.8–3.6 in HL; no elongate ray in females. Pectoral fin on ocular side small, longer than half of head length (15.1–17.4% SL); that on blind side very short. Caudal fin pointed, upper 2–3 and lower 3 rays simple, and middle rays branched into 2.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots; distal margin of dorsal fin from posterior margin of head to middle part of body dark in males, not dark in females; blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 98 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 123 mm SL in East China Sea (Fukui et al., 1990).</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan off Ke-tzu-liao, Kaohsiung, at depth not more than 100 m; Western Pacific Ocean (Amaoka, 2016)</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles A. japonicus in having an elongate second dorsal-fin ray in males and similar numbers of dorsal- and anal- fin rays, but differs by characters described in the remarks of A. japonicus . The adult size is smaller than A. japonicus . This is the first record of the species from Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D75FD6EDA8B959A874AFC0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D76FD6EDA8B945182C7F953.text	194987B15D76FD6EDA8B945182C7F953.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterorhombus Tanaka 1915	<div><p>Asterorhombus Tanaka, 1915</p><p>Asterorhombus Tanaka, 1915:567 . Type species: Asterorhombus stellifer Tanaka, 1905 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body ovate. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye. No orbital and rostral spines. Front margin of head same in both sexes. Interorbital space narrowly concave, width same in both sexes or slightly wider in males than in females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth rather large in size, upper-jaw length on ocular side 9.6–12.9% SL. Maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial. Gill rakers short and palmate. Scales ctenoid on ocular side, cycloid on blind side; 46–67 scales in lateral line. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal-fin origin on blind side in front of upper margin of lower eye, first ray elongate, separated from remaining rays. Anal-fin origin below anterior base of pectoral fin on ocular-side. Pectoral fin not elongate, without sexual dimorphism. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus, fourth or fifth ray opposite to first ray on blind side. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, all plates with deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Asterorhombus is closely related to Engyprosopon in having a concave interorbital space and all four plates of the caudal skeleton with deep clefts, but it differs from the latter in having palmate gill rakers and an elongate first dorsal-fin ray.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D76FD6EDA8B945182C7F953	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D76FD6EDA8B96A48694F85C.text	194987B15D76FD6EDA8B96A48694F85C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterorhombus Tanaka 1915	<div><p>Key to species of Asterorhombus in Taiwan</p><p>1A. Body depth more than half of SL; first dorsal-fin ray with fin membrane only at distal part; interorbital width in males wider than in females when&gt; 60 mm SL.................................................... Asterorhombus cocosensis</p><p>1B. Body depth less than half of SL; first dorsal-fin ray with fin membrane from base to tip; no sexual dimorphism in interorbital width in all stages................................................................ Asterorhombus intermedius</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D76FD6EDA8B96A48694F85C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D77FD68DA8B90D58671FF3E.text	194987B15D77FD68DA8B90D58671FF3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterorhombus cocosensis (Bleeker 1855)	<div><p>Asterorhombus cocosensis (Bleeker, 1855)</p><p>Angler flatfish, Cocos Island flounder; ªª¥6ľ</p><p>Figures 2 A–B; Table 3</p><p>Rhombus cocosensis Bleeker, 1855:179 (Type locality: Cocos Island, Australia).</p><p>Engyprosopon fijiensis Norman, 1931a:508 (Type locality: Fiji Islands)</p><p>Asterorhombus fijiensis: Hensley, 1986:941; Lin et al., 1995:26.</p><p>Asterorhombus cocosensis: Hensley, 2003:833; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:748.</p><p>Specimens examined. ASIZP 57101 (1 female, 98.1), Taiping Island ( Itu Aba Island), South China Sea, 20 Apr. 1994 . Other localities: RMNH 6730 (holotype of Rhombus cocosensis, 71.7), Cocos Island, Indian Ocean ; BMNH 1879.5.14.89, (holotype of Engyprosopon fijiensis, 68.1), Levuka, Fiji, 8 Aug. 1983 ; WAM P 28028-013 (1 female, 62.5), Rowley Shoals, Cleeke Reef, Bedwell Island, 8 Aug. 1982 ; IOP 3303 (1 male, 109.9), Kerama Islands, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 21 Mar. 21 , 1993.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 82 (79–82 from other localities); A 62 (59–62); P 11 (11–13); C 2+13+2=17; LLs 55 (52–58); GR 0+9 (0+8–9); vert. 10+26=36 (10+25–26=35–36).</p><p>Body ovate, greatest depth at middle part of body 55.1 (53.3–54.1)% SL. Head longer than half of body depth 28.8 (27.9–30.2)% SL; upper profile of head with slight concavity in front of upper margin of lower eye; head profile relatively steep. Snout long, its length less than 1/3 HL. Eyes small, separated by deep and wide space, their width slightly wider in males than in females and juveniles; surface of upper eye rarely with 1–9 tentacles.</p><p>Mouth large, curved; upper-jaw length 11.5 (11.2–12.2)% SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye; posterior half of ventral margin of lower jaw with some membranous flaps. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, upper jaw teeth small and short, somewhat enlarged anteriorly, smaller and more closely set posteriorly; teeth on lower jaw similar to anterior teeth on upper jaw. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and palmate with 2–5 spines.</p><p>Scales on ocular side rather small, ctenoid with short ctenii; cycloid scales on blind side; snout, both jaws, pectoral fin and pelvic fin scaleless. First dorsal-fin ray elongate, separated from remaining rays, with large leaf-like membrane at tip; fin membranes of anterior second to fourth rays deeply incised. Pectoral-fin short on ocular side, a little longer than half of HL 15.8 (15–16.2)% SL.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly yellowish brown, with many obtuse ocelli, larger than eye, and numerous small dark spots; all fins with many small dark spots except for pectoral fin; body, fins and membranous tip of first dorsal ray with red blotches in fresh specimens.</p><p>Size. Reaching 98.1 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 150 mm TL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. The only record for Taiwan is from Taiping Island (Itu Aba Island), South China Sea; widespread in the Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. Lin et al. (1995) identified the same specimen examined herein as Asterorhombus fijiensis, which is a junior synonym of A. cocosensis . This species has a lure originated from the first dorsal-fin ray, which resembles a small crustacean in form and coloration. Divers observed the lure to repeatedly vibrate (Amaoka et al., 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D77FD68DA8B90D58671FF3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D70FD69DA8B9629869FFABE.text	194987B15D70FD69DA8B9629869FFABE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterorhombus intermedius (Bleeker 1865)	<div><p>Asterorhombus intermedius (Bleeker, 1865)</p><p>Intermediate flounder; ÑƖ¥6ľ</p><p>Figures 2 C–D; Table 3</p><p>Platophrys (Arnoglossus) intermedius Bleeker, 1865:47 (Type locality: Surawesi, Celebes, Indonesia).</p><p>Asterorhombus intermedius: Amaoka, 1969:111; Lin et al., 1995:27; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:748.</p><p>Specimens examined. ASIZP 57100 (1, 87.7), Dawulun, Keelung, northern Taiwan, 28 Apr. 1993 . Other localities: BSKU 8376 (1 male, 122.0), Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, 1 Jul. , 1958; FAKU 17541 (1 female, 103.5), Miya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, 15 Mar. 1952; HUMZ 124783 (1 female, 108.8), Belep Island, New Caledonia, 24 Oct. 1989 ; HUMZ 142681–142682 and MNHN 1995- 1174 – 1177 (3 males, 3 females, 54.8–101.7), Bellona Plateau, Coral Sea, 25 Jul. 1984 ; MNHN 1995-1178 (1 female, 119.1), Fairway Ridge, Coral Sea, 15 Jul. 1984 ; MNHN 1995-1179 (1 female, 97.8), Belep Island, New Caledonia, 2 Jul. 1986 ; MNHN 1995-1180 (1 male, 76.8), New Caledonia, 20 Aug. 1985 l; MNHN 1995-1181 (1 female, 98.4), Chesterfield Plateau, Coral Sea, 24 Jul. 1988 ; HUMZ 142683–142684 and MNHN 1995-1185 (1 male, 2 females, 81.2–98.6), Chesterfield Plateau, 24 Jul. 1988 ; MNHN 1995-1186 (male, 95.0), Bellona Plateau, 22 Aug. 1988 ; MNHN 1995-1187 (1 male, 78.8), Chesterfield Plateau, 28 Jul. 1988 ; MNHN 1995-1188 (1 male, 91.7), New Caledonia, 22 Apr. 1988; MNHN 1995-1189 (1 female, 50.3), Chesterfield Plateau, 17 July 1984 ; MNHN 1995-1190 (1 female, 90.2), Chesterfield Plateau, 28 Jul. 1988 ; MNHN 1995-1191 (1 male, 57.6), Bellona Plateau, 24 Jul. 1984 ; MNHN 1995-1192 (1 male, 72.7), Chesterfield Plateau., 18 Jul. 1984 ; HUMZ 142685, MNHN 1995-1193, (1 male, 1 female, 47.0–82.5), Nereus Reef, 68–75 m, 22 Jul. 1988 ; HUMZ 142686, MNHN 1995-1194 (2 males, 43.0–65.1), New Caledonia, 23 Aug. 1984; MNHN 1995-1195 (1 female, 53.5), New Caledonia, 20 Aug. 1984; MNHN 1995-1196 (1 male, 50.5), New Caledonia, 21 Aug. 1984 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 83 (80–85, from other localities); A 63 (58–65); P 10 (10–12); C 2+13+2=17(1– 3+11+15+21–2=17); LLs 55 (50–57); GR 0+8 (0+8–11); vert. 10+28=38 (10+26–28=36–38).</p><p>Body ovate, greatest depth at middle part of body 44.7 (41.3–50.8)% SL. Head much longer than half of body depth 24.7 (26.2–29.7)% SL; upper profile of head with slight concavity in front of lower margin of upper eye; head profile moderately steep. Snout round and mounded, snout length about 1.5 times of eye diameter. Eyes small, separated by deep and narrow space; interorbital width about 1/3 of eye diameter.</p><p>Mouth large, curved; upper-jaw length 9.6 (10.7–12.9)% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, upper-jaw teeth small, somewhat enlarged anteriorly; teeth on lower jaw slightly larger than lateral teeth on upper jaw. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and palmate with 5–8 spines.</p><p>Scales on ocular side rather small, ctenoid with short ctenii; cycloid scales on blind side; snout, both jaws and interorbital area scale-less. First dorsal-fin ray elongate 16.3 (8.4–19.5)% SL, and separated from remaining rays; pectoral fin short on ocular side 15.4 (13.0–17.8)% SL.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly dark brownish, 2–3 dark (blue in fresh specimens) blotches, larger than eye, along dorsal and ventral edges of body, obtuse blotches on lateral line, and many scattered small blotches on head and body. All fins with many dark small blotches and spots except for pectoral fin; blind side of body uniformly whitish.</p><p>Size. Reaching 87.7 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 150 mm total length (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Northern Taiwan and an underwater photograph taken from around Orchid Island, southern Taiwan; widespread in the Western Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. Asterorhombus intermedius resembles A. filifer in the coloration of the body and body form, but it differs from A. filifer in having a short first dorsal-fin ray, a rough edge of the fin membrane of the first dorsal-fin ray and few scales along the lateral line (Hensley, 2005). Asterorhombus filifer is not reported from Taiwanese waters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D70FD69DA8B9629869FFABE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D71FD6ADA8B9581806EFE6A.text	194987B15D71FD6ADA8B9581806EFE6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothus Rafinesque 1810	<div><p>Bothus Rafinesque, 1810</p><p>Bothus Rafinesque, 1810:23 . Type species: Bothus rumulo Rafinesque, 1810 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body round to elliptical in larger specimens. Tip of isthmus below middle of lower eye or slightly behind. Head profile, head spines, interorbital width, and length of pectoral-fin rays subject to sexual dimorphism and changing with growth. Both eyes separated by broad, concave space; interorbital width wider in males than in females or juveniles. Rostral, orbital and mandibular spines present in males. Large flap(s) from surface or posterior margin of both eyes in larger males, and sometimes in larger females.</p><p>Mouth small to moderately large; maxilla extends to, or somewhat beyond, anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial or biserial, no canine-like teeth. Gill rakers short to moderately long, not serrated. Scales small, ctenoid on ocular side with row of moderate ctenii on posterior margin or cycloid; scales cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin, absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal- and anal- fin rays simple and not elongate. Pectoral fin filamentous on ocular side in males, and sometimes also in females. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, first ray on blind side opposite to fourth fin ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on opposite side of vent. Caudal skeleton consisting of four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts. Four suborbital bones on blind side. First haemal spine distinctly enlarged; haemapophyses of abdominal vertebrae expanded, extending to neighboring haemapophysis at tip.</p><p>Remarks. Bothus closely resembles Tosarhombus in having a deep body and many scales on the lateral line. It differs from the latter in lacking yellowish white blotches along the head margin before both eyes, having the tip of the isthmus below the middle of the lower eye, four suborbital bones on the blind side, an enlarged first haemal spine and expanded haemapophyses in the abdominal vertebrae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D71FD6ADA8B9581806EFE6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D72FD6ADA8B924D8695FD15.text	194987B15D72FD6ADA8B924D8695FD15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothus Rafinesque 1810	<div><p>Key to species of Bothus in Taiwan</p><p>1A. Scales on ocular side cycloid, except for ctenoid on dorsal and ventral margins of body; length of lower jaw on ocular side less than 11% SL................................................................................ B. myriaster</p><p>1B. Scales on ocular side ctenoid; length of lower jaw more than 13% SL............................................ 2</p><p>2A. D 99–100; A 77–78; eyes small, eye diameter 4.6–5.3% SL; gill rakers on lower limb 9–11.................... B. mancus</p><p>2B. D 86–93; As 67–71; eyes large, eye diameter 6.1–7.3% SL; gill rakers on lower limb 6–9................. B. pantherinus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D72FD6ADA8B924D8695FD15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D72FD6BDA8B936F8640FAB0.text	194987B15D72FD6BDA8B936F8640FAB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothus mancus (Broussonet 1782)	<div><p>Bothus mancus (Broussonet, 1782)</p><p>Tropical flounder; ăľ</p><p>Figures 3 A–B; Table 4</p><p>Pleuronectes mancus Broussonet, 1782: no pagination (Type locality: Ulietea, near Anamoka, Tahiti).</p><p>Bothus mancus: Norman, 1927:34; Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:58; Shen, 1983:24; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:567; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:749.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P00628 (female, 147.3), Taiwan, 7 Feb. 1985; NMMB-P04701 (male, 342.4), Hengchun, Pingtung, 15 Sep. 1965; NMMB-P05154 (female, 129.3), Wan-li-ton, Hengchun, Pingtung, 15 Sep. 1966 ; NMMB-P27812 (149.9), Hengchun, Pingtung, 17 Nov. 2017 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 99–101; A 77–79; P 11–13; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 81–89; GR 0+8–11=9–11; vert. 10+30=40.</p><p>Body compressed; body shape changed ontogenetically, from round to elliptical, greatest depth at middle part of body (54.3–58.9% SL). Head length about equal to half of body depth (27.5–29.9% SL); upper profile of head with shallow, gentle concavity anterior of dorsal margin of upper eye, steep in both sexes. Snout much longer than eye diameter. Rostral spine present on tip of snout in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameter less than half of upper jaw length. Males with 3–4 small orbital spines on anterior margin of upper eye and 1 strong spine on anterior margin of lower eye; both eyes in mature males with several flaps. Interorbital space shallow, wide and concave, its width wider in males than in females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth large, upper-jaw length 9.1–10.1% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye; large and obtuse knob on symphysis of lower jaw in males. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, somewhat enlarged anteriorly. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and slender, pointed at tip, not serrate.</p><p>Scales on ocular side very small, ctenoid with moderate long ctenii on posterior margin, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side remarkably elongate in males, pectoral fin vary in length (20.9–65.7% SL).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown mottled with many dark spots; head and body with many small bluish spots and rings; a diffuse dark blotch above junction of curve and straight portions of lateral line; a darker blotch on middle of straight section of lateral line; a smaller blotch anterior to caudal peduncle; a series of dark botches along bases of dorsal and anal fins; pectoral fin on ocular side with irregular dark brown cross-bars. Blind side of body yellowish white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 342 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 460 mm SL elsewhere (Norman, 1934).</p><p>Distribution. Around Taiwan, including Penghu, Green and Orchid islands; widespread in the Indian and Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species inhabits in similar habitats as Bothus pantherinus, but differs from the latter in having a notch at the frontal margin of the head and higher meristics. Its body form changes from a round to an elliptical shape with growth.</p><p>Specimens larger than 220 mm SL exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism in the interorbital width, the pectoral-fin length on the ocular side, presence of rostral and orbital spines on both eyes, and orbital flaps on both eyes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D72FD6BDA8B936F8640FAB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D73FD75DA8B958B864DFBD6.text	194987B15D73FD75DA8B958B864DFBD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothus myriaster (Temminck & Schlegel 1846)	<div><p>Bothus myriaster (Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1846)</p><p>Oval flounder; ạƖľ</p><p>Figures 3 C–F; Table 4</p><p>Rhombus myriaster Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1846:181 (Type locality: Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan).</p><p>Bothus ovalis: Norman, 1927:32 (in part); Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:56.</p><p>Bothus myriaster: Chabanaud, 1929:379; Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:54; Shen, 1983:21; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:567; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:749.</p><p>Bothus assimilis:? Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:57;? Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:749.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P02769 (1 male, 102.5), Chieh-din, Kaohsiung, 50 m, bottom trawl, 1 Nov. 2001; NMMB-P04164 (3 males, 170.6–177.3), Kaohsiung, 11 Oct. 1965; NMMB-P12210 (1 male, 154.0), Daxi, Yilan, 22 Jan. 2010 ; NMMB-P22243 (5, 73.4–123.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 9 Mar. 2015; NMMB-P23231 (4 males, 1 female, 103.5– 113.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 31 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P23285 (1 male, 118.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 7 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P23286 (2 males, 121.9–123.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 7 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P24769 (1 male, 1 female, 106.1–106.4), Dong-gang, 31 Mar. 2016 . More specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic Features. D 89–97; A 65–77; P 9–11; C 2–3+11–13+2–3=17; LLs 79–105; GR 0–5+5–8=9–11; vert. 10+26–29=36–39.</p><p>Body very compressed, and round to elliptical, changing ontogenetically, greatest depth at middle part of body (51.8–76.6% SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (21.8–27.8% SL); upper profile of head with distinct concavity anterior of dorsal margin of upper eye, steep in both sexes. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine present on tip of snout in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameter subequal to upper jaw. Small orbital spine at anterior margins of each eye in males, absent in females and juveniles; large males with broad flap at hind margins of eyes. Interorbital space with shallow and broad concavity, its width wider in males than in females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth small, upper-jaw length 6.0–7.5% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye; low and obtuse knob on symphysis of lower jaw in males. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series stronger and more wide-spaced than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw biserial in anterior section, uniserial in posterior section. Gill rakers on lower limb, short and slender, pointed at tip, not serrate; those on upper limb very small or rudimentary. Scales on ocular side very small, cycloid except for those on dorsal and ventral margins of body, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral-fin rays elongate on ocular side in both sexes, longest ray 42.1–65.7% SL.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown with many dark spots; a dark blotch above junction of curve and straight section of lateral line; a dark blotch on middle of straight section of lateral line; dorsal and anal fins with a series of dark spots; posterior 1/3 of caudal fin blackish. Blind side of body white on front half of body; darker on posterior half with several dark cross bars, clear and dark in males, faint or missing in juveniles and females.</p><p>Size. Reaching 201 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 270 mm TL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Widespread around Taiwan; Indian to Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. Body form changes from round to elliptical with growth (Amaoka, 1964). Specimens larger than 70 mm SL exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism, including changes of the interorbital width, presence of rostral and orbital spines on the lower eye, orbital flaps at hind margins of eyes, and body coloration on the blind side.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D73FD75DA8B958B864DFBD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6DFD76DA8B941B82C4FCFE.text	194987B15D6DFD76DA8B941B82C4FCFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothus pantherinus (Ruppell 1830)	<div><p>Bothus pantherinus (Rüppell, 1830)</p><p>Leopard flounder; ṅȓľ</p><p>Figures 3 G–H; Table 4</p><p>Rhombus pantherinus Rüppell, 1830:121 (Type locality: Mohila, Red Sea).</p><p>Bothus pantherinus: Regan, 1920:212; Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:53; Shen, 1983:25; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:568; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:749.</p><p>Grammatobothus krempfi:? Shen in Shen et al., 1993:569.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P01621 (1 male, 167.6), Hou-bi-hu, Hengchun, 10 Mar. 1994 ; NMMB-P04159 (1 male, 154.9), Penghu, 1 Aug. 1957; NMMB-P07591 (1, 86.6), Shan-hai, Hengchun, 29 Jun. 2004 ; NMMB-P09839 (92.1), Hai-ko, Checheng, 18 Aug. 2008 ; NMMB-P23285 (1 male, 116.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 7 Apr. 2016; NMMB- P24608 (1 male, 123.9), NMMB-P24609 (1 female, 116.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 5 Jul. 2016; NMMB-P24874 (4 females, 127.4–150.1), Ke-tzu-liao, 13 Jul. 2016; NMMB-P24875 (4 males, 122.3–145.3; 4 females, 105.0–114.0), Ke-tzuliao, 27 Jun. 2016 ; more specimens in NMMB-P collection.</p><p>Diagnostic Features. D 86–93; A 67–71; P 10–12; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 77–86; GR 0–4+6–9=6–12; vert. 10+27–29=37–39.</p><p>Body compressed, ovoid, greatest depth at middle part of body (50.1–59.7% SL). Head length about equal to half of body depth (26.1–29.3% SL); upper profile of head without distinct concavity anterior of dorsal margin of upper eye, steep in both sexes. Snout length about equal to eye diameter. Rostral spine present on tip of snout in males, absent or low knob in females and juveniles. Eye diameter much shorter than upper jaw. Males with 1–4 small orbital spines at anterior margins of both eyes and one strong spine at anterior margin of lower eye in males, spines absent in females and juveniles; usually several tentacles on hind margins of both eyes in males. Interorbital space deep and wide concave, its width wider in males than females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth large, upper-jaw length 9.0–10.2% SL; maxilla extending to, or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial anteriorly, uniserial posteriorly; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, anterior teeth larger than posterior ones. Gill rakers only on lower limb, short and slender, pointed at tip, not serrate.</p><p>Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with moderate ctenii in length, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral-fin rays extremely elongate in males on ocular side, pectoral-fin length 45.8–106.0% SL in mature males, 17.1–51.4% SL in females or juveniles.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown mottled with numerous dark spots and rings of various size; a diffuse dark blotch above junction of curved and straight sections of lateral line; a darker and larger blotch on middle of straight section of lateral line; smaller blotch anterior of caudal peduncle; a series of dark botches along bases of dorsal and anal fins; pectoral fin on ocular side with brownish spots and irregular dark brown cross-bars. Blind side of body yellowish white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 170 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 300 mm SL elsewhere (Amaoka, 2016); a doubtful record of 45 cm TL in Hensley &amp; Amaoka (2001).</p><p>Distribution. Around Taiwan, including Penghu, Green, Orchid and Dongsha islands; widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species is sometimes confused with B. mancus that inhabits in a similar habitat, but it differs from the latter in having a smooth head margin without concavity and fewer fin rays, gill rakers and vertebrae.</p><p>Specimens larger than 100 mm SL, exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism in the pectoral-fin length on the ocular side, presence of rostral and orbital spines, and orbital tentacles hind margins of both eyes. It is notable that many specimens do not show a clear sexual dimorphism in the interorbital width and the length of the pectoral fin on the ocular side. This is probably related to intersexuality observed by Amaoka et al. (1974), and which suggests the occurrence of sexual reversal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D6DFD76DA8B941B82C4FCFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6EFD76DA8B96EC8694F894.text	194987B15D6EFD76DA8B96EC8694F894.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chascanopsetta Alcock 1894	<div><p>Key to species of Chascanopsetta in Taiwan</p><p>1A. Tip of lower jaw reaching slightly beyond tip of upper jaw, lower-jaw length 19.6–20.1% SL, upper-jaw length 14.5–17.6% SL; vert. 17+38–40=55–57.............................................................. Chascanopsetta lugubris</p><p>1B. Tip of lower jaw reaching extremely far beyond tip of upper jaw, lower-jaw length 20.9–25.2% SL, upper-jaw length 16.7– 20.3% SL; vert.17–18+41–43=59–60................................................. Chascanopsetta prognatha</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D6EFD76DA8B96EC8694F894	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD77DA8B90D58718F9DE.text	194987B15D6FFD77DA8B90D58718F9DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock 1894	<div><p>Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock, 1894</p><p>Pelican flounder; ƛpłāľ</p><p>Figure 4A; Table 5</p><p>Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock, 1894:129 (Type locality: Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean). Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:60; Chen, 1969:215; Shen, 1983:35; Shen, 1984:447; Chen &amp; Yu, 1986:820; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:568; Tongboonkua et al., 2018:179.</p><p>Chascanopsetta lugbris lugbiris: Amaoka &amp; Yamamoto, 1984:209; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:749.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P001382 (4 of 10, 142.2–243.9), Dong-gang, no date; NMMB-P1985 (10, 135.3– 186.0), Dong-gang, 13 Jun. 1983; NMMB-P5794 (2, 125.2–166.3), Dong-gang, 13 Mar. 2003; NMMB-P7386 (1, 144.7), Dong-gang, 3 Apr. 2004; NMMB-P8153 (4 of 5, 140.7–177.0), Dong-gang, 11 Jun. 2004; NMMB-P19174 (1 of 2, 202.0), Dong-gang, 3 Nov. 2011; NMMB-P22225 (2, 157.8–189.8), Dong-gang, 13 Mar. 2015; NMMB- P22260 (1, 73.8), Dong-gang, 11 Feb. 2015; NMMB-P25745 (1, 296.4), Dong-gang, 30 Mar. 2017; more specimens in NMMB-P collection.</p><p>Diagnostic Features. D 115–124; A 78–86; P 14–17; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 157–197; GR 0+1–3=1–3; vert. 17+38–40=55–57.</p><p>Body elongate elliptical, rather soft and flabby; greatest depth at posterior margin of abdominal cavity (24.9– 30.5% SL). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth about 14–19 % of body depth. Head relatively large (19.8–22.7% SL); upper profile of head with slight concavity anterior of dorsal margin of lower eye. Snout blunt and short, its length about 2/3 of eye diameter. Eyes separated by narrowly flat space, its width about 1/3 to 1/4 of eye diameter.</p><p>Mouth very large, upper-jaw length 14.5–17.6% SL; maxilla extending well beyond posterior margin of lower eye; tip of lower jaw reaching a little beyond tip of upper jaw. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, slender; upper-jaw teeth small on posterior half; lower-jaw teeth curved inward and depressible, posteriormost teeth smaller than others. Gill rakers on lower limb, rudimentary. Scales on both sides very small, cycloid. Anterior rays of dorsal fin somewhat elongated, free from fin membrane except for base. First ray of anal fin connected with last ray of pelvic fin by narrow membrane. Pectoral fin on both sides slender, length on ocular side 10.3–14.6% SL. Caudal fin slender, with round tip.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly dark brownish with many small irregularly arranged dark blotches; light blue on peritoneum; median fins dark without marking; paired fins paler than body. Blind side of body light brownish except for light blue peritoneum.</p><p>Size. Reaching 296 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 380 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Widespread around Taiwan; Indian to Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka &amp; Yamamoto, 1984).</p><p>Remarks. This species had been regarded as two subspecies, C. lugubris lugubris from Pacific Ocean and C. lugubris danae from Atlantic Ocean (Amaoka &amp; Yamamoto (1984). But Munroe (2003) graded up to species based on clearly different counts of the gill rakers. Recently Tongboonkua et al. (2018) showed generic divergence between C. lugubris and C. danae . We followed their results, though it may be problematic in identification of species.</p><p>Caschanopsetta lugubris differs from C. prognatha in having the tip of the lower jaw slightly beyond the tip of the upper jaw and the lower-jaw length being shorter than HL (Amaoka, 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D6FFD77DA8B90D58718F9DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6FFD72DA8B96208045FE16.text	194987B15D6FFD72DA8B96208045FE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chascanopsetta prognatha Norman 1939	<div><p>Chascanopsetta prognatha Norman, 1939</p><p>Longchin pelican flounder; ñłāľ</p><p>Figures 4B, C; Table 5</p><p>Chascanopsetta prognathus Norman, 1939:100 (Type locality: Maldives).</p><p>Chascanopsetts normani Kuronuma, 1940:40 (Type locality: Suruga Bay, Japan)</p><p>Chascanopsetta prognatha: Hensley &amp; Smale, 1998:13</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P30849 (8, 132.5–313.2), HUMZ 230193 – 230195 (3, 198.8–218.0), Dong-sha Is- lands (Pratas Islands), bottom trawl, ca. 300–400 m , 13 Feb. 2019.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 121–135; A 82–93; P 14–17; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 176–208; GR 0+0–3; vert. 17–18+42– 44=59–61.</p><p>Body elongate elliptical, rather soft and flabby; greatest depth 23.0–29.1% SL, at posterior margin of abdominal cavity. Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth about 4.0–5.7%SL of body depth. Head relatively small (18.4–21.6% SL); upper profile of head with slight concavity anterior of dorsal margin of lower eye. Snout blunt and short, its length about 2/3 of eye diameter. Eyes separated by narrow flat space, its width about 1/3 to 1/4 of eye diameter.</p><p>Mouth extremely large, upper-jaw length 16.7–20.3% SL (14.4% in young, 132.5 mm SL); maxilla extending far beyond posterior margin of lower eye; tip of lower jaw reaching much beyond tip of upper jaw, projecting length about equal to 1/5 of the whole length. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, slender, curved inward and depressible; teeth on lower jaw stronger than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb, rudimentary, none on upper limb. Scales on both sides very small and deciduous, cycloid. Some anterior rays of dorsal fin slightly elongated, free from fin membrane except for base. First ray of anal fin connected with last ray of pelvic fin by narrow membrane. Pectoral fin on both sides slender, its length on ocular side about 11.5–16.6% SL. Caudal fin slender, rather long and with rounded tip.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish or pale grayish without markings; peritoneum dark blue with narrow pale brownish bands; median fins and paired fins dusky, anterior dorsal-fin rays more or less pale. Blind side of body light brownish except for light blue peritoneum.</p><p>Size. Reaching 313.2 mm SL in Taiwan, also the largest known specimen.</p><p>Distribution. Dongsha Island, South China Sea; Indian to Western Pacific oceans.</p><p>Remarks. This species has been confused with Chascanopsetta lugubris . However, they are easily separable by the characters shown in the key of species. Ho et al. (2009) listed 10 specimens of C. prognatha (NMMB-P1985) which have been misidentified as C. lugubris . The presence of C. prognatha in Taiwan is confirmed based on specimens newly collected from Dongsha Island, South China Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D6FFD72DA8B96208045FE16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD72DA8B92698770FACC.text	194987B15D6AFD72DA8B92698770FACC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crossorhombus Regan 1920	<div><p>Crossorhombus Regan, 1920</p><p>Crossorhombus Regan, 1920:211 . Type species: Platophrys dimorphus Gilchrist, 1904 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body deeply ovate. Tip of isthmus below middle of lower eye. Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic changes evident on head profile, head spines, interorbital width, and length of pectoral-fin rays. Strong rostral spine in males, absent in females, and in juveniles of both sexes. Front margin of head steeper in mature males than females and juveniles. Interorbital space widely concave, becoming wider with growth, and wider in males than in females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth rather small in size, upper-jaw length on ocular side 5.3–7.9% SL (3.0– 4.5 in HL); maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial or biserial anteriorly; uniserial on lower jaw. Scales ctenoid on ocular side with row of long ctenii along posterior margin; cycloid on blind side; 46–63 scales in lateral line. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal-fin origin on blind side in front of upper margin of lower eye. Anal-fin origin below anterior base of pectoral fin on ocular side. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus, fourth or fifth fin ray opposite of first ray on blind side. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, all plates or only parhypural and uppermost hypural without deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Crossorhombus is closely related to Engyprosopon as evidenced by similar body shape, mouth size and presence of sexual dimorphism on rostral spine and interorbital width. Crossorhombus can be distinguished from Engyprosopon in having ctenoid scales with long ctenii, blind side of body stained with dark blue in male, and all four plates or uppermost and lowermost plates of caudal skeleton without deep clefts.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D6AFD72DA8B92698770FACC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD72DA8B95108694F91E.text	194987B15D6AFD72DA8B95108694F91E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crossorhombus Regan 1920	<div><p>Key to species of Crossorhombus in Taiwan</p><p>1A. Pectoral fin shorter than HL; caudal fin with two dark bands at base and distal margin; males with pyriform dark blue blotch on blind side, its anterior margin away from dorsal margin of bodyq........................................ C. azureus</p><p>1B. Pectoral fin filamentous, longer than HL; dark bands on posterior part of caudal fin or not; males with dark blue blotch on blind side, its anterior margin close to dorsal and ventral margins of body............................................. 2</p><p>2A. Black margins on dorsal and anal fins; uppermost and lowermost 3 caudal-fin rays unbranched; anterior margin of blotch on blind side of males smooth or slightly notched..................................................... C. kobensis</p><p>2B. No black margins on dorsal and anal fins; uppermost and lowermost 2 caudal-fin rays unbranched; anterior margin of blotch on blind side of males deeply notched, V-shaped............................................................... 3</p><p>3A. Caudal fin with a dark band on posterior part; pectoral fin on ocular side filamentous, its length 32.6–41.9% SL in males.......................................................................................... C. valderostratus</p><p>3B. Caudal fin without any dark band; pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate, its length 27.8–31.8% SL.......... C. howensis</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D6AFD72DA8B95108694F91E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6AFD73DA8B9762800DFAF4.text	194987B15D6AFD73DA8B9762800DFAF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crossorhombus azureus (Alcock 1889)	<div><p>Crossorhombus azureus (Alcock, 1889)</p><p>Bluespotted flounder; hḃľ</p><p>Figures 5 A–D; Table 6</p><p>Rhomboidichthys azureus Alcock, 1889:283 (Type locality: Bay of Bengal)</p><p>Crossorhombus azureus: Norman, 1927:30; Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:51; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:750. Crossorhombus kanekons: Amaoka, 1969:75; Shen, 1983:15; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:568; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:750.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P3632 (1 male, 147.2), Taiwan, 1 Aug. 1957; NMMB-P8825 (1 male, 4 females, 86.1–136.7;), Penghu, 32 m, 30 Aug. 2005; NMMB-P22232 (1 male, 2 females, 80.6–106.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 11 Mar. 2015; NMMB-P22299 (2 females, 94.7–127.2), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Mar. 2015; NMMB-P23183 (2 males, 1 female, 88.0–121.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 6 Oct. 2015; NMMB-P23239 (1 male, 90.2), Ke-tzu-liao, 4 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P24270 (1 male, 2 females, 88.8–94.0), Ke-tzu-liao, 13 Jul. 2016; NMMB-P24367 (1, 100.6), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2016; more specimens deposited in NMMB-P collection.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 86–92; A 66–73; P 12–13; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 52–63; GR 0–4+6–8=6–11; vert. 10+25– 27=35–37.</p><p>Body deeply ovate, greatest at middle part of body (50.7–57.1% SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (20.5–24.1% SL); upper profile of head with deep concavity in front of interorbital space; head profile steep in mature males, less so in females and juveniles. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine present on tip of snout in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameters slightly shorter than upper jaw length. Some small orbital spines at anterior margin of lower eye in males, absent in females and juveniles. Interorbital space deeply and widely concave, its width wider in males than females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth small, lipped; upper-jaw length 5.3–6.3% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series larger and less closely set than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, closely set; teeth on ocular side larger than those on blind side. Gill rakers on lower limb, short and slender, pointed at tip, smooth; very small or absent on upper limb.</p><p>Scales on ocular side rather small, ctenoid with long ctenii along inner margin; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral-fin rays very short on ocular side, shorter than HL in both sexes (15.2–18.5% SL).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly brownish red with 2–3 small dark blotches on lateral line and a series of dark spots arranged along dorsal and ventral margins of body; caudal fin with 2 distinct dark bands, one at basal and one at distal regions; blind side of body in males with distinct deep-bluish pyriform pattern, uniformly whitish in female.</p><p>Size. Reaching 147 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 180 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1997).</p><p>Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in the Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species exhibits a distinct sexual dimorphism in specimens larger than 60 mm SL in respect to the interorbital width, presence of rostral and orbital spines of the lower eye and body coloration on the blind side. Crossorhombus kanekonis, previously reported from Taiwan by Shen in Shen et al. (1993) and Shen &amp; Wu (2012), is a synonym of C. azureus (Hensley &amp; Randall, 1993) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D6AFD73DA8B9762800DFAF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D6BFD7DDA8B95CF868AFDFA.text	194987B15D6BFD7DDA8B95CF868AFDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crossorhombus howensis Hensley & Randall 1993	<div><p>Crossorhombus howensis Hensley &amp; Randall, 1993</p><p>Lord Howe Island flounder; ȑẋḃľ</p><p>Figures 5 E–H; Table 6</p><p>Crossorhombus howensis Hensley &amp; Randall, 1993:1120 (Type locality: Lord Howe Island). Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:750.</p><p>Specimens examined. USNM 260394 (1 male, 103; 1 female, 60.0), paratypes, cut between large outstanding rock and Ch'uan-fan-shih, Hengchun, Pingtung, 0–6 m , 23 Apr. 1968.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 87–88; A 67–69; P 11–12; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 53–54; GR 0+6=6; vert. 10+25=35.</p><p>Body short and deeply ovate, greatest depth slightly before middle part of body (59.4% SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (23.1–23.9% SL); upper profile of head with deep concavity anterior of upper margin of lower eye; head profile steep, nearly vertical in mature males, less steep in females and juveniles. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine on tip of snout, sharp and strong in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameter slightly shorter than upper-jaw length. Small orbital spines at anterior margins of either eyes in males, (absent in females and juveniles); flaps on posterior area of eyes in male. Interorbital space deeply and widely concave, wider in males than females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth small and lipped, upper-jaw length 6.2–6.9% SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series larger and more widely spaced than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, similar to inner teeth of upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb short and blunt, not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with long ctenii on posterior margin; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side about as long as head in males (27.8–31.8% SL) and shorter than head in females (ca. 20% SL).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body yellowish brown with many dark spots and obtuse dark specks; a series of dark spots along dorsal and ventral margins of body; 4–5 spots along straight section of lateral line; dorsal, anal and caudal fins light with small dark specks; flaps on eyes with dark spots; blind side of body in males with distinct deep-bluish pattern in horizontal V-shape, uniformly whitish in female.</p><p>Size. Reaching 103 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 107 mm SL in Lord Howe Island (Hensley &amp; Randall, 1993).</p><p>Distribution. Southern Taiwan off Hengchun, Pingtung; Lord Howe Island (Hensley and Randall, 1993).</p><p>Remarks. This species exhibits a distinct, sexual dimorphism in respect to the interorbital width, presence of rostral and orbital spines, flaps on eyes (rarely on one eye), pectoral-fin length on ocular side and body coloration on the blind side. Crossorhombus howensis closely resembles C. valderostratus in having a deep-bluish horizontal V-shaped pattern in males, but differs from latter in having a shorter pectoral fin on the ocular side in males (27.8– 31.8% SL, vs. 32.6–41.9), and a caudal fin without any dark band at posterior margin. Two male paratypes were collected from Taiwan, but we were unable to obtain any further specimens. This species may be rare in Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D6BFD7DDA8B95CF868AFDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D65FD7FDA8B92DD80BEFF1D.text	194987B15D65FD7FDA8B92DD80BEFF1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crossorhombus kobensis : Kuronuma 1939	<div><p>Crossorhombus kobensis (Jordan &amp; Starks, 1906)</p><p>Kobe flounder; àƾḃľ</p><p>Figures 6 A–B; Table 6</p><p>Scaeops kobensis Jordan &amp; Starks, 1906:170 (Type locality: Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan).</p><p>Crossorhombus kobensis: Kuronuma, 1939:84; Shen, 1983:17 (in part); Shen in Shen et al., 1993:568; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:750.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P22249 (1 male, 69.1), Taiwan (possibly Dong-gang), no other data. Other localities : FAKU15947 (1 female, 79.8), FAKU15973, 15980 (2 males, 67.1–99.0), Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan 20 Feb. 1951 ; FAKU 25611 (1 male, 97.5), Yawatahama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, 13 Mar. 1956; FAKU29821 (1 male, 103.5), Choshi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan 20 Jul. 1958; FAKU 29829–29830 (2 males, 79.3–81.2), FAKU29834, 29837–29838, 29849, 29851 (5 males, 50.5–74.0), Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, 23 May 1959 ; FAKU29866, FAKU29876, 29878, 29879, 29891–29892, 29894 (7 females, 49.2–70.8), Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan 23 May 1959 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Description based on a single specimen collected from Taiwan, with additional information from other specimens. D 85 (80–86 from other localities); A 64 (60–67); P 11 (10–11); C 3+11+3=17; LLs 56 (50–55); GR 0+6=6 (0+6–7); vert. 10+25=35 (10+24–26=34–36).</p><p>Body ovate, strongly compressed, greatest depth at middle part of body 54.1% SL (49.3–56.8% SL, from other localities). Head much shorter than half of body depth 24.5% SL (23.1–27.3); upper profile of head with deep concavity anterior of upper margin of lower eye; head profile steep, almost vertical in mature males (less steep in females and juveniles, from other localities). Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine on tip of snout, sharp and strong in males (absent in females and juveniles).</p><p>Eye diameter shorter than upper jaw. Some small orbital spines at anterior margin of both eyes in males, (absent in females and juveniles). Interorbital space deeply and widely concave, its width wider in males than females, 10.6% SL (5.9–12.3 in males, 2.0– 5.5 in females). Mouth small, upper-jaw length 6.8% SL (6.8–8.6); maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye.</p><p>Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series larger and more widely spaced than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, closely set. Gill rakers on lower limb very short and slender, not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with long ctenii on posterior margin; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side filamentous, second ray longest, longer than head; pectoral-fin length 31.3% SL (30.8–57.2 in males, 22.2–36.1 in females).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly dark brown with obtuse dark blotches on lateral line and a series of dark spots arranged along dorsal and ventral margins of body; many very tiny elliptical black spots arranged in front of eyes and interorbital space; margins of dorsal and anal fins dark; blind side of body in males stained distinctly deep bluish at posterior 2/3 portion, its anterior margin without concavity, uniformly whitish in females.</p><p>Size. Reaching 69 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 120 mm TL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; Southern Japan, South China Sea, East China Sea (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. Specimens larger than 50 mm SL exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism expressed in the presence of rostral and orbital spines before both eyes and the coloration on the blind side.</p><p>Crossorhombus kobensis resembles C. valderostratus in having a large dark blue pattern on the blind side of the body in males, but it differs from the latter by a rather elliptical body, 3 unbranched upper and lower rays of the caudal fin and no concavity at the anterior margin of the blue pattern on the blind side of the body in males. This species is rare in Taiwan, but rather common in Japan (Amaoka, 1969).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D65FD7FDA8B92DD80BEFF1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D67FD78DA8B95138255FC9A.text	194987B15D67FD78DA8B95138255FC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crossorhombus valderostratus (Alcock 1890)	<div><p>Crossorhombus valderostratus (Alcock, 1890)</p><p>Victory bluespotted flounder; xühḃľ</p><p>Figures 6 C–F; Table 6</p><p>Rhomboichthys valde-rostratus Alcock, 1890:435 (Type locality: Sri Lanka).</p><p>Crossorhombus valde-rostratus: Norman, 1927:28 .</p><p>Crossorhombus valderostratus: Hensley &amp; Randall, 1993:1125 .</p><p>Crossorhombus kobensis: Shen, 1983:18, fig. 23.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P22286 (5 males, 4 females, 51.3–70.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Mar. 2015; NMMB- P25675 (6 females, 65.2–73.3), NMMB-P25712 (3 males, 60.1–70.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2016. More specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 82–88; A 62–68; P 10–12; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 46–55; GR 0(1)+6–7=6–7; vert. 10+23– 25=33–35.</p><p>Body short and deeply ovate, greatest depth slightly before middle part of body (54.4–63.2% SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (24.5–27.4% SL); upper profile of head with deep concavity anterior of upper margin of lower eye; head profile steep, almost vertical in mature males, less steep in females and juveniles. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine on tip of snout, sharp and strong in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eyes diameter slightly shorter than upper jaw. Small orbital spines at anterior margin of both eyes in males, absent in females and juveniles. Interorbital space deeply and widely concave, its width wider in males than in females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth small and lipped, upper-jaw length 6.8–7.9% SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those on outer series larger and more widely spaced than those on inner series; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, similar to inner teeth of upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb short and blunt, not serrate; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with long ctenii on posterior margin; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side filamentous in males, pectoral-fin length 32.6–41.9% SL in males, 19.7–24.7% SL in females.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body dark to light brown with many dark spots and obtuse dark blotches; faint large dark blotch on curve and middle of straight section of lateral line; surface of eyes with many dark spots; margins of dorsal and anal fins not dark; blind side of body in males with distinct deep-bluish pattern in horizontal V-shape, uniformly whitish in females.</p><p>Size. Reaching 104 mm SL in Taiwan, up to 121 mm SL known from Kenya (Hensley and Randall 1993).</p><p>Distribution. Southern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and West Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. Specimens more than about 60 mm SL exhibit a distinct sexual dimorphism in respect to the interorbital width, presence of rostral and orbital spines at both eyes, the pectoral-fin length on the ocular side and body coloration on the blind side. Crossorhombus valderostratus very closely resembles C. howensis from Lord Howe Islands and Taiwan, but it differs from latter in having longer pectoral fins on the ocular side in males (32.6–41.9% SL, vs. 27.8–31.8), and a filamentous second ray of the pectoral fin.Also, C. valderostratus inhabits in deeper water than C. howensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D67FD78DA8B95138255FC9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D60FD78DA8B93FD82DAF97C.text	194987B15D60FD78DA8B93FD82DAF97C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon Gunther 1862	<div><p>Genus Engyprosopon Günther, 1862</p><p>Engyprosopon Günther, 1862:431 . Type species: Rhombus mogkii Bleeker, 1854 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body shallow to deeply ovate. Tip of isthmus below middle of lower eye. Usually sexual dimorphism and growth changes on head profile, head spines, interorbital width, and length of pectoral-fin rays. Rostral spine strong, or feeble (rarely absent) in males, feeble or absent in females and juveniles. Front margin of head steep in mature males, less steep in females and juveniles, or rarely with the same steepness in both sexes. Interorbital space narrow to very broad, concave to almost ridge-like, becoming wider with growth; the space wider in males than in females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth usually moderate or occasionally large in size, upper-jaw length on ocular side 2.0– 3.6 in HL. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial or biserial; uniserial on lower jaw. Scales ctenoid on ocular side with one row of feeble ctenii along posterior margin; cycloid on blind side; lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin, with 36–61 scales; absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal fin originating on blind side, anterior to upper margin of lower eye. Anal fin originating below anterior base of pectoral fin on ocular side. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus, fourth or fifth fin ray of ocular side opposite to first ray of blind side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite side of vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals, all plates with deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Engyprosopon is closely related to Asterorhombus in having cleft plates on the parhypural and three hypurals. But Engyprosopon is well distinguished from Asterorhombus in lacking a lure on the first dorsal-fin ray and palmate-like gill rakers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D60FD78DA8B93FD82DAF97C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D60FD79DA8B97408694FD64.text	194987B15D60FD79DA8B97408694FD64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon Gunther 1862	<div><p>Key to species of Engyprosopon of Taiwan</p><p>1A. Gill rakers without spinules on their inside edges; ocular-side lower jaw 9–13% SL (2.0– 2.5 in HL).................... 2 1B. Gill rakers with spinules on their inside edges; ocular-side lower jaw 13–18% SL (1.5–2.0 in HL)..................... 7 2A. Distal half of caudal fin with a pair of large blackish blotches.................................................. 3 2B. Distal half of caudal fin without blackish blotches........................................................... 5 3A. Gill rakers 16–18 on lower limb................................................................... E. xystrias 3B. Gill rakers 5–11 on lower limb........................................................................... 4</p><p>4A. Body ovate, its depth more than half SL; ocular-side pectoral fin rays not filamentous, usually shorter than HL.................................................................................................. E. grandisquama</p><p>4B. Body rather elongate, its depth less than half SL; ocular-side pectoral fin rays filamentous, longer than HL... E. multisquama</p><p>5A. Interorbital space narrow, 7.8–12.5 in HL; GR 0+6–8; LLs 50–55........................................ E. mogkii</p><p>5B. Interorbital space wide, 1.7–3.9 in HL; GR 0–3+9–11; LLs 43–48............................................... 6</p><p>6A. Both eyes away from head margin; eyes small, upper eye diameter 5.7–8.6% SL (3.0–4.0 in HL); caudal-peduncle depth 1.7–2.1 in HL; body depth 47.6–54.9% SL (1.8–2.1 in SL).......................................... E. maldivense</p><p>6B. Both eyes close to head margin; eyes large, upper eye diameter 9.2–10.0% SL (2.7–2.9 in HL); caudal-peduncle depth 2.2–2.3 in HL; body depth 57.6–59.8% SL (1.7 in SL)................................................... E. brevifrontale</p><p>7A. LLs 37–40; ocular-side pelvic fin filamentous in males, 14.1–16.2% SL; fin membrane of ocular-side pelvic fin with many black spots in males......................................................................... E. longipelvis</p><p>7B. LLs 46–52; ocular-side pelvic-fin rays not elongate in both sexes, 9.6–14.6% SL; fin membrane of ocular-side pelvic fin without spots in both sexes................................................................................. 8</p><p>8A. Eyes separated by a concaved interorbital space in both sexes; eyes large, upper eye diameter 3.0– 3.5 in HL; anterior teeth not enlarged; blind side of body dark in males.................................................... E. mozambiquense</p><p>8B. Eyes nearly contiguous, separated by extremely narrow interorbital space, almost filled entirely by a bony ridge in both sexes; eyes small, upper eye diameter 3.8–4.3 in HL; anterior teeth on upper jaw enlarged, canine-like; blind side of body not dark in both sexes.............................................................................. E. parvipectorale</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D60FD79DA8B97408694FD64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D61FD79DA8B92B983C5FB1B.text	194987B15D61FD79DA8B92B983C5FB1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon brevifrontale Amaoka & Ho 2018	<div><p>Engyprosopon brevifrontale Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018</p><p>Bigeyed flounder; ṽüẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Engyprosopon brevifrontale Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018:465, fig. 10–11 (Type locality: off Ke-tzu-liao, southwestern Taiwan).</p><p>Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 83–85; A 64–67; P 12; C broken; LLs 43; GR 0+9–10=9–10; vert. 10+25=35. A deep and short body, large eyes situated close to the margin of the head, 0+9–10 smooth gill rakers, strong rostral spine on ocular side, strong upper orbital spines, small rostral spine on blind side; pectoral-fin ray on ocular-side elongate in males (41–58% SL) and with a dark blue peritoneum.</p><p>Size. Reaching 94 mm SL.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type series collection from off Ke-tzu-liao, Kaohsiung, southwestern Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D61FD79DA8B92B983C5FB1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D61FD79DA8B957C8254F8F2.text	194987B15D61FD79DA8B957C8254F8F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon grandisquama (Temminck & Schlegel 1846)	<div><p>Engyprosopon grandisquama (Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1846)</p><p>Largescaled flounder; ƛâẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Rhombus grandisquama Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1846:183, figs. 3–4 (Type locality: southern Japan).</p><p>Synonymy as shown in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 81–87; A 61–65; P 10–12; C 3+11+3=17; LLs 40–45; GR 0+5–7=5–7; vert. 10+24=34. Body deeply ovoid; caudal fin with a pair of black blotches, arranged between the third and fourth fin rays from upper- and lowermost rays in the fin; pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate, and without sexual differences in its length; gill rakers very short, not serrate.</p><p>Size. Reaching 83 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 122 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Pacific oceans (Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D61FD79DA8B957C8254F8F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D62FD7ADA8B94ED8712F99A.text	194987B15D62FD7ADA8B94ED8712F99A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon longipelvis Amaoka 1969	<div><p>Engyprosopon longipelvis Amaoka, 1969</p><p>Long-pelvic fin flounder; łaĸẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Engyprosopon longipelvis Amaoka, 1969:93 (Type locality: Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan).</p><p>Synonymy as shown in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 78–82; A 59–60; P 11–12; C 3+11–12+2–3; LLs 37–40; GR 0+7=7; vert. 10+24=34. Gill rakers slender with spines on inner margin; pelvic-fin rays on ocular side elongate in males, longest ray much longer than ocular-side pectoral fin in mature males, and its fin membrane with many black spots.</p><p>Size. Reaching 58 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 66 mm SL in Japan (Amaoka, 1969).</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; southern Japan (Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D62FD7ADA8B94ED8712F99A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D62FD7BDA8B96FE8207FE81.text	194987B15D62FD7BDA8B96FE8207FE81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon maldivense (Regan 1908)	<div><p>Engyprosopon maldivense (Regan, 1908)</p><p>Olive wideeyed flounder; ḡøḻƚẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Scaeops maldivensis Regan, 1908:234, pl. 25, fig. 1. (Type locality: Maldives).</p><p>Synonymy as shown in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection. Diagnostic features. D 85–94; A 64–69; P 10–12; C 3+11+3=17; LLs 44–48; GR 0–3+9–11=11–13; vert.</p><p>10+25–26=35–36. Caudal fin without black blotches; pectoral fin on ocular side with very elongate filament in both sexes; Mouth large, upper-jaw length 8.3–9.8 % SL; gill rakers not serrate; upper-jaw teeth biserial.</p><p>Size. Reaching 181 mm SL (Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D62FD7BDA8B96FE8207FE81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD7BDA8B91D98119FC05.text	194987B15D63FD7BDA8B91D98119FC05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon mogkii (Bleeker 1854)	<div><p>Engyprosopon mogkii (Bleeker, 1854)</p><p>Mogki flounder; Îṯẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Rhombus mogkii Bleeker, 1854:256 (Type locality: Sulawesi, Indonesia).</p><p>Synonymy as shown in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 85–87; A 63–67; P 11–12; C 3+11+3=17; LLs 50–51; GR 0+6–8=6–8; vert. 10+24– 25=34–35. No concavity on head margin anterior to lower eye; gill rakers very slender, long and not serrate; narrow interorbital width; no sexual dimorphism in coloration on blind side of body; borders between each gill lamella stained with dark pigmentation.</p><p>Size. Reaching 91 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 110 mm SL in the eastern Indian Ocean (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; Indian Ocean, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and Coral Sea (Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D63FD7BDA8B91D98119FC05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD7BDA8B945F805AF9A7.text	194987B15D63FD7BDA8B945F805AF9A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon mozambiquense Hensley 2003	<div><p>Engyprosopon mozambiquense Hensley, 2003</p><p>Mozambique flounder; IḚḱåẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Engyprosopon mozambiquensis Hensley, 2003:834 (Type locality: Mozambique).</p><p>Synonymy as shown in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 79–84; A 57–64; P 10–12; C 3+11+3; LLs 46–52; GR 0+6–7=6–7; vert. 10+24–25=34– 35. Gill rakers with spines; mouth large, its length 14.4–16.4% SL; maxilla extending to vertical through anterior 1/3 to 1/2 of lower eye; interorbital width narrow in both sexes, width in males larger than that in females and juveniles; pectoral fin filamentous on ocular side, greatly elongate in males, with two dark cross bands; ventral margin of lower jaw on ocular side with 3 distinct black spots, the posteriormost especially distinct; caudal fin with irregularly scattered small dark spots and two large ones at upper and lower margins.</p><p>Size. Reaching 67 mm SL (Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018).</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; Philippines, Indian Ocean (India, Burma, Nicobar Islands and Cocos Islands) (Hensley, 2003) and Coral Sea (Amaoka, unpubl. data).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D63FD7BDA8B945F805AF9A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D63FD44DA8B96F882A1F8C6.text	194987B15D63FD44DA8B96F882A1F8C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon multisquama Amaoka 1963	<div><p>Engyprosopon multisquama Amaoka, 1963</p><p>Manyscaled flounder; ŧâẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Engyprosopon multisquama Amaoka, 1963b:111 (Type locality: Susaki, Kochi Prefecture, Japan).</p><p>Synonymy as shown in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018). Also other specimens in NMMB-P collection.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 89–98; A 68–75; P 10–12; C 3+11+3=17; LLs 45–50; GR 0+6–7=6–7; vert. 10+25– 26=35–36. Body narrowly ovate, greatest depth less than 53.5% SL; caudal fin with a pair of black blotches, arranged between the second and fourth fin rays from the uppermost and lowermost fin rays; pectoral fin on ocularside with greatly elongate filament, longer in males than females; gill rakers not serrate.</p><p>Size. Reaching 105 cm SL in Taiwan; up to 137 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; from southern Japan to possibly Mekong River (Amoaka, unpubl. data).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D63FD44DA8B96F882A1F8C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5CFD45DA8B9719876FFE4E.text	194987B15D5CFD45DA8B9719876FFE4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon parvipectorale Amaoka & Ho 2018	<div><p>Engyprosopon parvipectorale Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018</p><p>Narroweyed flounder; ẽssĸẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Engyprosopon parvipectorale Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018:474, fig. 16–18 (Type locality: Ke-tzu-liao, southwestern Taiwan).</p><p>Specimens examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 78–84; A 58–61; P 10–14; C 3+11+3; LLs 49–52; GR 0+6–8=6–8; vert. 10+25–26=35– 36. Gill rakers serrate, each raker with 2–5 stout spines; head 29.1–32.1% SL; both-jaws teeth uniserial with anterior canines; extremely narrow or almost ridge-like interorbital in both sexes; pectoral fin on ocular side distinctly shorter than in other species (18.3–20.8% SL in both sexes); small scattered spots on caudal fin.</p><p>Size. Reaching 68.0 mm SL (Amaoka &amp; Ho, 2018).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from off Ke-tzu-liao, Kaohsiung, southwestern Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5CFD45DA8B9719876FFE4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5DFD45DA8B9191829DFC21.text	194987B15D5DFD45DA8B9191829DFC21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engyprosopon xystrias Hubbs 1915	<div><p>Engyprosopon xystrias Hubbs, 1915</p><p>Smooth wideeyed flounder; įẽüľ</p><p>Tables 7–8</p><p>Engyprosopon xystrias Hubbs, 1915:475 (Type locality: near Tanegashima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture).</p><p>As shown in synonym list in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Specimen examined. As listed in Amaoka &amp; Ho (2018).</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 92 (88–98, from other localities); A 65 (65–77); P 12 (12–13); C 3+11+3=17; LLs 40 (39–50); GR 0+13 (0–6+13–18); vert. 10+26=36 (10+25–27=35–37). Anterior margin of head anterior to both eyes with about 4–5 pale blotches margined by dark bands; scales on front margin of head more strongly ctenoid and non-deciduous compared to body scales.</p><p>Size. Reaching 89 mm in Taiwan; up to 102 mm in southern Japan (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; southern Japan, South China Sea, Coral Sea and Saya de Malha Bank (Amaoka &amp; Ho 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5DFD45DA8B9191829DFC21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5DFD45DA8B947A8066F916.text	194987B15D5DFD45DA8B947A8066F916.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grammatobothus Norman 1926	<div><p>Genus Grammatobothus Norman, 1926</p><p>Grammatobothus Norman, 1926:253 . Type species: Platophrys polyophthalmus Bleeker, 1865 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body ovoid, compressed. Tip of isthmus below middle of lower eye. Dorsal profile of head similar in both sexes and growth. Both eyes separated by a narrow concave space. Sexual dimorphism in lengths of dorsal-fin rays and pectoral-fin rays. Interorbital width stable with sex and growth. No rostral, orbital and mandibular spines.</p><p>Mouth rather small; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth small, uniserial on both jaws, not enlarged anteriorly. Gill rakers short and smooth.</p><p>Scales small, not deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with short ctenii along posterior margin; scales cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin, obscure lateral line present on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal and anal fins without branched rays; 2nd to 10th rays of dorsal fin elongate in both sexes, but longer in males than in females. Pectoral fin on ocular side elongate with filamentous rays in males. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to third or fourth fin ray on ocular side. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Grammatobothus closely resembles Bothus in body shape, but differs in having a narrow interorbital width without sexual difference, elongate anterior dorsal-fin rays, three suborbital bones on blind side, abdominal vertebrae not expanded, and first interhaemal spine not enlarged.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5DFD45DA8B947A8066F916	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5DFD45DA8B97698694F87C.text	194987B15D5DFD45DA8B97698694F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grammatobothus Norman 1926	<div><p>Key to species of Grammatobothus of Taiwan</p><p>1A. D 75–84; A 65–67; body deeply ovate, its depth 61.8–66% SL (1.5–1.6 in SL); 2nd to 10th rays of dorsal fin elongate........................................................................................... G. polyophthalmus</p><p>1B. D 82; A 66; body ovate, its depth 52.1% SL (1.9 in SL); 2nd to 4th rays of dorsal fin elongate.................. G. krempfi</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5DFD45DA8B97698694F87C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD46DA8B90D581EFFA50.text	194987B15D5EFD46DA8B90D581EFFA50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grammatobothus polyophthalmus (Bleeker 1865)	<div><p>Grammatobothus polyophthalmus (Bleeker, 1865)</p><p>Manyeyed flounder, Threespot flounder; ȇṯƍáľ</p><p>Figures 6 G–H; Table 9</p><p>Platophrys polyophthalmus Bleeker, 1865:46 (Type locality: Sumatra, Indonesia).</p><p>Gramatobothus polyophthalmus: Norman, 1926:253; Ho et al., 2009:6.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P04602 (1 male, 127.1), Yilan, 16 Jul. 1965; NMMB-P25740 (1, 75.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2016; NMMB-P28527 (1 male, 116.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 8 Feb. 2018 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 75–84; A 64–67; P 15–16; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 71–80; GR 2–5+7–9=12–13; vert. 10+28=38.</p><p>Body deep ovate, deepest near middle part of body (61.8–66.0% SL). Head much shorter than half of body depth (26.6–27.8% SL); upper profile of head steep with distinct concavity in front of ventral margin of upper eye. Snout shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine absent. Eye diameter slightly shorter than upper-jaw length. Interorbital space with a narrow concave space, its width about 1/3 of eye diameter.</p><p>Mouth small, upper-jaw length 8.5–8.8% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye; several short and blunt prominent spines along upper jaw. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, upper-jaw teeth becoming gradually smaller backward; all teeth of lower jaw about same size, similar to anterior teeth of upper jaw. Gill rakers very small on upper limb and slender on lower limb, all not serrated.</p><p>Scales on ocular side very small, ctenoid with one row of short ctenii on posterior margin, cycloid on blind side. Second to tenth rays of dorsal fin prolonged, lengths in males longer than those in females; 4th or 5th rays longest, its length in males slightly longer than head; fin membranes behind prolonged rays deeply incised, and membrane on posterior surface of prolonged rays expanded, forming pinniform rays. Pectoral-fin rays on ocular side very long in males, length of pectoral fin 19.7–37.4% SL, not elongate in females.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body pale brownish, with three large prominent dark ocelli, two anteriormost above and below pectoral fin, one posteriormost midway along straight portion of lateral line, and with many more or less regularly distributed small, distinct, dark spots (light blue in fresh); one or two distinct chromosome-shaped dark bars (deep blue in fresh) above upper eye in males; dorsal and anal fins with indistinct dark blotches; pectoral fin on ocular side with broad pale cross bars. Blind side of body yellowish white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 127 mm SL off Taiwan; up to about 170 mm total length elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. Gramatobothus polyophthalmus differs from G. krempfi and G. pennatus in having 2nd to 10th dorsal-fin rays elongate (vs. 2nd to 4th in latter) and a deeper body (1.5–1.8 vs. 1.8–2.0 in HL). Ho et al. (2009) reported this species from Taiwanese waters for the first time.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5EFD46DA8B90D581EFFA50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5EFD47DA8B95AA8240FBAB.text	194987B15D5EFD47DA8B95AA8240FBAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grammatobothus krempfi Chabanaud 1929	<div><p>Grammatobothus krempfi Chabanaud, 1929</p><p>Krempf’s flounder; årƍáľ</p><p>Table 9</p><p>Grammatobothus krempfi Chabanaud, 1929:377 (Type locality: Poulo Condore, Vietnam). Shen, 1983:14;? Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:751.</p><p>Specimens examined. No specimen examined.</p><p>Diagnostic features. The following description is adapted from Shen (1983). D 81; A 66; P 14; C17; LLs 76; GR?+8.</p><p>Body ovate, greatest at near middle part of body (52.1% SL); head large (29.4% SL); upper-jaw length 10.1% SL; pectoral fin moderately long (38.7% SL); second to fourth rays of dorsal fin prolonged and pinniform; pelvic-fin rays prolonged and pinniform.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body brownish, with a series of darker blotches along dorsal and ventral margins; a large blotch at curved portion of lateral line, on middle of body and in front of caudal peduncle.</p><p>Size. Reaching 99.0 mm SL off Taiwan; up to about 175 mm SL elsewhere (Chabanaud, 1929).</p><p>Distribution. Southern Taiwan (Shen, 1983); Vietnam (type locality).</p><p>Remarks. Grammatobothus krempfi was reported from Taiwan by Shen (1983). The specimen (NTUM 5502, sex unknown, 99.0, Tainan, 22 Oct. 1978) was identified as G. krempfi based on the ovate body shape and some anterior rays of the dorsal fin distinctly elongated. However, the specimen is not in the collection at present and therefore the identification is based on photographs. Shen in Shen et al. (1993) and Shen &amp; Wu (2012) also reported G. krempfi from Taiwan, but no voucher specimens were provided. The picture shown by Shen in Shen et al. (1993) is clearly Bothus pantherinus, because of the absence of elongate anterior dorsal-fin rays. On the other hand, Shen &amp; Wu (2012) showed an illustration of G. krempfi instead of providing any photo and no voucher of that illustration was mentioned.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5EFD47DA8B95AA8240FBAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5FFD47DA8B948C8785F844.text	194987B15D5FFD47DA8B948C8785F844.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Japonolaeops Amaoka 1969	<div><p>Genus Japonolaeops Amaoka, 1969</p><p>Japonolaeops Amaoka, 1969:202 . Type species: Japonolaeops dentatus Amaoka, 1969 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body slender and elliptical, rather flatten. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye. Dorsal profile of head constant with sex and growth. Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth about 5.9–6.3 % SL. Both eyes separated by very narrow concavity; interorbital width same in both sexes. No rostral, orbital and mandibular spines in both sexes.</p><p>Mouth very small in size; maxilla extending slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial on upper jaw and uniserial or biserial (sometimes in narrow band) on lower jaw. Gill rakers slender, without spines along inner edge.</p><p>Scales very small, deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Lateral line on ocular side with small curve section above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Dorsal and anal fins with simple rays throughout, not elongate. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate in both sexes. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to fourth ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just in front of origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite of vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Japonolaeops is closely related to Laeops with a relatively elongate body, caudal skeleton without deep clefts, and no sexual dimorphism. The genus differs from Laeops in having teeth on both jaws, anterior rays of dorsal fin not elongate, and anterior two rays of dorsal fin connected to the following rays.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5FFD47DA8B948C8785F844	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D58FD40DA8B90D58721F9E3.text	194987B15D58FD40DA8B90D58721F9E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Japonolaeops dentatus Amaoka 1969	<div><p>Japonolaeops dentatus Amaoka, 1969</p><p>Lanceolate toothed flounder; ıƾÉľ</p><p>Figure 7A; Table 10</p><p>Japonolaeops dentatus Amaoka, 1969:202 (Type locality: Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan). Shen, 1983:31; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:570; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:752.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P02173 (1, 153.9), Taiwan, no date; NMMB-P07140 (1 female, 137.1), Dong-gang, 26 Dec. 2003 ; NMMB-P11568, (2, 98.2–130.6), Taiwan, 13 Jun. 1983; NMMB-P12618 (3, 133.2–138.5), Donggang, 25 Mar. 2011 ; NMMB-P13769 (2 males, 133.3–133.5), Dong-gang, 26 Aug. 2011 ; NMMB-P21093 (2, 98.1– 102.9), Dong-gang, 30 Mar. 2014 ; NMMB-P21130 (1 female, 139.3), Ke-tzu-liao, 2 Ari. 2014 ; NMMB-P21614 (1, 118.8), Dong-gang, 25 Feb. 2014 ; NMMB-P22109 (1, 143.4), Dong-gang, 22 Feb. 2014 ; NMMB-P23205 (1, 122.0), Dong-gang, 5 Mar. 2016 ; NMMB-P23279 (1 female, 139.8), Dong-gang, 3 Apr. 2015 ; NMMB-P23281 (1, 130.0), Dong-gang, 16 Apr. 2015 ; NMMB-P25676 (1, 146.6), Dong-gang, 8 Jan. 2017 . More specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 111–118; A 93–97; P 14–15; C 3+10–11+3–4=17; LLs 94–105; GR 5–8+6–10=13–16; vert. 11+39–42=50–53.</p><p>Body elongated and strongly compressed, greatest at near anterior 1/3 part of body, its depth 31.1–36.8% SL. Caudal peduncle narrow. Head small, more than 1/2 of body depth (18.1–20.6% SL); front of head with deep concavity anterior of upper eye; head profile gently curved. Snout short, protruding, snout length much shorter than eye diameter. Eyes small, diameter slightly longer than upper jaw; upper eye extremely close to dorsal margin of head. Interorbital space low and narrow; inner margins of each eye with bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior interorbital space.</p><p>Mouth small and asymmetrical, upper-jaw length on ocular side about 4.5–6.2% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth present on both sides of both jaws; uniserial in upper jaw, teeth on blind side somewhat larger than those on ocular side; anterior teeth on lower jaw biserial, posterior teeth uniserial. Gill rakers on lower limb slender and pointed without inner serration; those on upper limb small. Scales very small and deciduous, cycloids on both sides.</p><p>Dorsal and anal fins very low anteriorly and posteriorly. Pectoral fin on ocular side very short, slightly longer than half of head (10.8–13.7% SL); that on blind side relatively short. Caudal fin round and slender.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly dark yellowish without distinct blotches or spots; all fins uniformly pale dark without distinct spots and blotches; middle part of caudal fin black except for basal part. Blind side of body uniformly yellowish white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 153.9 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 200 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Western Pacific oceans, including South China Sea to southern Japan, and Coral Sea (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles members of Laeops in the small mouth and general appearance, but can be easily separated in the presence of teeth on both jaws of both sides and the anterior two dorsal-fin rays not being separated from the remaining fin rays. Moreover, this species is closely related to Laeops gracilis Fowler, 1934, but it differs from the latter in having smaller head and deeper body (Amoaka, 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D58FD40DA8B90D58721F9E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D58FD42DA8B963B8609FDFA.text	194987B15D58FD42DA8B963B8609FDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kamoharaia Kuronuma 1940	<div><p>Genus Kamoharaia Kuronuma, 1940</p><p>Kamoharaia Kuronuma, 1940:35 . Type species: Chascanopsetta megastoma Kamohara, 1936 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body long elliptical, strongly compressed. Tip of isthmus far behind posterior margin of lower eye, located above posterior end of lower jaw. Dorsal profile of head constant with sex and growth. Caudal peduncle narrow. Both eyes separated by ridge or a very narrow concave space; interorbital width same in both sexes. No rostral, orbital and mandibular spines in both sexes.</p><p>Mouth extremely large; maxilla extending far beyond posterior margin of lower eye, tip of upper jaw projecting beyond tip of snout; upper-jaw length about equal to HL. Anterior half of upper jaw uniserial, with some enlarged teeth anteriorly, followed by tooth band on posterior half; teeth on lower jaw uniserial with 3 pairs of canines at anterior tip. Gill rakers small, without spines.</p><p>Scales small, cycloid on both sides. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. First ray of dorsal fin slightly elongate. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate in both sexes. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, with rather short base; first ray on blind side opposite to third fin ray on ocular side. Caudal skeleton consisting of four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts. Suborbital bones 3 on blind side. Tip of vomer projecting into mouth.</p><p>Remarks. Kamoharaia is closely related to Chascanopsetta with which it shares an extremely large mouth, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the tip of the upper jaw extending beyond the tip of the snout, the presence of large canine teeth at the tip of the lower jaw, and in the tip of the vomer projecting into the mouth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D58FD42DA8B963B8609FDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5AFD42DA8B92DD80E5F8FF.text	194987B15D5AFD42DA8B92DD80E5F8FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kamoharaia megastoma (Kamohara 1936)	<div><p>Kamoharaia megastoma (Kamohara, 1936)</p><p>Widemouthed flounder; öpľ</p><p>Figures 7 B–C; Table 10</p><p>Chascanopsetta megastoma Kamohara, 1936:308 (Ttype locality: Kochi Prefecture, Japan). Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:61. Kamoharaia megastoma: Kuronuma, 1940:36; Shen, 1983:34; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:570; Ho et al., 2009:11; Shen &amp; Wu,</p><p>2012:752.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P17856 (1, 186.6), Nan-fang-ao, 13 Oct. 2012; NMMB-P21088 (1, 109), Donggang, 30 Mar. 2014; NMMB-P22267 (1, 164.2), Dong-gang, 7 Nov. 2013; NMMB-P25330 (1, 95.0), Dong-gang, 26 May 2013; NMMB-P29037 (1, 95.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 18 Mar. 2018 . More specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 109–112; A 84–88; P 12; C 3–5+7–11–5=17; LLs 126–132; GR 0–3+7–8; vert. 13+39– 40=52–53.</p><p>Body elliptical, strongly compressed; greatest depth near tip of pectoral fin (34.1–38.3% SL). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth 5.1–5.7% SL. Head small, its length 17.1–20.1% SL; upper profile of head deeply concave anterior of interorbital area, and more or less convex in front of upper eye. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Eyes small, about 1/3 of upper jaw, separated by narrow flat ridge.</p><p>Mouth very large, upper-jaw length about 14.5–19.2% SL; maxilla extending well beyond posterior margin of lower eye; tip of upper jaw protruding beyond tip of snout by half eye diameter. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial, 3 or 4 pairs of larger teeth anteriorly, narrow tooth band on posterior half; lower jaw teeth uniserial, anteriorly 3 pairs of large inward curved canine teeth, posterior teeth becoming smaller. Tip of vomer projecting into mouth cavity. Gill rakers short and slender without serration on lower limb, rudimentary on upper limb.</p><p>Scales on both sides very small, cycloid. First ray of dorsal fin elongate, its length 2.5–2.8 in HL. Pectoral fin on ocular side about half of that on blind side. Caudal fin slender and round, with 3–5 unbranched rays dorsally and ventrally.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly brownish with many irregular dark blotches; median fins and pectoral fin on ocular side dark except for basal portion. Blind side of body yellowish white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 187 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 220 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in the Indo-Australian archipelago to southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles Chascanopsetta lugubris in having an extremely large mouth, but can be easily distinguished in having the tip of the maxilla strongly extending beyond the tip of the snout, in having 3 pairs of canine teeth on the tip of the lower jaw and in the tip of the vomer projecting into the mouth cavity. In juveniles of 100–120 mm SL, both jaws are not particularly protruding (Amaoka, 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5AFD42DA8B92DD80E5F8FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5BFD43DA8B90D5823BFC67.text	194987B15D5BFD43DA8B90D5823BFC67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeops Gunther 1880	<div><p>Genus Laeops Günther, 1880</p><p>Éľƌ</p><p>Laeops Günther, 1880:29 . Type species: Laeops parviceps Günther, 1880 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body elongate, elliptical, strongly compressed. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye or slightly beyond. No sexual dimorphism of dorsal profile of head, interorbital width, head spines and pectoral fin. Caudal peduncle extremely narrow, its depth slightly less than half of HL. Interorbital space narrow. No rostral, orbital and mandibular spines in both sexes.</p><p>Mouth very small, asymmetrical, twisted to blind side; maxilla extending slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth present only on bind side of both jaws, small, uniserial or forming narrow band. Gill rakers slender and smooth. Scales very small, deciduous, cycloids on both sides. Lateral line on ocular side with small curved section above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal- and anal- fin rays simple and unbranched. Anterior two rays of dorsal fin separated from remainder rays, or anterior three rays elongate. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, first ray on blind side opposite to fourth fin ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite to vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals, and lacking deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Laeops is closely related to Japonolaeops as evidenced by the elongate body, small mouth, caudal skeleton without deep clefts, and no sexual dimorphism. It differs from Japonolaeops in having teeth only on the blind side and in the anterior two dorsal fin rays not continuous with the following rays, or rarely the anterior three rays elongate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5BFD43DA8B90D5823BFC67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D5BFD4DDA8B93B98272FBF2.text	194987B15D5BFD4DDA8B93B98272FBF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeops kitaharae (Smith & Pope 1906)	<div><p>Laeops kitaharae (Smith &amp; Pope, 1906)</p><p>Kitahara’s flounder; kērÉľ</p><p>Figures 7 D–E; Table 10</p><p>Lambdopsetta kitaharae Smith &amp; Pope, 1906:496 (Type locality: Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan).</p><p>Laeops tongkongensis Chen &amp; Weng, 1965 (type locality: Tungkang [Dong-gang] fish market, Taiwan). Shen, 1983:32; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:571; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:752.</p><p>Laeops kitaharae: Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:67; Shen, 1983:31; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:570; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:752.</p><p>Laeops parviceps (not of Günther): Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:62; Shen, 1983:33; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:571; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:753.</p><p>Laeops guentheri (not of Alcock): Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:66; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:752.</p><p>Laeops lanceolata (not of Franz): Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:68.</p><p>Laeops variegate (not of Franz): Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:69.</p><p>Laeops nigrescens (not of Lloyd): Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:64.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P21087 (1, 130.8), Dong-gang, Mar. 30, 2014; NMMB-P22229 (1, 149.2), Donggang, 21 Jan. 2015; NMMB-P23185 (1, 125.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 22 Apr. 2014; NMMB-P23188 (1 female, 134.5), NMMB-P23268 (4, 121.2–130.7), 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P23269 (5, 120.3–139.9), Dong-gang, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P23270 (1, 132.2), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P23280 (1, 120.0), Dong-gang, 16 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P23283 (4, 103.2–128.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 3 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P24846 (1, 148.3), Ke-tzu-laio, 2 Apr. 2015 . Large among of specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 103–117; A 87–92; P 12–15; C 2–3+11–13+2–4=17; LLs 90–105; GR 0–5+5–8=6–12; ert. 11–12+39–42=50–53.</p><p>Body elongated and strongly compressed, greatest near anterior 1/4 part of body, its depth highly variable (28.5–36.9% SL). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth 5.7–6.8% of SL. Head extremely small, head less than 1/2 of body depth (14.9–18.4% SL); front of head almost straight or with shallow concavity above middle of upper eye. Snout extremely short, snout length about half of eye diameter. Eyes small, diameter much larger than upper-jaw length; upper eye extremely close to dorsal margin of head. Interorbital space narrow; inner margins of eyes with high bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior interorbital space.</p><p>Mouth extremely small, asymmetrical, twisted to blind side, upper-jaw length on ocular side 3.1–3.9% SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye; lower jaw extending beyond tip of upper jaw. Teeth absence on ocular side of both jaws, many small teeth on blind side curved inward, in narrow bands. Gill rakers on lower limb very small and pointed, smooth; none or some small rakers on upper limb.</p><p>Scales very small and deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Dorsal and anal fin rays slender, fin membranes very weak and easily broken except for basal parts; first two rays not detached from remainder of fin. Pectoral fin on ocular side very short, a little longer than half of head (9.2–12.3% SL); that of blind side relatively short. Caudal fin round and slender, its length about equal to HL.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots, snout dark; distal half of dorsal, anal and caudal fins, and of pelvic fin on ocular side black; blind side of body uniformly yellowish white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 149 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 164 mm SL in Japan (Amaoka 1969).</p><p>Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; South China Sea to southern Japan, and Korea (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. Laeops tongkongensis Chen &amp; Weng, 1965 is synonymized with Laeops kitaharae (Smith &amp; Pope, 1906) based on the examination of the type specimens of both species for this study. We cannot separate L. tongkongensis from L. kitaharae based on the diagnosis of both species provided in the key of Chen &amp; Weng (1965). The body depth of type series of L. tongkongensis are 28.3–29.8% SL versus 34.5% SL in holotype and 28.5–36.9% SL in Taiwanese specimens of L. kitaharae . The head length of type series of L. tongkongensis are 15.5–16.2% SL, versus 17.2% SL and 14.9–18.4% SL, respectively, of Laeops kitaharae . Moreover, both species could not be discriminated in counts and other morphometric characters. As a consequence, L. tongkongensis is recognized as a junior synonym of L. kitaharae .</p><p>In addition, eight species in the genus Laeops were reported from Taiwan (Chen &amp; Weng, 1965). They probably also represent Laeops kitaharae, which is known for its broad morphological variations in proportional measurements (Amaoka, 1969). The pictures of L. kitaharae shown by Shen &amp; Wu (2012) represent a reversal specimen of Plagiopsetta glossa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D5BFD4DDA8B93B98272FBF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D55FD4DDA8B94C5814BF8E0.text	194987B15D55FD4DDA8B94C5814BF8E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neolaeops Amaoka 1969	<div><p>Genus Neolaeops Amaoka, 1969</p><p>Neolaeops Amaoka, 1969:148 . Type species: Laeops microphthalmus von Bonde, 1922 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body elongate elliptical, strongly compressed. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye. No sexual dimorphism in dorsal profile of head, interorbital width, and head spines. Caudal peduncle narrow. Both eyes separated by narrow ridge. No rostral, orbital and mandibular spines.</p><p>Mouth medium in size; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial; anterior teeth enlarged, canine-like. Gill rakers slender and smooth. Scales very small, deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Lateral line on ocular side with short curved section above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal- and anal- fin rays simple. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate, starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to fourth ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side just in front of origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side opposite to vent. Caudal skeleton composed of four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Neolaeops resembles Laeops and Japonolaeops in the elongate body, the caudal skeleton without deep clefts, no sexual dimorphism and very small scales. It differs from Laeops in the presence of teeth on both jaws on both sides of body and in the larger mouth, and from Japonolaeops in having uniserial teeth on both jaws, a larger mouth and more abdominal vertebrae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D55FD4DDA8B94C5814BF8E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D55FD4EDA8B973B8020FAE2.text	194987B15D55FD4EDA8B973B8020FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neolaeops microphthalmus (von Bonde 1922)	<div><p>Neolaeops microphthalmus (von Bonde, 1922)</p><p>Crosseyed flounder; ŀȇƗÉľ</p><p>Figure 8A; Table 10</p><p>Laeops microphthalmus von Bonde, 1922:11 (Type locality: coast of Natal, East Africa).</p><p>Arnoglossus microphthalmus: Norman, 1931:508; Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:44.</p><p>Neolaeops microphthalmus: Amaoka, 1969:149; Shen, 1983:34; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:571; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:753.</p><p>Specimen examined. NMMB-P04832 (4, 122.4–162.3), Dong-gang, 9 Oct. 1965 ; NMMB-P06242 (1, 166.0), Dong-gang, 6 Feb. 1966 ; NMMB-P08116 (1 male, 168.6), Dong-gang, 16 Apr. 2004 ; NMMB-P14234 (1, 101.2), Dong-gang, 6 Sep. 2011 ; NMMB-P15268 (1 female, 168.9), Dong-gang, 28 Oct. 2011 ; NMMB-P20986 (1 male, 110), Dong-gang, 12 Mar. 2014 ; NMMB-P21127 (1 male, 3 females, 148.4–168.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 2 Apr. 2014; NMMB-P22078 (2, 104–177), Dong-gang, 7 Nov. 2013 ; NMMB-P22227 (1, 128.5), Dong-gang, 22 Apr. 2014 ; NMMB-P25673 (1 male, 1 female, 152.3–167.4), Dong-gang, 20 Jan. 2016 ; NMMB-P25681 (1 male, 168.9), Fugang, Taitung, 12 Jan. 2017 . More specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 104–112; A 81–92; P 13–16; C 2–4+10–12+2–4=17; LLs 93–104; GR 3–6+6–10=12– 16; vert. 13+37–38=50–51.</p><p>Body elongated and strongly compressed, deepest near anterior 1/3 part of body (38.9–43.5% SL). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth 6.0–6.9% SL. Head small, its length about half of body depth (19.5–21.5% SL); front of head with deep concavity anterior of upper eye; head profile round. Snout slightly protruding, snout length slightly longer than eye diameter. Eyes small, diameter about 1/2 of upper jaw length; upper eye extremely close to dorsal margin of head. Interorbital space narrow, bony ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior interorbital space.</p><p>Mouth moderate and almost symmetrical, upper-jaw length on ocular side about 7.4–8.8% SL; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, with enlarged and canine-like teeth anteriorly, small and close-set laterally on upper jaw, lateral teeth on lower jaw stronger and wider spaced than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers absent on upper limb, those on lower limb slender, pointed, and smooth. Scales very small and deciduous, cycloid on both sides. Pectoral fin on ocular side very short, about half of head length (10.0–11.9% SL); that on blind side shorter and more feeble. Caudal fin round and slender.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly pale brownish without distinct blotches or spots, snout dark; dorsal and anal fins and pelvic fin on ocular side black; several middle rays of caudal fin black distally. Blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 169 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 210 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Western and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Indian and Western Pacific oceans, including South China Sea, East China Sea, southern Japan, East Africa (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species superficially resembles members of Japonolaeops and Laeops, but is readily distinguished by its deeper body, larger mouth and smaller eyes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D55FD4EDA8B973B8020FAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D56FD4FDA8B95348028FEDA.text	194987B15D56FD4FDA8B95348028FEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parabothus Norman 1931	<div><p>Genus Parabothus Norman, 1931</p><p>Parabothus Norman, 1931b:600 . Type species: Arnoglossus polylepis Alcock, 1889 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body elliptical. Tip of isthmus below or slightly behind posterior margin of lower eye. Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic changes of head profile, head spines and interorbital width. Front margin of head steeper in mature males than females and juveniles. Both eyes separated by wide concave space; interorbital width larger in males than in females and juveniles. Usually no rostral, orbital and mandibular spines in both sexes, except for occasional short obtuse rostral and mandibular spines in males.</p><p>Mouth large; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye or somewhat beyond. Teeth on both jaws usually uniserial, rarely biserial in upper jaw; teeth slightly enlarged anteriorly. Gill rakers moderately long, usually not serrated, absent on upper limb.</p><p>Scales rather not deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with row of moderately long ctenii along posterior margin; scales cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Dorsal and anal fins with simple rays. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongated in both sexes. Pelvic fin starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to third or fourth ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just in front of origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals; no deep clefts on distal margin.</p><p>Remarks. Parabothus closely resembles Tosarhombus in having ctenoid scales on the ocular side bearing moderately long spines, caudal plates lacking clefts, and sexual dimorphism of the interorbital width. It differs from Tosarhombus in having a narrower interorbital space, usually absence of a rostral spine in male, a more elongate body, and the anterior head margin lacking clear blotches.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D56FD4FDA8B95348028FEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D57FD4FDA8B92A78103F899.text	194987B15D57FD4FDA8B92A78103F899.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parabothus coarctatus (Gilbert 1905)	<div><p>Parabothus coarctatus (Gilbert, 1905)</p><p>Greenspotted flounder; ẽafľ</p><p>Figures 8 B–C; Table 11</p><p>Platophrys coarctatus Gilbert, 1905:686 (Type locality: Pailolo Channel, Hawaii Islands, U. S. A.).</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P13149 (1, 188.9), NMMB-P13150 (1, 188.8), NMMB-P12151 (1, 188.5), Penghu Island, 31 Dec. 2010 ; NNMB-P17686 (1, 173.0), Daxi, Yilan, 12 Nov. 2012 ; NMMB-P22242 (1 male, 195, 1 female, 137.4), Ke-tzu-liao, 21 Jan. 2015 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 110–117; A 89–95; P 12–14; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 87–95; GR 0+8–9=8–9; vert. 10+33=43.</p><p>Body elliptical, deepest slightly anterior of middle of body (38.6–42.3% SL). Head relatively small (26.2– 26.8% SL); upper profile of head with slight concavity in front of interorbital space. Snout round, relatively long, its length shorter than eye diameter. Eye diameter smaller than upper jaw length. Interorbital space deeply concave, its width narrower than eye diameter, wider in males than females and juveniles, 3.0–3.4% SL in males, 1.4–2.0% SL in females or juveniles.</p><p>Mouth moderately large, upper-jaw length 9% SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Prominent knob on mandibular symphysis. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial, some pairs of anterior teeth enlarged, canine-like; lateral teeth on lower jaw somewhat larger than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb of first arch, moderate in size, not serrate; absent on upper limb.</p><p>Scales small, ctenoid with moderate ctenii on ocular side; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral fin on ocular side short (14.3–15.2% SL).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body grayish brown; a series of obtuse greenish yellow blotches with dark margins near dorsal and ventral margins of body; two dark small spots on junction between curve and straight portion of lateral line, two on middle and one on posterior portions; head with greenish yellow spots and dashes, each with dark margins; dorsal and anal fins with a regularly arranged series of dark blotches; body on blind side milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 189 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 225 mm SL in Japan (Amaoka, 1969)</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; southern Japan to Coral Sea, Hawaii Islands (Amaoka et al., 1997).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles Parabothus kiensis in body shape, but differs in smaller eyes, smaller scales and the shape and abundance of blotches on the body. This species exhibits sexually dimorphism and ontogenetic changes of the interorbital width.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D57FD4FDA8B92A78103F899	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D57FD4FDA8B913D8694FD5C.text	194987B15D57FD4FDA8B913D8694FD5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parabothus Norman 1931	<div><p>Key to species of Parabothus of Taiwan</p><p>1A. D 83–89; A 63–67............................................................................. P. polylepis</p><p>1B. D 98–117; A 77–95.................................................................................... 2</p><p>2A. LLs 61–67; upper jaw teeth biserial; sometimes obtuse rostral spine in male............................. P. taiwanensis</p><p>2B. LLs&gt; 78; upper jaw teeth uniserial; no rostral spine in male................................................... 3</p><p>3A. LLs 78–83; upper eye diameter 3.0– 3.5 in HL; no dark blotch at junction between curved and straight portion of lateral line; no dark spots along dorsal margin of upper eye.......................................................... P. kiensis</p><p>3B. LLs 87–95; upper eye diameter 3.5–3.9 in HL; two dark blotches at junction between curved and straight portion of lateral line; small dark spots along dorsal margin of upper eye.................................................. P. coarctatus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D57FD4FDA8B913D8694FD5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D50FD49DA8B977F827FFB9F.text	194987B15D50FD49DA8B977F827FFB9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parabothus kiensis (Tanaka 1918)	<div><p>Parabothus kiensis (Tanaka, 1918)</p><p>Yellowspotted flounder; ỳâfľ</p><p>Figures 8 D–E; Table 11</p><p>Platophrys kiensis Tanaka, 1918:225 (Type locality: Tanabe, Wakayama Pref., Japan)</p><p>Parabothus kiensis: Okada &amp; Matsubara, 1938:423; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:754.</p><p>Parabothus chlorospilus (not of Gilbert): Shen, 1983:13.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P12622 (1 male, 1 female, 153.0–168.7), Dong-gang, 25 Mar. 2011; NMMB- P18021 (1 male 133.0), Dong-gang, date unknown; NMMB-P22239 (1, 164.6), Dong-gang, 21 Jan. 2015; NMMB- P22265 (1 female, 118.3), Dong-gang, 11 Feb. 2015; NMMB-P25744 (1 female, 120.1), Dong-gang, 22 Mar. 2017; NMMB-P28992 (1 female 141.3), 18 Mar. 2018; NTUM 05402 (1, 126.3), Tungkong, 19 Nov. 1976 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 100–114; A 84–89; P 12–13; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 78–83; GR 0+7–9=7–9; vert. 10+31– 32=41–42.</p><p>Body elliptical, deepest slightly anterior of middle of body (38.0–42.2% SL). Head rather small (25.9–27.6% SL); upper profile of head with slight concavity anterior to interorbital space. Snout round, longer than half of eye diameter. Eye diameter about equal to upper-jaw length. Interorbital space deeply concave, its width narrower than eye diameter, wider in males than in females and juveniles, 4.1–4.9% SL in males, 1.0–2.0% in females.</p><p>Mouth moderately large, upper-jaw length 8.1–10.1% SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Prominent knob on mandibular symphysis in males, feeble or absent in females and juveniles. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial, some pairs of anterior teeth enlarged; lateral teeth on lower jaw somewhat stronger than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb moderate in size, not serrate; absent on upper limb.</p><p>Scales on ocular side ctenoid with long ctenii; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral fin on ocular side moderately large, not elongated (13.7–16.5% SL).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body grayish brown with indistinct dark spots and yellowish green blotches of irregular form; no distinct blotches on any fins; body on blind side milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 132 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 203 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 1969).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; widespread in Western Pacific Ocean off southern Japan to Indonesia, northern Australia and Coral Sea (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles Parabothus coarctatus in body shape, but it differs from the latter in having larger eye (3.0–3.5 vs. 3.5–3.9 in HL), fewer lateral-line scales (78–83 vs. 87–95), and lacking dark spots on lateral line and along upper margin of upper eye. The specimen identified by Shen (1983) as Parabothus chlorospilus is a female of P. kiensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D50FD49DA8B977F827FFB9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D51FD4BDA8B94E7816BFE6A.text	194987B15D51FD4BDA8B94E7816BFE6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parabothus polylepis (Alcock 1889)	<div><p>Parabothus polylepis (Alcock, 1889)</p><p>Manyscaled flounder; ŧâfľ</p><p>Figure 8F; Table 11</p><p>Arnoglossus polylepis Alcock, 1889:290 (Type locality: off Sri Lanka)</p><p>Parabothus polyleis: Norman, 1931:600 .</p><p>Specimen examined. NMMB-P26403 (1 female, 119.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2017 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 89; A 67; P 10; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 86; GR 0+8=8; vert. 10+27=37.</p><p>Body elliptical, deepest slightly anterior of middle of body (46.2% SL). Head longer than half of body depth (27.7% SL); front profile of head with shallow concavity anterior of ventral margin of lower eye. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. No rostral spine on snout tip. Eye diameter shorter than upper-jaw length. Orbital spine absent. Interorbital space narrow, deeply concave, its width narrower than eye diameter, 4% HL (based on one female only).</p><p>Mouth moderate large, upper-jaw length 9.7% SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, moderately conical, some pairs of anterior teeth enlarged; lateral teeth on lower jaw somewhat stronger than those on upper jaw. Gill rakers on lower limb moderate large in size, smooth; absent on upper limb.</p><p>Scales on ocular side ctenoid with moderately long ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side moderate large, not elongate (16.6% SL).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body dark brown with an obtuse, large dark blotch at junction of straight and curved sections of lateral line, and a dark obtuse blotch on middle section of straight lateral line; a conspicuous black blotch on dorsal fin above anterior margin of upper eye; a series of large faint rings along dorsal and ventral edges of body; vertical fins with faint dark spots at base; pectoral fin with three indistinct dark cross bars; pelvic fin with a black spot on membrane between third and fourth rays; body on blind side grayish white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 120 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 130 mm SL in Sri Lanka (Norman, 1934).</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan off Ke-tzu-liao at depths less than 100 m; Sri Lanka at depths 59–64 m (de Bruin et al., 1995).</p><p>Remarks. This species was first recorded from Taiwan on the bases of a single female specimen. This species can be separated from the three other Taiwanese species of Parabothus in having fewer dorsal- and anal- fin rays and vertebrae. Currently, no male specimen was examined by the authors and the characters of males are unknown. This species may exhibit sexually dimorphism and ontogenetic changes on interorbital width and presence or absence of rostral spine as other congeners.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D51FD4BDA8B94E7816BFE6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D53FD54DA8B924D8660FB2E.text	194987B15D53FD54DA8B924D8660FB2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parabothus taiwanensis Amaoka & Shen 1993	<div><p>Parabothus taiwanensis Amaoka &amp; Shen, 1993</p><p>Taiwan flounder; ûjfľ</p><p>Figures 9 A–B; Table 11</p><p>Parabothus taiwanensis Amaoka &amp; Shen, 1993:1042 (Type locality: Kaohsiung, Taiwan). Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:754.</p><p>Parabothus chlorospilus (not of Gilbert, 1905): Shen, 1983:13.</p><p>Parabothus sp.: Shen, 1983:13; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:571.</p><p>Crossorhombus sp.: Shen, 1983:19.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P23214 (1 female, 101.6), Ke-tzu-liao, 17 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P23219 (2, 73.0– 85.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 30 Apr. 2015; NMMB-P23232 (3 males, 1 female, 91.8–132.2), Ke-tzu-liao, 31 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P23272 (1 male, 1 female, 116.3–129.6), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P23305 (1 male, 1 female, 92.7–95.6), Ke-tzu-liao, 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P24854 (1 male, 1 female, 116.7–124.8), NMMB-P25710 (1 male, 117.6), NMMB-P25713 (2 males, 100.8–123.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 2 Apr. 2015; NMMB-P25725 (2 males, 98.8–122.3), Ke-tzu-liao, 11 Mar. 2017 . More specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 98–110; A 77–87; P 11–14; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 61–67; GR 0+7–8=7–8; vert. 10+28– 30=38–40.</p><p>Body elliptical, deepest at anterior 1/3 of body (36.8–45.6% SL). Head slightly longer than half of body depth (22.0–28.1% SL); upper profile of head with deep concavity in front of interorbital space. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Rostral spine on snout tip blunt in males, absent in females and juveniles. Eye diameter slightly shorter than upper-jaw length. Orbital spine absent in either sex. Interorbital space narrow, deeply concave, its width narrower than eye diameter, wider in males than females and juveniles, 3.0–3.5% SL in males, 2.3–2.6% SL in females, 1.2–1.3% SL in juveniles.</p><p>Mouth moderate, upper-jaw length 7.4–12.7% SL; maxilla extending to slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Prominent knob on mandibular symphysis in males, feeble or absent in females and juveniles. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, those in outer series stronger and more widely spaced than those in inner series; some anterior teeth canine-like; teeth on lower jaw uniserial, nearly equal in size and spacing to inner-row teeth of upper jaw. Gill rakers only on lower limb, moderate in size, not serrate.</p><p>Scales on ocular side ctenoid with long ctenii; scales on blind side cycloid. Pectoral fin on ocular side very short (13.5–22.3% SL).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body grayish brown without any distinct color pattern (body pale purple when scales are removed); body on blind side grayish white. All fins on both sides uniformly grayish brown without any noticeable spots or blotches.</p><p>Size. Reaching 130 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 153 mm SL in East China Sea (Yamada et al., 2007).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan, at depth not deeper than 100 m (present study); East China Sea (Yamada et al., 2007).</p><p>Remarks. This species can be easily separated from P. polylepis in having more dorsal- and anal-fin rays, and from Parabothus kiensis and P. coarctatus in having clearly fewer lateral-line scales. This species exhibits sexually dimorphism and ontogenetic changes of interorbital width and presence or absence of a rostral spine and mandibular knob. Parabothus sp. and Crossorhombus sp. reported by Shen (1983) may in fact represent the same species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D53FD54DA8B924D8660FB2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4CFD54DA8B9571814EF832.text	194987B15D4CFD54DA8B9571814EF832.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psettina Hubbs 1915	<div><p>Genus Psettina Hubbs, 1915</p><p>Psettina Hubbs, 1915:456 . Type species: Engyprosopon iijimae Jordan &amp; Starks, 1904.</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body elliptical. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye or slightly in front. No sexual or ontogenetic dimorphism of dorsal profile of head. Both eyes separated by a ridge or very narrow concavity; interorbital width same in both sexes. No rostral, orbital and mandibular spines, except rarely short obtuse rostral and mandibular spines in mature males.</p><p>Mouth small; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws small, not enlarged anteriorly; teeth on upper jaw uniserial or biserial, those on lower jaw uniserial. Gill rakers few, small, slender and smooth. Scales small, not deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with row of long ctenii along posterior margin; cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin, absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal- and anal-fin rays simple, none elongated. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongated in both sexes. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to fourth ray on ocular side. Caudal skeleton with four plates, including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts.</p><p>Remarks. Psettina is recognized by its rather small and elliptical body, ctenoid scales with a row of long spines along posterior margin, caudal skeleton without deep clefts, no sexual differences in rostral and orbital spines, interorbital width, shape of dorsal profile of body and coloration.</p><p>There are currently 10 species recognized in Psettina, all restricted to the Indian and Western Pacific oceans; four species are recognized in Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D4CFD54DA8B9571814EF832	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848.text	194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psettina gigantea Amaoka 1963	<div><p>Psettina gigantea Amaoka, 1963</p><p>Combscaled flounder; łŝľ</p><p>Figure 9C; Table 12–13</p><p>Psettina gigantea Amaoka, 1963a:56 (Type locality: Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan). Shen, 1983:26; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:572; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:754.</p><p>Psettina profunda (not of Weber): Kamohara, 1959:7; Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:46.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P03187 (4, 102.1–106.1), Taichung, central western Taiwan, 6 Apr. 2002; NMMB- P23236 (11, 88.2–108.9), Dong-gang, 20 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P23284 (2, 112.8–112.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 3 Apr. 2016. More specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 92–102; A 74–82; P 11–13; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 56–63; GR 0+6–8=6–8; vert. 10+29– 30=39–40.</p><p>Body compressed, elliptical, deepest at anterior 1/3 of body (44.1–47.4% SL). Head more than half of body depth (22.7–26.8% SL); front profile of head with slight concavity anterior of ventral margin of lower eye; head profile gently convex. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Eye diameter subequal to upper jaw. Interorbital space very narrow, concave, sometimes with ridges on anterior and posterior portions.</p><p>Mouth rather large for this genus, upper-jaw length on ocular side 7.4–8.9% SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Short knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw regularly biserial; those in inner row larger than outer row, somewhat enlarged anteriorly; teeth on lower jaw uniserial. Gill rakers short, pointed at tip and not serrated on lower limb; absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with row of long ctenii, cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side short (15.4–18.1% SL); that of blind side very short, about 2/3 of ocular side.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown with a row of indistinct dark ringed blotches along dorsal and ventral margins of body; snout and both jaws dark; blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 110 mm SL in Taiwan; up to about 130 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; southern Indonesia, northeastern Australia to southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species differs from its congeners in lacking distinct blotches on body and fins. Small individuals were sometimes confused with P. tosana, but can be separated by having more lateral-line scales and a larger mouth.</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern, western and southwestern Taiwan; from Coral Sea throughout southern Indonesia, to southern Japan and southern Korea (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles P. brevirictus and P. variegatus in body shape, coloration and position of blotches. It, however differs from the former in having many more scales in the lateral line, fewer gill rakers on the lower limb, and from the latter in having fewer scales in the lateral line and fewer gill rakers on the lower limb. Chen &amp; Weng (1965) recorded 56 lateral-line scales for a specimen which they described as P. brevirictus but which actually belongs to P. iijimae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D4DFD55DA8B920382EAF848	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4DFD55DA8B90D68694FE39.text	194987B15D4DFD55DA8B90D68694FE39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psettina Hubbs 1915	<div><p>Key to species of Psettina in Taiwan</p><p>1A. Caudal fin without black blotch or band; dark blotches along dorsal and ventral margins of body not extending to bases of dorsal and anal fins; pectoral fin without dark botch or band; no large blotch on lateral line; teeth biserial on upper jaw and uniserial on lower jaw......................................................................................... 2</p><p>1B. Caudal fin with black blotch or band; a series of dark blotches along dorsal and ventral margins of body extending to dorsal and anal fin bases, respectively; pectoral fin with dark band or blotch; three obscure large dark blotches on lateral line; teeth on both jaws uniserial........................................................................................ 3</p><p>2A. Snout tip and both jaws blackish; upper-jaw length 7.4–8.9% SL; LLs 56–63.............................. P. gigantea</p><p>2B. Snout tip and both jaws pale brown; upper-jaw length 6.6–7.4% SL; LLs 46–51.............................. P. tosana</p><p>3A. LLs 55–61; D 89–91; A 66–71; GR 2–4+5–6......................................................... P. iijimae</p><p>3B. LLs 75–77; D 101–107; A 78–82; GR 0+7–8...................................................... P. variegata</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D4DFD55DA8B90D68694FE39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4EFD56DA8B90D587BDFB42.text	194987B15D4EFD56DA8B90D587BDFB42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psettina iijimae : Hubbs 1915	<div><p>Psettina iijimae (Jordan &amp; Starks, 1904)</p><p>Iijima flounder; ŝľ</p><p>Figure 9D; Table 12–13</p><p>Engyprosopon iijimae Jordan &amp; Starks, 1904:626 (Type locality: Suruga Bay, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan).</p><p>Psettina iijimae: Hubbs, 1915:456; Shen, 1983:25; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:754.</p><p>Psettina brevirictis (not of Alcock): Chen &amp; Weng, 1965:45.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P01725 (1, 75.0), Hain-da, Kaohsiung, 3 Nov. 1983 ; NMMB-P05573 (3, 65.6– 71.6), Anping, Tainan, 1 Oct. 1963 ; NMMB-P12221 (82.5), Daxi, 22 Jan. 2010 ; NMMB-P26402 (3, 66.9–74.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2017; NMMB-P29421 (1, 51.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 25 Apr. 2018 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 89–91; A 66–71; P 11–13; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 55–61; GR 2–4+5–6=7–10; vert. 10+26– 28=36–38.</p><p>Body compressed, elliptical, deepest at middle part of body (43.8–47.3% SL). Head small, about half of body depth (23.0–24.8% SL); front profile of head almost smooth, without distinct concavity anterior of eyes; head profile gentle curve. Snout shorter than 1/2 of eye diameter. Eye diameter longer than upper-jaw length. Interorbital ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye.</p><p>Mouth very small, upper-jaw length on ocular side 5.8–6.3% SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Small mandibular knob at symphysis. Dentition on blind side more developed that on ocular side, teeth on both jaws uniserial, close-set, gradually becoming small posteriorly. Gill rakers short, slender, pointed at tip and not serrate; rakers on upper limb smaller than those on lower limb. Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with one row of long hair-like ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side much shorter than head (10.4–19.4% SL); that of blind side very short, about 2/3 of that of ocular side.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown with a row of 6 distinct dark blotches along dorsal margin of body and 5 along ventral margin of body, these blotches entering to dorsal and anal fins; large blackish blotch at junction between curved and straight section of lateral line, at middle straight section and near caudal peduncle on lateral line; distal part of pectoral fin and hind part of caudal fin with blackish band. Blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 83 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 85 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D4EFD56DA8B90D587BDFB42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4EFD50DA8B94948209FE16.text	194987B15D4EFD50DA8B94948209FE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psettina tosana Amaoka 1963	<div><p>Psettina tosana Amaoka, 1963</p><p>Tosa flounder; ±ãŝľ</p><p>Figure 9E; Table 12–13</p><p>Psettina tosana Amaoka, 1963a:56 (Type locality: Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan). Shen, 1983:27; Shen in Shen et al., 1993:572; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:755.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P23211 (1, 81.5), Ke-tzu-liao, 28 Feb. 2015; NMMB-P23234 (8, 63.0–80.1), Ketzu-liao, 31 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P23309 (7, 66.1–75.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 3 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P25706 (4, 69.3–79.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 2 Apr. 2015 . More specimens deposited in NMMB-P.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 90–98; A 71–80; P 10–12; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 46–51; GR 0+6–8=6–8; vert. 10+28– 30=38–40.</p><p>Body compressed, elliptical, deepest at middle of body (40.2–46.5% SL). Head more than half of body depth (22.9–25.5% SL); front profile of head with slight concavity in front of ventral margin of upper eye; head profile smoothly convex. Snout much shorter than eye diameter. Eye diameter much shorter than upper-jaw length. Interorbital space with low ridge.</p><p>Mouth small, upper-jaw length on ocular side 6.6–7.4% SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Mandibular knob very small at symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw regularly biserial; teeth on inner row larger than outer row; teeth on lower jaw uniserial. Gill rakers short, pointed at tip, not serrate on lower limb, absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side rather large, ctenoid with row of long ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side short (19.0–24.3% SL), subequal to head length; that of blind side about 2/3 of that on ocular side.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly brown, 7 dark rings along dorsal, and 6 along ventral margins of body, respectively; 4 dark rings above and 2 below lateral line, respectively. Scattered small dark blotches on body; snout and both jaws pale brown. All fins pale; median fins with faint dark blotches; blind side of body uniformly milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaching 82 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 120 mm SL in southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Distribution. Northeastern and southwestern Taiwan; East China Sea and southern Japan (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species resembles small specimen of P. gigantea, but can be distinguished by fewer lateral-line scales and dorsal- and anal- fin rays. Otherwise, P. tosana is smaller in size and inhabits in shallower waters than P. gigantea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D4EFD50DA8B94948209FE16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D48FD50DA8B9269865CF8DE.text	194987B15D48FD50DA8B9269865CF8DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psettina variegata (Fowler 1933)	<div><p>Psettina variegata (Fowler, 1933)</p><p>Variegated flounder; ŧẻŝľ</p><p>Figure 9F; Table 12–13</p><p>Bothus (Crossobothus) variegatus Fowler, 1934:335 (Type locality: the Philippines).</p><p>Psettina iijimae (not of Jordan &amp; Starks): Shen in Shen et al., 1993:570.</p><p>Parabothus chlorospilus (not of Gilbert): Shen in Shen et al., 1993:571; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:753.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P23202 (1, 121.8), Ke-tzu-liao, 18 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P23203 (1, 115.7), Ke-tzuliao, 3 Apr. 2016; NMMB-P26401 (2 of 4, 118.6–121.9), Ke-tzu-liao, 27 Jun. 2017 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 101–107; A 78–82; P 12–13; C 2+13+2=17; LLs 75–77; GR 0+7–8=7–8; vert. 10+28– 29=38–39.</p><p>Body compressed, oblong, deepest at middle part of body (38.8–43.3% SL). Head rather large, about half of body depth (24.1–27.4% SL); front profile of head with shallow concavity in front of upper eye. Snout longer than 1/2 of eye diameter. Eye diameter about equal to upper jaw. Interorbital ridge extending from anterior margin of lower eye to posterior margin of upper eye.</p><p>Mouth very small, upper-jaw length on ocular side 7.1–8.9% SL; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye; maxillary head with obtuse knob, a tiny knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, close-set, gradually becoming large and more widely spaced anteriorly. Gill rakers on lower limb, short, slender, pointed at tip and not serrate; absent on upper limb.</p><p>Scales on ocular side small, ctenoid with one row of long hair-like ctenii; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side much shorter than head (16.9–18.8% SL); that of blind side very short, about 1/2 of that of ocular side.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly darkish brown with 3 large dark blotches and small, obscure, irregularly shaped black spots; first blotch on junction between curved and straight sections of lateral line, second on middle of straight section of lateral line, and posteriormost blotch near caudal peduncle; a series of 5 dark obscure blotches along dorsal margin of body and 4 along ventral margin of body, extending to bases of dorsal and anal fins; caudal fin with large black blotch at its center; pectoral fin on ocular side with irregular shaped blackish bands; blind side of body milky white stained with dark in places.</p><p>Size. Reaching 122 mm SL in Taiwan, the largest known record.</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan off Ke-tzu-liao, Kaohsiung, at depth not more than 100 m; the Philippines, Hong Kong, and Western Australia (Amaoka &amp; Larson, 1999).</p><p>Remarks. This is the first record of the species in Taiwan. It resembles P. brevirictus and P. iijimae in body shape, coloration and position of blotches. However, it can be easily distinguished from the other two species in having more lateral-line scales and growing to a larger size.</p><p>The figures of Parabothus chlorospilus and Psettina iijimae provided by Shen in Shen et al. (1993) and the figure of Parabothus chlorospilus provided by Shen &amp; Wu (2012) are here all identified as Psettina vairegata by us.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D48FD50DA8B9269865CF8DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D48FD51DA8B97218270FD37.text	194987B15D48FD51DA8B97218270FD37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniopsetta Gilbert 1905	<div><p>Genus Taeniopsetta Gilbert, 1905</p><p>Taeniopsetta Gilbert, 1905:680 . Type species: Taeniopsetta radula Gilbert, 1905 . Diagnostic features. Body deeply ovoid. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye. No sexual or ontogenetic dimorphism in dorsal head profile. Both eyes separated by ridge or very narrow concavity; interorbital width constant in both sexes and juveniles. Rostral, orbital and mandibular spines present in males, feeble or absence in females and juveniles.</p><p>Mouth small in size; maxilla extending to anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on both jaws uniserial, not enlarged anteriorly. Gill rakers short, usually not serrated. Scales small, not deciduous, cycloid or ctenoid on ocular side, cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side.</p><p>Dorsal and anal fins with elongate rays in either sexes or males only; all rays simple. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongate. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting behind tip of isthmus; first ray on blind side opposite to second ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite side of vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts. Five suborbital bones on blind side.</p><p>Remarks. Taeniopsetta was assigned to the Paralichthyidae based on the position and asymmetrical degree of pelvic fins (Norman, 1934). Subsequently, it was assigned to the Bothidae because of the presence of intermuscular bones and lack of a first neural spine by Amaoka (1969). Taeniopsetta differs from other bothids in having a somewhat narrower base of the pelvic fin on the ocular side, its origin behind the tip of the isthmus, and many suborbital bones on blind side.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D48FD51DA8B97218270FD37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D49FD51DA8B93098648F83D.text	194987B15D49FD51DA8B93098648F83D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniopsetta ocellata (Gunther 1880)	<div><p>Taeniopsetta ocellata (Günther, 1880)</p><p>Indo-Pacific ocellated flounder; ȇṯáĸľ</p><p>Figures 10 A–C; Table 12–13</p><p>Pseudorhombus ocellatus Günther, 1880:56 (Type locality: Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea).</p><p>Taeniopsetta ocellata: Norman, 1927:17; Ho et al, 2009:11.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P05155 (formerly THUP4171, 1 female, 107.7), Dong-gang, 21 Mar. 1979; NMMB- P11513 (1, 70.4), NMMB-P11514 (1, 66.5), Dong-gang, 27 May 2008; NMMB-P29264 (1, 65.7), Ke-tzu-liao, 3 Apr. 2018 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 87–95; A 73–78; P 12–14; C 3+11+3=17; LLs 102–104; GR 0+5–6=5–6; vert. 10+31– 32=41–42.</p><p>Body deeply ovate, deepest at middle of body (51.0–63.5% SL). Head slightly shorter than half of body depth (21.4–27.3% SL); front profile of head with slight concavity anterior to interorbital space. Snout length about half of eye diameter. Rostral spine on snout tip strong in males, absent or feeble in females and juveniles. Eye diameter longer than upper jaw. Strong orbital spines at anterior margin of eyes in males, none or feeble in females and juveniles. Interorbital space with low ridges separated by extremely narrow concavity.</p><p>Mouth small, upper-jaw length 5.7–8.0% SL, maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Symphysial knob strong on lower jaw. Teeth on both jaws small, uniserial. Gill rakers on lower limb, short and slender, smooth; absent on upper limb.</p><p>Scales on both sides cycloid, small, not deciduous. Twelfth to 20th rays of dorsal fin and first to 7th rays of anal fin extended in males, but not in females. Pectoral fin on ocular side not elongated. Pelvic-fin origin below posterior margin of lower eye, length of fin base and ray on ocular side slightly longer than those on blind side; first ray on blind side opposite to second ray on ocular side.</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body light brownish red with 4 and 3 U-shaped dark blotches along dorsal and ventral margins respectively; 3 smaller, blotches above and below middle of lateral line; median fins with many dark brownish spots and streaks. Posterior half of body on blind side dark brown in males, light brown in females.</p><p>Size. Reaches 108 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 190 mm SL elsewhere (Hensley &amp; Amaoka, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Taiwan; Indian and Western Pacific oceans (southern Japan, Saya de Malha Bank, New Caledonia, Admiralty Islands) (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species exhibits a distinct sexual dimorphism in the presence or absence of a rostral spine, orbital spines in front of the both eyes, the symphysial knob at the tip of the lower jaw, the length of the dorsal and anal fin rays and the body coloration of the blind side. Ho et al. (2009) listed this species for Taiwan based on a single specimen transferred from Tunghai University. We examined 3 additional juveniles from southern Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D49FD51DA8B93098648F83D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4BFD53DA8B90D5873AFC2F.text	194987B15D4BFD53DA8B90D5873AFC2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tosarhombus Amaoka 1969	<div><p>Genus Tosarhombus Amaoka, 1969</p><p>±ãľƌ</p><p>Tosarhombus Amaoka, 1969:64 . Type species: Tosarhombus octoculatus Amaoka, 1969 .</p><p>Diagnostic features. Body ovoid. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye. Dorsal profile of head steeper in males than in females and juveniles. Both eyes separated by extremely wide concavity; interorbital width larger in males than in females or juveniles. Rostral, orbital and mandibular spines well developed in males.</p><p>Mouth large; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial (rarely biserial); teeth on lower jaw uniserial, nearly same size on both sides. Gill rakers moderately long, usually not serrated, absent in upper limb.</p><p>Scales generally not deciduous, ctenoid on ocular side with one row of long ctenii along posterior margin; scales cycloid on blind side. Lateral line on ocular side curved above pectoral fin; lateral line absent on blind side. Pectoral fin rays on ocular side filamentous in males. Pelvic fin on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, and on a vertical through posterior margin of lower eye; first ray on blind side opposite to third fin ray on ocular side. Vent on blind side, just before origin of anal fin, and urogenital pore on ocular side, opposite side of vent. Caudal skeleton with four plates including parhypural and three hypurals, without deep clefts on distal margins.</p><p>Remarks. Tosarhombus closely resembles Parabothus in having ctenoid scales with long spines on the ocular side, caudal plates lacking cleft, and sexual dimorphism in interorbital width. It differs from Parabothus in having a much wider interorbital space in males, a rostral spine present in males, a deeper body and a row of yellowish white blotches on the anterior margin of the head. It also resembles Crossorhombus in the deep body, the broad interorbital space in males, and ctenoid scales with long spines on the ocular side. It differs from Crossorhombus in the tip of the isthmus below the posterior margin of the lower eye, no blotch on the blind side of the body in both sexes and the first pelvic fin ray on the blind side opposite to the third ray on the ocular side.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D4BFD53DA8B90D5873AFC2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
194987B15D4BFD5CDA8B94628106F818.text	194987B15D4BFD5CDA8B94628106F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tosarhombus octoculatus Amaoka 1969	<div><p>Tosarhombus octoculatus Amaoka, 1969</p><p>Eighteyed flounder; Āṯ±ãľ</p><p>Figures 10 D–E; Table 12–13</p><p>Tosarhombus octoculatus Amaoka, 1969:129, fig. 36 (Type locality: Urado, Kochi Prefecture, Japan). Ho et al, 2009:7; Shen &amp; Wu, 2012:755.</p><p>Specimens examined. NMMB-P02359 (1 male, 111.0), Taiwan, 30 May 1983 . Other localities: FAKU29431 (holotype, male, 161.8), Urado, Kochi Prefecture, Japan 20 Nov. , 1958; FAKU 29432–29438 (paratypes, 7 males 123.2–147.5), Urado, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, Nov. 20–24, 1958 ; FAKU 29439–29454, (paratypes, 6 females, 90.5–143.4), Urado, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, 20–24 Nov., 1958 ; FAKU 33830 (paratype, 1 female, 129.5), Urado, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, 12 Dec. , 1959.</p><p>Diagnostic features. D 104 (96–104 from other localities); A 78 (76–82); P 13 (12–13); C 2+13+2=17 (2+13+2=17); LLs 66 (59–66); GR 0+7=7 (0+6–8=6–8); vert. 10+29=39 (10+28–30=38–40). Description based on a single specimen collected from Taiwan with additional information from other specimens shown in parentheses.</p><p>Body ovate, deepest at anterior 1/3 of body, its depth 50.0% SL (45.4–50.7% SL, from other localities). Caudal peduncle narrow, its depth about 10.4 (9.4–11.1)% SL. Head rather small 26.0 (25.1–27.8)% SL; upper profile of head with distinct concavity in front of dorsal margin of upper eye. Snout round, short, its length much shorter than eye diameter. Short obtuse rostral spine on tip of snout in males, (absent in females and juveniles from other localities). Eye diameter about equal to upper jaw length. Short and low orbital spine anterior of upper eye in males, (absent in females and juveniles). Interorbital space broad and shallow concave, its width about equal to eye diameter, 8.8% SL (9.1–12.9 in males, 4.2–8.3 in females), (wider in males than in females and juveniles).</p><p>Mouth large, upper-jaw length 7.9 (7.8–8.9)% SL; maxilla extending to middle of lower eye. Prominent knob on mandibular symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw small, biserial, those on outer row much shorter and widely spaced than those on inner row; teeth on lower jaw uniserial and close-set. Gill rakers only on lower limb, moderately long, pointed at tip, and not serrated, absent on upper limb. Scales small, ctenoid with long ctenii on ocular side; cycloid on blind side. Pectoral fin on ocular side moderately large, and elongate in males, its length 26.5% SL (22.4–31.4 in males, 18.5–20.4 in females and juveniles).</p><p>Coloration. Ocular side of body uniformly bluish purple; 6 yellowish white blotches with black rims on anterior margin of head; body on blind side milky white.</p><p>Size. Reaches 111.0 mm SL in Taiwan; up to 162 mm SL (Amaoka, 1969).</p><p>Distribution. Western Taiwan; southern Japan to Philippines (Amaoka, 2016).</p><p>Remarks. This species exhibits sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic changes of the interorbital width, the length of the pectoral fin on the ocular side, and the presence or absence of a rostral spine. Amaoka &amp; Rivaton (1991) reported larvae of T. octoculatus from the Ryukyu Islands and eastern Taiwan. Ho et al. (2009) recorded a single adult male specimen from Taiwan. Photos of two large individuals collected from Penghu (Pescadores) Islands were also examined, but might now be lost.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/194987B15D4BFD5CDA8B94628106F818	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Amaoka, Kunio;Ho, Hsuan-Ching	Amaoka, Kunio, Ho, Hsuan-Ching (2019): The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa 4702 (1): 155-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.18
