taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B20044FFC2982AFF41EEADE8E0ED8D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 female, CL 10.71 mm, CW 7.04 mm (ZUTC 6901), Zeyton Park., Qeshm I., Persian Gulf, 26 ° 35 ′ N, 56 ° 02 ′ E, sandy bed with boulders, coll. R. Naderloo, 22.12.2005; 1 female, CL 9.41 mm, CW 6.04 mm (ZUTC 5700), Kolahi, Iran, Gulf of Oman, 27 ° 02 ′ N, 56 ° 51 ′ E, sandy-mud, coll. H. Salehi and A. Kazemi, 24.12.2005.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC2982AFF41EEADE8E0ED8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Pakistan, Andaman Sea, Thailand, Hong Kong, Mergui archipelago, Singapore, Australia, New Caledonia.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC5982AFF41EB36E86DEFF3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 3.40 mm, CW 5.13 mm, 1 female, CL 4.12 mm, CW 5.23 mm (ZUTC 5784), Dowlat Park, Abu-Musa I., Persian Gulf, 25 ° 53 ′ N, 55 ° 01 ′ E, coll. S. Ebrahimnejad, 4.11.2015; 10 males, CL 4.24 – 3.34 mm, CW 5.13 – 6.15 mm, 3 females, CL 3.64 – 5.18 mm, CW 6.90 – 7.98 mm (ZUTC 5787), Dowlat Park, AbuMusa I., Persian Gulf, 26 ° 43 ′ N, 55 ° 01 ′ E, sandy bed with boulders, coll. S. Ebrahimnejad, 6.11.2015; 8 males, CL 4.76 – 8.12 mm, CW 6.80 – 9.51 mm, 5 females, CL 3.80 – 7.65 mm, CW 5.44 – 8.10 mm (ZUTC 5789), Dowlat Park, Abu-Musa I., Persian Gulf, 25 ° 53 ′ N, 55 ° 01 ′ E, rocky intertidal, coll. N. Fahimi, 16.01.2019.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC5982AFF41EB36E86DEFF3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Pakistan.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC59828FF41ED25EFB1ED59.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC59828FF41ED25EFB1ED59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 5.40 mm, CW 7.33 mm, 1 female, CL 6.12 mm, CW 9.23 mm (ZUTC 5768), Ghadir Park, Abu-Musa I., Persian Gulf, 25 ° 53 ′ N, 55 ° 01 ′ E, rocky / coral, coll. H. Ashrafi and R. Abdollahi, 4.06.2019; 1 male, CL 4.30 mm, CW 7.23 mm (ZUTC 5769), Tang, Sistan-Baluchestan, Gulf of Oman, 25 ° 43 ′ N, 61 ° 01 ′ E, sandy bed with boulders, coll. M. Qorbani 10.03.2019.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC59828FF41ED25EFB1ED59.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace wider than long, transversely oval (Fig 2 A); dorsal surface smooth; transverse row of setae on hepatic region, additional setae on epibranchial regions; front bilobed, frontal lobes distinctly granulate, row of simple and plumose setae across of front; supraorbital margin distinctly granulate Anterolateral margins with three spinose teeth, nearly in equal size (Fig. 2 A); margin between postorbital angle and anterior tooth granulate, dipping imperceptibly to superior orbital angle. Anterior margin of first maxilliped endopod concave. Third maxillipeds completely covering buccal cavern when closed; exopod stout, inner margin moderately denticulate. Both adult male and female chelipeds unequal (Fig. 2 E); ischium short, anterior margin bearing four denticles, distalmost largest; inner surface of merus smooth, anterior margin with three teeth, dorsal margin serrate (Fig. 2 E); carpus with outer surface coated by stiff and some plumose setae (Fig. 2 F), anterior margin granular with one clear spinose tooth, row of granules, acute and minute spines on dorsal to outer (lateral) surface (Fig. 2 F). Manus of right chela smooth, glabrous (Fig. 2 F). External surface of manus of left chela entirely densely setose, tuberculate, with short plumose setae; dactylus curved, with distinct teeth on occlusal margin (Fig. 2 F). Ambulatory legs (P 2 – 5) with ischium smooth, with few long setae; merus longest, nearly completely covered by setae; carpus and propodus with dense long and short setae, dactylus almost slender with setae (Fig. 2 G). Thoracic sternites smooth; sternites 3 and 4 completely fused. Pleon with 6 somites and telson freely articulating.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC59828FF41ED25EFB1ED59.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Red Sea, Singapore, Mali Peninsula, Siam Bay, South China Sea, Hong Kong, Pulo, New Caledonia.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC59828FF41ED25EFB1ED59.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Glabropilumnus levimanus was described by Dana (1852: 237) and A. Milne-Edwards (1873: 250) added further diagnostic characteristics, such as the anterolateral carapace margins being granulated and presence of rounded granules on the upper surface of larger chela. Galil & Takeda (1988) revised and improved the taxonomy of Glabropilumnus and synonymized G. levimanus and G. edamensis. Our specimens correspond to G. levimanus, according to Dana (1852) and Galil & Takeda (1988). For elucidating the identity of the species, we provide more detailed drawings of the carapace, chela, and frontal region. Regarding the chela granulations, characteristics of anterolateral margins of carapace and presence of setal row on hepatic region, the present specimens completely agree with G. levimanus.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC79828FF41E843EF15E819.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 13.8 mm, CW 14.76 mm (ZUTC 5768), Dargahan, Qeshm I., Persian Gulf, 25 ° 09 ′ N, 56 ° 01 ′ E, rocky / coral, coll. N. Fahimi, 12.11.2018; 2 males, CL 12.80 – 21.65 mm, CW 16.3 – 27.44 mm (ZUTC 5768), Shib-Deraz, Qeshm I., Persian Gulf, 26 ° 44 ′ N, 55 ° 52 ′ E, rocky-cobble, coll. R. Naderloo, 13.11.2005.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC79828FF41E843EF15E819.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Red Sea, Pakistan, India, China Sea, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC79828FF41E843EF15E819.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The present specimens exhibit high similarities with the specimens identified from Pakistan and Iran (see Tirmizi & Ghani 1996: 44, figs. 16, 17; Naderloo 2017: 307, fig. 21.17). According to the shape of the carapace, the pattern of setae, and anterolateral teeth, the specimens are tentatively referred to H. trichophoroides. As discussed by Ng & Rahayu (2020) the genus Heteropilumnus is problematical, with the taxonomy of the genus needing much revision. Also, Ng & Rahayu (2020) noted that H. trichophoroides is indeed very close to H. holthuisi Ng & Tan, 1988 and according to the figures of De Man (1895: pl. 13 fig. 8 b), the structure of the anterolateral margin of H. trichophoroides seems to be more entire and less serrate than what has been described for H. hirsutior (cf. Ng & Tan 1988: fig. 3; Maenosono 2019: figs. 1 C, 4).	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC79828FF41ED83EFF4EA27.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 7.18 mm, CW 9.96 mm (ZUTC 1089), Persian Gulf, unknown, coll. R. Naderloo, 12.01.2002.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC79828FF41ED83EFF4EA27.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Red Sea, Singapore, Thailand.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC79828FF41ED83EFF4EA27.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Typhlocarcinops stephenseni was described by Serène (1964) after revising the status of Typhlocarcinus nudus Stimpson, 1858. Ng & Rahayu (2020) comprehensively reviewed the genus Typhlocarcinus and noted that according to Serène (1964), the specimens of “ Typhlocarcinus nudus ” from the Gulf of Thailand and Singapore may also be Typhlocarcinops stephenseni. Also, they noted that there was no confirmed record of T. stephenseni from Southeast Asia and therefore, this species was excluded from the region.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC79828FF41EF98EFAFEB91.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 6.80 mm, CW 7.96 mm (ZUTC 1092), Persian Gulf, 26 ° 35 ′ N, 56 ° 12 ′ E, coll. R. Naderloo, 12.01.2002.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC79828FF41EF98EFAFEB91.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf (Fig. 4).	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC69829FF41EB3EEDCCE943.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 11.10 mm, CW 12.14 mm, 3 females, CL 12.10 – 15.40 mm, CW 14.11 – 15.25 mm (ZUTC 10208), Hormoz I., Persian Gulf, 25 ° 35 ′ N, 58 ° 02 ′ E, rocky / coral, coll. H. Ashrafi & K. Golzarian, 11.11.2008.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC69829FF41EB3EEDCCE943.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aden, South Africa, Pakistan, India.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC69829FF41EB3EEDCCE943.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As previously shown by Ng et al. (2018), the genus Eurycarcinus is represented by three species, E. integrifrons de Man, 1879, E. orientalis A. Milne-Edwards, 1867, and E. natalensis (Krauss 1843). In the past, E. integrifrons and E. orientalis were thought to be synonymous, but in fact they belong to two distinct species (Apel 2001; Ng et al. 2018). Eurycarcinus integrifrons was limited to the northwestern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Pakistan and western India (Apel 2001; Naderloo & Türkay 2012; Naderloo 2017). Canzcan et al. (2010) was the first to report this species from the eastern Mediterranean in Turkey and suggested that it may have entered the region through ballast water. Abdelsalam et al. (2018) recently reported the species from an Egyptian port in southern Turkey. Trivedi et al. (2021) conducted a comprehensive study on the Indian species of Eurycarcinus.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC69829FF41EC75E944EBF2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 24.31 mm, CW 31.29 mm (ZUTC 5151), Hormoz I., Persian Gulf, 27 ° 02 ′ N, 56 ° 29 ′ E, muddy / mangrove, coll. R. Naderloo, 24.11.2003; 2 females, CL 18.1 – 24.6 mm, CW 21.30 – 28.90 mm (ZUTC 5116), Qeshm I., Persian Gulf, 26 ° 44 ′ N, 55 ° 52 ′ E, muddy / mangrove, coll. R. Naderloo, 28.11.2005; 2 males, CL 14.10 – 18.60 mm, CW 15.30 – 21.90 mm (ZUTC 5201), Basaidu, Qeshm I., Persian Gulf, 26 ° 39 ′ N, 55 ° 15 ′ E, muddy / coral, coll. H. Salehi, 03.12.2018; 5 males, CL 9.90 – 15.34 mm, CW 13.30 – 20.27 mm (ZUTC 5090), Sarbandar, Persian Gulf, 30 ° 29 ′ N, 49 ° 04 ′ E, muddy / coral, coll. H. Salehi, 24.11.2002; 1 male, CL 20.31 mm, CW 31.28 mm, Bandar-Mahshahr, Persian Gulf, 30 ° 28 ′ N, 38 ° 10 ′ E, muddy / mangrove, coll. R. Naderloo & S. Ebrahimnejad, 21.12.2018.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC69829FF41EC75E944EBF2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, South Africa, Pakistan, India.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC69829FF41E9BAE80FED86.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 14.18 mm, CW 15.76 mm (ZUTC 1090), Persian Gulf, 25 ° 53 ′ N, 55 ° 01 ′ E, coll. R. Naderloo, 14.01.2002.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC69829FF41E9BAE80FED86.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Bengal Bay.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99826FF41E9BAED90E9B9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 10.40 mm, CW 12.13 mm (ZUTC 1127), Khor-Khalesi, Khuzestan, Persian Gulf, 25 ° 35 ′ N, 58 ° 02 ′ E, muddy / mangrove, coll. R. Naderloo, 24.11.2003; 2 males, CL 11.10 – 13.14 mm, CW 13.30 – 15.50 mm (ZUTC 10208), Qwatr, Gulf of Oman, 25 ° 08 ′ N, 61 ° 27 ′ E, muddy / mangrove, coll. R. Naderloo, 28.11.2005; 2 males, CL 11.10 – 14.60 mm, CW 11.30 – 15.90 mm, 1 female, CL 9.40 mm, CW 12.26 mm (ZUTC 1122), Bushehr, Persian Gulf, 27 ° 14 ′ N, 51 ° 16 ′ E, sandy / rocky, coll. H. Salehi, 03.12.2018; 5 males, CL 9.90 – 12.34 mm, CW 12.13 – 15.27 mm, 3 females, CL 11.45 – 13.64 mm, CW 13.56 – 17.27 mm (ZUTC 1123), Bandar-Khamir, Persian Gulf, 26 ° 48 ′ N, 55 ° 19 ′ E, rocky / coral, coll. R. Naderloo, 03.12.2005; 4 males, CL 8.99 – 13.34 mm, CW 10.43 – 14.57 mm, 5 females, CL 11.19 – 14.44 mm, CW 13.70 – 16.97 mm, Ramchah, Qeshm I., Persian Gulf, 26 ° 53 ′ N, 56 ° 09 ′ E, rocky intertidal, coll. N. Fahimi, 23.11.2019; 8 males, CL 9.14 – 12.84 mm, CW 11.23 – 14.10 mm, 5 females, CL 10.29 – 13.90 mm, CW 12.20 – 16.37 mm, Hengam I., Persian Gulf, 26 ° 39 ′ N, 55 ° 52 ′ E, rocky / coral intertidal, coll. N. Fahimi, 29.12.2019.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99826FF41E9BAED90E9B9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, South Africa, Pakistan.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99826FF41E9BAED90E9B9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pilumnopeus convexus (Maccagno, 1936), was originally described on the basis of two female specimens from Ethiopia (Maccagno 1936: 1976). Davie (1989) redescribed this species from Ethiopia based on a female lectotype and illustrated carapace and chela. Since then, this species has been reported from various parts of the Red Sea (Apel 2001) and the Persian Gulf (Cooper 1997, Apel 2001; Naderloo 2017). Ward (1942), described Pilumnopeus salomonensis based on three males with carapace sizes of 14, 16, and 18 mm from the Island of Salomón in the Chagos Archipelago, but none of them was selected as holotype (Ward 1942: 96, pl. 6 fig. 11). Davie (1989) proposed P. salomonensis Ward, 1942 as a synonym of P. convexus. Although he redescribed the type specimen of P. convexus, he could not do so for type material of P. salomonensis. Takeda & Miyake (1969: 127) suggested that the new record of Pilumnopeus indica (De Man, 1887) from South Africa by Barnard (1955: 30, fig. 12) was probably P. salomonensis. Davie (1989 a: 143) acknowledged that Barnard’s identification was incorrect but stated that this was P. convexus. Ghory et al. (2013) commented that P. convexus and P. salomonensis are synonyms. Wong et al. (2020) recorded P. convexus from Hong Kong together with a detailed taxonomical account in which they showed that P. vauquelini (Audouin, 1826) and P. salomonensis are junior synonyms of P. convexus. On the Iranian coast, we found two morphotypes of P. convexus, with one in mud flat habitat and the other occurring on rocky and cobble shores. They show some differences in convexity of the carapace, setation and cheliped morphology, but molecular analyses didn’t indicate their distinctiveness. Of course, we need more studies to confirm these results.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99822FF41EF62EFE7EDB1.taxon	description	(Fig. 3)	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99822FF41EF62EFE7EDB1.taxon	description	Pilumnopeus africanus. — Uschakov 1970: 455 (listed). — Manning & Holthuis 1981: 151.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99822FF41EF62EFE7EDB1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, CL 8.23 mm, CW 12. 21, 5 females, CL 11.23 – 16.13 mm, CW 14.13 – 18.17 (ZUTC 5748), Ramchah, Qeshm I., Persian Gulf, 26 ° 53 ′ N, 56 ° 09 ′ E, cobble bed with scattered corals, coll. N. Fahimi, 11.02.2017.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99822FF41EF62EFE7EDB1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace broader than long, carapace oval, moderately convex (Fig. 2 A); dorsal surface smooth, regions moderately defined; hepatic region more or less granulated; mesogastric region limited by shallow transverse portion of cervical groove; front bilobed with deep notch, each lobe more or less convex; frontal and epigastric regions with rows of setae; anterolateral margins with three stout triangular teeth, nearly in equal size, first anterolateral teeth absolutely separated from the exorbital angle (Fig. 2 A); distinct lobe between frontal lobe and inner orbital angle, supraorbital region with two faint fissures, outer orbital angle without tooth (Fig. 2 A). Third maxillipeds completely covering buccal cavern when closed; ischium rectangular; merus quadrate, about 1.2 times as long as broad; merus and ischium with some small granules and setae (Fig. 2 E); palp (carpus, propodus and dactylus) short, stout (Fig. 2 E); exopod stout, inner margin moderately denticulate, with setae. Adult male and female chelipeds unequal (Fig. 2 C, D); ischium short, upper margin with some denticles, outer surface of right carpus with stout rounded teeth (Fig. 2 F), upper and lower surfaces of right palms and dactylus smooth, without any setae or granules (Fig. 2 C). Ambulatory legs with anterior margins sparsely lined with soft setae (Fig. 2 G).	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99822FF41EF62EFE7EDB1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. De Man (1902) initially described Heteropanope africanus from the Ivory Coast. Further studies and comparisons between Heteropanope and Pilumnopeus showed that this species really belongs to the genus Pilumnopeus (Davie 1989). Manning & Holthuis (1981) pointed out that Pilumnopeus africanus is restricted to West Africa (Guinea to Cameroon), where it occupies estuaries and lagoons. This is the first record of Pilumnopeus africanus from the Persian Gulf, and the first record well outside of its normal distribution.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
03B20044FFC99822FF41EF62EFE7EDB1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf, West Africa.	en	Fahimi, Neda, Naderloo, Reza (2023): Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with a note on their phylogeny. Zootaxa 5264 (2): 256-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.6
