identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
210739589F7DFFE53BD91318FB737E55.text	210739589F7DFFE53BD91318FB737E55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halichondria (Halichondria) Fleming 1828	<div><p>Halichondria (Halichondria) Fleming, 1828</p> <p>Type species: Spongia panicea Pallas, 1766</p> <p>Type locality: The sea around England and Belgium. Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, about 20 km from mouth of Thames (neotype).</p> <p>Definition. “ Halichondria with smooth or digitate surface” (Erpenbeck &amp; van Soest, 2002).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F7DFFE53BD91318FB737E55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F7DFFE53BD914D4FD1D7F75.text	210739589F7DFFE53BD914D4FD1D7F75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halichondria Fleming 1828	<div><p>Genus Halichondria Fleming, 1828</p> <p>Diagnosis. sensu Erpenbeck &amp; van Soest (2002).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F7DFFE53BD914D4FD1D7F75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F7DFFE73BD912F8FC2C7EF9.text	210739589F7DFFE73BD912F8FC2C7EF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halichondria (Halichondria) cristata , Sara 1978	<div><p>Halichondria (Halichondria) cristata Sarà, 1978</p> <p>(Figure 2, Table 2)</p> <p>Synonyms: Halichondria cristata Sarà (1978): 23, Fig. 8, 9A, B; Genzano et al. (1991): 68.</p> <p>Type locality. Cape Domingo near Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Patagonian Shelf, Argentina.</p> <p>Material examined. Twelve specimens. MNRJ 11386, MNRJ 11387 and MNRJ 11388, San Cristobal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.71552&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.914583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.71552/lat -6.914583)">Lobos de Afuera Islands</a>, Lambayeque (06°54′52.50′′S 80°42′55.90′′W), 12 m depth, coll. K.L. Aguirre, E. Hajdu, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz. 07.X.2007. MNRJ 11389, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.70853&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.922694" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.70853/lat -6.922694)">Cristo Salva</a>, Lobos de Afuera Islands, Lambayeque (06°55′21.70′′S 80°42′30.70′′W), 30.9 m, coll. K.L. Aguirre, E. Hajdu, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 08.X.2007. MNRJ 12208 and MNRJ 12821, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.19028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.268944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.19028/lat -14.268944)">La Vieja Island</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.19028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.268944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.19028/lat -14.268944)">Independencia Bay</a>, Paracas, Ica (14°16′08.20″S 76°11′25.00″W), 2.8 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; F. Azevedo, 09.XII.2008. UCSUR 07-000041, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.620056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.620056/lat -12.782514)">Sensor Station</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.620056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.620056/lat -12.782514)">Asia Island</a>, Cañete, Lima (12°46′57.05′′S 76°37′12.19′′W), 8 m depth, coll. B. Moreno, 15.VIII.2018. UCSUR 07-000045, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.779564&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.408999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.779564/lat -12.408999)">Playa Sur</a>, San Bartolo, Lima (12°24′32.40″S 76°46′46.42″W), 17. VI.2013. UCSUR 07-000046 and UCSUR 07-000047, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.620056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.620056/lat -12.782514)">Sensor Station</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.620056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.620056/lat -12.782514)">Asia Island</a>, Cañete, Lima, (12°46′57.05′′S 76°37′12.19′′W), 4 m depth, coll. B. Moreno, 10.XI.2018. UCSUR 07-000048, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.777565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.411352" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.777565/lat -12.411352)">Embajadores Beach</a>, Santa María, Lima (12°24′40.87″S 76°46′39.21″W), coll. M.J. Sanchez, 14.VII.2018. UCSUR 07-000085, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.620056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.620056/lat -12.782514)">Sensor Station</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.620056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.620056/lat -12.782514)">Asia Island</a>, Cañete, Lima (12°46′57.05′′S 76°37′12.19′′W), 5 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 17.VIII.2019.</p> <p>Description. Specimens either encrusting, thin or thick cushion-shaped, irregularly spreading, or bearing irregular projections (lobate, digitiform, volcaniform). Specimens over 10 cm in largest diameter. Oscula common or uncommon, small (diam. = 1–3 mm), apical on short projections, or nearly flat, sometimes with prominent thin dermal membrane. Surface reticulated to the naked eye in MNRJ 12821. Consistency compressible and surface smooth.</p> <p>Colour. Light yellow alive (Fig. 2A, B) and beige in ethanol.</p> <p>Skeleton. Variously cavernous, with abundant canals and subectosomal lacunae (Fig. 2C). Ectosomal, a loose reticulation intersected by many obliquely placed oxeas forming denser nodes (Fig. 2D). Choanosomal, with only rarely any sign of tracts (MNRJ 12821), or presenting loose, paucispicular radiating tracts (MNRJ 11388) more visible in the subectosomal area. Mostly, oxeas appear strewn at random.</p> <p>Spicules. Megascleres.Oxeas, slightly bent at centre, tapering gradually (205–544 x 5–19 µm, Fig.2F, H, Table 2).</p> <p>Ecology. This species occurred as an abundant epibiont on seagrass at Lobos de Afuera Islands (northern Peru), with several individuals forming patches over 50 cm in diameter, but also encrusting on cirripeds and densely intermingled to abundant erect, ramified bryozoans. At La Vieja and Asia islands (southern and central Peru), specimens occurred amidst anemones [Anthotoe chilensis (Lesson, 1830)] and red-algae or associated to the holdfast of the kelp Eisenia cockeri (UCSUR 07-000041). Previously, it was found associated to mytillids and Macrocystis (Sarà 1978).</p> <p>Geographic and bathymetrical distributions. SW Atlantic: Tierra del Fuego (Sarà, 1978). SE Pacific: along the coasts of Peru, including Lobos de Afuera (06° S), Asia (12° S) and La Vieja islands (14° S, this study). Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW) in Peru: Central Peru and Humboldtian ecoregions (Spalding et al. 2007). From intertidal (Sarà 1978) to 31 m depth (this study).</p> <p>Remarks. The only Halichondria known thus far from the SE Pacific is H. prostrata Thiele, 1905, with oxeas only 300–320 µm long. Other seven species are known from the SW Atlantic. Among these, another two were reported with yellow(ish) colour in life, H. (Eumastia) attenuata (Topsent, 1915) from Falklands Islands and H. (Halichondria) cristata from Tierra del Fuego. The former with a distinct densely fistular surface and oxeas that can be telescoped or mucronated, while the latter, aside its surface reported to bear abundant laminae and ridges, appears indistinguishable from the Peruvian specimens. In the original description of H. (H.) cristata, Sarà (1978) mentioned that the surface ornamentation was considerably less pronounced in encrusting specimens, which might explain the apparent absence in the encrusting Peruvian specimens studied.</p> <p>Halichondria (H.) cristata has also been recorded from Mar del Plata (Cuartas 1991) but has been tentatively assigned to Halichondria (H.) elenae Gastaldi, de Paula, Narvarte, Lôbo-Hajdu &amp; Hajdu, 2018 from Bahia San Antonio (North Patagonian, Argentina) based on the similarity of their spicule dimensions (290–360 × 5–9 µm and 185–458 × 5–19 µm, respectively) and geographic proximity (Gastaldi et al. 2018). Compared to H. (H.) cristata from Peru, Cuartas´ material possesses paucispicular tracts perpendicular to the surface joined transversely by one or two spicules (Cuartas 1991), while the skeleton of the Peruvian specimens is composed of multispicular tracts and the spicules can attain larger dimensions (205–544 x 5–19 µm).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F7DFFE73BD912F8FC2C7EF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F70FFEA3BD917EDFF7E7A25.text	210739589F70FFEA3BD917EDFF7E7A25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halichondria (Halichondria) prostrata Thiele 1905	<div><p>Halichondria (Halichondria) prostrata Thiele, 1905</p> <p>(Figure 3, Table 3)</p> <p>Synonyms: Halichondria prostrata Thiele (1905): 458, Fig. 2, 73; Burton (1930): 333; Burton (1940): 117. Halichondria panicea Sarà (1978): 20, Fig. 7, 9C; Carvalho &amp; Hajdu (2001): 117.</p> <p>Type locality. Quiriquina, Tumbes, Concepción, Chile.</p> <p>Material examined. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Three</a> specimens. MNRJ 12884, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Islote</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Atenas Beach</a>, Paracas, Ica (13°49′38.71″S- 76°18′07.41″W), 1.2 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; N. Mostajo, 13.XII.2008. UCSUR 07-000057 and UCSUR 07-000058, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.620056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.620056/lat -12.782514)">Sensor Station</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.620056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.620056/lat -12.782514)">Asia Island</a>, Cañete, Lima (12°46′57.05′′S 76°37′12.19′′W), 5–8 m depth, coll. D. Cuba, 6.III.2019.</p> <p>Description. Specimens either smoothly incrusting or irregular with abundant projections of various shapes (lobate, ridged or digitiform). Surface with a transparent dermal membrane revealing the choanosomal skeleton underneath (Fig. 3A). Largest specimen (UCSUR 07-000041) measuring 7.0 x 3.4 x 1.1 cm (length x width x height), with largest projection 0.4 cm high. Oscula (max. diam. = 2 mm) located on the top of the projections. Consistency compressible and surface smooth.</p> <p>Colour. Opaque, a lighter (nearly white) or slightly darker shade of yellow in life and beige in ethanol (Fig. 3A).</p> <p>Skeleton. Cavernous, with canals and subectosomal lacunae (Fig. 3B). Ectosomal skeleton, easily detachable, thin tangential and transparent layer, spicule arrangement as a criss-cross of spicules, some of which seem to form a loose palisade layer (in transversal view, Fig. 3C). Choanosomal skeleton, multispicular ascendent tracts attached by spicules in some parts, abundant free spicules in confusion.</p> <p>Spicules. Megascleres.Oxeas, slightly bent at centre,tapering gradually(200–380 x4–13 µm, Fig.3D–F, Table3).</p> <p>Ecology. Specimens were found attached or close to other organisms. MNRJ 12844 encircled many anemones, while UCSUR 07-000057 was found on a polychaete tube.</p> <p>Geographic and bathymetrical distributions. SE Pacific: Chile (Thiele 1905) and Peru (Asia Island and Paracas, this study). SE Atlantic: Comodoro Rivadavia (Burton 1940) and Tierra del Fuego (Sarà 1978; Carvalho &amp; Hajdu 2001). South Georgia (Burton 1930). Antarctic (Koltun 1964; Kunzmann 1996) but needs revision (see remarks). MEOW in Peru: Humboldtian ecoregion (Spalding et al. 2007). From intertidal (Sarà 1978) to 8 m depth (this study).</p> <p>Remarks. The Peruvian specimens match Halichondria (H.) prostrata from Chile (Thiele 1905). Although they have apparently slightly longer and stouter oxeas (195–380 x 4–13 µm) when compared to the holotype (300–320 x 9 µm), this can be considered intraspecific variation. Halichondria elenae Gastaldi et al. 2018 also comes close to the specimens from Peru, but it presents slightly wider oxeas (5.1–19 µm) and is yellowish/greyish–green alive. Besides, preference is given here to the SE Pacific name, on account of biogeographic likelihood.</p> <p>Halichondria (H.) prostrata might be difficult to distinguish from H. (H.) cristata, as their oxeas present overlapping sizes (Tables 2 and 3), however, only the latter attains larger dimensions (Sarà, 1978). Further integrative studies should help detect diagnostic characters between these two species.</p> <p>Concerning the records of H. hentscheli Koltun, 1964 from the Antarctic provided by Koltun (1964) and Kunzmann (1996), which were synonymised with H. prostrata (de Voogd et al. 2022), we suggest their revision. Compared to H. prostrata, H. hentscheli is globular or rounded, possesses larger spicules (500– 1680 x 9–23 µm, Koltun 1964) and has been registered at deeper zones: 320–560 m (Koltun 1964) and 500–600 m (Kunzmann 1996) depth.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F70FFEA3BD917EDFF7E7A25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F72FFEA3BD916E8FDC97959.text	210739589F72FFEA3BD916E8FDC97959.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymeniacidon Bowerbank 1858	<div><p>Genus Hymeniacidon Bowerbank, 1858</p> <p>Diagnosis. sensu Erpenbeck &amp; van Soest (2002).</p> <p>Type species: Hymeniacidon perlevis (Montagu, 1814)</p> <p>Type locality. Devon coast, England.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F72FFEA3BD916E8FDC97959	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F72FFF13BD915F4FF4E7A01.text	210739589F72FFF13BD915F4FF4E7A01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymeniacidon perlevis (Montagu 1814)	<div><p>Hymeniacidon perlevis (Montagu, 1814)</p> <p>(Figure 4, Figure 5, Table 4)</p> <p>Synonyms: (East Pacific, only) Hymeniacidon sinapium de Laubenfels, 1930: 26, Desqueyroux-Faúndez and van Soest 1997: 432, Hofknecht 1978: 54. Hymeniacidon perlevis (Montagu, 1814): Turner 2020: 542; Harbo et al. 2021: 280, Fig. 3.</p> <p>Material examined. Twenty-two specimens. MNRJ 11252, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.79868&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.478369" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.79868/lat -12.478369)">Chilca Islet</a>, Pucusana, Lima (12°28′42.13″S 76°47′55.26″W), 1 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 20.IX.2007. MNRJ 11288, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.38917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.194667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.38917/lat -9.194667)">North of Colorada Inlet</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.38917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.194667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.38917/lat -9.194667)">Samanco Bay</a>, Chimbote, Ancash (09°11′40.80′′S 78°23′21.00′′W), 2.7 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 24.IX.2007. MNRJ 11430, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.0587&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.105833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.0587/lat -4.105833)">Mancora Beach</a> “El Point”, Piura (04°06′21.00″S 81°03′31.30″W), intertidal, coll. Y. Hooker &amp; M. Ríos, 14.X.2007. MNRJ 12084, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.341385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.636564" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.341385/lat -17.636564)">Hotel de Turistas Beach</a>, Ilo, Moquegua (17°38′11.63″S 71°20′28.99″W), intertidal, coll M. Ríos, 09.XI.2008. MNRJ 12205 and MNRJ 12206, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.19028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.268944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.19028/lat -14.268944)">La Vieja Island</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.19028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.268944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.19028/lat -14.268944)">Independencia Bay</a>, Paracas, Ica (14°16′08.20″S 76°11′25.00″W), 4.2 and 4.4 m depth, Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; F. Azevedo, 09.XII.2008. MNRJ 12181 and MNRJ 12183, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.188446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.367564" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.188446/lat -15.367564)">Punta San Juan</a>, San Juan de Marcona, Ica (15°22′03.23″S 75°11′18.41″W), intertidal, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Vichez, Ph. Willenz, G. Lobo-Hajdu, F. Azevedo, 05.XII.2008. MNRJ 12859, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.26425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.153277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.26425/lat -14.153277)">Roquedal</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.26425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.153277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.26425/lat -14.153277)">Laguna Grande</a>, Paracas, Ica (14°09′11.80″S 76°15′51.30″W), 1.3 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 12.XII.2008. MNRJ 12886, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Islote</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Atenas Beach</a>, Paracas, Ica (13°49′38.71″S 76°18′07.41″W), 1.6 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; N. Mostajo, 13.XII.2008. UCSUR 07-000007, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.19152&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.096308" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.19152/lat -12.096308)">San Lorenzo Island</a> 1, El Callao, Lima (12°05′46.71″S 77°11′29.46″W), 7 m depth, coll. L. Aguirre, XII. II.2010. UCSUR 07-000013, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.800835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.480277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.800835/lat -12.480277)">Las Ninfas Beach</a>, Pucusana, Lima (12°28′49″S 76°48′3″W), intertidal, coll. B. Moreno &amp; A. Cuba, 27. VI.2010. UCSUR 07-000040, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.17111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.355556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.17111/lat -15.355556)">Playa Hermosa</a>, San Juan de Marcona, Ica (15°21′20″S 75°10′16″W), intertidal, coll. J. Francia, 06.VIII.2018. UCSUR 07-000043, north side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.21917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.256667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.21917/lat -14.256667)">Santa Rosa Island</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.21917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.256667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.21917/lat -14.256667)">Independencia Bay</a>, Paracas, Ica (14°15′24″S 76°13′9″W), subtidal, coll. R. Canales &amp; B. Cóndor-Luján, 14.XI.2010. UCSUR 07-000051, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30078&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.820322" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30078/lat -13.820322)">Atenas Beach</a>, Paracas, Ica (13°49′13.16″S 76°18′2.81″W), 7 m depth, coll. K. Farfán, 01.II.2019. UCSUR 07-000053, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.800835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.480277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.800835/lat -12.480277)">Las Ninfas Beach</a>, Pucusana, Lima (12°28′49″S 76°48′3″W), intertidal, coll. A. Arteaga, Y.Arroyo &amp; B. Cóndor-Luján, 19.II.2019. UCSUR 07-000059, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.800835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.480277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.800835/lat -12.480277)">Las Ninfas Beach</a>, Pucusana, Lima (12°28′49″S 76°48′3″W), intertidal, coll. M. Pita, 13.IV.2019. UCSUR 07-000069, UCSUR 07-000070, UCSUR 07-000071, UCSUR 07-000072 and UCSUR 07-000073, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.800835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.480277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.800835/lat -12.480277)">Las Ninfas Beach</a>, Pucusana, Lima (12°28′49″S 76°48′3″W), intertidal, coll. C. Polo, 23.X.2019.</p> <p>Description. Sponge with variable growth. Encrusting or cushion-shaped (up to 1 cm thick, Fig. 4A, B, 5A). Bearing massive lobes (over 5 cm in height) or short digitiform fistules (up to 1 cm high, Fig. 5B). Specimens reaching over 50 cm in maximum diameter, but more often up to 10 cm. Oscula (diam. = 1–4 mm) on top of small elevations (average height = 6.5 mm), with one or multiple openings (Fig. 4A, 5B). Surface rough, consistency slightly compressible.</p> <p>Colour. Orange (Fig. 4A–B) or yellow with a slightly orange tint (Fig. 5A–B) in life and dark mustard to beige in ethanol.</p> <p>Skeleton. Ectosomal,architecture tangential or paratangential,reticulated or resembling a parchment arrangement in tangential view (Fig. 4C and 5C), with subectosomal cavities (average diameter = 430 µm). Choanosomal architecture confused, with ascending tracts ending in bouquets when reaching the surface (Fig. 4D and 5D).</p> <p>Spicules. Megascleres. Styles to subtylostyles, smooth, straight or slightly curved, tyles small subterminal (102–443 x 2–13 µm, Fig. 4E–H and 5E–H, Table 4).</p> <p>Ecology. This species is very frequent in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats and it can attain considerable coverage and biomass in certain localities (e.g Pucusana and northern Peru). Specimens live attached to rocky substrates, near algae (e.g. Ulva lactuca) and invertebrates such as anemones, gastropods, mussels, ophiuroids and cirripeds (Gastaldi et al. 2016; this study).</p> <p>Geographic and bathymetrical distributions. Cosmopolitan. N Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (Montagu 1814; Topsent 1934). SW Atlantic: Argentina (Cuartas 1985; Gastaldi et al. 2018). SE Atlantic: Namibia and South Africa (Samaai et al. 2022). SW Indian: South Africa (Samaai et al. 2022). NW Pacific: Japan and Korea (Sim &amp; Lee 2003; Hoshino et al. 2008). E Pacific: Canada, USA, Mexico and Galapagos Islands (Laubenfels 1932; Hofknecht 1978; Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; van Soest 1997; Turner 2020; Harbo et al. 2021). Along the Peruvian coast: from Mancora (Piura, 04° S) to Ilo (Moquegua, 17° S, this study). MEOW in Peru: Guayaquil, Central Peru and Humboldtian ecoregions (Spalding et al. 2007). Intertidal to subtidal (25 m depth, Samaai et al. 2022).</p> <p>Remarks. In the Eastern Pacific, eight valid Hymeniacidon species are known (de Voogd et al. 2022): H. actites (Ristau, 1978), H. adreissiformis Dickinson, 1945, H. calva (Ridley, 1881), H. corticata (Thiele, 1905), H. fernandezi Thiele, 1905, H. longistylus Desqueyroux, 1972, H. rubiginosa (Thiele, 1905) and H. perlevis (Montagu, 1814). The Peruvian specimens match the descriptions of H. fernandezi, H. perlevis and H. rubiginosa (see Table 5 for details) but differ from the Chilean H. fernandezi and H. rubiginosa in the presence of subtylostyles, only described for H. perlevis (Erpenbeck &amp; van Soest 2002). Considering this, we rather identify the Peruvian material as H. perlevis, which has been found in the NE Pacific (e.g. Turner 2020, Harbo et al. 2021).</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>It is important to mention that due to their high morphological similarities in colour (red to yellowish), encrusting growth form with oscula frequently located on small elevations, confused choanosomal skeleton arrangement, and styles measuring 200–400 µm x 3–16 µm, H. fernandezi and H. rubiginosa have been suggested as synonyms of H. perlevis (de Laubenfels 1932; Erpenbeck &amp; van Soest 2002; Burton 1932; Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; van Soest 1997; Turner 2020, Table 5) and it would not be surprising to confirm the synonymy of these three species in future studies.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F72FFF13BD915F4FF4E7A01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F69FFF13BD916CCFD237905.text	210739589F69FFF13BD916CCFD237905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Johannesia Gerasimova, Erpenbeck & Plotkin 2008	<div><p>Genus Johannesia Gerasimova, Erpenbeck &amp; Plotkin, 2008</p> <p>Diagnosis sensu Gerasimova et al. (2008).</p> <p>Type species: Vosmaeria reticulosa Thiele, 1905</p> <p>Type locality. Iquique, Northern Chile.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F69FFF13BD916CCFD237905	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F69FFF43BD915C8FD177A25.text	210739589F69FFF43BD915C8FD177A25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Johannesia reticulosa (Thiele 1905)	<div><p>Johannesia reticulosa (Thiele, 1905)</p> <p>(Figure 6, Table 6)</p> <p>Synonyms: Vosmaeria reticulosa Thiele (1905): 423, Fig. 45a–c; Erpenbeck &amp; van Soest (2002): 815. Johannesia reticulosa: Gerasimova et al. (2008): 19, Fig. 10 –12; Polo et al. (2022): 330–331, Fig. 3</p> <p>Material examined. Nine specimens. MNRJ 11493 and MNRJ 11496, Don Martin Island, Huacho, Lima (1101′11.14″S 7740′08.78″W), 11 and 1.8 m depth, respectively, coll. B. Cóndor Luján, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 23.X.2007. MNRJ 12073, ENAPU Pier, Ilo, Moquega (1738′43.00″S 7129′04.60″W), 18.3 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; M. Ríos. 08.XI.2008. MNRJ 12161 and MNRJ 12171, Inlet north of Quilca, Quilca, Arequipa (1642′06.10″S 7226′54.00″W), 9.2 and 4.4 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Vilchez &amp; Ph. Willenz. 30.XI.2008 and 01.XII.2008. MNRJ 12198, El Avion Islet, San Juan de Marcona, Ica (1523′26.20″S 7510′45. 20″W), 18.9 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Vilchez &amp; Ph. Willenz, 05.XII.2008. MNRJ 12845, MNRJ 12846 and MNRJ 12852, Bocana, Laguna Grande, Paracas, Ica (1409′31.10″S 7614′55.90″W), 5.6, 5.7 and 4.8 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 12.XII.2008.</p> <p>Description. Encrusting, massively spreading, lobate, ridged, lamellate or slightly tubiform. Dimensions can exceed 5 cm in thickness and 50 cm in largest diameter. Oscula circular (diam = 1–2 mm), flat, or more often apical with short membranes. Differentiable and detachable ectosome. Surface slightly reticulated, as observed in some underwater images. Compressible consistency.</p> <p>Colour. Light yellow to orange, greenish and/or with brownish spots in life and beige in ethanol (Fig. 6A, B).</p> <p>Skeleton. Ectosomal, a dense, criss-crossed layer of subtylostyles forming loose brushes, slightly piercing the surface. Few oxeas were also observed in the ectosome, mostly laying tangentially (Fig. 6C). Choanosomal, much less dense, composed of paucispicular to multispicular tracts of oxeas, irregular, loosely reticulated, overlaid by subtylostyles disposed in confusion. Large subectosomal lacunae were also seen (Fig. 6D).</p> <p>Spicules. Megascleres. Oxeas, slightly to markedly curved, and with acerate tips. (166–840 x 5–22 µm, Fig. 6E–G). Subtylostyles, mostly slightly curved but also straight, faintly pronounced heads, and with acerate tips (129–465 x 4–13 µm, Fig. 6H–J, Table 6).</p> <p>Ecology. This species was found associated with the sponge Plicatellopsis expansa (Thiele, 1905) and with the holdfast of Lessonia trabeculata (Polo et al. 2022). The specimens analysed were found occurring associated to anemones (Anthotoe chilensis), polychaetes (e.g. Sabellid), the brachyopod Discinisca lamellosa, cirripeds, mytilids, schrimps, and other sponges (Clathrinidae). Some specimens were found underneath rocks or in shaded habitats. Some crabs were observed living in galleries of the largest sponge specimen.</p> <p>Geographic and bathymetrical distributions. SE Pacific: From central Peru (Huacho, Lima, 11°S, this study) to northern Chile (Iquique, 20°S, Thiele 1905) including intermediate localities (Paracas, Marcona and Quilca, this study, Gerasimova et al. 2008; Polo et al. 2022). MEOW in Peru: Central Peru and Humboldtian ecoregion (Spalding et al. 2007). From 2 m (this study) to 30 m (Iquique, Thiele 1905).</p> <p>Remarks. The analysed specimens conform to Johannesia reticulosa from Chile in external morphology and internal anatomy. Although slight differences in spicule dimensions were observed in specimens from Laguna Grande (Paracas, Ica) as they bear smaller oxeas and subtylostyles (Table 6), this can be attributed to the species geographic variation. Previously, Gerasimova et al. (2008) reported significant spicule size differences in Peruvian specimens, when compared to the type material.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F69FFF43BD915C8FD177A25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F6CFFF43BD916A0FCC179E3.text	210739589F6CFFF43BD916A0FCC179E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plicatellopsis Burton 1932	<div><p>Genus Plicatellopsis Burton, 1932</p> <p>Diagnosis sensu van Soest (2002).</p> <p>Type species. Plicatellopsis arborescens Burton, 1932</p> <p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-52.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.8/lat -52.3)">East Falkland Island</a> (52°18′0″S 59°48′0″W)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F6CFFF43BD916A0FCC179E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F6CFFF53BD915ACFC877CCC.text	210739589F6CFFF53BD915ACFC877CCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plicatellopsis expansa (Thiele 1905)	<div><p>Plicatellopsis expansa (Thiele, 1905)</p> <p>(Figure 7, Table 7)</p> <p>Synonyms. Plicatella expansa Thiele, 1905: 427–428. Fig. 21, 48a–c. Plicatellopsis expansa (Thiele, 1905): Burton, 1932: 332, Fig. 36.</p> <p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.166664/lat -20.2)">Iquique</a>, Chile (20°12′0″S 70°10′0″W).</p> <p>Material examined. Fourteen specimens. MNRJ 11247 and MNRJ 11248, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.79947&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.491417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.79947/lat -12.491417)">Grano de Oro</a>, Pucusana, Lima (12°29′29.10′′S 76°47′58.10′′W), 10 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, E. Hajdu &amp; Ph. Willenz, 20.IX.2007. MNRJ 12151 and MNRJ 12152, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.1222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.00875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.1222/lat -17.00875)">Blanca Island</a>, Matarani, Arequipa (17°00′31.50″S 72°07′19.90″W), 20–45 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, U. Zanabria &amp; Ph. Willenz, 28.XI.2008. MNRJ 12868 and MNRJ 12873, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.838666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.472/lat -13.838666)">San Gallán Island</a>, Paracas, Ica (13°50′19.20″S 76°28′19.20″W), 14.9 m and 21.3 m depth, respectively, coll. Y. Hooker &amp; F. Azevedo, 14.XII.2008. UCSUR 07-000001, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.791176&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.470388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.791176/lat -12.470388)">Bajada Huamán</a>, Pucusana, Lima (12°28′13.40″S 76°47′28.24″W), 14–16 m depth, coll. A. Indacochea &amp; B. Cóndor-Luján, 05.II.2010. UCSUR 07-000036, Station P 05, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.90494&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.292069" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.90494/lat -12.292069)">Pachacamac Islands</a>, Lima (12°17′31.45″S 76°54′17.78″W), 15 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 27. V.2018. UCSUR 07-000037 and UCSUR 07-000056, Station P 03, Pachacamac Islands, Lima (12°18′15.05″S 76°53″47.98″W), 15 m depth, coll. B. Moreno, 26.V.2018 and 03.III.2019, respectively. UCSUR 07-000042, Station A 03, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.62178&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.782919" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.62178/lat -12.782919)">Asia Island</a>, Cañete, Lima (12°46′58.51″S 76°37′18.40″W), 10 m depth, coll. B. Moreno, 17.VIII.2018. UCSUR 07-000055 and UCSUR 07-000060, Station P 04, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.90557&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.296239" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.90557/lat -12.296239)">Pachacamac Islands</a>, Lima (12°17′46.46″S 76°54′20.04″W), 15 m depth, coll. B. Moreno, 04.III.2019. UCSUR 07-000066, La Vuelta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.79871&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.467192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.79871/lat -12.467192)">Pucusana</a>, Lima (12°28′01.89″S 76°47′55.36″W), 30 m depth, coll. D. Cuba, 29. V.2019.</p> <p>Description. Massive with rounded to elongated lobes that can form branches (resembling hand gloves). The largest specimen collected (UCSUR 07-000060) is 8.8 x 6.1 x 4.8 cm (length x width x height). Small oscula (diam. ≤ 2 mm) scattered or arranged in rows on the surface, some on the top or sides of the branches. Smooth surface that may or may not be velvety. Soft texture and consistency compressible.</p> <p>Colour. Bright to dark yellow alive (Fig. 7A, B) and dirty white or light beige to beige in ethanol. Specimens from Blanca Island (MNRJ 12151 and 12152) were partially covered by a thin film of red macroalgae which gave them an orange appearance (Fig. 7C).</p> <p>Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton, a palisade of small subtylostyles, which can give the surface a velvety appearance or not, depending on the density of spicules. Extra-axial skeleton, bundles of larger subtylostyles. Axial skeleton, composed of tracts of large subtylostyles loosely arranged (Fig. 7D). Abundant spongin.</p> <p>Spicules. Megascleres. Subtylostyles I, large, choanosomal, slender, almost straight and few slightly curved, and with sharp apex (350–870 x 5–20 μm, Fig. 7E, Table 7). Subtylostyles II, small, ectosomal, slender, straight or slightly bent and with sharp apex (130–452 x 2–9 μm, Fig. 7F, Table 7). Tyles are weakly pronounced (I: 5–15, II: 2.5–8.8 μm; Fig. 7G, H).</p> <p>Ecology. This species occurs on rocky substrates, mostly found in light protected habitats such as crevices or roofs or growing on vertical walls (MNRJ 12873). It was found associated with red macroalgae, bryozoans, cnidarian polyps, sea anemones (Anthotoe chilensis), echinoids (Arbacia spatuligera), brachiopods (Discinisca lamellosa), hermit crabs and nudibranchs (eggs and adults of Okenia lunia, Phidiana lottini, Flabellina cf. cerverai). Some small crustaceans were observed near or inside the oscula of MNRJ 12873.</p> <p>Geographical and bathymetrical distributions. SE Pacific: North Chile (Iquique, Thiele 1905), central (Pucusana, Pachacamac and Asia Islands, 12° S) and southern Peru (San Gallán and Blanca Islands, 13 and 17° S, respectively, this study). MEOW in Peru: Humboldtian ecoregion (Spalding et al. 2007). Subtidal: from 10 to 45 m depth (Thiele 1905, this study).</p> <p>Remarks. The analysed specimens from Peru mostly match the original description of P. expansa from Iquique (Chile, 30 m depth, Thiele 1905) in skeleton organisation and composition, and spicule sizes (Table 7). No detailed information of the external morphology was provided in the original description; thus, herein, we describe the colour alive (yellow) and habitus (branched with rounded lobes) of this species. It is important to mention that no other record of P. expansa was found in the literature but that of Gerasimova et al. (2008) who highlighted the presence of styles in the skeleton of the holotype material.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F6CFFF53BD915ACFC877CCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F6FFFF73BD917EDFDEF7A58.text	210739589F6FFFF73BD917EDFDEF7A58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberites Nardo 1833	<div><p>Genus Suberites Nardo, 1833</p> <p>Type species. Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792)</p> <p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.366667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.366665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.366667/lat 45.366665)">Adriatic Sea</a>, Italy (45°22′0″N 12°22′0″E)</p> <p>Diagnosis sensu van Soest (2002).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F6FFFF73BD917EDFDEF7A58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F6FFFFC3BD916F7FDC0791F.text	210739589F6FFFFC3BD916F7FDC0791F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberites latus Lambe 1893	<div><p>Suberites aff. latus Lambe, 1893</p> <p>(Figure 8, Figure 9, Table 8, Table 9)</p> <p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-128.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -128.05/lat 50.8)">North Coast of Vancouver Island</a>, Canada (50°48′0″N 128°3′0″W).</p> <p>Material examined. Thirteen specimens. MNRJ 12882, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Islote</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Atenas Beach</a>, Paracas, Ica (13°49′38.71′′S 76°18′07.41′′W), 1.8 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz and &amp; N. Mostajo, 13.XII.2008. MNRJ 13688, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.208694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2007775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.208694/lat -5.2007775)">Bajo Norte</a>, Foca Island, Piura (05°12′02.80″S 81°12′31.30″W), 14.3 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Rios &amp; Ph. Willenz, 11.XII.2009. MNRJ 13697 and MNRJ 13698, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.21605&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1954722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.21605/lat -5.1954722)">Foca Island</a>, Piura (05°11′43.70″S 81°12′57.80″W), 13.4 and 11.6 m depth, respectively, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Rios &amp; Ph. Willenz, 13.XII.2009. MNRJ 14200, La Cabrillera, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.21108&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.21108/lat -5.2025833)">Foca Island</a>, Piura (05°12′09.30″S 81°12′39.90″W), 10.7 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu and W. Vieira, 11.XII.2009. MNRJ 14202, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.208694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2007775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.208694/lat -5.2007775)">Bajo Norte</a>, Foca Island, Piura (05°12′02.80″S 81°12′31.30″W), 12 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu and W. Vieira, 11.XII.2009. UCSUR 07-000014, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.1959&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.089742" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.1959/lat -12.089742)">San Lorenzo Island</a> 2, El Callao, Lima (12°05′23.07″S 77°11′45.24″W), 10 m depth, coll. L. Aguirre, XII. II.2010. UCSUR 07-000016, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.19152&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.096308" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.19152/lat -12.096308)">San Lorenzo Island</a> 1, El Callao, Lima (12° 5′46.71″S 77°11′29.46″W), 5 m depth, coll. L. Aguirre, IX. XII.2009. UCSUR 07-000052, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30078&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.820322" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30078/lat -13.820322)">Atenas Beach</a>, Paracas, Ica (13°49′13.16″S 76°18′2.81″W), 7 m depth, coll. K. Farfán, 01.II.2019. UCSUR 07-000054, Station P 06, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.8983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.294581" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.8983/lat -12.294581)">Pachacamac Islands</a>, Lima (12°17′40.49′′S 76°53′53.89′′W), 5 m depth, coll. B. Moreno, 04.III.2019. UCSUR 07-000068, La Vuelta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.79871&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.467192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.79871/lat -12.467192)">Pucusana</a>, Lima (12°28′01.89′′S 76°47′55.36′′W), 10 m depth, coll. D. Cuba, 09. V.2019. UCSUR 07-000074, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.7986&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.478233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.7986/lat -12.478233)">Island of Pucusana</a>, Pucusana, Lima (12°28′41.64″S 76°47′54.96″W), intertidal, coll. G. de la Cruz, 05.X.2019. UCSUR 07-000077, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.85762&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.705353" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.85762/lat -5.705353)">Emisor de Sechura</a>, Piura (05°42′19.27″S 80°51′27.44″W), 7 m of depth, coll. C. Gutierrez &amp; L. Aguirre, 7.IX.2019.</p> <p>Description. Thin encrusting to massive (Fig. 8A, 9A), with rather small lobes (Fig. 9B). Largest specimen (UCSUR 07-000077) measures 8.8 x 4.1 x 5.9 cm (length x width x height). Notable and small oscula (≤ 3 mm), scattered on the surface or situated on top of the lobes (Fig. 8A, B, 9A, B). Slightly compressible texture and somewhat hispid surface, but soft to the touch.</p> <p>Colour. Orange in life (Fig. 8A, B, 9A, B), fading into light brown, light beige, light grey or dirty white in ethanol.</p> <p>Skeleton. Ectosomal, dense layer of small and large tylostyles arranged in tufts (Fig. 8C, D, 9C). Choanosomal skeleton formed by ascending multispicular tracts of large tylostyles towards the surface, surprisingly resembling a reticulated arrangement (Fig. 8D, 9C). These tracts form an erratic path, leaving polygonal meshes behind.</p> <p>Spicules. Megascleres. Tylostyles I, small, ectosomal, mostly curved and with sharp apex (70–203 x 2–8 μm, Fig. 8E, 9D, Table 8). Tylostyles II, large, ectosomal and choanosomal, slightly bent and with sharp apex (150–310 x 2–10 μm, Fig. 8F, 9E, Table 8). All tylostyles are thickest in the middle and bear well marked tyles (I: 3–8 μm; II: 5–10 μm, Fig. 8G, H, 9F, G). Microscleres. Centrotylote strongyles or oxeas, ectosomal and spined, common, rare, or absent (17–50 μm, Fig. 9H–K, Table 8).</p> <p>Ecology. This species was found attached to hard substrate (natural or artificial). Specimens from the southernmost localities (Paracas and Pucusana) were close to red algae, anemones (Anthotoe chilensis), mytillids and decapods. Specimens at Foca Island were found growing on barnacles and subject to strong currents, and one of them (UCSUR 07-000077) was collected associated with a small crab and amphipods. Previous reports indicate that S. latus was generally found on Pagurus hermit crabs or less frequently, on mollusc shells (Lambe 1893; de Laubenfels 1961; Lee et al. 2007; Austin et al. 2014).</p> <p>Geographical and bathymetrical distributions. Suberites latus has a wide distribution range in the NE Pacific, including British Columbia (Lambe 1893; Austin et al. 2014), Alaska (Lambe 1895; Austin et al. 2014), California (de Laubenfels 1932; Lee et al. 2007), Oregon (Long 1968) and Washington (de Laubenfels 1961; Long 1968) and has been reported down to 183 m depth (Lambe 1895; Lee et al. 2007; Austin et al. 2014). Suberites aff. latus occurs along the coasts of Peru in Foca Island (05°), San Lorenzo Island, Pachacamac Islands, Pucusana (12°) and Paracas (14°). MEOW in Peru: Guayaquil, Central Peru and Humboldtian ecoregions (Spalding et al. 2007). From intertidal to 14 m depth (this study).</p> <p>Remarks. Suberites latus was originally described by Lambe (1893) as a subhemispheric and broadly lobated sponge, with confused choanosomal structure, composed of two tylostyle categories (I: 170 x 9 μm; II: 294–524 x 13 μm), occurring in British Columbia. Briefly after, Lambe (1895) reviewed his previous specimens adding new ones from Alaska and found centrotylote strongyles (32 x 3–4.9 μm). Further descriptions of this species claimed to confirm these characteristics (Lambe 1895; Laubenfels 1961; Lee et al. 2007; Austin et al. 2014; Table 9).</p> <p>The Peruvian specimens mostly match the descriptions of Austin et al. (2014) from NE Pacific, mainly in the skeleton arrangement and spicule characteristics. In our analysed specimens, the tendency to form reticulated choanosomal meshes, the presence of ectosomal tufts of small and large tylostyles and the two categories of tylostyles and centrotylote strongyles/oxeas of similar sizes were also observed. Concerning the presence of microscleres, Austin et al. (2014) indicated that microspined centrotylote strongyles/oxeas could be common, rare, or absent among specimens, which is also observed in the specimens from Peru, without any notorious restriction by location. Despite this, there are some differences. While species of Austin et al. (2014) can have encrusting to massive amorphous form and brownish yellow to brownish red-orange colour in life, the Peruvian specimens are encrusting to massive but with rather small lobes and orange in life. Moreover, Austin et al. (2014) reported S. latus from deeper (150 m) subarctic waters (Alaska).</p> <p>*Misprint for 380 or 480 (Austin et al. 2014)</p> <p>The distance of the over 7,000 km existing between the occurrences of the Peruvian specimens and what was until now known as S. latus, besides the differences aforementioned, lead us to conclude that our Peruvian species should be better assigned as Suberites aff. latus. In previous descriptions of S. latus, there has been no mention of a reticulated skeleton, but rather a confused one (Lambe 1893; de Laubenfels 1932; Lee et al. 2007). In addition, S. latus is usually found associated with hermit crabs (Lambe 1893; de Laubenfels 1961; Lee et al. 2007; Austin et al. 2014), which was not observed in the specimens collected in Peru.</p> <p>Considering the species previously reported from the SE Pacific, namely Suberites cranium Hajdu, DesqueyrouxFaúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu &amp; Willenz, 2013 from Chiloé Island (Chile), S. puncturatus Thiele, 1905 from Coquimbo (Chile) and S. ruber Thiele, 1905 from Almirantazgo Sound (Chile), clear differences can be highlighted when compared with the specimens from Peru. Suberites cranium presents nearly hemispheric habitus, ectosomal skeleton in palisade composed of tylostyles, mostly confused choanosomal skeleton and thicker tylostyles in both size categories (≤ 16 μm). Different from S. aff. latus, S. puncturatus presents tylostrongyles and S. ruber bears choanosomal tylostyles which are larger (≤ 700 μm), often sinuous and with heads irregularly shaped. Moreover, none of these species bears microscleres.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F6FFFFC3BD916F7FDC0791F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F64FFFE3BD915C5FB917905.text	210739589F64FFFE3BD915C5FB917905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberites inti Cóndor-Luján & Arteaga & Polo & Arroyo & Willenz & Hajdu 2023	<div><p>Suberites inti sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 10)</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6E3BA176-EC86-4F5B-A9A3-5D87B25EC660</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 12869, San Gallán Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.838666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.472/lat -13.838666)">Paracas</a>, Ica (13°50′19.20′′S 76°28′19.20′′W), 17.5 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker &amp; F. Azevedo, 14.XII.2008.</p> <p>Type locality. San Gallán Island, Paracas, Ica, Peru.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Massive-subhemispheric and light orange Suberites with skeleton exclusively composed of straight tylostyles in two size categories (I: 235–457 x 5–11 μm; II: 423–661 x 8–13 μm), organised in ectosomal bouquets and apparent choanosomal multispicular sub(tylostyles) tracts.</p> <p>Description. Massive, occasionally centrally compressed (2 x 6 cm, Fig. 10A). Oscula small (diam. &lt;2 mm) and grouped, slightly elevated. A few tiny projections, conule-like, might be contracted short oscular chimneys (Fig. 10B). Surface smooth and velvety. Compressible consistency.</p> <p>Colour. Light orange-yellowish in life (Fig. 10A, B) and dirty white in ethanol.</p> <p>Skeleton. Ectosomal, a dense field of bouquets composed of small tylostyles (Fig. 10C, D). Choanosomal, loose multispicular tracts of tylostyles, further obscured by many spicules strewn in confusion (Fig. 10E).</p> <p>Spicules. Megascleres. Tylostyles I, small, ectosomal, straight and with sharp acerate apex (Fig. 10F), 235–321.5(±54.9)–457 x 5–7.7(±1.6)–11 μm. Tylostyles II, large, choanosomal, straight, and with sharp acerate apex (Fig. 10G), 423–515.9(±62.3)–661 x 8–10.8(±1.4)–13 μm. Tyles are pronounced and can be subterminal (subtylostyles) (I: 9–13 μm; II: 11–17 μm)</p> <p>Etymology. From inti =sun in Quechua (indigenous Peruvian language) because of its resemblance to the sun in colour (light orange to yellow).</p> <p>Ecology. This species was attached to rocky substrate, and it was found associated with ophiuroids, crabs, bryozoans, and red algae.</p> <p>Geographical and bathymetrical distributions. Provisionally endemic to the south coast of Peru (San Gallán Island). MEOW in Peru: Humboldtian ecoregion (Spalding et al. 2007). Subtidal: 18 m.</p> <p>Remarks. Suberites includes 79 species distributed worldwide (de Voogd et al. 2022), frequently found in cold temperate waters and inhabiting both shallow and deep waters (van Soest et al. 2002; Samaai et al. 2017). Among the eight Suberites recorded from the Eastern Pacific, S. cranium, S. lambei Austin, Ott, Reiswig, Romagosa &amp; McDaniel, 2014 and S. latus resemble Suberites inti sp. nov. more closely. But despite similarities in skeletal composition (tylostyles), there are notable differences among all, which are detailed below.</p> <p>Although S. cranium and Suberites inti sp. nov. present similar external morphology, the former has a noticeable ectosomal palisade, whereas the latter presents bouquets in this region. The choanosomal skeleton of S. cranium is mostly confused, lacking clear tracts or fibres; while, in the new species, it is composed of multispicular tracts with some disoriented spicules. Regarding the tylostyles, both species present straight and sharply pointed tylostyles with well-marked tyles, but slightly different size categories. Suberites cranium has shorter tylostyles I (120–288 x 1.6–15 μm) and somewhat larger tylostyles II (296–720 x 4.8–16 μm) compared to Suberites inti sp. nov. (I: 235–457 x 5–11 μm; II: 423–661 x 8–13 μm).</p> <p>Like S. cranium, S. lambei also possesses an ectosomal palisade and a confused choanoskeleton with moderate spongin and tylostyles without orientation, which diverges with the skeletal structure of Suberites inti sp. nov. Additionally, the Peruvian species has two marked categories of straight (sub)tylostyles, while S. lambei possesses only one spicule category, which can also include sinuous tylostyles. Moreover, the tylostyle shaft in S. lambei can reach 30 μm, but in Suberites inti sp. nov., it does not exceed 13 μm. Another contrasting feature is that S. lambei is cushion-shaped, while Suberites inti sp. nov. is massive and subspherical.</p> <p>Suberites latus and Suberites inti sp. nov. bear ectosomal bouquets and a confused choanosomal with irregularly distributed multispicular tracts. Nonetheless, they differ in spicule categories. Both tylostyle categories of S. latus can be curved or sinuous and are much smaller (see Table 9) than those of Suberites inti sp. nov. (I: 235–457 x 5–11 μm; II: 423–661 x 8–13 μm), which are always straight. Besides, the skeleton of S. latus can also include microscleres, which are absent in the new Peruvian species.</p> <p>Suberites inti sp. nov. can be distinguished by the presence of bouquets on the ectosome and multispicular tracts on the choanosome, and the dimensions of its two categories of straight tylostyles.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F64FFFE3BD915C5FB917905	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F66FFFE3BD915D2FB087830.text	210739589F66FFFE3BD915D2FB087830.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Terpios Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Genus Terpios Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864</p> <p>Diagnosis sensu van Soest (2002).</p> <p>Type species. Terpios fugax Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864.</p> <p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.90445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.37111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.90445/lat 18.37111)">St. Thomas</a>, Virgin Islands, Eastern Caribbean (18°22′16″N 64°54′16″W).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F66FFFE3BD915D2FB087830	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
210739589F66FFC03BD914E3FAFD7AB5.text	210739589F66FFC03BD914E3FAFD7AB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Terpios granulosus Bergquist 1967	<div><p>Terpios cf. granulosus Bergquist, 1967</p> <p>(Figure 11, Table 10)</p> <p>Type locality. O’ahu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-157.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -157.8/lat 21.433332)">Kaneohe Bay</a>, Hawaii (21°26′0″ N, (157°48′0″W).</p> <p>Material examined. Seven specimens. MNRJ 11361, MNRJ 11366 and MNRJ 11390, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.72044&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.9216666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.72044/lat -6.9216666)">Bajo El</a> Chile, Lobos de Afuera Islands, Lambayeque (06°55′18.00″S 80°43′13.60″W), 8.5 m, 10.8 m and 10.9 m depth, coll. K.L. Aguirre, E. Hajdu, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 05.X.2007, 06.X.2007, and 06.X.2007. MNRJ 11399, San Cristobal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.71552&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.914583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.71552/lat -6.914583)">Lobos de Afuera Islands</a>, Lambayeque (06°54′52.50′′S 80°42′55.90′′W), 11.6 m depth, coll. K.L. Aguirre, E. Hajdu, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 07.X.2007. MNRJ 11412, El Moño, Lobos de Afuera Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.71308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.9197774" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.71308/lat -6.9197774)">Lambayeque</a> (06°55′11.20″S 80°42′47.10″W), 6.1 m depth, coll. K.L.Aguirre, E. Hajdu, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 08.X.2007. MNRJ 11495, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.669106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.019761" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.669106/lat -11.019761)">Don Martin Island</a>, Huacho, Lima (11°01′11.14″S 77°40′08.78″W), 1.6 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 23.X.2007. MNRJ 13062, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.90831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.9205835" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.90831/lat -3.9205835)">Roca La Chavelera</a>, Cancas, Tumbes (03°55′14.10′′S 80°54′29.90′′W), 11.4 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz, 30.XI.2009.</p> <p>Description. Thinly encrusting, usually less than 0.1 cm thick, and only up to 10 cm in maximum diameter. Small oscula (≤ 2 mm) scattered on the surface, some on the top or sides of short elevations. Fragile.</p> <p>Colour. Deep-blue (cobalt hue if subject to strong light), with green shades, in life (Fig. 11A, B) and blue in ethanol.</p> <p>Skeleton. Not much distinction between ectosomal and choanosomal skeletons, as tylostyles tufts erect on the substrate, mostly fan out and pierce the surface up to 300 µm. Occasionally, one-spicule-long tracts (ca. 50 µm across) bridge the distance between substrate and the (sub)ectosomal tufts. Some tylostyles were also found parallel to the substrate. Abundant subsurface canals or lacunae (diam = 100–300 μm, Fig. 11C).</p> <p>Spicules. Megascleres. Tylostyles, straight or slightly curved, smooth, sharp apex, with lobate, often irregular head (100–422 x 3–11 μm, Fig. 11 D–J, Table 10).</p> <p>Ecology. This species was found as epibiont on gastropods or growing directly over granitic rock. Brachiopods, zoanthids, and other sponges were observed as associated fauna.</p> <p>Geographical and bathymetrical distributions. Terpios granulosus has been reported from Hawaii (Bergquist 1967), Gulf of Thailand (Putchakarn 2007), Kenya (Barnes &amp; Bell 2002), Mozambique (Calcinai et al. 2020) and Madagascar (Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971) and down to 25 m depth (Calcinai et al. 2020). Terpios cf. granulosus occurs in the SE Pacific, along the coast of Peru: Cancas (03°), Lobos de Afuera (06°) and Don Martin Islands (11°). MEOW in Peru: Guayaquil and Central Peru ecoregions (Spalding et al. 2007). From intertidal to 12 m depth (this study).</p> <p>Remarks. Thirteen species are currently recognised as valid in Terpios, four of which originally reported from the Pacific, but none from its eastern rim (de Voogd et al. 2022). Blueish/greenish species occur in the Pacific, T. granulosus and T. quiza (de Laubenfels, 1954), as well as in the Atlantic, T. fugax Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864 and T. manglaris Ŗtzler &amp; Smith, 1993. Overall, tylostyles of the Atlantic species seem to attain larger sizes, with spicules reaching over 400 µm, while both Pacific species reach at most 350 µm (Table 10). Peruvian specimens can also present tylostyles longer than 400 µm, which suggests a revision of these species is needed. For now, the Pacific species coming closest to the analysed specimens is T. granulosus, but the tylostyles of the Peruvian specimens seem to have stouter dimensions (192–352 x 1.8–6 vs 100–422 x 3–10 μm). Therefore, the name T. cf. granulosus was chosen by us, based on the unlikelihood of natural amphi-American distributions of sponges.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/210739589F66FFC03BD914E3FAFD7AB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Arteaga, Alvaro;Polo, Christian;Arroyo, Yessenia;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Arteaga, Alvaro, Polo, Christian, Arroyo, Yessenia, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2023): Shallow Suberitida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Peru. Zootaxa 5264 (4): 451-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.4.1
